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Do\u00e7. Dr. Ufuk Tavkul<\/strong> \u00d6zet:<\/p>\n Kafkasya\u2019ya d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen b\u00fct\u00fcn etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel unsurlar Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli kavimlerinin etnik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile birle\u015ferek ortaya yeni bir sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131b\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. <\/em>Bunda, Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00e7e\u015fitli halklar\u0131n etnik y\u00f6nden birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015farak akraba etnik gruplar haline gelmelerinin yani amalgamasyon s\u00fcrecinin b\u00fcy\u00fck rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. Bir etnik gruptan di\u011ferine ge\u00e7erek bir-iki ku\u015fak i\u00e7inde asimile olan fert ya da aileler, beraberlerinde getirdikleri k\u00fclt\u00fcrel unsurlar\u0131n yeni kat\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 gruba benimsetilmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flar ve b\u00f6ylece Kafkasya halklar\u0131 etnik y\u00f6nden birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarken, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel y\u00f6nden de benzer yap\u0131lar olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flar ve ortak bir Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011fi alt\u0131nda toplanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/em><\/p>\n Abstract:<\/p>\n All foreign ethnic and cultural elements that originated from outside of the Caucasus have been mixed with ethnic and cultural elements of the native tribes thus a new socio-cultural pattern has been accomplished. Amalgamation of different ethnic groups have been played a great role in this phenomenon. Individuals or families who have passed into an other ethnic group and have been assimilated in this new ethnic group have brought their own cultural elements together. By admission of those new cultural elements, Caucasian peoples have accomplished similar structures while they have being mixed with each other ethnically and have become together under a common Caucasian identity.<\/em><\/p>\n \u201cKafkasyal\u0131 Kimli\u011fi\u201dnin tarihi ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel temellerini ele al\u0131p, tart\u0131\u015fmaya a\u00e7madan \u00f6nce, sosyolojik bir kavram olan \u201ckimlik\u201d kavram\u0131 ile tan\u0131mlamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u201cKafkasyal\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u201d etnik bir temele mi, yoksa tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inden s\u00fcz\u00fcl\u00fcp gelen sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bir temele mi dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusuna a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k getirmek gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n Kimi sosyologlar \u201cetnik grubu\u201d, daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplum i\u00e7inde \u0131rk, dil, milliyet veya k\u00fclt\u00fcr gibi unsurlarla birbirine ba\u011fl\u0131 ve i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 geni\u015f toplumdan ayr\u0131 olan bir sosyal grup olarak tan\u0131mlarlar (1). Kimileri ise k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131kararak, bir etnik grubu i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumun k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnden farkl\u0131 bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre sahip olan m\u00fcstakil bir n\u00fcfus kategorisi olarak a\u00e7\u0131klarlar (2).<\/p>\n Bir etnik grup, di\u011fer etnik gruplar\u0131n \u00fcyeleri taraf\u0131ndan payla\u015f\u0131lmayan bir tak\u0131m farkl\u0131 \u00f6zelliklere sahip olabilir. S\u00f6zgelimi biyolojik<\/em> farkl\u0131l\u0131k bunlardan biridir. Bir etnik grubun \u00fcyeleri belirli bir genetik k\u00f6kene dayanabilir ve b\u00f6ylece baz\u0131 ortak fiziksel \u00f6zellikleri payla\u015fabilirler. Ya da, bu farkl\u0131l\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcrel<\/em> bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k olabilir ve bir etnik grubun \u00fcyeleri farkl\u0131 fiziksel \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131salar da baz\u0131 ortak davran\u0131\u015f tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015fabilirler. Linguistik<\/em> farkl\u0131l\u0131k da etnik gruplar\u0131 di\u011ferlerinden ay\u0131ran \u00f6nemli bir sosyolojik kriterdir (3).