{"id":10540,"date":"2019-03-18T14:02:23","date_gmt":"2019-03-18T19:02:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=10540"},"modified":"2019-03-18T14:02:23","modified_gmt":"2019-03-18T19:02:23","slug":"devletlerin-50-farkli-etnik-siyaseti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/devletlerin-50-farkli-etnik-siyaseti\/","title":{"rendered":"DEVLETLER\u0130N 50 FARKLI ETN\u0130K S\u0130YASET\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Alexis Heraclides<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/span> \u00c7eviren: Cem \u00d6zg\u00fcr
\nAlexis Heraclides’in ‘Ethnicity, secessionist conflict and international society: towards normative paradigm shift’ (1997)\u00a0 yaz\u0131s\u0131ndan al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1)<\/strong> Y\u0131llara yay\u0131lan bir periyot i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6zel bir toplumsal grubun kitlesel olarak, sistematik bir \u015fekilde, fiziksel olarak yok edilmesi (\u00d6rnek: Alman Nazilerin Yahudi ve \u00c7ingenelere y\u00f6nelik ‘nihai \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc’ ve Usta\u015fi’nin 1941-1944 d\u00f6nemi ‘Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z H\u0131rvatistan Devleti’ zaman\u0131nda H\u0131rvatistan’daki S\u0131rplara y\u00f6nelik tutumu) veya farkl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde s\u00f6ylenirse, Kartaca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, yani bir halk\u0131n, onun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ve \u00fcretimlerinin b\u00fct\u00fcn izlerinin k\u00f6kten imha edilmesi.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Usta\u015fi: Nazi yanl\u0131s\u0131, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 milliyet\u00e7i H\u0131rvat \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc; Kartaca \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc: Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Kartaca’y\u0131 t\u00fcmden yok etmesine atfen. \u00c7ev.]<\/p>\n

2)<\/strong> K\u0131tl\u0131k, kitlesel n\u00fcfus transferi ve tekrarlanan askeri sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n bir birle\u015fimiyle yok etme (\u00f6rn. Yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ermeni sorununa ili\u015fkin Osmanl\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc).<\/p>\n

3)<\/strong> Daha uzun, daha \u00fcst\u00fc \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc ve ge\u00e7ici olarak ara verilen bir yok etme s\u00fcreciyle ortadan kald\u0131rma (\u00f6rn. Kuzey Amerika ve Avustralya’n\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131).<\/p>\n

4)<\/strong> Sivillere y\u00f6nelik, gaddarl\u0131k derecesinde kitlesel askeri s\u0131k\u0131 tedbir (\u00f6rn. 1971 bahar\u0131nda Pakistan’\u0131n Bat\u0131 Pakistanl\u0131 Bengallilere kar\u015f\u0131 s\u0131k\u0131 askeri tedbiri, 1913-1914’te S\u0131rplar\u0131n Kosoval\u0131 Arnavutlara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddetli sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 ya da bug\u00fcn Burundi’de tekrarlanan durum).<\/p>\n

5)<\/strong> Etnik k\u0131y\u0131m, bir halk\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn k\u00f6kten imhas\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Latin Amerika’n\u0131n baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi).<\/p>\n

6)<\/strong> Tekrarlanan nitelikte ve \u00f6zellikle Yahudilere y\u00f6nelik planl\u0131 katliamlar (\u00f6rn. \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminde Rusya’daki Yahudilerin \u00e7e\u015fitli kereler kaderi).<\/p>\n

7)<\/strong> \u00dclkeden kitlesel olarak kovma, yani d\u0131\u015fsal ‘etnik temizlik’ (\u00f6rn. Silesi Almanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n hemen \u00f6ncesinde Polonya’dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ya da 1995’te S\u0131rplar\u0131n H\u0131rvatistan’dan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131).<\/p>\n

8)<\/strong> \u00dclke i\u00e7inde zorla kitlesel n\u00fcfus transferi, i\u00e7sel ‘etnik temizlik’ (\u00f6rn. Stalin’in K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131na, Volga Almanlar\u0131na, Rus Kazaklar\u0131na, \u00c7e\u00e7enlere, Karadeniz Rumlar\u0131na ve di\u011ferlerine y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131).<\/p>\n

