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George Hewitt Giri\u015f “\u00c7e\u00e7enler, etnik olarak T\u00fcrkik bir halkt\u0131r.” Lord William Rees-Mogg 26 Aral\u0131k 1994 tarihli The Times’da b\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu, ancak \u015f\u00fcphesiz \u00c7e\u00e7enler hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde T\u00fcrkik bir halk de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n “… Abhazlar, sava\u015f \u00f6ncesi otonom cumhuriyet n\u00fcfusunun yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 17’sini olu\u015fturan, T\u00fcrkik dil konu\u015fan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bir halkt\u0131r.” Hugh Pope 23 Ekim 1993 tarihli The Independent’s Saturday dergisinde bu \u015fekilde yaz\u0131yordu. \u015e\u00fcphesiz, Abhazlar ne T\u00fcrkik bir dil konu\u015furlar ne de onlar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olarak tan\u0131mlamak do\u011frudur.<\/p>\n 7 Mart 1991’de Bel\u00e7ika ve Hollanda televizyonlar\u0131 ak\u015fam haber program\u0131nda, G\u00fcney Osetya’daki anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n dinsel bir karakterde oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin bilgi verdi. (Osetlerin \u0130slam\u0131 izlediklerini ve T\u00fcrkik bir dil konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 iddia etti. Bu “bilgi”nin G\u00fcrcistan’dan piyasaya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131 ve Sovyet B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Aleksandre Chkhikvaidze’nin marifetiyle yay\u0131ld\u0131. “Prof. Vasil Abaev, Zviad Gamsaxurdia\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fc rejimiyle Osetler aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunda b\u00f6yle bir tespit yapt\u0131. Chkhikvaidze’nin de \u00e7ok iyi bildi\u011fi gibi, Osetlerin hemen tamam\u0131 Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyan\u2019d\u0131rlar ve Hint-Avrupa diliyle ili\u015fkili bir dil konu\u015furlar. Bu yanl\u0131\u015f bilginin kayna\u011f\u0131 (anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m kadar\u0131yla), Gorba\u00e7ov’a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanan darbeyi destekledi\u011fi i\u00e7in g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nd\u0131 ve 1992’de meslekta\u015f\u0131 Edward \u015eevardnadze’nin Moskova’dan kendi \u00fclkesi G\u00fcrcistan’a d\u00f6nmesiyle G\u00fcrcistan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na atand\u0131.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 medyas\u0131n\u0131n -\u00e7ok az istisna d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda- Kafkasya olaylar\u0131na (\u00f6zellikle G\u00fcrcistan i\u00e7indeki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klarla ilgili) ili\u015fkin haberlerin yanl\u0131\u015f aktar\u0131lmas\u0131ndaki sorumlulu\u011fundan ayr\u0131 olarak, bu problemler, kendi ger\u00e7eklerinizi bilmenin \u00f6nemini ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. B\u00f6ylece “sahte uzmanlara” ve “b\u00f6\u011f\u00fcren propagandac\u0131lara” meydan okuyabilirsiniz. \u00d6yleyse acil sorun, Avrupa k\u0131tam\u0131z\u0131n do\u011fu ucuyla ilgili olarak, tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n kim oldu\u011funu tan\u0131mlamakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n Halklar<\/strong><\/p>\n Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi’ni birbirinden ay\u0131ran da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgenin dar \u015feridi, Avrupa’n\u0131n hi\u00e7bir yerinde olmayan en zengin halklar, diller ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrler yuvas\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteki bir alanda, b\u00f6ylesi mozai\u011fi d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bir ba\u015fka yerinde de g\u00f6rmek imkans\u0131zd\u0131r. Ana Kafkas silsilesi, \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6netsel birimleri halen “s\u00f6zde” Rusya Federasyonu’nun tamamlay\u0131c\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc olarak bilinen Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 yeni ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devlet olan G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan’\u0131n bulundu\u011fu Trans-Kafkasya’dan ay\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn, bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131, en son k\u00f6kleri tarih \u00f6ncesinde kaybolan yerli halklar ve sonradan gelenler olarak ikiye ay\u0131rabiliriz. \u015eimdi, bu ikinci grupta yer alanlara k\u0131saca bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m.