<\/p>\n Etnik bir gruba mensubiyet hissi bir insana di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131 oldu\u011fu hissini verir. \u00d6yle ki, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile toplumlar aras\u0131nda insan \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesinin temel ilkelerini kan ba\u011f\u0131, co\u011frafi yak\u0131nl\u0131k, ortak gelenek ve inan\u00e7lar gibi unsurlar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (4)<\/p>\n Etnik gruplar\u0131n \u201caz\u0131nl\u0131k\u201d kavram\u0131yla ili\u015fkisini dikkatle de\u011ferlendirmek gerekir. Etnik gruplar mutlaka az\u0131nl\u0131k gruplar de\u011fildir ancak bir \u00e7ok durumda bu yine de b\u00f6yledir. Daha \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar \u00fczerinde duran etnisite<\/em> (ethnicity) kavram\u0131, etnik grubu ortak k\u00f6kenden geldikleri ve ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn \u00f6nemli k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 payla\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ve daha b\u00fcy\u00fck bir toplumun bir par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eden grup bi\u00e7iminde a\u00e7\u0131klar (5)<\/p>\n Kafkasyal\u0131 Kimli\u011fi\u2019nin etnik grup temeline dayanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bir g\u00f6stergesi, Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 olu\u015fturan halklar\u0131n bir mozaik g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fc arz eden \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fidir. Kafkasyal\u0131 Kimli\u011fi\u2019ne sahip bu Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 Karadeniz\u2019den Hazar Denizi\u2019ne do\u011fru \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz:<\/p>\n 1- <\/strong>Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney eteklerinden Karadeniz sahillerine uzanan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Abhazlar ve onlar\u0131n Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzey eteklerinde ya\u015fayan akrabalar\u0131 Abazalar.<\/p>\n 2-<\/strong> N\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye topraklar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fclen, Kafkasya\u2019da kalan \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck baz\u0131 gruplar\u0131 da Abhazlar ve Adigeler aras\u0131nda eriyerek yok olan Ub\u0131hlar.<\/p>\n 3-<\/strong> Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan Orta Kafkaslar\u0131n d\u00fczl\u00fcklerine kadar yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan ve Abzeh, \u015eaps\u0131\u011f, Hatkoy, Natuhay, Bjedu\u011f, Temirgoy, Jane, Besleney ve Kabardey gibi kabilelere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Adigeler.<\/p>\n 4-<\/strong> Orta Kafkaslarda Elbruz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki y\u00fcksek da\u011fl\u0131k arazide ya\u015famakta olan Kara\u00e7ay-Malkarl\u0131lar.<\/p>\n 5-<\/strong> Orta Kafkaslarda Daryal Ge\u00e7idi\u2019nin kuzeyinde ve g\u00fcneyindeki da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgede ya\u015famakta olan Osetler.<\/p>\n 6-<\/strong> Do\u011fu Kafkaslarda Terek Irma\u011f\u0131 havzas\u0131nda ya\u015famakta olan \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015flar.<\/p>\n 7-<\/strong> Do\u011fu Kafkaslar\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k k\u0131s\u0131mlar\u0131 ile Hazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na kadar uzanan Da\u011f\u0131stan b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015famakta olan Avar, Lezgi, Darg\u0131, Kumuk, Lak, Tabasaran, Rutul, Tsahur halklar\u0131.<\/p>\n Konu\u015ftuklar\u0131 diller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 dil grubuna mensup olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir: 1-Abhaz-Adige Dilleri (Bat\u0131 Kafkaslarda)<\/p>\n Abhaz, Abaza, \u015eaps\u0131\u011f, Bjedu\u011f, Jane, Besleney, Abzeh, Hatkoy, Temirgoy (Kemirguey), Natuhay, Kabardey<\/em> halklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulur.<\/p>\n 2-\u00c7e\u00e7en-Lezgi Dilleri (Do\u011fu Kafkaslarda)<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f, Lezgi, Avar, Lak, Darg\u0131, Tabasaran, Rutul, Tsahur, Agul<\/em> halklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulur.<\/p>\n II- T\u00dcRK D\u0130LLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n 1-Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar (Orta Kafkaslarda)<\/p>\n 2-Kumuk (Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da)<\/p>\n III- \u0130RAN D\u0130LLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n 1-Oset (Orta Kafkaslarda)<\/p>\n 2-Tat (Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da)<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 tayin eden etno-sosyal olaylar \u00e7e\u015fitli olmakla birlikte, bu s\u00fcrecin te\u015fekk\u00fcl\u00fcnde co\u011frafya, de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcr kal\u0131plar\u0131yla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma, ekoloji gibi unsurlar rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Co\u011frafi fakt\u00f6rler insan faaliyetini s\u0131n\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131 fakt\u00f6rlerdir. Co\u011frafi \u015fartlar bir dereceye kadar toplumsal olu\u015fumlar\u0131 ve toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctleri tayin eder. Co\u011frafi fakt\u00f6rlerin \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal olaylara olan belirleyici etkileri ayn\u0131 kesinlikte de\u011fildir. Kimi toplumsal olaylarla co\u011frafi fakt\u00f6rler aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok yak\u0131n ve \u00e7ok kesin bir ili\u015fki oldu\u011fu halde kimileri aras\u0131nda da \u00e7ok uzak bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7inde meydana geldi\u011fi \u00e7evre aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmez bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. \u00c7evre ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr fonksiyonel bir birlik g\u00f6sterirler. Bir alandaki de\u011fi\u015fme, di\u011fer alandakini de etkiler ve bu etkile\u015fme s\u00fcreklidir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da belirli bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde co\u011frafi \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda \u015fekillendi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir. Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n sarp da\u011flarla, s\u0131k ormanlarla, geni\u015f d\u00fczl\u00fcklerle kapl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n hayat tarzlar\u0131n\u0131 etkilemi\u015f ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fekillendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihlerini inceledi\u011fimizde, Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan \u00e7e\u015fitli soy ve klanlar\u0131n \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren birbirleriyle ili\u015fki i\u00e7ine girdiklerini, n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131 kom\u015fu Kafkas halklar\u0131ndan gelen unsurlarla beslediklerini g\u00f6rmekteyiz. N\u00fcfus ve \u0131rk y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n birbirleriyle kar\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n izleri Kafkas sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131nda kendini g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak bu kar\u0131\u015fma tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc de\u011fil, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131d\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131 da bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 n\u00fcfus ve \u0131rk kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n etkisinde \u015fekillenmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kesin fiziki-antropolojik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve dillerin farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131na ra\u011fmen ula\u015f\u0131lan k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi, tarihin \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerinden itibaren Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u00fcre gelen n\u00fcfus ve \u0131rk kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 belgelemektedir.<\/p>\n Sosyal yap\u0131lar son derece heterojendir. \u0130nsanlar\u0131n ya\u015f, cins, ferdiyet, \u015fahsiyet farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n kompozisyonu, ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 sosyal ve etnik gruplar\u0131 sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n i\u00e7inde yer alan sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evreye \u00f6zellik kazand\u0131r\u0131rken, ba\u015fka sosyal yap\u0131lar\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evrelerinden de onlar\u0131 ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015f olur. Her toplum, kendi \u00f6zel k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7evresini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7evresini \u00f6zel \u015fartlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde yarat\u0131r ve geli\u015ftirir.<\/p>\n Sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00e7evresi unsurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00e2detler, \u00f6rfler, gelenekler ve g\u00f6renekler say\u0131labilir. Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine yakla\u015ft\u0131ran ve ortak bir Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011fi etraf\u0131nda toplayan, onlar\u0131n sahip olduklar\u0131 ve nesiller boyunca birbirlerine aktard\u0131klar\u0131 ortak \u00e2detler-gelenekler ve hayat tarz\u0131 ve d\u00fcnya g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleridir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n bug\u00fcn sahip olduklar\u0131 sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etno-sosyolojik yap\u0131y\u0131 iyi anlamak ve a\u00e7\u0131klayabilmek i\u00e7in, onlar\u0131n tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini ve eski tarihi devirlerden g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ge\u00e7irdikleri d\u00f6nemleri ve geli\u015fmeleri bilmek gerekir. Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tarih perspektifi i\u00e7inde de\u011ferlendirilmesi bu sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131n\u0131n etnik k\u00f6kenlerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n etno-sosyolojik y\u00f6nden tarihi ge\u00e7mi\u015flerinin ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6ncelikle Kafkasya ve \u00e7evresinde y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca h\u00e2kimiyet kurmu\u015f olan kavim, devlet ve boylar\u0131n tarihlerinin ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereklidir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi ve etnik k\u00f6kenleri Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan etkileyen \u00e7e\u015fitli medeniyet ve kavimlerle yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. Tarihin \u00e7e\u015fitli d\u00f6nemlerinde, gerek Sibirya-Orta Asya-G\u00fcney Rusya bozk\u0131rlar\u0131 yolu ile kuzeyden, gerek Anadolu-\u00d6n Asya-Mezopotamya yolu ile g\u00fcneyden, gerekse Karadeniz yolu ile bat\u0131dan Kafkasya\u2019ya gelen \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli kavim ve medeniyetler, beraberlerinde getirdikleri pek \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri ve etnik unsurlar\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flar ve Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli