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Wuppertal-Xase<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n 1.2. Adigelerde Sosyok\u00fclt\u00fcrel Yap\u0131 <\/strong><\/p>\n Toplum birlikte ya\u015fanan ve faaliyette bulunan bireyler grubudur. Toplum, bireylerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi, sosyal sistem ise d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerin \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesidir.<\/p>\n Sosyal sistemler genellikle iki unsura sahiptirler. Bunlardan biri sosyal yap\u0131 di\u011feri ise de\u011fer y\u00f6nelimidir (oryantasyon). Rol, stat\u00fc ve yetki sosyal yap\u0131y\u0131; ama\u00e7, hedef normlar ise toplumun de\u011fer y\u00f6nelimlerini ortaya koyar. Sosyal yap\u0131 sosyal sistemin normatif de\u011ferlerini a\u00e7\u0131klarken de\u011fer y\u00f6nelimi toplum i\u00e7indeki durumlar\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. K\u0131sacas\u0131 sosyal yap\u0131, herhangi bir sosyal grubun i\u00e7e ili\u015fkin \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Gerek kom\u015fular\u0131 ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015flar, gerek kendi i\u00e7lerindeki s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 nedeniyle sosyal yap\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler g\u00f6sterir, bir kabile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fcrken (Jeney, Khigak, Adeley, Hat\u0131kuay, Yegerikoy, Mehos, Bjedugh, Mamkhig), di\u011fer bir kabile de b\u00fcy\u00fcyordu (Abzegh, Shapsugh, Natukuay). Devrim \u00f6ncesi yazarlar sonraki kabileleri demokrat olarak niteler. B\u00fcy\u00fcme nedenleri de p\u015fiye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak istemeyenlerin gelip bunlara kat\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r. Etnik d\u00fczenlemeler konusunda en h\u0131zl\u0131 ve en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik, 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Balk, Baksan, Secem ve Ter\u00e7 sular\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan alanda oturan Kabardeyler de olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda sosyal yap\u0131, \u00f6nceden oldu\u011fu gibi feodalitenin k\u0131r\u0131larak her \u00e7ift\u00e7inin diledi\u011fi yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde geli\u015fme g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Di\u011fer taraftan da p\u015f\u0131ler arazileri b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp yerlerini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u00c7ift\u00e7ilere yap\u0131lan bask\u0131lar aralar\u0131ndaki kini b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcyordu. Bu ayaklanma bir tek kabileyle s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f bir \u00e7ok kabileye s\u0131\u00e7ram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/p>\n 1.2.1. Soy b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclmesi <\/strong><\/p>\n Adige kendilerine Adige derler. Adige kavmi, Abzegh, Besleney, Bjedug, Cemguy, Hatukuay, Kabardey, Mehos, Natuhay, Shapsugh, Wub\u0131h vb. kabilelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Her kabile b\u00fcy\u00fck ailelerden olu\u015fur. Yaln\u0131z \u2018kheku\u2019 (anavatan) Kafkasya\u2019da de\u011fil, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir \u00e7ok \u00fclkesine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan Adigelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de halen s\u00fclale adlar\u0131n\u0131 ve damgalar\u0131n\u0131 korumaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck tarihi g\u00f6\u00e7lere k\u00f6pr\u00fc olan Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan yerli kavimlere \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde sonradan kar\u0131\u015fan kavimler de olmu\u015ftur. Bir\u00e7o\u011fu, Mafedz S., \u2018Haji\u2019, \u2019Muhamed\u2019, \u2018Kumuk\u2019 vb. adlar ta\u015f\u0131yan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bir \u00e7ok kabile, Da\u011f\u0131stan taraf\u0131ndan \u0130slami bildiri vermek amac\u0131yla gelip yerle\u015fen ve zamanla Adigele\u015fen ki\u015fi ve ailelerden t\u00fcremi\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcndedir. Kan davas\u0131, h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k vb. nedenlerle d\u0131\u015flanan \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Adige p\u015filerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131p