<\/p>\n Slavlar (Ruslar, Ukraynal\u0131lar ve \u00f6zellikle de Kazaklar) Kuzey Kafkasya’da ilk defa 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yans\u0131ndan sonra ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Kuzey Kafkasya kesinlikle geleneksel Rus b\u00f6lgesi de\u011fildir. Ancak 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n emperyal yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n hala elinde tuttu\u011fu ganimetlerden biridir. Slavonik diller, \u0130ngilizce\u2019yi de i\u00e7ine alan Hint-Avrupa dil ailesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkasya’da di\u011fer Hint-Avrupa dillerini konu\u015fan Ermeniler, Grekler, \u00c7ingeneler+Tatlar, Talu\u015flar, K\u00fcrtler gibi \u0130rani dilleri konu\u015fanlar ve bizim i\u00e7in \u00f6nem arz eden Osetler ya\u015far. Trans-Kafkasya’daki Azerbaycanl\u0131lardan ayr\u0131 olarak, kuzeydeki b\u00f6lgelerde di\u011fer T\u00fcrkik dil konu\u015fan halklar bulunur: Kuzeybat\u0131’da Kara\u00e7aylar ve Balkarlar (esasen tek bir linguistik grup), Kuzeydo\u011fu’da da Nogaylar+Kalmuklar. Buna ek olarak Semitik dil konu\u015fanlarda vard\u0131r (G\u00fcrcistan’da Yahudiler ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir Asur\u00ee grup).<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcn \u00c7e\u00e7enler, 1989 Sovyet say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re 958.309 ki\u015fiyle en b\u00fcy\u00fck n\u00fcfuslu yerli halkt\u0131r. Dilleri, bat\u0131 kom\u015fular\u0131 olan \u0130ngu\u015flara \u00f6ylesine yak\u0131nd\u0131r ki, tek ulus olarak kabul edilebilirler. 1989\u2019da SSCB’de 237.577 \u0130ngu\u015f ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Bu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck grubun, Bats (Tu\u015flar) olarak\u00a0 adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u00fcyesi vard\u0131r. G\u00fcrcistan’daki tek bir k\u00f6yde 5000 kadar ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulan Bats dili kesinlikle yok olmaya mahk\u00fbm edilmi\u015ftir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc, Halk\/Halk\u0131m\u0131z anlam\u0131m\u0131 gelen Nakh\/Veinah ailesini olu\u015fturur. \u00c7e\u00e7enler 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda do\u011fu kom\u015fular\u0131ndan S\u00fcnni M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsediler. \u0130ngu\u015flar 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan sonra Sufi Kadiri tarikat\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcritleri taraf\u0131ndan \u0130slamiyet’e ge\u00e7irildiler. Dilleri, tutucu dinleri ve klan yap\u0131lar\u0131 Sovyet y\u0131llar\u0131nda da, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f \u00f6z kimli\u011finin tan\u0131nmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n (Vei) Nah dilleri do\u011frudan, do\u011fuda bulunan Da\u011f\u0131stan’daki dillerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Dillerin diyalektlerini nas\u0131l s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131z size kalmak \u00fczere, tek ba\u015f\u0131na Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da 28 yerli dil vard\u0131r. Bu dillerin \u00e7o\u011fu yaz\u0131l\u0131 de\u011fildir ve “\u00e7ok dillilik” yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, etnik s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131rma, genellikle ki\u015finin kullanmak zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 dile g\u00f6re yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bu nedenle mevcut n\u00fcfus verileri sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 de\u011fildir ve bir\u00e7ok, \u00e7ok az n\u00fcfuslu halk i\u00e7in b\u00f6ylece yokmu\u015f gibi bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Kuzey’de en b\u00fcy\u00fck Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 grup 604.202 n\u00fcfuslu Avarlard\u0131r. Bu rakam, ger\u00e7ek Avarlar\u0131 + 8 Andik ve 5 Tsezik dil konu\u015fanlar\u0131 da i\u00e7erir. G\u00fcney’de 466.833 n\u00fcfuslu Lezgiler ve 98.448 n\u00fcfuslu Tabasaranlar vard\u0131r (8 Lezgik dil konu\u015fulur). Orta Da\u011f\u0131stan’da 3 Dargik dil konu\u015fan + bunlarla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkili 118.386 n\u00fcfuslu Laklar ya\u015far. Bir miktar Kuzey (Orta) Kafkasyal\u0131 da ya tamamen veya k\u0131smen Kuzey Azerbaycan’da ya\u015far.