9)<\/strong> Kars\u0131 grubun b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in yerle\u015fimcileri (\u00f6rtmecesi ‘\u00f6nc\u00fcler’) cesaretlendirerek topra\u011f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc kazanma (\u00f6rn. Filipinolar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcney Filipinlere yerle\u015fme hareketi, Bat\u0131 \u015eeridi’ndeki \u0130srailli Yerle\u015fimciler ve sava\u015f aras\u0131 [I. ve II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015flar\u0131] aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde S\u0131rp yerle\u015fimcilerin Kosova’ya yerle\u015fmesi).<\/p>\n

10)<\/strong> D\u00fc\u015fman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fclkeyi terk etmesi i\u00e7in ‘cesaretlendirme’ ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k y\u00f6ntemleri (\u00f6rn. S\u0131rp hakimiyetindeki Yugoslavya’n\u0131n Kosoval\u0131 Arnavutlara sava\u015f aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemdeki tutumu ve 1950 ve 1960’larda \u0130stanbul’lu Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik T\u00fcrk politikas\u0131).<\/p>\n

11)<\/strong> \u0130ki veya daha \u00e7ok devletin anla\u015fmas\u0131yla zorunlu n\u00fcfus m\u00fcbadeleleri (\u00f6rn. 1920-22 Yunan-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 takiben Yunanistan ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan m\u00fcbadeleler).<\/p>\n

12)<\/strong> \u0130ki ya da daha \u00e7ok devlet aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan anla\u015fmay\u0131 takiben yap\u0131lan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc yeniden yerle\u015fme (\u00f6rn. 1960’larda Bulgaristanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklere dair Bulgaristan ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma).<\/p>\n

13)<\/strong> Bir halk grubunun etnik, \u0131rksal ya da ba\u015fka temellere dayanarak k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi (\u00f6rn. On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Birle\u015fik Devletlerde, G\u00fcney Amerika’n\u0131n baz\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131nda ve koloni Afrika’s\u0131nda).<\/p>\n

14)<\/strong> Silahl\u0131 \u015fiddet kullanarak silah zoruyla boyun e\u011fdirme (\u00f6rn. Amhara’lar\u0131n hakimiyetindeki Etiyopya’n\u0131n Eritrelilere ve T\u0131graylara y\u00f6nelik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc, Irak ve \u0130ran’\u0131n \u00f6zellikle 1960’larda K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 ve Myanmar’\u0131n Karenlere ve di\u011ferlerine y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131).<\/p>\n

15)<\/strong> Bir topluluk grubuna kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fkence, grubun se\u00e7kinlerinin se\u00e7ilerek \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi t\u00fcr\u00fcnden devlet ter\u00f6r\u00fc (ya da devlet ter\u00f6rizmi). (\u00f6rn. Stalin d\u00f6neminde \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik se\u00e7kinlerin durumu).<\/p>\n

16)<\/strong> Polis bask\u0131s\u0131 yoluyla bir ‘ku\u015fatma durumu’ (\u00f6rn. Romanya’da \u00c7avu\u015fesku’nun Macarlara, Jivkov Bulgaristan’\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 politikas\u0131 ya da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kosova konusuna dair S\u0131rp yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131).<\/p>\n

17)<\/strong> G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc asimilasyon hari\u00e7 tutularak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fin olduk\u00e7a sert, kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yoluyla hakim grup taraf\u0131ndan hegemonik kontrol\u00fc (\u00f6rtmecesi ‘paralel geli\u015fme’) (\u00f6rn. G\u00fcney Afrika’daki \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, Birle\u015fik Devletler’deki ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve Hindistan’daki kast sistemi).<\/p>\n

18) <\/strong>Kurumsalla\u015fm\u0131\u015f paralel fakat e\u015fitsiz geli\u015fme e\u015fli\u011finde g\u00f6rece yumu\u015fak tav\u0131rl\u0131 hegemonik kontrol sistemleri (\u00f6rn. Habsburg Avusturya’s\u0131nda ve \u0130slam’a ge\u00e7me yoluyla g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc asimilasyona izin veren Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun millet sisteminde bulunan sistemler).<\/p>\n

19)<\/strong> Bir ulusun, dolayl\u0131 yoldan veya kurnazca bir \u015fekilde politik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya da her iki bi\u00e7imde de hegemonik kontrol sahibi olmas\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Sava\u015f aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde S\u0131rplar\u0131n Yugoslavya’daki ve Ruslar\u0131n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’ndeki hakimiyetleri).<\/p>\n

