![\"\"](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/KARADENIZ-BIR-HALKLAR-MOZAIGI-b.png\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Habib G\u00fcl<\/b><\/p>\n
Karadeniz y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli imparatorluklar, krall\u0131klar ve devletler aras\u0131nda anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar ve sava\u015flar nedeni olagelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\u0130lk \u00e7a\u011flardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n onlarca sava\u015fa ve payla\u015f\u0131ma maruz kalmas\u0131, yaln\u0131zca yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n zenginli\u011finden de\u011fil, daha \u00f6nemlisi b\u00f6lgenin stratejik konumundan dolay\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle deniz yolu ve kervan ticaretinin d\u00fcnya ekonomisinde belirleyici oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde bu temel bir nedendir. \u0130kinci bir neden ise, yay\u0131lmac\u0131 emellere elveri\u015fli stratejik konumudur.<\/p>\n
Bug\u00fcn Karadeniz denilince ilk akla gelen ye\u015filli\u011fi, f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, \u00e7ay\u0131, hamsisi ve bir de egemenlerce uydurulmu\u015f ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lay\u0131c\u0131 nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan f\u0131kralard\u0131r. Bunlara da k\u0131saca de\u011finmekle birlikte, biz burada esas olarak bu b\u00f6lgenin tarihi, egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan stratejik \u00f6nemi ve bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan bir\u00e7ok ulus ve az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tarihsel ba\u011flar\u0131 ve \u201ckader\u201d ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ele alaca\u011f\u0131z. Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan n\u00fcfusun \u00f6nemli bir kesiminin temel ge\u00e7im kayna\u011f\u0131 tar\u0131md\u0131r. F\u0131nd\u0131k, \u00e7ay, m\u0131s\u0131r gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin ihracat\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Genel olarak tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim Karadeniz ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutsa da, i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelerine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda iktisadi yap\u0131da \u00f6nemli farkl\u0131la\u015fmalar g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin Do\u011fu ve Orta Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinde tar\u0131msal \u00fcretim ve tar\u0131ma dayal\u0131 ekonomik yap\u0131 a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131ktad\u0131r. Daha \u00e7ok f\u0131nd\u0131k, \u00e7ay, hamsi, m\u0131s\u0131r ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fen b\u00f6lgede ayr\u0131ca patates, arpa, pirin\u00e7, so\u011fan, ay\u00e7i\u00e7e\u011fi, \u015fekerpancar\u0131, kendir ve t\u00fct\u00fcn, mandalina, portakal ve limon yeti\u015ftirilmektedir. Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve bal \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu ve Orta Karadeniz\u2019de tar\u0131msal \u00fcretime uygun bir s\u0131nai geli\u015fme de s\u00f6z konusudur. Bu b\u00f6lgede yayg\u0131n olan sanayi kurulu\u015flar\u0131, tar\u0131msal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin i\u015flenmesi amac\u0131 ile kurulan tesislerdir. \u00c7ay, f\u0131nd\u0131k i\u015fleme, bitkisel ya\u011f, sigara, \u015feker, ka\u011f\u0131t, s\u00fct \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ile, deniz ve orman \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini i\u015fleyen fabrikalard\u0131r. A\u011f\u0131r sanayi ise daha ziyade Bat\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019de konumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karab\u00fck ve Ere\u011fli\u2019deki demir-\u00e7elik ile Ere\u011fli-Zonguldak ta\u015f k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ve bu k\u00f6m\u00fcr havzas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ta\u015fk\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7atala\u011fz\u0131 Termik Santrali T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. (\u00d6rne\u011fin sadece Zonguldak\u2019\u0131n 1995 y\u0131l\u0131 Gayri Safi Yurt \u0130\u00e7i Has\u0131laya katk\u0131s\u0131 cari fiyatlarla 1.170 trilyondur. Bu katk\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin t\u00fcm illeri i\u00e7erisinde 12. s\u0131ray\u0131 almaktad\u0131r.) Yine b\u00f6lgede yer alan bir\u00e7ok hidroelektirik santrali ve \u00e7imento \u00fcretimi ile ate\u015f tu\u011flas\u0131 \u00fcretimi yapan fabrikalar\u0131 da bu s\u0131nai \u00fcretime eklemek gerekir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Karadeniz sadece tar\u0131msal \u00fcretimiyle de\u011fil sanayisiyle de T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyor. Sadece niceli\u011fiyle de\u011fil, \u201cmadenci f\u0131rt\u0131nas\u0131\u201dnda