{"id":10462,"date":"2023-03-28T01:41:48","date_gmt":"2023-03-28T06:41:48","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=10462"},"modified":"2023-03-28T17:36:55","modified_gmt":"2023-03-28T22:36:55","slug":"sovyet-doneminde-kafkasyada-kentlesme","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/sovyet-doneminde-kafkasyada-kentlesme\/","title":{"rendered":"SOVYET D\u00d6NEM\u0130NDE KAFKASYA\u2019DA KENTLE\u015eME"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Dr. Ufuk Tavkul
\n<\/span><\/b> Tarih ve Toplum, (94), 1991, 55-56. ss.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kent ya\u015fam\u0131 ve kentle\u015fme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na kadar Kafkasya halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in olduk\u00e7a yabanc\u0131 bir olguydu. Sosyal hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 klanlar ve kabileler bi\u00e7iminde s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Kafkasyal\u0131lar gerek da\u011fl\u0131k, gerekse oval\u0131k arazilerde savunmas\u0131 kolay k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fim birimlerinde, k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Feodal yap\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerde bir prens ailesinin idaresi alt\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halk \u00e7e\u015fitli soylara ve sosyal tabakalara ayr\u0131larak 3-4 bin n\u00fcfuslu b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6yler kurmu\u015flard\u0131.
\nKafkasya\u2019da kentle\u015fme s\u00fcreci Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgali ile ba\u015flad\u0131. Kafkasya\u2019daki kentle\u015fmeyi \u00fc\u00e7 ana gruba ay\u0131rabiliriz.
\n\u0130lk grupta yer alan Krasnodar, Maykop, Orconikidze (Vladikavkaz), Grozni, Mozdok, K\u0131zlar, Buynaksk, Maha\u00e7kala gibi \u015fehirler 18-19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 kolonile\u015ftirme hareketlerine giri\u015fen Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015f olan asker\u00ee idare merkezleriydi.
\n\u0130kinci grupta yer alan Nal\u00e7ik, Batalpa\u015finsk (\u00c7erkessk), Doh\u015fukino, Beslan, Alagir, Gudermes ve Hasavyurt Sovyet devriminden \u00f6nceki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yerle\u015fim birimleriydiler (Volkova 1969: 168). Kabardey prenslerinden Doh\u015fuklar\u0131n kasabalar\u0131 olan Doh\u015fukino\u2019ya Sovyet devriminden \u00e7ok sonra, 1960\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda, feodalizmin izlerini silmek amac\u0131yla Nart Kala ad\u0131 verildi.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc grupta yer alan Kara\u00e7ayevsk, Malgobek, T\u0131rnavuz, Kaspiysk ve \u0130zerba\u015f gibi \u015fehirler ise Sovyet d\u00f6neminde idar\u00ee ve end\u00fcstriyel ama\u00e7larla kurulan yeni \u015fehirlerdi.
\n\u0130lk grupta yer alan kentlerin n\u00fcfusu ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta Rus ve Ukraynal\u0131lardan olu\u015fuyordu. Zamanla bu kentlere Ermeni, Oset, Da\u011f Yahudi’si, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Kabardey t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 ve zanaatk\u00e2rlar\u0131 da yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu \u015fehirlerin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 heterojen \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahipti.