20)<\/strong> Do\u011frudan y\u00f6netimden (\u00f6rn. Bel\u00e7ika Kongo’su, Britanya y\u00f6netimindeki G\u00fcney Sudan) dolayl\u0131 y\u00f6netime de\u011fi\u015fen s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netimi (Britanya Nijerya’s\u0131, Frans\u0131z Bat\u0131 Afrika’s\u0131).<\/p>\n

21)<\/strong> \u0130\u00e7 s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011fe benzer \u015fekilde, hakim olmayan gruplara y\u00f6nelik kurumsalla\u015fmam\u0131\u015f devlet ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve farkl\u0131 muamelenin di\u011fer \u015fekilleri (\u00f6rn. 1960’larda G\u00fcney Sudanl\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik Sudan ve Do\u011fu Pakistanl\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik Pakistan politikas\u0131).<\/p>\n

22)<\/strong> Hakim gruba dahil etmek i\u00e7in zorunlu asimilasyon ve bir grubun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilmemesi (\u00f6rn. Kemalist T\u00fcrkiye’de K\u00fcrtler, Franco \u0130spanyas\u0131nda Basklar ve Katalanlar, Amhara hakimiyetindeki Etyopya’n\u0131n Oromolara ve Arap hakimiyetindeki Sudan’\u0131n G\u00fcney Sudanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6zellikle 1959-64 General Abboud zaman\u0131ndaki politikas\u0131).<\/p>\n

23)<\/strong> B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda e\u011fitim ve di\u011fer ara\u00e7lar yoluyla hakim gruba asimile etmek i\u00e7in asimilasyonu tevsik edici ulusal devlet (kelimenin dar anlam\u0131yla ulus-devlet) yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Modern Fransa, \u0130talya ve Yunanistan ve ayr\u0131ca Birle\u015fik Devletlerin g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki politikas\u0131 yan\u0131 hakim ‘Amerikan’ k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve dili anlam\u0131na gelen Anglo-Sakson k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve diline asimile etme).<\/p>\n

24)<\/strong> K\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n yumu\u015fak tarzda ihmali (s\u00f6zl\u00fc ifade edilmeyen ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc) (\u00f6rn. Avrupa devletlerinin Romalara y\u00f6nelik ortak tutumu ya da g\u00fcney do\u011fu Asya’da \u00f6nceki on y\u0131llarda da\u011f halklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tak\u0131l\u0131nan tav\u0131r).<\/p>\n

25)<\/strong> Hukuki bir \u00e7er\u00e7eve alt\u0131nda, etnik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, dilsel ya da di\u011fer farkl\u0131l\u0131klara dayal\u0131 ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yapmamaya \u00f6zel vurgu yaparak demokratik \u00e7o\u011funluk y\u00f6netimi, insan haklar\u0131na sayg\u0131 ve hukukun \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yoluyla problemin bireyselle\u015ftirilmesi (\u00f6rn. Birle\u015fik Devletler, Fransa, Birle\u015fik Krall\u0131k, Almanya, Yunanistan).\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

26)<\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131f dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 gibi tamamen kapsay\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00fcst kimli\u011fin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi ve etnisiteyi kabul etmesine ve korumas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sosyalist bir toplumda s\u0131n\u0131f dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n ve ‘karde\u015fli\u011fin’ bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n \u00fczerini \u00f6rtmesi sebebiyle, bunlar\u0131n siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan ikincil \u00f6nemde olmas\u0131 (\u00f6rn. 1940 ve 1950’lerdeki Tito Yugoslavya’s\u0131n\u0131n vizyonu ve homo Sovieticus modeli).
\n
\n27)<\/strong> Pozitif ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k (\u00f6rn. Birle\u015fik Devletler’deki siyahlar).<\/p>\n

28)<\/strong> K\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklara ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k yap\u0131lmamas\u0131na, pozitif ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k \u00f6\u011feleri ta\u015f\u0131yarak ya da ta\u015f\u0131madan, vurgu yapan az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131 ve \u00f6zel az\u0131nl\u0131k korumas\u0131 (\u00e7o\u011funluk y\u00f6netir ve az\u0131nl\u0131k korunur) (\u00f6rn. Danimarka’daki ve kom\u00fcnizm sonras\u0131 Polonya’daki Almanlar).<\/p>\n