oldu\u011fu gibi militan ve kitlesel eylemleriyle de T\u00fcrkiye i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Karadeniz k\u00f6m\u00fcr madeninin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra linyit, alt\u0131n, bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi yeralt\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131yla da T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndaki geli\u015fkinli\u011fi ve Zonguldak, Samsun, Sinop, Hopa ba\u015fta gelmek \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok irili ufakl\u0131 limanlar\u0131yla yurt i\u00e7i ve uluslararas\u0131 ticarette \u00f6nemli bir yeri vard\u0131r. Tarihte oldu\u011fu gibi bug\u00fcn de Karadeniz bu stratejik yap\u0131s\u0131, yeralt\u0131 ve yer\u00fcst\u00fc zenginlikleri ile egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Karadeniz: Halklar mozai\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n Lazlar\u0131n tarihini \u00c7erkez, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Abhaz, vb. Kafkas halklar\u0131 ile Ermeni ve K\u00fcrt halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihinden ayr\u0131 ele almak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu halklar, gerek co\u011frafi gerekse tarihsel olarak i\u00e7i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015flikleri, ayn\u0131 imparatorluklar\u0131n zulm\u00fcne maruz kalmalar\u0131 vb. nedenlerle benzer tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7leri ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f, ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 topraklar \u00fczerinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f kimi halklar ortak krall\u0131klar ve beylikler kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin M\u00d6. 12-11 y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fusunda (Trabzon ve \u00e7evresi) kurulan Kolkhide Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Lazlar ve Abhazlar\u0131n ortak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. M\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Romal\u0131lar bu co\u011frafyay\u0131 i\u015fgal edene kadar birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130\u015fgalden sonra Romal\u0131lar Kolkhide Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na son vererek kendi denetimlerinde Lazika (Lazistan) Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ayn\u0131 zamanda y\u00fczy\u0131llarca beraber ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f bu halklar\u0131n bitmez ac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 tarihidir. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z stat\u00fclerini yitiren b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 dinsel, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve iktisadi olarak Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ve de\u011fi\u015fik tarihlerde Pers ve Osmanl\u0131 gibi de\u011fi\u015fik imparatorluklar\u0131n s\u00fcrekli bask\u0131, asimilasyon, katliam ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc y\u00f6netiminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. D\u00f6nem d\u00f6nem ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletlerini kursalar da bu \u00e7ok uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015f, bir bi\u00e7imde b\u00f6lgedeki egemen imparatorlu\u011fun boyunduru\u011funa girmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kolkhide Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son bulmas\u0131ndan sonra Lazlar, Abhazlar ve di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik tarihlerde de\u011fi\u015fik krall\u0131klara ve \u00f6zerk yap\u0131lara sahip olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Ne var ki bu krall\u0131klar g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir merkezi yap\u0131ya sahip olamam\u0131\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla siyasal-iktisadi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu nedenle egemen imparatorluklar\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 emellerine ve politikalar\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 davranmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca Roma ile Pers imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n egemenlik sahas\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla say\u0131s\u0131z sava\u015flar\u0131n nedeni olan Karadeniz ve Kafkasya halklar\u0131, tarih boyunca ortak kaderi payla\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kimi d\u00f6nem imparatorluklar\u0131n zulm\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015fler, kimi zaman y\u00fczy\u0131llarca beraber ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f halklar olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen de\u011fi\u015fik imparatorluklar\u0131n yan\u0131nda birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin 542 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans ve \u0130ran aras\u0131ndaki egemenlik