onlar\u0131n korumas\u0131nda ya\u015famaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka Adigele\u015fme bi\u00e7imi olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Kurallara uyum sa\u011flayamayan m\u00fclteciler xabzeyi bozmamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in toplumdan soyutlanarak ayr\u0131 bir b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilirdi. Kabardeyips Karamirzalar ile Jiristler Kara\u00e7ay\u2019a gidip onlar\u0131n y\u00f6neticileri olduktan sonra Kara\u00e7ay dilini alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fayan insanlar\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Kafkasya ile K\u0131r\u0131m ve Osmanl\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ticaretin en \u00f6nemli kalemi k\u00f6le ticaretiydi. Peysonel; \u2018Adige ticaretinin en \u00f6nemli kalemlerinden biri esir-k\u00f6le ticareti idi.\u2019 demektedir.<\/p>\n K\u0131r\u0131m hanlar\u0131, anla\u015fma gere\u011fi verilen k\u00f6lelerden ba\u015fka bask\u0131nlar d\u00fczenleyerek esir al\u0131p sat\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n 1.2.2. Sosyal s\u0131n\u0131flar <\/strong><\/p>\n Sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f; a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 ayn\u0131 ekonomik g\u00fcce sahip olan, ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imleriyle birbirine uyan, ayn\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve e\u011fitimi alm\u0131\u015f olan, ortak ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 olan ve bu d\u00f6rt \u00f6zelli\u011fe g\u00f6re kendilerini ayn\u0131 durumda g\u00f6ren bireylerin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu toplulu\u011fa denir.<\/p>\n Kafkas toplumunda s\u0131n\u0131f yoktu, \u00e7ok az say\u0131da esirlerden olu\u015fan k\u00f6leler vard\u0131 ki, bunlar toplumsal yap\u0131ya etki etmiyordu. “13-15.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda feodalite yayg\u0131nd\u0131.\u00a0 S\u0131n\u0131flar vard\u0131 (psi, znatni, vasal, serf, rabi, k\u00f6le gibi). Psilar m\u00fclkleri ve n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131yla \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011fl\u0131yorlard\u0131. Interiyano\u2019nun anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu at s\u0131rt\u0131nda ge\u00e7erdi. Psiler feodaldi. \u00c7ift\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kendileri \u2018zekoe\u2019, \u2018tewe\u2019 gibi kolay zengin olma yollar\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7ip \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik ve ticareti hor g\u00f6r\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Nak\u0131\u015f vb. zevkli i\u015fler d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u015f g\u00f6rm\u00fcyordu. Evlerinde alt\u0131n kap kacak bulunur, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f alet edevat kullan\u0131rlard\u0131. Psi, y\u00f6netiminde bulunan insanlar\u0131n do\u011fan iyi taylar\u0131na el koyar, insanlarda bu size g\u00f6re, deyip verirdi. Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019daki k\u00f6leler \u2018vuneut\u2019, Abazin diyalektiyle \u2018wunav\u2019 (kap\u0131c\u0131) esirlerden olu\u015fuyordu ve \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc durumdayd\u0131lar.”<\/p>\n Feodal sistemde s\u0131n\u0131flar \u015fu bi\u00e7imde olu\u015fmu\u015ftu:<\/p>\n P\u015f\u0131;<\/strong> k\u00f6y\u00fcn, b\u00f6lgenin lideri, Kabardeyler, Adigelerin bir koludur. Tlekoles y\u00f6neticileri vard\u0131; Tambiler, Kundetler, Anzorlar gibi. P\u015f\u0131leri, psitleri, werkleri vard\u0131. Tlekolesler istedi\u011fi yere gidip istedi\u011fi ile \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. \u2018Kodz\u2019 diye adland\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerini kendileri se\u00e7erdi. Kodz, p\u015f\u0131 ile birlikte onlar\u0131 y\u00f6netirdi. Bunlar kendi denkleriyle evlenirdi. Onlar\u0131n evini soyan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. P\u015f\u0131ler yaln\u0131z p\u015f\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131 al\u0131r p\u015f\u0131lere k\u0131z verirlerdi. P\u015f\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmenin cezas\u0131 \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fckt\u00fc, kanla \u00f6demek \u00e7ok daha kolayd\u0131. P\u015f\u0131yi \u00f6ld\u00fcrenin ailesi \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 k\u00f6le olarak sat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ps\u015f\u0131, p\u015f\u0131 olmayan birinden \u00e7o\u00e7uk sahibi olursa buna \u2018tuma\u2019 derler, tlekolesten b\u00fcy\u00fck, p\u015f\u0131den k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Workler \u2018ase-fase\u2019leriyle (Adigeka ve silah tak\u0131mlar\u0131yla) p\u015f\u0131ye e\u015flik ederlerdi.