{"id":10555,"date":"2019-03-18T14:08:52","date_gmt":"2019-03-18T19:08:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=10555"},"modified":"2019-03-18T14:08:52","modified_gmt":"2019-03-18T19:08:52","slug":"abhaz-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/abhaz-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"ABHAZ TAR\u0130H\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prof. B.H. Akba\u015fev
\n<\/strong>Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7erkes Birli\u011fi Ba\u015fkan\u0131<\/p>\n

Tarih<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kendi dillerinde Apsuwa, Rus\u00e7a\u2019da Abhazi. Abhazlar b\u00f6lgenin en eski halklar\u0131ndan olup \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan’dan kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar sonunda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden Abhazya Cumhuriyeti\u2019nde ya\u015farlar.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc Abhazya eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri meskun bir b\u00f6lgedir. M.\u00d6.5-6.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Yunanlar taraf\u0131ndan kolonize edilmi\u015ftir. Pitsunda ve Suhumi gibi \u015fehirler bu d\u00f6nemde kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lge Kol\u00e7is Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 da olmu\u015ftur. Daha sonra M.S.4-6.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir devleti olan Laz Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 kald\u0131.<\/p>\n

532’de H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k Abhaz devletinin resmi dini olarak kabul edildi. 8.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Araplar Kafkaslar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek Derbent ve Tiflis’te \u00fcs kurdular. Araplar Abhazya\u2019y\u0131 da ele ge\u00e7irdiler ancak uzun s\u00fcre burada kalamad\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 9.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Abhazya\u2019da bir krall\u0131k ilan edildi. Ancak Tiflis y\u00f6netimine vergi vermeyi kabul ettiler.<\/p>\n

Hazar T\u00fcrkleri Abhazlarla m\u00fcttefiktiler ve ilk Abhaz krallar\u0131ndan 2.Leon bir Hazar prensesiyle evlendi. 9-10.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Abhaz Devleti zirvedeydi. 978’de Abhaz ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc soyundan gelen kral 3.Bagrat’\u0131n y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda Abhazya ile G\u00fcrcistan birle\u015fti. S\u00f6zde Abhazya birle\u015fmeden sonrada ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc korudu. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc hissedilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Soylu Abhazlar, G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini kulland\u0131 ve \u00fcstelik din dili olarak da Yunanca\u2019n\u0131n yerini ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

15.y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar Abhazya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. 16.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Kafkasya seferi i\u00e7in buras\u0131 bir ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 noktas\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n

Ba\u015fkent Suhumi en sa\u011flam yerlerden birisiydi. Osmanl\u0131 etkisi ile Abhazlar aras\u0131nda \u0130slam yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ancak H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k etkisini kaybetmedi.<\/p>\n

Bu arada Ruslar Kafkasya\u2019da yay\u0131lmaya ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde de topraklar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m ve 1810’da Abhazya Ruslar\u0131n y\u00f6netimine girdi. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korudu ve i\u00e7i\u015flerini kendisi y\u00f6netti. Ancak 1864’te do\u011frudan Rus y\u00f6netimine girdiler. Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u00e7ok ayaklanma meydana geldi. Sonu\u00e7 olarak da 1866’da bir \u00e7ok Abhaz T\u00fcrkiye’ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildiler.<\/p>\n

1877-1878 Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra bir k\u0131s\u0131m Abhaz daha Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. Bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler sonunda Abhazya\u2019da kalan Abhaz say\u0131s\u0131 128 binden 20 bine kadar d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Rus ihtilalinden sonra Kafkasya’da egemenlik kurmak isteyen \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fc\u00e7ler aras\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir m\u00fccadele ya\u015fand\u0131 ve 4 Mart 1921’de Abhazya\u2019da Sovyet y\u00f6netimi kuruldu.\u00a0 \u015eubat 1922’de G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti ile\u00a0 birle\u015fik olarak Abhazya Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti kuruldu.1930’da ise Abhazya, G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerk bir cumhuriyete d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Sovyetlerin da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 son d\u00f6nemde ise Abhazya ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mak istemeyen G\u00fcrcistan’dan 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda kanl\u0131 bir sava\u015f sonunda ayr\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