sava\u015f\u0131nda Abhazlar Bizans\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fa girerken, Lazlar \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bizans ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n antla\u015fmas\u0131yla biten bu sava\u015f\u0131n sonucunda Lazistan iki imparatorluk aras\u0131nda payla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 572 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanmak i\u00e7in sava\u015f ba\u015flatan Ermenilerle birlikte Abhazlar ve Lazlar da \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fik d\u00f6nemlerde egemen imparatorluklar aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerine g\u00f6re onlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015fsalar da, uygun ko\u015fullar olu\u015ftu\u011funda ortak d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 da birlikte sava\u015fabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik ve din fakt\u00f6r\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0130\u015fgal ve ilhaklar \u00f6z\u00fcnde askeri zorun \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olsalar da, bunlar\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan y\u00f6ntem ve silahlar \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitlidir. Zira tek ba\u015f\u0131na zor politikalar\u0131 i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f topraklardaki halklar\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirmeye yetmemektedir. Tersine, orta vadede daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc patlamalar\u0131 mayalamaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7ler i\u00e7in en etkili silah, bir halk\u0131n tarihinden, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden, ulusal kimli\u011finden ve dini inan\u00e7lar\u0131ndan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi ve yeni bir kimlikle\/egemen g\u00fcc\u00fcn kimli\u011fiyle yeniden \u015fekillendirilmesidir. Bir halka uzun s\u00fcreli boyun e\u011fdirmek ancak b\u00f6yle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilmektedir. Bu, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci g\u00fc\u00e7lerin kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 en etkili ve sonu\u00e7 al\u0131c\u0131 silaht\u0131r. Bu ger\u00e7ekli\u011fi somut olarak Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n ve Lazlar\u0131n tarihinde de g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu M\u00d6.1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lazlar da i\u00e7inde olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n ortak krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Kolkhide\u2019yi kendi egemenli\u011fine ald\u0131ktan sonra, \u00f6zellikle k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ideolojik (din) kurumsalla\u015fma i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir \u00e7aba harcam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu birka\u00e7 nedenden dolay\u0131 \u00f6nemliydi. Birincisi, hen\u00fcz ulusal kimli\u011fin geli\u015fmedi\u011fi bir \u00e7a\u011fda kabile ve a\u015firetsel topluluklar\u0131 bir arada tutan din olgusudur. \u0130kincisi, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k dinini esas alan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile Mazdeizm\u2019i (Zerd\u00fc\u015ft dini) esas alan Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda d\u00fcnyaya hakim olma sava\u015f\u0131 dinsel ayr\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her imparatorlu\u011fun egemenlik sahas\u0131 kendi dininin kabul g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlarla \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcyordu. \u0130\u015fgal edilen topraklarda ya\u015fayan halklara kendi dinini kabul ettirmek ve bu din esaslar\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim, ya\u015fam ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr yaratmak, s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci egemenli\u011finin g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131 anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n Kafkas halklar\u0131na H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ettirmek Roma i\u00e7in sanc\u0131l\u0131 bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olarak ya\u015fand\u0131, fakat sonu\u00e7ta MS. 532 y\u0131l\u0131nda kendi egemenli\u011findeki Lazika Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi din olarak kabul etti. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerde Abhaz halklar\u0131n\u0131n bir kesiminin de (Apsilyal\u0131lar ve Misimyal\u0131lar) H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ettikleri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Lazlar ve di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar H\u0131ristiyan olarak ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak \u0130ran ve Bizans \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015fiddetli bir sava\u015f s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sava\u015f\u0131n nedeni Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerindeki egemenlik sorunuydu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ekonomik bunal\u0131m ya\u015fayan bu imparatorluklar i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgeye sahip olmak, hem ekonomik hem de yay\u0131lmac\u0131 stratejileri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan can al\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nemdeydi. \u0130ran, \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019a ba\u011flanan ticaret yollar\u0131na (\u0130pek yolu) sahip olmak i\u00e7in Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na sahip olmak zorundayd\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Bizansl\u0131 t\u00fcccarlardan diledi\u011fi gibi y\u00fcksek vergi alabilecek, bu topraklardan ge\u00e7erek Orta Asya\u2019ya ge\u00e7en t\u00fcm ticaret yollar\u0131 \u00fczerinde denetim kurabilecekti. Bu kendi ekonomisi i\u00e7in muazzam bir kaynak, Bizans ekonomisi i\u00e7in ise tam bir y\u0131k\u0131m olacakt\u0131. Askeri olarak da b\u00f6lgeyi (Abhazigia ve Lazika) bir \u00fcs olarak kullanarak Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na daha kolay sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenleyebilecekti. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca bu iki imparatorlu\u011fun yay\u0131lmac\u0131 ve i\u015fgalci politikalar\u0131 sonucu katliamlara, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlere maruz kalan bu halklar, 570\u2019lere gelindi\u011finde, bu kez de Muhammed ve onu ard\u0131ndan halifeleri Ebubekir, \u00d6mer, Osman ve Ali\u2019nin \u0130slamiyet’i yayma zulm\u00fc ile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kalacaklard\u0131.<\/p>\n 7.nci y\u00fczy\u0131lda toplumsal bunal\u0131m\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni dengeler ve istilalar<\/strong><\/p>\n 8.nci y\u00fczy\u0131la, Bizans da dahil b\u00fct\u00fcn imparatorluklara bunal\u0131m ve alt\u00fcst olu\u015flar damgas\u0131n\u0131 vurmu\u015ftur. Bunda imparatorluklar aras\u0131 s\u00fcren sava\u015flar bir etken olmakla beraber, bunal\u0131m\u0131n nedenleri daha k\u00f6kl\u00fc ve derinliklidir.<\/p>\n S\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerin h\u0131zla geli\u015fip yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131, imparatorluklar\u0131n sava\u015f ganimetlerine dayal\u0131 ekonomilerine giderek zay\u0131flatan bir etkene d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ve s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik \u00fczerinde y\u00fckselen yeni bir toplumsal-siyasal yap\u0131lanma s\u0131n\u0131fsal farkl\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 da beraberinde getirmi\u015fti. (\u0130lk koloniler Lazika\u2019da olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.) Bu yeni geli\u015fmenin ve toplumsal \u00e7eli\u015fkilerin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bunal\u0131m s\u00fcrecini en a\u011f\u0131r ya\u015fayan Araplar, bunu ancak yeni bir din olgusuyla a\u015fabilmi\u015flerdir. Kervan ticaretinin \u00f6l\u00fcm noktas\u0131na gelmesi ve artan n\u00fcfusa kar\u015f\u0131n ekilebilir topraklar\u0131n olduk\u00e7a yetersiz kalmas\u0131, Arap toplumunda yeni temeller \u00fczerinde s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fman\u0131n zeminini yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bir yandan belli bir ya\u015fam d\u00fczeyine sahip \u015fehirlerde ya\u015fayan kesim, di\u011fer yandan ne kalacak yeri ne de ekecek topra\u011f\u0131 olan Bedeviler… \u0130\u015fte Arap toplumunda s\u0131n\u0131fsal \u00e7eli\u015fki ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n bu tablosu \u0130slam dininin de zemini oldu.<\/p>\n 570 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Arap toplumundaki bu ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fu arkas\u0131na alan Muhammed yeni bir ideolojik formasyonla ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu \u0130slam dinidir. Sistemden ho\u015fnutsuz ve yoksullu\u011fun pen\u00e7esinde k\u0131vranan Bedevilerin tepkisini yeni bir dinsel kimlik etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ftiren Muhammed, sadece iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irip kendini peygamber ilan etmekle kalmad\u0131, \u0130slamiyeti d\u00fcnyaya yaymay\u0131 hedefleyen i\u015fgalci bir politikay\u0131 da esas ald\u0131. Muhammed\u2019in bu istilac\u0131 emellerini ard\u0131llar\u0131 olan Arap halifeleri de s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Halife \u00d6mer\u2019in d\u00f6neminde (634-644) Suriye, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r ve \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n 640 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ermenistan i\u015fgal edildi. 