unsurlar\u0131 ile kar\u0131\u015fan bu sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikler, Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda ve geli\u015fmesinde son derece etkili olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tarih \u00f6ncesi devirlerden Orta \u00c7a\u011f\u2019a kadar, gerek ticaret amac\u0131yla, gerekse sava\u015flar ve fetih yoluyla Kafkasya\u2019ya giren eski Anadolu ve Mezopotamya kabileleri, Yunan, Roma ve Ceneviz ticaret kolonileri, Kimmer-\u0130skit gibi Proto-T\u00fcrk kavimleri ile Hun-Bulgar, Alan, Hazar, K\u0131p\u00e7ak gibi T\u00fcrk kavimleri, Sarmat gibi \u0130ran kavimleri Kafkas sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n temel ta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan medeniyet unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 da beraberlerinde Kafkasya\u2019ya getirmi\u015fler ve Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n \u015fekillenmesinde en \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 3 bin y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na ait oldu\u011fu tespit edilen Maykop medeniyetinin Anadolu ve Mezopotamya medeniyetleri ile s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Truva II medeniyeti ile olan ili\u015fkinin yan\u0131nda, Alacah\u00f6y\u00fck kraliyet mezarlar\u0131n\u0131n ve bu mezarlarda bulunan hayvan bi\u00e7imli \u00f6l\u00fc arma\u011fanlar\u0131n\u0131n Maykop medeniyeti ile \u00e7ok yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fkiyi yans\u0131tt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, ele ge\u00e7en m\u00e2deni b\u0131\u00e7ak ve k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar, Ege-Anadolu-Mezopotamya d\u00fcnyas\u0131 ile yak\u0131n ili\u015fkileri a\u00e7\u0131klayacak benzerliktedir (6).<\/p>\n Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Kuban-Terek ve Maykop medeniyet sahalar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan arkeolojik buluntular, Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n kuzey d\u00fczl\u00fcklerinin tarih \u00f6ncesi sakinlerinin Anadolu ve Mezopotamya-\u00d6n Asya medeniyetlerinin \u00f6nemli derecede k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkilerine maruz kald\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 belgelemektedir.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 5. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli halklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinde, sosyal ve etnik yap\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli izler b\u0131rakan Proto-T\u00fcrk kavimlerinden Kimmerler kuzey bozk\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n kurgan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve medeniyetini de Kafkasya\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131yarak buradaki Maykop ve Koban k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131larda bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli Kafkas halklar\u0131na kar\u0131\u015farak etnik y\u00f6nden tarih sahnesinden \u00e7ekilirken bunlar\u0131 yine Proto-T\u00fcrk kavimlerinden \u0130skitler takip etmi\u015ftir. \u0130skitlerin de Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n etnik yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fumunda ve \u015fekillenmesinde, Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli paylar\u0131 oldu\u011fu tarihi bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 8-6. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Karadeniz\u2019in Kafkasya k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Yunan ticaret kolonileri ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve bu tarihten sonra Kafkasya uluslararas\u0131 ticaret ili\u015fkilerindeki mevkiini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir (7). Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Sohum kenti yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kurulmu\u015f olan Dioscurias \u015fehri Yunanl\u0131larla Kafkasya kabileleri aras\u0131nda m\u00fchim bir rol oynamakta idi. Tarih\u00e7i Strabon\u2019un kaydetti\u011fine g\u00f6re, Dioscurias\u2019ya \u00e7e\u015fitli dillerde konu\u015fan 70 kadar millet toplan\u0131rd\u0131. Yerliler Dioscurias Irma\u011f\u0131na ya karadan veya deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131yla ve Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131 a\u015farak gelirler ve getirdikleri mallar da \u00f6zellikle tun\u00e7 ve bak\u0131rdan mam\u00fcl m\u00e2deni e\u015fya, bal, deri ve ziraat \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinden ibaret olurdu. Sat\u0131lan b\u00fct\u00fcn bu mallara kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, da\u011flarda her zaman yoklu\u011fu duyulan tuz al\u0131n\u0131rd\u0131. Yunanl\u0131lar tuzu K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019dan getirirlerdi (8).