CO\u011eRAFYA<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazya kuzeybat\u0131da G\u00fcrcistan,g\u00fcneybat\u0131da Karadeniz ile s\u0131n\u0131r olan Abhazya\u2019n\u0131n y\u00fcz\u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc 8 bin 600 km2, Ba\u015fkenti Suhumi\u2019dir. N\u00fcfusu yakla\u015f\u0131k 550 bindir. Cumhuriyetin 6 ili ve 3 yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi vard\u0131r. Kilometrekare ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen ortalama n\u00fcfus yo\u011funlu\u011fu 60.6\u2019d\u0131r. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00f6zellikleri verimli topraklar ve g\u00f6rkemli bir deniz sahilidir.
\n Ba\u015fl\u0131ca kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Petrol ve do\u011falgaz. Sanayi ve tar\u0131m :T\u00fct\u00fcn,\u00e7ay ve turun\u00e7giller ile bunlar\u0131n i\u015flenmesi. Abhazya \u00fcz\u00fcm\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131llard\u0131r \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc korumu\u015ftur ve ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ile \u015farap \u00fcretimi olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer \u00f6nemli \u00fcr\u00fcnleri enfiye ve bal’d\u0131r. Turizm’de \u00e7ok h\u0131zl\u0131 geli\u015fen alanlardan biridir.<\/p>\n

N\u00fcfus<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazya n\u00fcfusu yakla\u015f\u0131k 550 bindir. Bunun 140 bin kadar\u0131 ba\u015fkent Suhumi’de ya\u015far.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgesel Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00fcfusun %91.4’\u00fc Abhazya’da ,% 8.6’s\u0131da eski SSCB’nin di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.
\n Kent -K\u0131rsal Da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhaz n\u00fcfusun % 68.4 k\u0131rsal kesimde, % 31.6’s\u0131 kentlerde ya\u015far.<\/p>\n

Etnik Kompozisyon<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazya\u2019da, %64.1 Abhaz, %16.4 Rus, %12 Ermeni, %2.1 Ukraynal\u0131, %5.4 di\u011fer halklar.<\/p>\n

Okuma Yazma Oran\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazya\u2019da %99’un \u00fczerinde bir oran vard\u0131r. Ortalama olarak her 1000 ki\u015fiden 292’si ilkokul ,427’u lise ve 145’i y\u00fcksekokul mezunudur.<\/p>\n

Dil<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ulusal dil Abhazca\u2019d\u0131r.Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkas dilleri gurubundan Abhaz-Adige alt gurubuna dahildir. Abhazca ve Abazaca o kadar birbirine yak\u0131nd\u0131r ki ayn\u0131 dilin leh\u00e7eleri denebilir. Ancak co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgelere dayal\u0131 olarak her birinin alt leh\u00e7eleri vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Abhazca\u2019da Abzhui ve Bzyb leh\u00e7eleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Aralar\u0131ndaki fark yaln\u0131z fonetiktir. Edebiyat dili Abzhui leh\u00e7esine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Bir \u00e7ok G\u00fcrc\u00fc\u2019ce ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra sonradan al\u0131nma Rus\u00e7a s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerde bulunur.<\/p>\n

E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazca, resmi dildir. \u0130dari i\u015flerde ve E\u011fitimde Abhazca kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Deneysel patoloji,terapi ve pedagoji enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ve \u00fcniversite bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Abhazca radyo, tv. ve gazete yay\u0131n\u0131 vard\u0131r. 1862’de P.K Uslar’\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kiril harflerine dayal\u0131 bir Abhazca alfabe olmakla birlikte pek kullan\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

1926-1928 aras\u0131 N.Marr’\u0131n haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfabe kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve daha sonra terkedilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

1928-1938 Latin harfleri,1938-1954 G\u00fcrc\u00fc harfleri, 1954 sonras\u0131 kiril harfleri kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Din<\/strong><\/p>\n

Abhazlar Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyan’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. B.H. Akbaşev Uluslararası Çerkes Birliği Başkanı Tarih Kendi dillerinde Apsuwa, Rusça’da Abhazi. Abhazlar bölgenin en eski halklarından olup çoğunluğu Gürcistan’dan kanlı çatışmalar sonunda bağımsızlığını ilan eden Abhazya Cumhuriyeti’nde yaşarlar. Bu günkü Abhazya eski çağlardan beri meskun bir bölgedir. M.Ö.5-6.yüzyıllarda Yunanlar tarafından kolonize edilmiştir. Pitsunda ve Suhumi gibi şehirler bu dönemde kurulmuştur. Bölge Kolçis Krallığı’nın […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10555","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10555"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10557,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10555\/revisions\/10557"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10555"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10555"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}