<\/p>\n Tlekoleslerden sonra dijinigeler gelir. S\u00f6zl\u00fck anlam\u0131 alt\u0131n kaplanm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f demektir. \u00c7evreden gelen Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar ve Abhaz beylerini bu stat\u00fcye indirirlerdi. Bu kategorilerin hepsinin kendi vasallari (werkleri) vard\u0131. (H.Yehutenitl; sonra Beslan Werk), sonra, work sawetliguse gelirdi.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler de s\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131ft\u0131: Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Nathoylarda daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve Adigey\u2019de \u2018dekhefetet\u2019, Kabardey\u2019de \u2018leguneut\u2019 denen tflekotller p\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bah\u00e7esinde oturan, kendi ailelerinden olan yar\u0131 hizmet\u00e7ilerdi. Bir de wineutler vard\u0131 ki, esirlerden olu\u015fur ve k\u00f6le gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkasyal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki sosyal ili\u015fkiler, \u00f6nceden oldu\u011fu gibi farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu. Bir tarafta feodalizm egemenli\u011fi s\u00fcrerken di\u011fer tarafta bu daha hi\u00e7 bilinmiyordu. Sosyal geli\u015fme farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6steriyordu. Bu durum kabileler aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi kabile i\u00e7inde de g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. \u00d6rne\u011fin Adigelerde aristokrasi de [Kabardeylerde) demokrasi de [Abzegh ve Shapsughlarda] vard\u0131. Avar, Dargin ve Lezgilerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc feodal, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zd\u0131.<\/p>\n Avrupa\u2019da de\u011fi\u015fen feodal d\u00fczende artan l\u00fcks\u00fcn seny\u00f6rlerin s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc t\u0131rmand\u0131rmas\u0131 sonucu k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ka\u00e7mas\u0131 sonucunun do\u011fmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci, Kafkasya Adigelerinde de ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1790\u2019dan 1810 sonlar\u0131na dek, Kuban havzas\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Adige k\u00f6yleri ayaklanarak feodaliteyi devirdiler, p\u015f\u0131 ve workleri Ruslara ya da K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Kuban havzas\u0131nda 1790\u2019da halk y\u00f6netimi ele ald\u0131, p\u015f\u0131 ve workleri devre d\u0131\u015f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131. Bunu isyan olarak de\u011ferlendirenler olmakla birlikte, ger\u00e7ekte toplumsal bir hareketti. Bu hareket, b\u00f6lgede yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan feodaliteyi ortan kald\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca, \u00f6zellikle 2.yar\u0131s\u0131nda,\u00a0 Psij \u00f6tesi kavimlerde ayaklanmalar s\u00fcr\u00fcp gitti. Ka\u00e7\u0131p p\u015f\u0131 olmayan yerlere gidiyorlard\u0131. Aristokrasiden ka\u00e7\u0131p demokrasiye gidiyorlard\u0131. Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Natuhaclar yaln\u0131z Adige de\u011fil, Abaza vb. kavimlerden gelenleri de i\u00e7lerine al\u0131yor ve onlar\u0131 koruyorlard\u0131. Bu nedenle n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bu \u00fc\u00e7 kabile t\u00fcm Adigeya\u2018da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. P\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olan kabilelere kar\u015f\u0131 koyabiliyorlard\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklara kar\u015f\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131lar\u0131 kabul etmeye devam ediyorlard\u0131. Bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda bazen p\u015f\u0131ler bazen de i\u015f\u00e7iler \u00fcst\u00fcn geliyordu. 1792\u2019de Shapsugh\u2019daki t\u00fcm \u00e7ift\u00e7iler ayakland\u0131. Bu ayaklanmaya Abazeh ve Natukoylar da destek verdi. Shapsugh workleri kovuldu. Bu hepsine ders oldu. Workler de Bjedugh p\u015f\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7evresinde topland\u0131. 