29)<\/strong> Ulusal entegrasyon, yan\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik gruplardan yepyeni bir ulusun yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 (‘ulus-in\u015fas\u0131’ ya da ‘eritme potas\u0131’) (\u00f6rn. Frans\u0131z ya da \u0130ngiliz uluslar\u0131n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131, 1920’lerde \u00c7ekoslovakya’daki giri\u015fimler, Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda Yugoslavya’n\u0131n yarat\u0131lmas\u0131na dayanan ve daha kararl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde 1950’lerde Tito Yugoslavya’s\u0131nda S\u0131rplardan, H\u0131rvatlardan ve Slovenlerden yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir G\u00fcney Slav (Yugoslav) ulusu yaratma denemeleri ya da s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik sonras\u0131 Afrika’da \u00e7o\u011funlukla bo\u015fa gitmi\u015f ‘ulus-in\u015fas\u0131’ denemeleri).<\/p>\n

30)<\/strong> N\u00fcfus oran\u0131 temelinde g\u00fc\u00e7 payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 (\u00f6rn. Irak’ta 1960-61’de K\u00fcrtlere y\u00f6nelik politika ve L\u00fcbnan’da).<\/p>\n

31)<\/strong> Zor yoluyla oyda\u015fmac\u0131l\u0131k [consociationalism] (\u00f6rn. Malezya ya da Titocu Yugoslavya’da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi).
\n
\n32)<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck n\u00fcfuslu gruplar\u0131n n\u00fcfuslar\u0131na oranla normalde sahip olabileceklerinden daha fazla n\u00fcfuz ve g\u00fcce sahip olmalar\u0131 (\u00f6rn. \u0130svi\u00e7re, \u0130sve\u00e7liler \u00f6rne\u011finde Finlandiya, Franco sonras\u0131 \u0130spanya, Zanzibar’a ili\u015fkin Tanzanya, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki G\u00fcney Afrika, 1960-63’te K\u0131br\u0131s ve Titocu Yugoslavya).<\/p>\n

33)<\/strong> B\u00f6lgesel ve\/veya k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temellerde ademi merkeziyet\u00e7ilik (\u00f6rn. \u0130talya).<\/p>\n

34)<\/strong> B\u00f6lgesel olmayan (i\u015flevsel) \u00f6zerklik (Yunanistan Trakya’s\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131k).<\/p>\n

35)<\/strong> Bir isim alt\u0131nda, i\u00e7eride kendi kendini y\u00f6netme (\u00f6zerklik ya da federal birim) (\u00f6rn. Kosova’n\u0131n Yugoslavya’daki durumu, 1945-66).<\/p>\n

36)<\/strong> K\u0131sm\u0131 b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6zerklik (\u00f6rn. Kuzey \u0130talya’daki Almanca konu\u015fanlar ya da 1920’lerde T\u00fcrkiye’nin G\u00f6k\u00e7eada ve Bozcaada adalar\u0131ndaki Rumlar).<\/p>\n

37)<\/strong> Bir ya da daha fazla b\u00f6lgesel gruba b\u00f6lgesel \u00f6zerkli\u011fin ya da kendi kendini idarenin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imlerini verme (\u00f6rn. 1972-82’de G\u00fcney Sudan ve Finlandiya’daki Aaland adalar\u0131).<\/p>\n

38)<\/strong> \u00c7oklu \u00f6zerklikler (\u00f6rn. \u0130spanya’daki Bask, Katalan ve Gali\u00e7ya b\u00f6lgeleri).<\/p>\n

39)<\/strong> Halihaz\u0131rda mevcut olan \u00e7oketnili bir federasyonda federal bir birim (\u00f6rn. Hindistan’daki Nagaland’a tan\u0131nan gibi) ya da federal stat\u00fcye benzer \u00f6zerklik stat\u00fcs\u00fc (\u00f6rn. 1974’te Tito Yugoslavya’s\u0131n\u0131n Kosova ve Voyvodina’ya y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131) sunma.<\/p>\n

40)<\/strong> K\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi dengelemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken ayni anda daha b\u00fcy\u00fck etnik grup ya da gruplar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc azaltmay\u0131 deneyen \u00e7okuluslu bir federasyon (\u00f6rn. 1967’den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Nijerya).<\/p>\n

41)<\/strong> \u0130ki uluslu (s\u0131k\u0131 ya da gev\u015fek) bir federasyon (\u00f6rn. Avusturya-Macaristan, Bel\u00e7ika ya da \u00c7ekoslovakya).<\/p>\n

42)<\/strong> \u00c7okuluslu (s\u0131k\u0131 ya da gev\u015fek) bir federasyon (\u00f6rn. Hindistan, ve daha temkinli bir \u015fekilde Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ve Titocu Yugoslavya).<\/p>\n