\n1760\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan itibaren Oset, Kabardey ve \u0130ngu\u015flar Mozdok\u2019a yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Kabardey feodal prensleri (P\u015fi\u2019ler) ve onlar\u0131n ikinci s\u0131n\u0131f soylular\u0131 (Vork\u2019lar) ile birlikte ka\u00e7ak Oset ve Kabardey k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri de kanl\u0131 bir feodal sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda Mozdok\u2019a yerle\u015ftiler. 1860\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Vladikavkaz bir kent olarak geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flay\u0131ncaya kadar Osetler\u2019in kentli n\u00fcfusu bir y\u00fcz y\u0131la yak\u0131n bir s\u00fcreyi Mozdok\u2019ta ge\u00e7irmi\u015fti. Kabardeyler de Mozdok\u2019ta 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131na kadar ya\u015famaya devam ettiler, ancak n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir azalma g\u00f6sterdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Mozdok\u2019ta 1875 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1 bin 133 Kabardey ya\u015farken, bu say\u0131 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda 447\u2019ye d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayn\u0131 tarihte Nal\u00e7ik\u2019te ise 65 Kabardey ya\u015f\u0131yordu (Volkova 1969: 169).<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7ok az say\u0131daki Oset ve \u0130ngu\u015f Vladikavkaz\u2019a yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. 1874 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mozdok\u2019ta 1.226 Oset ya\u015farken Vladikavkaz\u2019da 334 Oset ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda Vladikavkaz\u2019daki Oset n\u00fcfusu 2 bin 900 ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131. 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vladikavkaz\u2019da 378 \u0130ngu\u015f ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 1897 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kumuklar\u2019\u0131n Temir Han \u015eura (\u015fimdiki Buynaksk) ve Petrovsk (\u015fimdiki Maha\u00e7kala) \u015fehirlerindeki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 1 bin 900 ki\u015fiydi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Sovyet devrimine kadar, ikinci grupta yer alan yerle\u015fim merkezlerinin etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 homojen bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Bunlardan Doh\u015fukino\u2019da (\u015fimdiki Nart Kala) Kabardeyler, Batalpa\u015finskaya\u2019da (\u015fimdiki \u00c7erkessk) Ruslar, Gudermes\u2019te ise \u00c7e\u00e7enler ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Alagir\u2019de Osetlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, 1877 y\u0131l\u0131nda oraya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden G\u00fcrc\u00fcler de bulunuyordu. Sovyet d\u00f6neminde ise Doh\u015fukino\u2019da Rus n\u00fcfusu \u00e7o\u011fald\u0131. Gudermes\u2019e de Rus, Ermeni ve Ukraynal\u0131lar yerle\u015ftiler.
    \n1926 ve 1959 n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n sonucuna g\u00f6re Sovyet d\u00f6neminde Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kentle\u015fme oran\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle g\u00f6sterebiliriz (Volkova 1969: 171);<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Halklar<\/td>\n1926<\/td>\nKentli<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n1959<\/td>\nKentli<\/td>\n%<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Adige<\/td>\n50.821<\/td>\n19<\/td>\n0.0<\/td>\n65.908<\/td>\n5.937<\/td>\n9.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u00c7erkes<\/td>\n12.314<\/td>\n54<\/td>\n0.4<\/td>\n24.145<\/td>\n1.146<\/td>\n5.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Abazin<\/td>\n10.993<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n18.159<\/td>\n1.271<\/td>\n6.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kara\u00e7ay<\/td>\n52.503<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n67.830<\/td>\n4.839<\/td>\n7.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nogay<\/td>\n36.034<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n36.657<\/td>\n2.372<\/td>\n6.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kabardey<\/td>\n122.402<\/td>\n866<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n190.284<\/td>\n22.987<\/td>\n12.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Malkar<\/td>\n33.197<\/td>\n350<\/td>\n1.0<\/td>\n34.088<\/td>\n4.693<\/td>\n13.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Oset<\/td>\n139.120<\/td>\n11.186<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n215.463<\/td>\n68.451<\/td>\n31.