{"id":10622,"date":"2019-03-18T16:08:23","date_gmt":"2019-03-18T21:08:23","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=10622"},"modified":"2019-03-18T16:08:23","modified_gmt":"2019-03-18T21:08:23","slug":"dagistan-ve-kafkaslar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/dagistan-ve-kafkaslar\/","title":{"rendered":"DA\u011eISTAN VE KAFKASLAR"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Hasan \u00c7\u0131nar<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u0130ki bin y\u0131l\u0131 geride b\u0131rak\u0131rken, yeni milenyumun en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorunu olarak belirlenen enerji ve su sorunlar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc sava\u015flar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131 da \u015fimdiden hesaplan\u0131yor. \u0130kinci \u00f6nemli sorun ise halen \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenememi\u015f halklar\u0131n ulusal stat\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr. Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkeleri ve Afrika’y\u0131 y\u0131llard\u0131r etkisi alt\u0131na alan su sorunu ile kurakl\u0131k giderek artacak. Teknolojik geli\u015fmelere kar\u015f\u0131n \u00fcretilen ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n tamamen yeralt\u0131 enerji kaynaklar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131, kapitalizmin bu alanda da tedbirli davranmalar\u0131n\u0131 gerektiriyor. \u00dcstelik halklar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zetmeden.<\/p>\n

Ortado\u011fu’daki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck anti-emperyalist kesim \u00fczerinde hakimiyet sa\u011flasa da bunu ciddi bir tehdit unsuru olarak g\u00f6rmeyen, buna ra\u011fmen, Kuzey’den Ke\u015fif G\u00fc\u00e7’\u00fcn G\u00fcney K\u00fcrdistan’daki rutin bombalamalar\u0131 benzeri tedbiri elinden b\u0131rakmayan ABD ve m\u00fcttefiklerinin yeni hedef olarak belirledi\u011fi Kafkasya’ya y\u00f6nelim de giderek h\u0131z kazanacak. \u015eimdilik sadece petrol \u015firketleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bu b\u00f6lgede temsil edilen emperyalizmin 21’inci y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki en b\u00fcy\u00fck hedefinin \u00f6zellikle Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 hakimiyeti alt\u0131na almak olaca\u011f\u0131 kesin gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. B\u00f6lgede son y\u0131llarda pe\u015f pe\u015fe alevlenen sava\u015flar\u0131n arkas\u0131ndaki nedenlerden biri b\u00f6lgedeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc enerji rezervleri olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 olan tepkisi de bunda \u00f6nemli bir rol oynuyor.<\/p>\n

Osetya ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019dan sonra Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131stan b\u00f6lgesinde de A\u011fustos’ta ba\u015flayan gerginli\u011fin arkas\u0131nda bu sorunlar yuma\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7ok karma\u015f\u0131k ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc t\u00fcm halklar\u0131n bir arada ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda pek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen bu b\u00f6lgenin bir ucunda emperyalizmin y\u00f6nelimi bulunurken, bir ucunda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n hakimiyet \u00e7\u0131rp\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131, \u00f6te yandan da yerli halklar\u0131n aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 var. A\u011fustos ba\u015f\u0131nda Da\u011f\u0131stan’da patlak veren \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, b\u00f6lgede reel sosyalizmin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnden bu yana ya\u015fanan sorunlar\u0131n karikat\u00fcrize edilmi\u015f bi\u00e7imi olarak alg\u0131lamak da m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Asl\u0131nda Kafkasya ve Da\u011f\u0131stan’daki sava\u015fta g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi reel sosyalizmin ger\u00e7ekten demokrasi, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ve ulusal \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm konular\u0131nda ciddi bir ilerleme yaratamad\u0131\u011f\u0131na tan\u0131k oluyoruz.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da neden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya de\u011fer bir konu. Antik \u0130pek Yolu’nun \u00f6nemli basamaklar\u0131ndan say\u0131lan Da\u011f\u0131stan, demografik olarak tam bir halklar mozai\u011fi, jeografik olarak da Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr hazinesi olarak biliniyor. 52 bin 2 y\u00fcz kilometrekarelik alan\u0131yla Hazar Denizi’nin bat\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndan karl\u0131 Kafkasya da\u011flar\u0131na kadar uzanan Da\u011f\u0131stan’da sadece 2 milyon insan ya\u015f\u0131yor. Topra\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kesimi k\u0131zg\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6llerden olu\u015fmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, akan say\u0131s\u0131z nehir ile petrol ve do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131 da \u00fclkeye ayr\u0131 bir zenginlik kat\u0131yor. Da\u011flar\u0131, zirveleri karl\u0131 Alp da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 and\u0131r\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgenin uzun s\u00fcreli gerilla tarz\u0131 sava\u015flara sahne olmas\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli etkeni de da\u011fl\u0131k alanlar\u0131n yo\u011funlu\u011fu olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