43)<\/strong> K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerin (say\u0131sal ya da ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan) geri kalanlara (federasyonun di\u011fer es birimleri) (\u00f6rn. Kanton \u0130svi\u00e7resi’ndeki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dilsel gruplar\u0131n ya da Kanada Quebec \u00f6rne\u011finde oldu\u011fu gibi) g\u00f6re daha fazla korundu\u011fu ve daha fazla hak ve g\u00fcce sahip oldu\u011fu asimetrik bir federal sistem ya da iki, \u00fc\u00e7 ya da daha fazla d\u00fczeyde yetki aktar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7eren derecelere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tipte bir federal sistem (\u00f6rn. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi).<\/p>\n

44)<\/strong> Kantonlara ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir federasyon (\u00f6rn. \u0130svi\u00e7re).<\/p>\n

45)<\/strong> S\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131, k\u0131sm\u0131 ya da ismen varolan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k (\u00f6rn. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi alt\u0131nda Beyaz Rusya ve Ukrayna’n\u0131n Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00fcyesi olmalar\u0131 durumu ya da Quebec i\u00e7in egemenlik-ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 fikri ya da Filipinli Moroslar i\u00e7in i\u00e7 egemenlik fikri).<\/p>\n

46) <\/strong>19.yy’\u0131n ortalar\u0131na kadar \u0130svi\u00e7re Konfederasyonu, bug\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 haliyle Avrupa Birli\u011fi ya da Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu’nda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fekillerde (ekonomik, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, savunma vd.) birbirine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f bir konfederasyon, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletlerden olu\u015fan bir sistem.<\/p>\n

47)<\/strong> Uluslararas\u0131 bir y\u00f6netim, ortak bir y\u00f6netim (\u00f6rn. Sudan’\u0131n \u0130ngiliz-M\u0131s\u0131r ortak y\u00f6netimi) ya da uluslararas\u0131 g\u00f6zetim alt\u0131nda yerel idare edilen ‘\u00f6zg\u00fcr \u015fehir’ stat\u00fcs\u00fc (\u00f6rn. 1. ve 2. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 aras\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Danzig) ya da Irak’taki K\u00fcrt ‘g\u00fcvenli s\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u011f\u0131’.<\/p>\n

48)<\/strong> \u0130ki ya da daha \u00e7ok devlet aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l bir \u015fekilde ya da sava\u015f\u0131 takiben s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n yeniden \u00e7izilmesi (\u00f6rn. 1912-13 Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131) ya da ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin par\u00e7alanan eski devlet ve yeni kurulan devlet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

49)<\/strong> Kademeli ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k (\u00f6rn. Kanada, Avustralya ve Yeni Zellanda’n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131).<\/p>\n

50) <\/strong>Birdenbire ayr\u0131lma, iki ya da daha fazla devletin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 (ya da z\u0131mni) rizayla (\u00f6rn. \u00c7ekoslovakya, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ya da yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n bas\u0131ndaki ortamda \u0130skandinavya); ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in tek tarafl\u0131 giri\u015fimin kabul\u00fcyle (1991’de Balt\u0131k devletlerinin Sovyetlerden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131; 1905’te Norve\u00e7’in \u0130sve\u00e7’ten ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 ve 1961’de Suriye’nin Birle\u015fik Arap Cumhuriyeti’nden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131) ya da bir b\u00f6lge ya da federal birimin d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131yla (bu en az\u0131ndan bir olayda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti, 1965’te Singapur’un Malezya taraf\u0131ndan d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131) ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131.<\/p>\n

* Bu liste fikir verme ama\u00e7l\u0131d\u0131r ve b\u00fct\u00fcn mevcut \u00f6rnekleri i\u00e7ermemektedir (A. Heraclides).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexis Heraclides Çeviren: Cem Özgür Alexis Heraclides’in ‘Ethnicity, secessionist conflict and international society: towards normative paradigm shift’ (1997)  yazısından alınmıştır. 1) Yıllara yayılan bir periyot içerisinde özel bir toplumsal grubun kitlesel olarak, sistematik bir şekilde, fiziksel olarak yok edilmesi (Örnek: Alman Nazilerin Yahudi ve Çingenelere yönelik ‘nihai çözümü’ ve Ustaşi’nin 1941-1944 dönemi ‘Bağımsız Hırvatistan Devleti’ […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10540","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10540","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10540"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10540\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10542,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10540\/revisions\/10542"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10540"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10540"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10540"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}