<\/p>\n Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz sahillerinde Yunan ve Roma kolonileri ile bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan yerli halk aras\u0131nda kurulan ticari ili\u015fkiler, yerli halk\u0131n sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131nda ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde de \u00f6nemli izler b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle eski Yunan ve Roma mitolojilerindeki tanr\u0131lar ve kahramanlar Kafkasya k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi halklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve yerli motiflerle birle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bug\u00fcn Adige ve Abhaz halklar\u0131n\u0131n mitolojilerinde, eski inan\u00e7 ve geleneklerinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda eski Yunan-Roma k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn izlerini g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Yunan ve Roma kolonileri Hun T\u00fcrklerinin Kafkasya\u2019ya ak\u0131nlar\u0131 neticesinde ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hunlar\u0131n Orta Asya\u2019dan bat\u0131ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek M.S. 370-375 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Volga Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ge\u00e7ip, Kafkaslar\u0131n kuzeyinde ya\u015fayan Kuban Alanlar\u0131n\u0131 boyunduruklar\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir (9). Hunlar\u0131n Bulgar ad\u0131 verilen boylar\u0131 Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yerle\u015ferek burada ya\u015famakta olan Alanlar ve Adige halk\u0131n\u0131n atalar\u0131 olan yerli kabilelerle etnik ve sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ili\u015fki i\u00e7ine girdiler. Bu d\u00f6nemden Adige diline ge\u00e7en Hun-Bulgar T\u00fcrk\u00e7esine ait k\u00fclt\u00fcr kelimeleri bu ili\u015fkiyi belgelemektedir.<\/p>\n Alanlar\u0131n, Hazarlar\u0131n ve K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n Orta \u00c7a\u011f boyunca Kafkasya\u2019da etkili olduklar\u0131, bu d\u00f6nemde Kafkasya halklar\u0131 ile etnik bak\u0131mdan kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarken, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131dan da kayna\u015f\u0131p b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ortak bir hayat tarz\u0131n\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na, benzer \u00e2det ve geleneklerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 binlerce y\u0131l boyunca etkisi alt\u0131nda tutan bu tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu bak\u0131mdan Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihleri bir arada d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmeli ve g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmelidir.<\/p>\n Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011fini olu\u015fturan bu tarihi temelin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, Kafkas sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli unsurlar\u0131 olan \u00e2detler ve gelenekler de Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 birbirlerine yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131ran temel unsurlardand\u0131r. Do\u011fum, evlilik, \u00f6l\u00fcm gibi hayat\u0131n her safhas\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan toplumsal olaylar\u0131n gerektirdi\u011fi davran\u0131\u015f bi\u00e7imleri olan \u00e2det ve geleneklerdeki benzerlik ve yak\u0131nl\u0131k, Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n ortak bir kimlik etraf\u0131nda kendilerini ifade etmelerini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn t\u00f6reni s\u0131ras\u0131nda Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir Abhaz ile Elbruz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki bir Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131n\u0131n, veya bir cenaze t\u00f6reni s\u0131ras\u0131nda Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir Adige ile Terek Irma\u011f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki bir \u00c7e\u00e7en\u2019in benzer \u00e2det ve gelenekleri uygulamas\u0131 onlar aras\u0131ndaki sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n temelinin \u00e7ok daha derinlerde aranmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini akla getirmektedir. Bu da bizi Kafkasya halklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki etnik ili\u015fkileri ve etnik akrabal\u0131klar\u0131 incelemeye ve ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya sevk etmektedir.<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekten de, bug\u00fcn birbirinden tamamen farkl\u0131 dillerde konu\u015fan Kafkasya halklar\u0131, benzer \u00e2det ve geleneklere, benzer toplumsal yap\u0131lara, benzer giyim-ku\u015fam k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne sahip iseler, acaba etnik yap\u0131lar\u0131nda da benzer unsurlar var m\u0131d\u0131r, aralar\u0131nda Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011finin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir bi\u00e7imde ya\u015famas\u0131nda, asl\u0131nda birbirleriyle akraba toplumlar haline gelmi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n rol\u00fc nedir gibi sorular akla gelmektedir.<\/p>\n E\u011fer Karadeniz\u2019den Hazar Denizi\u2019ne kadar bin 100 kilometre boyunca uzanan Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve kimlik meydana getirilmi\u015fse, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturan ve bu kimli\u011fi payla\u015fan unsurlar\u0131n etnik y\u00f6nden de birbirleriyle kar\u0131\u015fmamalar\u0131na ve aralar\u0131nda akrabal\u0131klar\u0131n kurulmamas\u0131na imk\u00e2n yoktur.