642\u2019de ise G\u00fcrcistan ele ge\u00e7irildi. G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerinden b\u00fct\u00fcn bir Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n i\u015fgaline y\u00f6nelindi. Bu Arap istilac\u0131lar\u0131n en \u00f6nemli hedefidir. Hem \u0130slamiyet’i yaymak, hem de ticaret yollar\u0131na sahip olmak i\u00e7in genelde Kafkasya, \u00f6zelde ise Lazika ve K\u00fcrdistan stratejik b\u00f6lgelerdir. Nihayet 8. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde, Kafkasya\u2019dakiler dahil bir\u00e7ok halk Arap istilac\u0131lar\u0131n \u0130slam’\u0131 k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 zoruyla kabul ettirme \u00e7abalar\u0131 alt\u0131nda kan kusmaktad\u0131r. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar H\u0131ristiyan olarak ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Kafkas halklar\u0131 ve di\u011fer halklara \u0130slam dini dayat\u0131l\u0131r. Kabul etmeyenler ya k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilir ya yurtlar\u0131ndan kovulurlar. Laz halk\u0131 da bu k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 politikas\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131yla nasibini al\u0131r ve topraklar\u0131ndan kovulur.<\/p>\n Sel\u00e7uklu\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya uzanan s\u00fcre\u00e7 ve artan zul\u00fcm<\/strong><\/p>\n Arap istilalar\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019la bitmez t\u00fckenmez egemenlik sava\u015flar\u0131 ve artan i\u00e7 \u00e7eli\u015fkiler Bizans\u2019\u0131 i\u00e7te ve d\u0131\u015fta zay\u0131flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131p Anadolu\u2019ya akan T\u00fcrkmen kabileleriyle girilen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, Bizans\u2019\u0131n yenilgisi ve Sel\u00e7uko\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n egemenli\u011finde merkezi Sel\u00e7uklu devletinin kurulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir dizi dezavantaj\u0131 vard\u0131. Denizle ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 yaln\u0131zca i\u015fgal etti\u011fi Lazika\u2019n\u0131n (Lazistan) Rize, Artvin \u015fehirleri ve G\u00fcrcistan ile Abhazya ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu durum Sel\u00e7uklu i\u00e7in dezavantajd\u0131. Zira b\u00f6lge imparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7 dengelerinde Karadeniz\u2019in tuttu\u011fu yer olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemliydi. Sel\u00e7uklunun di\u011fer bir dezavantaj\u0131 ise, \u00e7evresinin H\u0131ristiyan devlet ve imparatorluklarla \u00e7evrili olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Kuzeydo\u011fu\u2019da G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Trabzon Rum \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Sinop\u2019tan Alanya\u2019ya kadar Anadolu\u2019yu i\u00e7ine alan \u00e7emberde Bizansl\u0131lar, Kilikya\u2019da Ermeniler ve daha ilerde Antakya ve Urfa prenslikleri vard\u0131. Laz, Rum, Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere bir\u00e7ok ulustan halk\u0131n bin y\u0131llar\u0131 a\u015fan beraberlikleri ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuydu.<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir olumsuz olgu ise, s\u00fcrekli olarak Orta Asya\u2019dan Anadolu topraklar\u0131na yeni a\u015firetlerin akmas\u0131yd\u0131. Sel\u00e7uklu devleti bu yeni kabileleri kendi yay\u0131lmac\u0131 emelleri do\u011frultusunda s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirdi. Ancak bu a\u015firetler kom\u015fu imparatorluk topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmek yerine iktisadi ve siyasi olarak zay\u0131flayan Sel\u00e7uklu\u2019nun topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal ederek, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 a\u015firet krall\u0131klar\u0131 kurdular. Bu Sel\u00e7uklu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 getirdi.<\/p>\n Anadolu\u2019daki beylikler aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar sivrilip geli\u015ferek, istilac\u0131 ve ya\u011fmac\u0131 karakterde bir askeri devlet olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlendiler. Gerek Sel\u00e7uklu\u2019nun liman kentleri \u00fczerindeki zay\u0131f etkisinin iktisadi yap\u0131s\u0131nda yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zay\u0131fl\u0131k ve di\u011fer imparatorluklara kar\u015f\u0131 yapt\u0131r\u0131m g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131, gerekse deniz ticaretinin giderek \u00f6nem kazanmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n liman kentlerine daha yo\u011fun seferler d\u00fczenlemelerinin esas nedenidir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ancak bu yolla bat\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlayabilir, do\u011fu ticaretini ele ge\u00e7irebilirlerdi. 1460\u2019lara gelindi\u011finde Ege\u2019de Enez, Limni, Midilli, Fo\u00e7a, Atina d\u00fckal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Karadeniz\u2019de Amasra, Sinop, Trabzon Rum \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kendi egemenlikleri alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu, deniz ticareti \u00fczerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir egemenlik alan\u0131 kazanmak anlam\u0131na geliyordu.