<\/p>\n \u0130slam, 8-9. yy.larda Araplar taraf\u0131ndan Da\u011f\u0131stan’a ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Yerli Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar S\u00fcnni’dirler. Bir istisna, Azerbaycan’daki \u0130ki k\u00f6yde Ermeni Ortodokslu\u011fu\u2019ndan etkilenenler ve Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan’daki bir k\u00f6yde G\u00fcrc\u00fc Ortodokslu\u011fu’ndan etkilenerek Lezgik Udi dilini konu\u015fanlard\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan, devrime kadar olan d\u00f6nemde 2 bin kadar Kuran kursuyla bir Arap\u00e7a \u00f6\u011fretim merkezi olmakla \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Kesin kan\u0131tlar hen\u00fcz olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, linguistik a\u00e7\u0131dan belki (Vei) Nah- Da\u011f\u0131stan grubuyla, Abhaz-Abaza, \u00c7erkes ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde konu\u015fan\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015f olan Wub\u0131h dillerini kapsayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck grup, Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya ailesindendir. Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya dillerini konu\u015fanlar eskiden Kuban Nehri (belki Don) k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131na do\u011fru da\u011flar \u00fczerinden a\u015fa\u011f\u0131ya yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. \u00c7erkesler bir zamanlar, Kuzeybat\u0131’daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck etnik gruptu, ama geriye kalan n\u00fcfusu 1989’da 125 bindir. Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesleri (Adigeler) \u00e7o\u011funlukla Adige Otonom B\u00f6lgesi’nde veya Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Tuapsse civar\u0131nda ya\u015farlar. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Do\u011fu \u00c7erkesleri, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya’da ki 40 bin 230 \u00c7erkes, Kabardey-Balkarya’da 363 bin 351 Kabardey olarak b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n yurtlar\u0131 So\u00e7i civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Abhazlar\u0131n yurtlar\u0131 da Sovyet G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131na ilhak edilmi\u015ftir. 1989’da Abhazya’da 93 bin 267 Abhaz, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya’da Abhazlara yak\u0131n akraba 27 bin 475 Abazin (Abaza) ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrklerinin, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 boyunca olan aktiviteleri sonucu, \u0130slam 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015ft\u0131, ancak do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerde oldu\u011fu gibi s\u0131k\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yerle\u015femedi ve daha \u00f6nceki Pagan ve H\u0131ristiyan inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen k\u00f6k\u00fcnden s\u00f6k\u00fcp atamad\u0131.<\/p>\n En kesin bir \u015fekilde, Kuzey Kafkasya linguistik grubunun hi\u00e7bir diliyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmayan, bir ba\u015fka dil ailesi G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca’y\u0131 kapsayan G\u00fcney Kafkasya dil ailesidir. G\u00fcrc\u00fcce yaz\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fine sahiptir. Tek el yaz\u0131s\u0131 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131nda tertip edilmi\u015ftir. Karde\u015f dilleri Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca e\u011fitim dili de\u011fildir. Megrellerle \u00e7ok yak\u0131n akrabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan Lazlar bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlan i\u00e7inde yer alan en eski yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015farlar. Di\u011fer Kartveleliler (Megreller, Lazlar, Svanlar) 1930’dan beri tamamen yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fekilde “G\u00fcrc\u00fc” olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan G\u00fcrcistan’da ya\u015farlar. \u00c7ok say\u0131da G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Laz da T\u00fcrkiye’de ya\u015far. G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n me\u015fhur evlad\u0131(!) Stalin taraf\u0131ndan G\u00fcrcistan’da yapay olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan etnik kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rman\u0131n,(1) G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ve Lazlar\u0131n kendilerini ve di\u011ferlerini olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 halklar olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131nda ge\u00e7erli olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r. (T\u00fcrkiye’de Svan ya\u015fam\u0131yor).<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki Acaralar, hala s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olan Mesk(et)ler gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, G\u00fcrcistan’daki Kartveleliler (b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde) kendi Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Kilise’leriyle Ortodoks H\u0131ristiyan\u2019d\u0131rlar. G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n 5 milyon 400 bin 841 (1989) ki\u015filik n\u00fcfusunun 3 milyon 787 bin 393 ki\u015fisi (yukar\u0131da belirtilen 5 bin Bats ‘Tu\u015flar’ bile \u00e7ok g\u00fcl\u00fcn\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde) “G\u00fcrc\u00fc” olarak kaydedildi.(2)<\/p>\n Son olarak, b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f ve y\u00f6netsel olarak Do\u011fu \u00c7erkeslerle kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7e\u015fitli Mo\u011fol h\u00fccumlar\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak Kafkasyal\u0131lar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda \u0130ranl\u0131 Alan ve T\u00fcrk K\u0131p\u00e7ak soyundan, muhtemelen 13.-14. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda olu\u015fan T\u00fcrkik-Kara\u00e7ay-Balkarlar \u00fczerinde durmak gereklidir. O zamanlardaki n\u00fcfus hareketi, Osetleri, Do\u011fu \u00c7erkesler ve \u0130ngu\u015flar aras\u0131ndaki bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131na, do\u011fuya do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckledi. Baz\u0131 safhalarda Osetler, bug\u00fcn Sovyet G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131 haline gelen da\u011flar \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftiler. Osetler kendilerini, bir zamanlar Rusya’n\u0131n g\u00fcney bozk\u0131rlar\u0131nda dola\u015fan nomadik \u0130skitler ve Sarmallarla ili\u015fkili olan Alanlardan gelme kabul ederler (Oset\u00e7e su “Don”dur). Osetlerin Ortodoks olmalar\u0131, onlar\u0131 Kutsal Rusya’n\u0131n do\u011fal m\u00fcttefiki yapt\u0131. 1989’da SSCB’de 597.802 Oset vard\u0131.<\/p>\n Anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Kin y\u00fckl\u00fc anti-Rus s\u00f6ylemlerine ra\u011fmen G\u00fcrc\u00fcler*, Trans-Kafkasya’da ilk ayak basabilecekleri yeri \u00c7arist Rusya’ya verdiklerinden dolay\u0131 sorumludurlar.<\/p>\n Mo\u011fol anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bir devam\u0131 olarak Kartveleli topraklar\u0131 bat\u0131da T\u00fcrkler, do\u011fuda Persler taraf\u0131ndan harap edildi. B\u00fcy\u00fck Katerina’n\u0131n Rusya’s\u0131yla 1783’te yap\u0131lan Georgievsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131, H\u0131ristiyan Osetya ile H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 birbirlerine ba\u011flayan G\u00fcrc\u00fc askeri yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131. 1801 ve 1810 tarihleri aras\u0131nda, Kartvel dillerini konu\u015fan b\u00f6lgelerin ilhak\u0131ndan sonra (unutmayal\u0131m) G\u00fcrc\u00fc m\u00fcttefiklerinin aktif yard\u0131m\u0131yla Rusya, Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 kabileleri i\u015fgal alt\u0131na almay\u0131 ba\u015farabildi.<\/p>\n Abhazlar, Rusya’n\u0131n 19. y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki ilerlemesine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fan tek Trans-Kafkasya halk\u0131yd\u0131. 