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan soylar\u0131n etnik k\u00f6kenleri incelendi\u011finde pek \u00e7ok soyun kom\u015fu kabilelerden di\u011fer kabileye ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve burada asimile olarak o kabileye kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kafkas halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeden b\u00f6lgeye olan g\u00f6\u00e7ler neticesinde halklar kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yor ve ba\u015fka b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden bir soyun \u00fcyeleri bir-iki ku\u015fak sonra orada tamamen asimile olarak \u00f6nceki etnik \u00f6zelliklerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kaybediyordu. Ancak bu gibi soylar etnik k\u00f6kenlerini biliyorlar ve ona ait hat\u0131ralar\u0131 koruyarak nesilden nesile aktar\u0131yorlard\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkasya\u2019da pek \u00e7ok etnik gruba mensup soy, ekonomik ve dini sebepler, atal\u0131k m\u00fcessesesi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fclt\u00fcr temaslar\u0131 neticesinde etnik y\u00f6nden birbirleriyle kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n 18.-19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Osetler Kabardey prenslerinin h\u00e2kimiyeti alt\u0131nda ya\u015famakta ve onlara vergi \u00f6demek zorunda olsalar bile, Oset ve Kabardey halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir birlik olu\u015fmu\u015f ve aralar\u0131nda akrabal\u0131k ili\u015fkileri kurulmu\u015ftu. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Osetlerin Malkarl\u0131lar ile de ili\u015fkileri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcyd\u00fc. Pek \u00e7ok Oset ailesi \u00e7e\u015fitli sebeplerden dolay\u0131 Malkar b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek orada yerle\u015fip asimile olurlarken, bir \u00e7ok Malkar ailesi de Osetya\u2019n\u0131n Digor b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ferek orada eriyip kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Osetler ile \u0130ngu\u015flar aras\u0131nda da benzer \u015fekilde ili\u015fkiler mevcuttu. Pek \u00e7ok Oset ailesi \u0130ngu\u015f b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek orada asimile olurlarken, yine pek \u00e7ok \u0130ngu\u015f ailesinin de Osetya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 edip yerle\u015ferek Osetle\u015ftikleri tarihi bir ger\u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n Osetler aras\u0131ndaki Malkar k\u00f6kenli baz\u0131 soylar Asan, Bay, Tsala, Bazi, Gatsi, Nafi, Guldi, Gatsila, Ortabay, Mistul<\/em> adlar\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu (10).<\/p>\n Malkarl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda asimile olan baz\u0131 Oset k\u00f6kenli soylar \u015fu adlar\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131: Gaza, Kemren, Atabiy, Koban, Guze, Kunduh, Gla\u015f, Gasi, Musuka, \u00c7ora, \u00c7o\u00e7ay, Mizi (11).<\/em><\/p>\n Kabardeyler aras\u0131nda da farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlerden gelen pek \u00e7ok soy ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. S\u00f6z gelimi Kabardeyler aras\u0131ndaki Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar k\u00f6kenli soylara \u00f6rnek olarak Abay<\/em>, Bays\u0131, Bolat, Bota\u015f, B\u00f6z\u00fc, Buday, Kuday, Kerti, K\u00fc\u00e7mez, Ma\u015fuk, Me\u00e7uka, Misak, Sokur, Ogurlu, Ulba\u015f, \u015eava<\/em> soylar\u0131n\u0131 verebiliriz.<\/p>\n 18.-19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kabardey\u2019e g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Oset soylar\u0131ndan Tugan, Kubatiy, Bituv, Dudar, \u00c7egem, Slon, Hosto, Tazi, Tavkel, Dad\u0131m<\/em> gibi soylar burada asimile olarak Kabardeyle\u015ftiler (12)<\/p>\n Kabardeyle\u015fen baz\u0131 Abaza soylar\u0131 ise \u015funlard\u0131: Abaze, Bag, Cantemir, N\u0131r, D\u0131ce, Tram, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Mid, Mar\u015fanuk, \u015eikharo, \u015eadz, \u015ea\u00e7e, Ortan (13)<\/em><\/p>\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131ndaki Kafkas-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019dan Kabardey b\u00f6lgesine gelip yerle\u015fen pek \u00e7ok aile burada Kabardeyle\u015ftiler. Bunlar Kum\u0131k, Guba\u00e7ik, Mahatay, Endi, Haci, \u015eamhal, \u0130raz, Kazan\u00e7\u0131<\/em> gibi soylard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde i\u015fgale u\u011frayan Kabardey topraklar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7arak Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan baz\u0131 s\u00fclaleler de burada asimile olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli Da\u011f\u0131stan etnik kimliklerini benimsediler. Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019daki Kabardey k\u00f6kenli baz\u0131 soylar \u015funlard\u0131r: \u00c7erkes, \u00c7egem, Aznavur, Bota\u015f, Tambiy, Kabard\u0131.<\/em><\/p>\n Kafkas-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden ka\u00e7mak zorunda kalan \u00f6nemli miktarda \u00c7e\u00e7en ve \u0130ngu\u015f aileleri Kabardey k\u00f6ylerine da\u011f\u0131larak yerle\u015fmi\u015fler ve buralarda asimile olarak ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. S\u00f6zgelimi, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabardey b\u00f6lgesindeki Ps\u0131dahe k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 664 \u00c7e\u00e7en (166 aile), Gayti ve Elceruko k\u00f6ylerinde 416 \u0130ngu\u015f (164 aile) yerle\u015fip ya\u015famaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar zamanla asimile olarak Kabardey etnik kimli\u011fine dahil oldular (14). Malkarl\u0131lar ve Kabardeyler aras\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7en<\/em> ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan soylar\u0131n k\u00f6keni de \u00c7e\u00e7enlere dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Kabardey\u2019de k\u00f6kenleri Nogay Tatarlar\u0131na dayanan baz\u0131 soylar da \u015funlard\u0131: Yeseney, Kandavur, K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7, Navruz, Ye\u015ftrek, Canhot, Canbek, Nayman, Tsey, \u015eorokada, Tamaz, Alt\u0131yak, Karam\u0131rza, Negoy. Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar aras\u0131nda da de\u011fi\u015fik etnik k\u00f6kenlere sahip soylar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 olduk\u00e7a fazlayd\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kara\u00e7ay\u2019\u0131n Kart Curt k\u00f6y\u00fcnde G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Svan, Megrel, Abhaz, Da\u011f\u0131stan, Kabardey b\u00f6lgelerinden kan davas\u0131 ya da ba\u015fka sebeplerden dolay\u0131, tek ba\u015flar\u0131na ya da aileleri ile ka\u00e7\u0131p gelerek yerle\u015fen pek \u00e7ok soy vard\u0131 (15).<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay\u2019da Abhaz k\u00f6kenli olarak bilinen baz\u0131 soylar \u015funlard\u0131: Catdo, Koban, Bagat\u0131r, Hosu, Albot, Bostan, Karak\u00f6t, Kipke, Kay\u0131t, Geben, Dotdu. <\/em> Kara\u00e7ay\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir klan olu\u015fturarak Semen, Korkmaz, Albot, Bostan, Can\u0131bek<\/em> soylar\u0131na ayr\u0131lan Tramlar<\/em> da Abaza k\u00f6kenliydi.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ay\u2019daki Tambiy<\/em> soyu Kabardeylerin Tambiy<\/em> soyundan idi. Kara\u00e7ay\u2019daki Toh\u00e7uk<\/em> soyunun k\u00f6keni de Kabardeylerin Kaytuk<\/em> s\u00fclalesinin Doh\u015fuk<\/em> soyuna dayan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar\u0131n Aliy<\/em> soyu Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019dan Kara\u00e7ay\u2019a gelip yerle\u015fmi\u015fti. \u015eaman<\/em> soyunun k\u00f6keni ise Bjedu\u011flara dayan\u0131yordu. Go\u00e7iya<\/em> soyu G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Svanlardan gelen bir aileye mensup iken, Appo<\/em> soyunun k\u00f6keni de Kabardeylerin Temirkan<\/em> soyundan geliyordu.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131da verdi\u011fimiz \u00f6rneklerden de anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r ki, Kafkasya halklar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca birbirleri ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p, birbirlerinin i\u00e7inde asimile olurlarken, beraberlerinde ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131klar\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel unsurlar\u0131n da de\u011fi\u015fik Kafkas toplumlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yay\u0131l\u0131p benimsenmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n kanlar\u0131 birbirine kar\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, art\u0131k onlar\u0131 \u0131rk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan birbirinden ay\u0131rma imk\u00e2n\u0131 ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015f, Kafkasya halklar\u0131 etnik y\u00f6nden birbirleriyle akraba toplumlar haline gelirlerken, geli\u015ftirdikleri ortak sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131 da onlar\u0131n bir milli kimlik alt\u0131nda toplanmalar\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011fini olu\u015fturan unsurlar tarih boyunca Kafkasya\u2019da etnik yap\u0131y\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p \u015fekillendiren bu karma\u015f\u0131k sosyolojik s\u00fcre\u00e7tir.<\/p>\n Kafkasya halklar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Abhazca, Adigece, \u00c7e\u00e7ence, Avarca, Lezgice gibi Kafkas dillerinin de\u011fi\u015fik gruplar\u0131nda, Kara\u00e7ay-Malkar ve Kumuk\u00e7a gibi T\u00fcrk dillerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli leh\u00e7elerinde veya Oset\u00e7e gibi Hint-Avrupa dillerinin \u0130ran grubuna mensup bir dilde konu\u015fuyor olabilirler. Ancak bug\u00fcn onlar i\u00e7in etnik bir gruba aidiyetin g\u00f6stergesi say\u0131lan bu farkl\u0131 diller, onlar\u0131n ortak bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve kimlik alt\u0131nda toplanmalar\u0131n\u0131 engelleyememi\u015ftir. Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011finin temelini olu\u015fturan etnik akrabal\u0131k ve ortak sosyo-k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferler dil farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n Linguistik farkl\u0131l\u0131k etnik gruplar aras\u0131ndaki farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir g\u00f6stergesidir. Ancak dil akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u0131rk akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 gerektirmedi\u011fi de sosyolojik bir ger\u00e7ektir. Kafkasya\u2019da konu\u015fulan farkl\u0131 dil gruplar\u0131 burada farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyarken, Kafkasyal\u0131 kimli\u011fini olu\u015fturan ve etkileyen de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere mensup kavimlerin tarih boyunca Kafkasya\u2019da var olduklar\u0131n\u0131 da belgelemektedir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong><\/p>\n AL\u0130YEV, <\/strong>Umar Kara\u00e7ay, \u0130storiko-etnologi\u00e7eskiy i Kulturno-ekonomi\u00e7eskiy O\u00e7erk<\/strong>.