1793\u2019te Petersburg\u2019a heyet g\u00f6nderip ayaklanmay\u0131 bast\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yard\u0131m talep ettiler. Bunun \u00fczerine II.Katerina bir Kazak askeri birli\u011fi g\u00f6nderdi.<\/p>\n Adige tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir yeri olan Bziyika \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 1796\u2019da oldu. Shapsugh, Abzegh ve Natukuay \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri ile Bjedugh p\u015f\u0131s\u0131 komutas\u0131ndaki workler \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6nce \u00e7ift\u00e7iler bask\u0131n geldi, ama p\u015f\u0131ler onlar\u0131 hile ile ormanlara \u00e7ekip top e\u015fli\u011finde gelen Kazak birli\u011fine k\u0131rd\u0131rd\u0131lar. 1767\u2019de gittik\u00e7e artan ka\u00e7ma olaylar\u0131 \u00fczerine Kabardey p\u015f\u0131leri winafe yapt\u0131. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri Balk ve Ter\u00e7 aras\u0131ndaki sular\u0131ndan uzak tutma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. Kum suyu yak\u0131n\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcrek ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rmak istedilerse de bu karar \u00fczerine on bin kadar i\u015f\u00e7i p\u015f\u0131lerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p Balk ve Ter\u00e7 aras\u0131nda Bestamak yaylas\u0131ndaki Rus kalesine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. P\u015f\u0131ler sald\u0131r\u0131rsa Ter\u00e7\u2019i ge\u00e7ebilmek i\u00e7in k\u00f6pr\u00fc kurdular. Kip Kalebek, Spigates Musa, Bisow Merem, ayaklanmac\u0131lar\u0131n liderleriydi. H. A.K\u0131zlar kumandan\u0131 Kinaz H.A.Patrapov bu ayaklanmalar\u0131 kendi lehine de\u011ferlendirmek istedi. Psij ve Kum nehirleri y\u00f6n\u00fcne gitmelerini istemiyordu. El\u00e7i g\u00f6nderip ayaklanmaya destek verdi\u011fini bildirdi. P\u015f\u0131ler de ayaklanman\u0131n \u015fiddetle bast\u0131r\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlay\u0131nca otuz \u00fcnl\u00fc p\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6nderip onlardan k\u00f6ylerine d\u00f6nmelerini istediler. Efendi de\u011fi\u015ftirebilme hakk\u0131 tan\u0131nmas\u0131 ve vergileri azaltma ko\u015fuluyla anla\u015ft\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Baz\u0131 Arap \u00fclkelerinde, Rusya\u2019da ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ordu hiyerar\u015fisinin olu\u015fmas\u0131nda, buralarda g\u00f6rev yapan Kafkas k\u00f6kenli \u00fcst d\u00fczey subaylar\u0131n etkisi olmu\u015ftur ki bunun \u2018psi-werk-psitl\u2019 s\u0131n\u0131f sisteminden esinlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. <\/p>\n 1.2.3. Sosyal tabakala\u015fma<\/strong><\/p>\n Sosyal tabakala\u015fma ile ilgili tart\u0131\u015fmalar ele al\u0131n\u0131rken genellikle s\u0131n\u0131f ve stat\u00fc kavramlar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Stat\u00fc kavram\u0131 ile ilgili olarak yap\u0131lan analizler, bunu ilk kullananlardan olan Max Weber\u2019e, s\u0131n\u0131fla ilgili analizler de Karl Marx\u2019a dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. <\/p>\n 1.2.4. Dini inan\u00e7lar <\/strong><\/p>\n 16-18.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Adigeler sonbaharda ormana giderek kutsal sayd\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u011fac\u0131n alt\u0131nda her zaman g\u00f6kte oldu\u011funa inand\u0131klar\u0131 ‘Thaskho’ (B\u00fcy\u00fck Tanr\u0131)’ya dua ederlerdi. Adigeler aras\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k olanlar da vard\u0131. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131llarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 dualarla yap\u0131lan koruyucu b\u00fcy\u00fcye \u00e7ok \u00f6nem verilirdi. Bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak demire sayg\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00f6sterilir, demirin yarar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerlerde (ekim, hasat vb. zamanlarda) \u015f\u00f6lenler yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ekinlerin bereketi, ya\u011fmurun bollu\u011fu vb. i\u00e7in de b\u00fcy\u00fcler yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. 