<\/p>\n 1461 y\u0131l\u0131nda Fatih Sultan Mehmet Trabzon\u2019u i\u015fgal ederek Laz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na son verdi. Yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Melo, Ganio, Arhavi, Vi\u00e7e, Atina, Hopa, Batum, \u00c7hala, Begleva, Mo\u011fedi gibi bir\u00e7ok \u015fehir ve k\u00f6y i\u015fgal edildi, halklara b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zul\u00fcm ya\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131. Bu zulm\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ba\u015fta Lazlar olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131larsa da, sonu\u00e7ta Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n entrika ve zulm\u00fcne yenik d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Osmanl\u0131lar bu i\u015fgalde, ba\u015fka \u015feylerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde dini b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bask\u0131 arac\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimseyen Lazlar ve di\u011fer halklar \u015fimdi Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n dinsel dayatmalar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131lar. \u0130lk d\u00f6nemlerde ayaklar\u0131n\u0131 daha sa\u011flam yere basmak i\u00e7in nispeten daha esnek davranan Osmanl\u0131lar, \u00f6zellikle 1512-20 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer dinlere mensup halklara b\u00fcy\u00fck ac\u0131lar \u00e7ektirdiler. 2. Selim\u2019in i\u015fgal ve zulm\u00fc \u00fczerine misyoner Lui Grancerios\u2019un kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir metin Lazlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zetlemektedir:<\/p>\n \u201cRize nahiyesi Trabzon\u2019la G\u00fcrcistan aras\u0131ndaki sahil boyunca uzanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nahiyenin Trabzon\u2019a yak\u0131n kesimindeki ahali Yunanca, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a yak\u0131n olan kesimindeki ahali de Megrelce konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Rize Lazlar\u0131n kendi kentidir. Lazlar Megrel ulusundand\u0131r. Zamanla \u0130slam’a ge\u00e7i\u015fler olmaktad\u0131r. \u0130slam’\u0131 kabul etmeyenlere a\u011f\u0131r vergiler y\u00fcklenmekte, ekonomik ve moral bask\u0131 yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu bask\u0131lar Lazlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011fe boyun e\u011fmelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynamaktad\u0131r. Baz\u0131 aileler yeni do\u011fmu\u015f erkek \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcp yok etmektedirler. Zira b\u00f6yle yapmakla evlatlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r ya\u015fam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u0130slam’a zorlanmaktan kurtarm\u0131\u015f say\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yeti\u015fkin k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 yeni\u00e7erilerle (Osmanl\u0131 askeri) evlendirmeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. Bu yolla bir dereceye kadar rahat ya\u015fama \u015fans\u0131 elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Lazlar\u0131n isimlerinde de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. H\u0131ristiyan isimleri M\u00fcsl\u00fcman isimleriyle de\u011fi\u015ftiriliyor. \u00c7ok az miktarda Laz geleneksel H\u0131ristiyan ve milli ad ve soyadlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmi\u015ftir.\u201d (Aktaran Muhammet Vanili\u015fi-Ali Tandilava, Lazlar\u0131n Tarihi, Ant Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.47)<\/p>\n Lazlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u00fcre\u00e7, tam bir par\u00e7alanma, b\u00f6l\u00fcnme ve de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcrler i\u00e7erisinde erime s\u00fcrecidir. \u0130slamiyet’i kabul edenler kimliklerini yitirirken, H\u0131ristiyan kalanlar Rumlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015famay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7ok az bir kesim bulunduklar\u0131 yerlerde kimlik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini yar\u0131m yamalak korumaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Habib Gül Karadeniz yüzyıllar boyunca çeşitli imparatorluklar, krallıklar ve devletler arasında anlaşmazlıklar ve savaşlar nedeni olagelmiştir. İlk çağlardan günümüze bu coğrafyanın onlarca savaşa ve paylaşıma maruz kalması, yalnızca yeraltı ve yerüstü kaynaklarının zenginliğinden değil, daha önemlisi bölgenin stratejik konumundan dolayıdır. Özellikle deniz yolu ve kervan ticaretinin dünya ekonomisinde belirleyici olduğu dönemlerde bu temel bir nedendir. 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\nKaradeniz\u2019in genel ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye ekonomisindeki yeri<\/strong><\/p>\n