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0130ngu\u015f<\/td>\n69.954<\/td>\n824<\/td>\n2.3<\/td>\n48.273<\/td>\n4.232<\/td>\n8.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u00c7e\u00e7en<\/td>\n293.190<\/td>\n2.001<\/td>\n0.7<\/td>\n243.974<\/td>\n22.318<\/td>\n9.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Avar<\/td>\n177.341<\/td>\n2.013<\/td>\n1.1<\/td>\n239.373<\/td>\n22.529<\/td>\n9.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kumuk<\/td>\n87.960<\/td>\n6.544<\/td>\n7.4<\/td>\n120.859<\/td>\n40.332<\/td>\n33.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lezgi<\/td>\n90.509<\/td>\n2.108<\/td>\n2.3<\/td>\n108.615<\/td>\n12.121<\/td>\n11.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lak<\/td>\n39.878<\/td>\n1.127<\/td>\n2.8<\/td>\n53.451<\/td>\n13.731<\/td>\n25.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Darg\u0131<\/td>\n125.707<\/td>\n891<\/td>\n0.6<\/td>\n148.194<\/td>\n19.505<\/td>\n13.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tabasaran<\/td>\n31.915<\/td>\n34<\/td>\n0.1<\/td>\n33.548<\/td>\n2.284<\/td>\n6.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Rutul<\/td>\n10.333<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n6.566<\/td>\n15<\/td>\n0.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Agul<\/td>\n7.653<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n6.378<\/td>\n52<\/td>\n0.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Tsahur<\/td>\n3.531<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n–<\/td>\n4.278<\/td>\n14<\/td>\n0.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    1959 say\u0131m sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re Kafkas halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok kentlile\u015fme oran\u0131, % 25 ile Laklarda, % 31 ile Osetlerde, % 33 ile Kumuklarda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
    \nMalkar, Darg\u0131, Kabardey ve Lezgiler aras\u0131ndaki kentli n\u00fcfus oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 10\u2019un \u00fczerindedir.
    \nKara\u00e7ay, Avar, \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f, Abazin ve \u00c7erkeslerde ise kentlile\u015fme oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 10\u2019un alt\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.
    \nSovyet d\u00f6neminde kent n\u00fcfusunun artmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli sebebi halk\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ya da okumak i\u00e7in k\u00f6yden kente g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesiydi. 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kuzey Osetya\u2019n\u0131n k\u00f6ylerinden \u015fehirlere 3 bin 100 ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7 etti. 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osetya\u2019da kent n\u00fcfusuna 12 bin ki\u015fi eklendi.
    \nKabardey\u2019de kentli n\u00fcfus 1930\u2019lardan sonra artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015fehirlerde yaln\u0131zca 866 Kabardey ya\u015farken bu say\u0131 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda 22.987 ki\u015fiye ula\u015ft\u0131.
    \n1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Buynaksk\u2019ta 2.700, Maha\u00e7kala\u2019da 2 bin 500 olmak \u00fczere toplam 5 bin 200 Kumuk \u015fehirlerde ya\u015farken, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda kentli Kumuk n\u00fcfusu Maha\u00e7kala\u2019da 15 bin, Buynaksk\u2019ta 8 bin, Hasavyurt\u2019ta 8 bin olmak \u00fczere toplam 31 binden fazla idi.
    \n1959 say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re Maykop\u2019ta 3 binden fazla Adige ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Ayn\u0131 y\u0131lda Grozni\u2019de 17 bin, Gudermes\u2019te 3 bin \u00c7e\u00e7en ya\u015f\u0131yordu.
    \nSovyet devriminden \u00f6nce Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda kentli n\u00fcfus yoktu. Ancak baz\u0131 prens (biy) aileleri Narsana (Kislovodsk) \u015fehrinde oturuyorlard\u0131. Sovyet d\u00f6neminin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda ise eskiden Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n elinde bulunan Narsana (Kislovodsk) \u015fehrinde 1 bin 500 Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131 ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 1926-1927 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ilk Kara\u00e7ay \u015fehrinin in\u015fas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131. \u00d6nceleri Mikoyan \u015eahar ad\u0131 verilen, sonradan ad\u0131 Kara\u00e7ay \u015eahar (Kara\u00e7ayevsk) olarak de\u011fi\u015ftirilen bu \u015fehir 1930\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Kara\u00e7ay \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin ba\u015fkenti oldu. 1934 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfusu 4 bin ki\u015fiydi.