26 Y\u0131l Geciktirilen S\u00f6m\u00fcrgecilik
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan ilk \u00f6nemli sava\u015fa 186 y\u0131l \u00f6nce tan\u0131k olmu\u015ftu. B\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 ilk ve belki de son kapsaml\u0131 ulusal kurtulu\u015f deneyimi ile bu d\u00f6nemde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n yerle\u015fik halklar\u0131ndan Avar k\u00f6kenli olan \u015eeyh \u015eamil, 1813’ten 1859’a kadar \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00fclkesinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde edememi\u015f, ama Rusya’n\u0131n hakimiyetini de 26 y\u0131l geciktirmi\u015fti. Bu arada Da\u011f\u0131stan imam\u0131 \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in T\u00fcrkiye ve Azerbaycan’da iddia edildi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131, yan\u0131ltmadan ibarettir. \u0130syan\u0131 sadece Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n politik ve etnik ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ad\u0131na de\u011fildi. Nihai hedefi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u0130slam devleti olan \u015eeyh \u015eamil, isyan\u0131 da M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 kutsal sava\u015f\u0131 olarak nitelendirmi\u015ftir. \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck umut vermesi ve halklar\u0131n kurtulu\u015funu sa\u011flayamamas\u0131 ise b\u00fcy\u00fck tahribatlara yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hedefi daha geni\u015f tutup t\u00fcm halklar\u0131 kapsayacak \u015fekilde bir sava\u015f stratejisi \u00e7izebilseydi, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme en az\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f olurdu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Abhas ve \u00c7erkezler o y\u0131llarda m\u00fccadelenin sadece ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hedefli ulusal kurtulu\u015f boyutunu destekliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u015eeyh \u015eamil’in hedefini daraltmas\u0131, \u00f6zellikle \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Abhazlar ve \u00c7erkezlere b\u00fcy\u00fck eziyetler \u00e7ektirmi\u015ftir. S\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci gelene\u011fi olan \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 ortak m\u00fccadele eden \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Abhazlar, \u00c7erkezler, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Osetler ile Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in 1859’da Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan esir al\u0131nmas\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Oysa Da\u011f\u0131stan, etnik olarak tam bir halklar mozayi\u011fi. En kalabal\u0131k n\u00fcfusa sahip Avarlar’\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131k 600 bin n\u00fcfusu bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bunun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda Agular (14 bin), Dargin (120 bin), Kumik (232 bin), Lak (92 bin), Lezgin (205 bin), Nogai (30 bin), Rutul (15 bin), Tabasarans (80 bin), Zahur (5 bin), \u00c7e\u00e7en (60 bin), Oset (1100) Da\u011f Yahudileri (3 bin 600), Tat (13 bin), Rus (166 bin), Ukrayna (8 bin), Azeri (75 bin), Yahudi (9 bin 300) ve Tatarlar (5 bin 500) ile daha bir\u00e7ok halk, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel zenginlik olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Tarih sayfalar\u0131ndaki rakamlara g\u00f6re, 1859’dan sonra 1.2 milyon Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n korkusundan yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f, bunlardan 800 bini Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu denetimindeki Kuzey Anadolu b\u00f6lgesine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Bug\u00fcn halen diasporada ya\u015fayan (T\u00fcrkiye ve Ortado\u011fu \u00fclkelerinde) Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131ndan 2 milyon \u00fczerinde insan tahmin ediliyor. \u015eeyh \u015eamil \u00f6nderli\u011findeki sava\u015f\u0131n Rusya ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan sonras\u0131na denk gelmesi de dikkat \u00e7ekiyor.<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya’y\u0131 fethini 26 y\u0131l geciktiren \u015eeyh \u015eamil, elbette halk aras\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir \u00f6nder tipi de\u011fildi. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Bir toprak sahibinin o\u011flu olan \u015eamil, medreselerde dilbilgisi, mant\u0131k, hitabet ve Arap\u00e7a e\u011fitimini g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f. 1830’da M\u00fcridizm Tarikat\u0131’na girdi. Gazi Muhammed’in y\u00f6netimindeki tarikat, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 1813’te \u0130ran’dan resmen alan Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 cihad a\u00e7ar. Ruslar\u0131n 1832’de \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Gazi Muhammed’ten sonra tarikat\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na ge\u00e7en Hamzat Bek de 1834’te kendi taraftarlar\u0131nca \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Bunun \u00fczerine Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc imam\u0131 se\u00e7ilen \u015eeyh \u015eamil, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir devletin temelini att\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerden ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lardan olu\u015fan tarikat \u00fcyelerini yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctleyerek, Kafkasya’daki Rus mevzilerine kar\u015f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenledi. \u0130syan\u0131n bast\u0131r\u0131lma a\u015famas\u0131na geldi\u011fi 1859’da birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz arkada\u015f\u0131yla birlikte kendisini ku\u015fatan Rus kuvvetlerine teslim oldu. B\u00f6ylece Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k umudu da 26 y\u0131l sava\u015ftan sonra s\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f oldu. Leningrad kentine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra Moskova’n\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki Kaluga’ya g\u00f6nderildi. 1870’te Rus \u00c7ar\u0131’n\u0131n izniyle Mekke’ye hacca gitti. Ama geri d\u00f6nmeyerek b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla orada \u00f6ld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Bol\u015fevik Devriminin Etkileri
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131, 1917’deki Bol\u015fevik Devrimi’nden sonra da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc, fakat ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u0131. Stalin ile var\u0131lan anla\u015fma sonucu Ocak 1921’de \u0130ngu\u015f, Kabardey, Balkar, Kara\u00e7ay, \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Osetler ile Sovyetler \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti Da\u011f\u0131stan, \u00e7ok uluslu Sovyet \u00d6zerk Da\u011fl\u0131k Cumhuriyeti olarak ilan adildi. Ancak bu cumhuriyet b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcyle sadece bir y\u0131l ya\u015fayabildi. Sonraki y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler, t\u00fcm b\u00fcy\u00fck halklar\u0131 ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlere kavu\u015fturdu. Di\u011fer yandan \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir kesimi Alman ordular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edildi. Bu d\u00f6nem buradaki halklar i\u00e7in tarihlerinin en zor, ac\u0131l\u0131 ve kay\u0131plar\u0131n yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu bir d\u00f6nemi oldu. Kas\u0131m 1943 ile Mart 1944 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Sovyet taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen genelgelerle Kuzey Kafkasya’daki t\u00fcm Kara\u00e7ay, \u0130ngu\u015f, \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Balkarlar\u0131n Orta Asya ve Sibirya’ya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Nazilerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle ba\u015flat\u0131lan bu yo\u011fun g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda binlerce insan ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin 1991’de da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra ilk olarak G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmesinin ard\u0131ndan harekete ge\u00e7en Moskova, eski cumhuriyetlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcne Rusya Federasyonu’nun birer Federal Cumhuriyeti stat\u00fcs\u00fc verdi. Moskova, Kafkasya’ya b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak kaybedece\u011fi endi\u015fesiyle belli \u00f6d\u00fcnler vermi\u015fti. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan ve son olarak Da\u011f\u0131stan’da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi, bu da kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmedi. Rusya, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin de m\u00fcdahalesiyle \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131llarda bu t\u00fcr sorunlara daha \u00e7ok g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs germek zorunda kalacak.<\/p>\n