16-18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n dinleri birbirinden farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, Nogaylar ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler, G\u00fcrcistan’a yak\u0131n bir ka\u00e7 k\u00f6y d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u0130slamiyet’i benimsemi\u015fti. Adige-Abazinlerin yar\u0131s\u0131 H\u0131ristiyan, yar\u0131s\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman’d\u0131. 17.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kabardeylerin \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu \u0130slam’\u0131 kabul etmi\u015fti. O zamanlar putperestler de vard\u0131. \u0130slam’a girdikten sonra da bir s\u00fcre bu eski adetlerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler. B\u00f6lgeye gelen turistler dinlerini anlamakta zorlan\u0131yordu. Bu durum \u0130slam’\u0131n Adige adetleri t\u00fcm\u00fcyle yok edemedi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Kafkas halklar\u0131 ne tam H\u0131ristiyan ne de tam M\u00fcsl\u00fcman’d\u0131. 1859’a kadar Mezitha (orman tanr\u0131s\u0131), Psitha (su tanr\u0131s\u0131) vb. putperest inan\u0131\u015flara rastlanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bir zaman H\u0131ristiyan olan Temirguey’in tanr\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitliydi: Thaskho (Meryem’in ba\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131) Sergups\u2019dur. Tanr\u0131n\u0131n Elbruz da\u011f\u0131nda ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve yerde ot bitmez, hayvanlar \u00e7o\u011falmaz, insanlar nefretle birbirini \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcr olunca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcleceklerine inan\u0131lan k\u00f6t\u00fc cinler; su, ate\u015f ve g\u00f6k g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fcs\u00fc tanr\u0131s\u0131 olan Sible; bask\u0131na (zekoe, tewoe) gidenleri koruyan tanr\u0131 Zeykuth; su, deniz ve deniz hayvanlar\u0131 tanr\u0131s\u0131 Kodes; orman ve av tanr\u0131s\u0131 Mezitha; demir, silah tanr\u0131s\u0131, bunlarla yaralananlar\u0131 iyile\u015ftiren, kendisi de usta bir demirci olan Leps; hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fclerinin koruyucusu Ahin.<\/p>\n Adigeler \u0130slam’\u0131 T\u00fcrklerden ve K\u0131r\u0131m Hanlar\u0131ndan ald\u0131. Ondan \u00f6nce bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc H\u0131ristiyan bir bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc putperestti. \u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli tanr\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131; hasat, harp, sevgi, r\u00fczgar, deniz vs. tanr\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131. Kurban kesip tap\u0131nd\u0131klar\u0131, putlar\u0131 bulunan mabetleri vard\u0131. Dini t\u00f6renlerini genellikle a\u00e7\u0131k alanlarda, \u00f6zellikle kutsal bir a\u011fac\u0131n alt\u0131nda yaparlard\u0131. Dini ayinleri, \u00f6zel bir kahin y\u00f6netirdi.<\/p>\n Rum imparatoru J\u00fcstinyen zaman\u0131nda H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k yay\u0131ld\u0131, kiliseler in\u015fa edildi. \u0130lk ruhban Nal\u00e7ik’in 5 km. Kuzey’inde yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. Kilise kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 yan\u0131nda bug\u00fcne dek s\u00fcren H\u0131ristiyan adetleri de vard\u0131r. Bu adetler, siyah giyme, miladi y\u0131lba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 kutlama, pazar g\u00fcn\u00fcne \u2018Tanr\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fc\u2019 (Thamafe) deme gibi. \u0130sa Mesih’e \u00e7ok sayg\u0131 duyarlar. Kafkasya\u2019da \u0130slam’a ilk girenler G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, sonra Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, sonra Kabardeyler olmu\u015ftur. (MS.12. y\u00fczy\u0131lda). Onlardan da t\u00fcm Adigelere yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Adigeler \u2018Hadrikhe\u2019 dedikleri bir \u00f6l\u00fcler aleminin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131r, buran\u0131n korkun\u00e7 bir yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, oraya gidip d\u00f6nmenin olas\u0131 oldu\u011funu kabul ederlerdi. Adigeler Tha, sible, bestetha, mezitha, tleps, goase vb. birden \u00e7ok tanr\u0131ya inan\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Adigey\u2019de \u0130slamla\u015fma 16.