-Rostov-na-Donu:Kraynatsizdat, 1927.<\/p>\n CANBEK,<\/strong> Ahmet Kafkasyan\u0131n Ticaret Tarihi-Eski \u00c7a\u011flardan XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar<\/strong>.-\u0130stanbul: Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Yard\u0131m Derne\u011fi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1978.<\/p>\n FISHMAN,<\/strong> Joshua A. Language in Sociocultural Change<\/strong>.-California: Stanford University Press, 1972.<\/p>\n FOLTZ, <\/strong>William J. \u201cEthnicity, Status and Conflict.\u201d Ethnicity and Nation-Building:Comparative, International and Historical Perspectives<\/em>:103-106. Wendell Bell-Walter E. Freeman (Ed.).-London, 1974: Sage Publications.<\/p>\n GROUSSET, <\/strong>Rene, Bozk\u0131r \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>.-\u0130stanbul, 1980: \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat.<\/p>\n MORRIS,<\/strong> H.S. \u201cEthnic Groups.\u201d International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences<\/em>. V :167-172 .-New York: The MacMillan Company & The Free Press, 1968.<\/p>\n SIMPSON,<\/strong> G.E. ve J.M.YINGER. Racial and Cultural Minorities. An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination<\/strong>.-New York: Plenum Press, 1985.<\/p>\n WARE, <\/strong>Caroline F. \u201cEthnic Communities.\u201d Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences<\/em>, V: 607-613. Edwin R.A. Seligman (Ed.).-New York: The Macmillan Company,1948.<\/p>\n YAHTAN\u0130GOV,<\/strong> Hasan. Severokavkazskie Tamgi<\/strong>.-Nal\u00e7ik, 1993.<\/p>\n ZORO\u011eLU, <\/strong>K. Levent. \u201cKafkasya Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131.\u201d Kuzey Kafkasya<\/em> (\u0130stanbul), 1975, V (30).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n SON NOTLAR Doç. Dr. Ufuk Tavkul Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi öğretim üyesi Özet: Kafkasya’ya dışarıdan gelen bütün etnik ve kültürel unsurlar Kafkasya’nın yerli kavimlerinin etnik ve kültürel yapıları ile birleşerek ortaya yeni bir sosyo-kültür kalıbı çıkarmıştır. Bunda, Kafkasya’daki çeşitli halkların etnik yönden birbirleri ile karışarak akraba etnik gruplar haline gelmelerinin yani amalgamasyon sürecinin büyük rolü […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10921","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10921","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10921"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10921\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10923,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10921\/revisions\/10923"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10921"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10921"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10921"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/span><\/span> Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Co\u011frafya Fak\u00fcltesi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi<\/span><\/p>\n
\nI-KAFKAS D\u0130LLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n<\/em><\/p>\n
\n1) <\/strong> WARE, Caroline F. \u201cEthnic Communities.\u201d Encyclopaedia of the Social Sciences<\/em>, V: 607-613. Edwin R.A. Seligman (Ed.).-New York: The Macmillan Company,1948: 607.s.
\n2) <\/strong>MORRIS, H.S. \u201cEthnic Groups.\u201d International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences<\/em>. V :167-172 .-New York: The MacMillan Company & The Free Press, 1968: 167.s.
\n3) <\/strong>FOLTZ, William J. \u201cEthnicity, Status and Conflict.\u201d Ethnicity and Nation-Building:Comparative, International and Historical Perspectives<\/em>:103-106. Wendell Bell-Walter E. Freeman (Ed.).-London, 1974: Sage Publications: 103.s.
\n4)<\/strong> FISHMAN, Joshua A. Language in Sociocultural Change<\/strong>.-California: Stanford University Press, 1972: 62.s.
\n5)<\/strong> SIMPSON, G.E. ve J.M.YINGER. Racial and Cultural Minorities. An Analysis of Prejudice and Discrimination<\/strong>.-New York: Plenum Press, 1985. 11.s.
\n6)<\/strong> ZORO\u011eLU, K. Levent. \u201cKafkasya Uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131.\u201d Kuzey Kafkasya<\/em> (\u0130stanbul), 1975, V (30): 23.s.
\n7) <\/strong>CANBEK, Ahmet Kafkasyan\u0131n Ticaret Tarihi-Eski \u00c7a\u011flardan XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Kadar<\/strong>.-\u0130stanbul: Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Yard\u0131m Derne\u011fi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1978, 21.s.
\n8)<\/strong> CANBEK, a.g.e. 27.s.
\n9) <\/strong>GROUSSET, Rene, Bozk\u0131r \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu<\/strong>.-\u0130stanbul, 1980: \u00d6t\u00fcken Ne\u015friyat, 88.s.
\n10)<\/strong> YAHTAN\u0130GOV, Hasan. Severokavkazskie Tamgi<\/strong>.-Nal\u00e7ik, 1993. 28.s.
\n11)<\/strong> YAHTAN\u0130GOV, a.g.e. 28.s.
\n12)<\/strong> YAHTAN\u0130GOV, a.g.e. 49.s.
\n13) <\/strong>YAHTAN\u0130GOV, a.g.e. 16-17.ss.
\n14) <\/strong>YAHTAN\u0130GOV, a.g.e. 98.s.
\n15)<\/strong> AL\u0130YEV, Umar Kara\u00e7ay, \u0130storiko-etnologi\u00e7eskiy i Kulturno-ekonomi\u00e7eskiy O\u00e7erk<\/strong>.-Rostov-na-Donu:Kraynatsizdat, 1927. 52.s.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"