\u015eeyh \u015eamil’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan \u00fczerinde y\u00fcz y\u0131l ge\u00e7ti, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede bu kadar uzun bir aradan sonra yeniden benzer bir ayaklanman\u0131n ya\u015fanaca\u011f\u0131, do\u011frusu beklenmiyordu. Moskova da isyana haz\u0131rl\u0131ks\u0131z yakaland\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ne belli bir stratejisi, ne de ciddi bir askeri mevzilenmesi s\u00f6z konusuydu. Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131 da ekonomik olarak Moskova’ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k e\u011filiminde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 pek hissettirmiyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6lgeyi iyi tan\u0131yan \u00e7evreler, “Da\u011f\u0131stan’da her halk kendi ba\u015f\u0131na bir devlet” yorumunu yap\u0131yor. Bu tespit k\u0131smen yerinde. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc a\u015firet ba\u011flar\u0131 ve ihtilaflar\u0131 devlete g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeden aralar\u0131nda hal etme kabiliyetleriyle uzun y\u0131llar \u00f6rnek performans sergilediler. Bu son ayaklanma Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6nceden organize edilmi\u015f bir ayaklanmaya benzemiyor. Nitekim Da\u011f\u0131stan h\u00fck\u00fcmeti de son a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131yla Moskova’n\u0131n yan\u0131nda oldu\u011funu resmen a\u00e7\u0131klam\u0131\u015f bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Ayr\u0131ca isyan\u0131n lideri olan \u015eamil Basayev, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 de\u011fil, \u00c7e\u00e7enistanl\u0131. Hedefi ise \u00e7ok net: Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirip \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe kavu\u015fturmak. \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kavram\u0131 elbette Rusya’n\u0131n boyunduru\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131kma anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