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. N.Sora\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re aralar\u0131nda, 1717\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen ve kitaplar\u0131 yak\u0131lan son \u2018Socen\u2019 gibi \u2018socen\u2019 ya da \u2018dekan\u2019 unvanl\u0131 din adamlar\u0131 ya\u015fard\u0131. \u0130slamiyet’in ilk \u00f6nce Da\u011f\u0131stan taraf\u0131ndan tebli\u011fciler eliyle geldi\u011fini belirten Mefedz S., kom\u00fcnizmin en \u015fiddetli d\u00f6nemlerinde yeti\u015fmi\u015f olman\u0131n olumsuzluklar\u0131ndan t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kurtulamam\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131 ki \u0130slam’\u0131n Adigelere kan ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la geldi\u011fini iddia etmektedir. Adigeler 16-18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda sonbaharda ormana giderek kutsall\u0131k atfettikleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir a\u011fac\u0131n alt\u0131nda Thaskho\u2019ya (hep g\u00f6kte oldu\u011funa inan\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131ya) dua ederlerdi.<\/p>\n 1.2.5. E\u011fitim Y\u00f6ntemleri <\/strong><\/p>\n Etnolog J. Thamowko\u2019nun belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re e\u011fitim \u00e7o\u011funlukla ailede yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u2018Zekhes\u2019lerde deneyimli, ak\u0131ll\u0131, bilgili ve ahlakl\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckler, gen\u00e7 ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 e\u011fitirdi. Erkek \u00e7ocu\u011fa \u2018pur\u2019 verilir, binicilik, at\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k vb. konularda e\u011fitilirdi. K\u0131zlar evlenene kadar serbest hareket ederlerdi.<\/p>\n Atal\u0131\u011fa verme (pur) gelene\u011fi Kafkas halklar\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahipti. Adige, Abaza, Asetin, Balkar, Kara\u00e7ay, Kumuk ve Darginler de \u00e7ok yayg\u0131nd\u0131. Zamanla p\u015f\u0131ler werklere, werkler \u00e7ift\u00e7ilere atal\u0131k vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Erkek \u00e7ocuk erginle\u015finceye, k\u0131z \u00e7ocuk evlenecek ya\u015fa gelinceye dek yeti\u015ftirilirdi. Kendi \u00f6z \u00e7ocu\u011fundan daha \u00e7ok purun beslenme ve e\u011fitimine \u00f6nem verirdi. Atal\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6revi puru, iyi bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olarak yeti\u015ftirmekti. Bu nedenle 6 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuk, g\u00fcre\u015f, d\u00f6v\u00fc\u015f, ok atma, silah atma, at binme, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa, s\u0131ca\u011fa ve so\u011fu\u011fa dayanma gibi \u00f6zelliklerle donat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. K\u0131zlara xabze kurallar\u0131 yan\u0131nda bi\u00e7ki diki\u015f, mutfak ev i\u015fleri vb. \u00f6\u011fretilirdi. Atal\u0131k t\u00fcm kabileye yak\u0131n akraba say\u0131l\u0131r, hatta pur, \u00f6z anne babas\u0131ndan \u00e7ok atal\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7ocuk bebeklikten ba\u015flayarak ya\u015fam\u0131n ve xabzenin i\u00e7inde yo\u011frularak b\u00fcy\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcrd\u00fc. At binip, silah kullanabilen, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklere katlanabilen bir ki\u015filikte yeti\u015ftirilirdi. Evde ve ha\u00e7eslerde e\u011fitilirlerdi. P\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 toplumun bilginlerine verilip e\u011fitilirdi. Ba\u015fka kabilelere de pur verilirdi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Asetin \u00e7ocuklar Adigelere, Adigeler Kumuklara verilirdi. \u00c7ocuk ya do\u011far do\u011fmaz ya da birka\u00e7 ayl\u0131kken pur verilirdi. 8 ile 13, en ge\u00e7 17 ya\u015f\u0131na dek atal\u0131kta kald\u0131ktan sonra geri ailesine verilirdi. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 genellikle 12-13 ya\u015f\u0131nda ailelerine verilirdi. E\u011fitmen, \u00e7ocu\u011fa s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na uygun davranma, binicilik, at\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, ev y\u00f6netimi, tarla i\u015fleri konusunda e\u011fitirdi. K\u0131z \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na \u2018pur\u2019un han\u0131m\u0131nca diki\u015f, nak\u0131\u015f vb. beceriler kazand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r, ev han\u0131m\u0131 olmaya haz\u0131rlan\u0131rd\u0131. E\u011fitmen \u00e7ocu\u011fu at, fase, ase vb. ile s\u00fcsleyip t\u00f6renle babas\u0131na teslim ederdi. Bunun i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6renleri