    \n1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kara\u00e7ay \u015eahar ve \u00c7erkessk\u2019te 4 bin 800 civar\u0131nda kentli Kara\u00e7ay n\u00fcfusu ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise kentli Kara\u00e7ay n\u00fcfusu 16.585 ki\u015fiye ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
    \n1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda 350 Malkarl\u0131 (Balkar) kentte ya\u015farken, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran\u00a0\u00a0 4 bin 693 ki\u015fiye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 1970 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise kentli n\u00fcfus Malkarl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda 13 bin 816 ki\u015fiydi.
    \nKentle\u015fmenin Kafkas halklar\u0131na getirdi\u011fi en \u00f6nemli sorunlardan biri dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Rusla\u015fma problemiydi.
    \n1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda 524 Oset Rus\u00e7a\u2019y\u0131 anadili olarak kabul ederken, bu say\u0131 1959\u2019da 3.446 ki\u015fiye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu da kentli Oset n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde be\u015fini olu\u015fturuyordu.
    \n1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca 18 Kabardey Rus\u00e7a\u2019y\u0131 anadili olarak kabul ederken, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu say\u0131 863 ki\u015fiye y\u00fckseldi.
    \nMalkarl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus\u00e7a\u2019y\u0131 anadili olarak kabul edenler d\u00f6rt ki\u015fi iken, 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran y\u00fczde ikiye y\u00fckseldi (Akiner 1983: 230). 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu oran y\u00fczde 2.7 idi.
    \nKara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda 1959 y\u0131l\u0131nda halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 1.5\u2019i Rus\u00e7a\u2019y\u0131 anadili olarak kabul ediyordu. Bu oran 1979 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fczde ikiye y\u00fckseldi (Akiner 1983: 207).
    \nKafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda mill\u00ee dilini anadili olarak kabul edenlerin y\u00fczdesindeki de\u011fi\u015fme 1926-1979 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yleydi (Akiner 1983: 26).<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Kafkasya Halklar\u0131<\/strong><\/td>\n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 1926 %<\/strong><\/td>\n \u00a0\u00a0 1979 %<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Avar<\/td>\n99.3<\/td>\n97.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Lezgi<\/td>\n97.4<\/td>\n90.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kumuk<\/td>\n99.2<\/td>\n98.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u00c7e\u00e7en<\/td>\n99.7<\/td>\n98.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Oset<\/td>\n97.9<\/td>\n88.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kabardey<\/td>\n99.3<\/td>\n97.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    \u0130ngu\u015f<\/td>\n99.5<\/td>\n97.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Kara\u00e7ay<\/td>\n99.5<\/td>\n97.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Malkar<\/td>\n99.6<\/td>\n96.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Adige<\/td>\n98.4<\/td>\n95.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Abhaz<\/td>\n83.9<\/td>\n94.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Abazin<\/td>\n94.4<\/td>\n95.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Kaynaklar:<\/strong>
    \n<\/strong>Akiner, Shirin. Islamic peoples of the Soviet Union.-London, 1983.
    \nVolkova, N.G. \u201cChanges in the ethnic composition of the urban population of the North Caucasus during the Soviet period\u201d. Sociology in the USSR<\/em>, New York: 1969.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Dr. Ufuk Tavkul Tarih ve Toplum, (94), 1991, 55-56. ss. Kent yaşamı ve kentleşme düşüncesi 19. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar Kafkasya halkları için oldukça yabancı bir olguydu. Sosyal hayatlarını klanlar ve kabileler biçiminde sürdüren Kafkasyalılar gerek dağlık, gerekse ovalık arazilerde savunması kolay küçük yerleşim birimlerinde, köylerde yaşıyorlardı. Feodal yapının hüküm sürdüğü bölgelerde bir prens ailesinin idaresi 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