1994-1996 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcren \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131 da b\u00f6yle bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yordu. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talep etmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli gerek\u00e7eleri var. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7e\u00e7enistan etnik olarak homojen. Da\u011f\u0131stan ise \u00e7ok daha farkl\u0131. Rusya’n\u0131n buras\u0131 i\u00e7in “\u00c7e\u00e7en stratejisi”ni uygulayaca\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyor. Aksine “\u00c7e\u00e7en stratejisi”ni \u015eamil Basayev uyguluyor.<\/p>\n

Rusya Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 da \u00c7e\u00e7enistan gibi kaybederse, Hazar denizinin \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 da kaybetmi\u015f olacak. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Orta Asya’dan gelen petrol ve do\u011falgaz hatlar\u0131 ile Bak\u00fc-Novorossiisk petrol boru hatt\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Maha\u00e7kale’de kesi\u015fiyor. Do\u011fal enerjinin giderek azalaca\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u00fczy\u0131la ekonomik ve politik h\u00fcsranla girmek istemeyen Rusya, b\u00f6lgedeki hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 korumak amac\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf ediyor.<\/p>\n

Rusya’n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar \u00e7ekmesine kar\u015f\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131stan’da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olma ihtimali y\u00fcksek. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Da\u011f\u0131stan herkesin rahat el atabildi\u011fi \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’a benzemiyor. Rusya’y\u0131 b\u00f6lgede bekleyen en b\u00fcy\u00fck handikap ise yine kendi da\u011f\u0131n\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Eski g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc koruma iddias\u0131yla Kosova’ya kadar asker g\u00f6nderen Rusya’n\u0131n isyan\u0131n ilk g\u00fcnlerinde Da\u011f\u0131stan’a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi birlikleri, hen\u00fcz \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girmeden yiyecek stoklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 80’ini t\u00fcketti. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’da bar\u0131\u015f anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalayan d\u00f6nemin Rusya Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Alexander Lebed’in bu durumu “a\u00e7 bir asker k\u0131zg\u0131n bir askerdir” s\u00f6zleriyle yorumlamas\u0131, Moskova’n\u0131n askeri anlamda ciddi bir kriz ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6steriyor.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u00e7enistan Sava\u015f\u0131
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u015eamil Basayev \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde ba\u015flat\u0131lan isyan\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak \u00c7e\u00e7enlerden olu\u015fmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir etkendir. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rusya \u00fczerinde d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131 da \u00e7ok yo\u011fundu. ABD bir yandan, TC di\u011fer yandan \u00f6nemli bir bask\u0131 unsuru olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Afganistan gibi Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’da ba\u015flat\u0131lan d\u0131\u015f destekli isyan\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131, Rusya’n\u0131n Kafkasya’daki egemenli\u011fini de sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fte bu durum yeni isyanlara prim kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rusya’n\u0131n “Kuzey Kafkasya Ekonomik B\u00f6lgesi”, ya da “Kuzey Kafkasya Askeri B\u00f6lgesi” gibi terimlerle and\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgede cesur komutanlar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 da Moskova’n\u0131n korkulu r\u00fcyas\u0131 haline gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli gerilla komutanlardan biri olan \u015eamil Basayev’i bug\u00fcn Da\u011f\u0131stan’da da asi bir komutan k\u0131lan yine \u00f6zelli\u011fidir. 1989’da \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in tek ba\u015f\u0131na Ankara’ya u\u00e7ak ka\u00e7\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u015fehir bask\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131, Abhazya sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ise g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc birliklerin ba\u015fkomutan\u0131 oldu. Basayev’in \u015fu s\u0131ralarda ba\u015f\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu “\u0130slami \u015eura”, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131, daha \u00f6nce var oldu\u011funu iddia etti\u011fi “Da\u011f\u0131stan \u0130slam Cumhuriyeti” olarak ilan etti. “\u0130slami \u015eura”n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, kurtar\u0131lm\u0131\u015f topraklar olarak ilan edilen Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n denetim alt\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerinde \u015eeriat Mahkemesi’nin kurulaca\u011f\u0131 da belirtiliyor. Rusya Genelkurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Anatoli Kva\u015fnin ise o g\u00fcnden bu yana durumun kontrol alt\u0131nda oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Moskova’da Da\u011f\u0131stan i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan yorumlar da ilgin\u00e7. Eski ba\u015fbakanlardan Sergej Stepa\u015fin, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 kaybedebilecekleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunurken, bir\u00e7ok bat\u0131l\u0131 yorumcu da bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc payla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

\u00d6te yandan Basayev’in kendisi de a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Son a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan birinde “Rusya Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc terketmeli” mesaj\u0131n\u0131 veren Basayev, aksi taktirde sonuna kadar direnecekleri uyar\u0131s\u0131nda da bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