d\u00fczenlenirdi. E\u011fitmene de de\u011ferli arma\u011fanlar verilirdi. Sonralar\u0131 pur kalma s\u00fcresi 3-7 y\u0131la inmi\u015f ve ailesine geri verilmesi s\u0131ras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan t\u00f6renler hafiflemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n E\u011fitmen akraba kabul edilerek otorite kazanmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131rd\u0131. Mr. Bell, Adigelerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce yap\u0131s\u0131 konusunda \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201cAdigeler Kafkaslar\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131d\u0131r ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce bi\u00e7imlerinin zaman zaman H\u0131ristiyan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kom\u015fular\u0131ndan etkilenmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir e\u011fitim sistemine sahip bulunuyorlar.\u201d Adigelerin tarih boyunca e\u011fitim ve \u00f6\u011fretim faaliyetlerini nas\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fcklerine ili\u015fkin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar da yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Wuppertal-Xase 1.2. Adigelerde Sosyokültürel Yapı Toplum birlikte yaşanan ve faaliyette bulunan bireyler grubudur. Toplum, bireylerin örgütlenmesi, sosyal sistem ise düşüncelerin örgütlenmesidir. Sosyal sistemler genellikle iki unsura sahiptirler. Bunlardan biri sosyal yapı diğeri ise değer yönelimidir (oryantasyon). Rol, statü ve yetki sosyal yapıyı; amaç, hedef normlar ise toplumun değer yönelimlerini ortaya koyar. Sosyal yapı sosyal sistemin […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10616","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10616"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10618,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10616\/revisions\/10618"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10616"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10616"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10616"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/em>Tlekotles; <\/strong>prens, p\u015f\u0131 aday\u0131,
\nDijinigo;<\/strong> alt\u0131n kaplama g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f anlam\u0131nda prensin bir alt\u0131,
\nWorksawe, Tliguse;<\/strong> kendi ba\u015f\u0131na buyruk, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z. P\u015f\u0131 ona yer ve hayvan, ara\u00e7 gere\u00e7 verir, o da is\u00e7ilerini \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p \u00fcr\u00fcn toplar, p\u015f\u0131ye vergi verirdi.
\nBeykoel;<\/strong> kar\u0131n toklu\u011funa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7i,
\nTlkhokotl;<\/strong> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z insan. P\u015f\u0131n\u0131n onay\u0131 ile diledi\u011fini yapabilir , diledi\u011fi tarafa gidebilirdi.
\nTlekosawe;<\/strong> ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z i\u015f\u00e7i, anla\u015fma ile istedi\u011fi yerde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilirlerdi.
\nWuneut;<\/strong> ot kesip getirir, hayvan besler, vb. getir g\u00f6t\u00fcr i\u015flerini yapard\u0131.
\nShasekhuj;<\/strong> s\u00f6zle\u015fme yaparak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sat\u0131n alan k\u00f6le.<\/p>\n
\n18.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkasya\u2019da her b\u00f6lgede s\u0131n\u0131f \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ba\u015f g\u00f6sterdi. Nedeni feodalitenin yay\u0131l\u0131p i\u015f\u00e7ilere yap\u0131lan bask\u0131n\u0131n artmas\u0131yla isyanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011falmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131yd\u0131. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca y\u00f6ntem p\u015fiden ka\u00e7makt\u0131. Daha \u00f6zg\u00fcr b\u00f6lgelere ka\u00e7\u0131yorlard\u0131. Han-Ceri\u2019nin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da insanlar p\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcr g\u00f6rmez ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgelere gidiyorlard\u0131. Hatta Rus k\u00f6ylerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nanlara bile rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar onlar\u0131 p\u015f\u0131lere geri vermiyorlard\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 onlar\u0131 kullan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n