Basayev Kimdir?
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kuzey Kafkasya \u00e7evrelerinde “\u00e7ok m\u00fctevaz\u0131” diye tan\u0131mlanan Basayev’in \u0130slamiyet temeli \u00fczerine kurulu ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra olu\u015ftu\u011fu savunuluyor. E\u015fi Abhazyal\u0131 bir H\u0131ristiyan olan Basayev’in kendisi ise tarih\u00e7i, hatta bu alanda do\u00e7entlik bile yapm\u0131\u015f. Suudi Arabistan kaynakl\u0131 Wahabi Tarikat\u0131 ile tan\u0131\u015f\u0131p i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor. \u0130slami devlet anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 da bundan kaynaklan\u0131yor. Bu arada Basayev’in \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonraki m\u00fccadelesi ve y\u00f6ntemleri ABD’nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na da ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u00fcstelik. Ancak anti-emperyalist karakterinin sadece Rusya’y\u0131 kapsam\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sona ermesinin ard\u0131ndan \u00fclkenin siyasetinde yer alan \u015eamil Basayev, ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz 20 \u015eubat tarihinde Grozni’de d\u00fczenlenen \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131ndaki \u0130\u00e7kerya hareketinin y\u00fcr\u00fctme organ\u0131 olan \u0130slami \u015eura’n\u0131n konferans\u0131nda, konsey ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak se\u00e7ildi. Toplam 35 konsey \u00fcyesinden olu\u015fan \u015eura, h\u00fck\u00fcmete kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir muhalefet iddias\u0131yla 9 \u015eubat’ta kurulmu\u015ftu. Hedef Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Aslan Ma\u015fhadov’a kar\u015f\u0131 de fakto bir alternatif yaratmak, tecrit etmek ve h\u00fck\u00fcmetten istifas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamakt\u0131. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bir\u00e7ok \u00c7e\u00e7en lider Ma\u015fhadov’u \u00e7ok laik ve Moskova taraftar\u0131 olarak su\u00e7luyor.<\/p>\n

\u015eamil Basayev’in aksine Aslan Ma\u015fhadov, Rusya e\u011fitimli ve eski K\u0131z\u0131lordu komutan\u0131 olarak biliniyor. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Cevher Dudayev \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki \u0130\u00e7kerya g\u00fc\u00e7lerine komutanl\u0131k etmesi nedeniyle 1996’daki genel se\u00e7imlerde devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi.<\/p>\n

\u015eamil Basayev ile Zalimhan Yandarbiyev gibi \u00c7e\u00e7en liderler ise daha \u00e7ok \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n \u0130slami geleneklerinin etkisinde yeti\u015fmi\u015fti. Ma\u015fhadov ile Basayev aras\u0131ndaki fark da b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda d\u00fcnyaya bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131na dayan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Biri Rusya yanl\u0131s\u0131 bir politikac\u0131, di\u011feri \u0130slami d\u00fczeni savunuyor. Basayev ve \u00e7evresi Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 mesafeli olduklar\u0131 gibi, \u0130\u00e7kerya’n\u0131n gelece\u011finin sadece \u0130slamiyet olaca\u011f\u0131ndan da emin g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar.<\/p>\n

Basayev’in yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu Wahabi Tarikat\u0131 ise Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 etkisi alt\u0131na almakla tan\u0131nmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6lgede daha \u00f6nce k\u00f6k sallayan Nak\u015fibendi tarikat\u0131 \u00fcyeleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yapan S\u00fcnni Wahabi tarikat\u0131, m\u00fcdahaleci bir \u00f6zellik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in Nak\u015fibendiler i\u00e7inde tepki ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131yor. 6-8 Nisan 1997 tarihleri aras\u0131nda Moskova’da ilk kez d\u00fczenlenen “Rusya Kur’an Konferans\u0131”nda konu\u015fan Rusya B\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Talat Tajuddin, “Wahabiler bize b\u00fcy\u00fck zarar verdi” diye yak\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Wahabilerle ya\u015fanan gerginli\u011fin de g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011fi konferansta tarikat\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015fayan ve Kafkasya’da \u00e7ok etkili olan lideri \u015eeyh Muhammed Naz\u0131m el-Haqqani ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda toplanan ulemalar, Wahabilerin \u00f6zellikle \u00d6zbekistan, Da\u011f\u0131stan, Kazakistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’daki Nak\u015fibendi hareketine s\u0131zd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Suudi Arabistan’dan sa\u011flanan “dolarlarla” \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirdikleri, hatta Bosna, Pakistan, T\u00fcrkiye ve M\u0131s\u0131r’da da aktif olduklar\u0131 kayg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 dile getirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Buna ra\u011fmen \u015eamil Basayev’in bu seferki misyonuyla ciddi bir destek g\u00f6rmemesi dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Rusya’y\u0131 kaybetme korkusunu ya\u015fayan ABD, Da\u011f\u0131stan’daki isyan\u0131, resmi a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131nda “silahl\u0131 gruplar\u0131n yasalara ba\u011fl\u0131 otoriteler ve su\u00e7suz halka kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131” olarak nitelendiriyor. Ancak bu hareketi “ter\u00f6rist” olarak tan\u0131mlamamas\u0131 da g\u00f6ze bat\u0131yor. Zira PKK’nin K\u00fcrdistan’da y\u0131llarca verdi\u011fi ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi ile Ortado\u011fu’daki bir\u00e7ok hareket ABD emperyalizmi taraf\u0131ndan “ter\u00f6r” olarak nitelendirilmektedir. ABD’nin Da\u011f\u0131stan isyan\u0131n\u0131 farkl\u0131 bir dille “k\u0131namas\u0131” ve zoraki bir a\u00e7\u0131klama havas\u0131 yaratmas\u0131, asl\u0131nda i\u015fin rengini g\u00f6steriyor. ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n 16 A\u011fustos tarihli a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131nda, ayr\u0131ca sava\u015fan taraflar sivillere kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131 davranmaya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131yor. Kuzey Kafkasya’daki durum ise “istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi” diye alg\u0131lan\u0131yor. ABD elbette b\u00f6lgede \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015fecek istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k istemiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6ylesi bir durumda tasarlanan uzun enerji hatlar\u0131 projeleri suya d\u00fc\u015fecek, b\u00f6lgede milyarlarca dolarl\u0131k yat\u0131r\u0131m yapan Amerikan petrol \u015firketlerinin sermayesi riske girecek. ABD, \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in gerekti\u011finde silahl\u0131 m\u00fcdahaleyi bile g\u00f6ze alabilir.<\/p>\n

CIA’n\u0131n \u015eamil Basayev’i Suudi k\u00f6kenli radikal \u0130slamc\u0131 Usame bin Laden ile ili\u015fkilendirmesi de ABD’nin tavr\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bin Laden, Kenya ve Tanzanya’daki el\u00e7ilik bombalamalar\u0131n\u0131n zanl\u0131s\u0131 olarak ABD taraf\u0131ndan kelle paras\u0131yla aran\u0131yor. Afganistan ve Sudan’\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u0131l uzun menzilli Tomohawk f\u00fczeleriyle bombalanmas\u0131 da bu nedenleydi. New York Post gazetesinin A\u011fustos sonunda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir habere g\u00f6re, Amerikan istihbarat\u0131, \u015eamil Basayev’in isyan hareketi i\u00e7in Usame bin Laden’den para ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bin Laden’in b\u00f6lgeye kendi sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. D\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerden ciddi bir destek g\u00f6rmesi beklenmeyen Basayev’in tek dayana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kafkas halklar\u0131 olmas\u0131 ise avantaj\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Ancak bu alanda \u00f6rg\u00fctleme yapman\u0131n da b\u00fcy\u00fck zorluklar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. Basayev’in bu \u015fartlar aras\u0131nda uzun s\u00fcre Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131’nda kalma ihtimali var, ama g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme yap\u0131lmadan b\u00fcy\u00fck ba\u015far\u0131lar elde edece\u011fi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Hasan Çınar İki bin yılı geride bırakırken, yeni milenyumun en büyük sorunu olarak belirlenen enerji ve su sorunlarından ötürü savaşların çıkacağı da şimdiden hesaplanıyor. İkinci önemli sorun ise halen çözümlenememiş halkların ulusal statüsüdür. Ortadoğu ülkeleri ve Afrika’yı yıllardır etkisi altına alan su sorunu ile kuraklık giderek artacak. Teknolojik gelişmelere karşın üretilen ulaşım araçlarının tamamen yeraltı 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