1864’te Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n tamam\u0131 kesin bir \u015fekilde \u00c7arist ellerdeydi. Bu y\u0131l (1864) Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n, Rus y\u00f6netiminden \u00f6zg\u00fcr bir hayat i\u00e7in Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 oldu. \u00c7erkeslerin ve Abhazlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, b\u00fct\u00fcn Wub\u0131hlar yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 terk ettiler ve di\u011fer Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 kabilelerin g\u00f6\u00e7leri birbirini izledi. Bu y\u00fczden, bug\u00fcn sadece T\u00fcrkiye’de 2-4 milyon aras\u0131 bir diaspora oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin iddialar bulunmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00c7e\u00e7en grubu, daha sonra \u00dcrd\u00fcn ad\u0131n\u0131 alan b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftiler. B\u00fcy\u00fck say\u0131daki insan kitlesi Karadeniz’i a\u015farken veya hastal\u0131ktan yabanc\u0131 diyarlarda hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fgal edilen topraklar Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6netsel birimlerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc ve \u00c7arlar\u0131n Sovyet halefleri, dikte edilen bu politikalar\u0131 izlediler. \u00dc\u00e7 Trans-Kafkasya devleti, devrim ve 1920-21’de K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu’nun geli\u015fine kadar olan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tatt\u0131lar. G\u00fcrc\u00fc birlikleri, bu zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde Abhazya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. Sovyet Abhazya’s\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, G\u00fcrcistan ile ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile tam bir cumhuriyet olarak Trans-Kafkasya Federasyonu’na girdi. 1920 Kas\u0131m\u0131’nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Da\u011fl\u0131lar Cumhuriyeti Kuzey Kafkasya’da kuruldu. Fakat \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden stat\u00fc ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli de\u011fi\u015fen etkisiz bir yap\u0131lanma haline getirildi. Ve 1931’de Stalin, Abhazya’n\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n \u00f6nemsiz bir Otonom Cumhuriyeti’ne indirgedi. 1934’te \u0130ngu\u015fetya ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya birle\u015fti ve 1936’da otonom cumhuriyet stat\u00fcs\u00fc verildi.<\/p>\n 1930’larda, Stalin’in Trans-Kafkasya’daki icrac\u0131s\u0131 Lavrenti Beria idi. 1938’de Moskova’da g\u00fcvenlik \u015fefi olmadan \u00f6nce Abhaz oran\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in, Abhazya’ya kitlesel n\u00fcfus ihrac\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Beria, Stalin taraf\u0131ndan empoze edilen tehcirleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi. Kara\u00e7ay-Balkar’lar, \u0130ngu\u015flar ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler (+ Meskh(et)ler, Lazlar ve di\u011fer baz\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar ve Protestan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler) 1943-44’de, Nazilerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapt\u0131klar\u0131na dair uydurma belgelerle s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.(3)<\/p>\n Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 d\u00f6rt halk\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerindeki adlar\u0131 Sovyet haritalar\u0131ndan silindi ve topraklar\u0131 kom\u015fu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda yeniden da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Yar\u0131m milyon \u00c7e\u00e7en\/\u0130ngu\u015f tehcir edildi, yar\u0131s\u0131 yollarda k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 (bkz. Nekrich The Punished Peoples). Ayn\u0131 zamanda Abhazya’da, Abhaz dili yasakland\u0131 ve okullar\u0131 kapat\u0131ld\u0131. 1953’te Stalin ve Beria’n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcmleri ile bu t\u00fcr anti-Kafkasyal\u0131 \u00f6nlemler feshedildi. 1957’den ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n yeniden olu\u015fturulan b\u00f6lgelerdeki yurtlar\u0131na d\u00f6nmelerine izin verildi.<\/p>\n 1985’te Gorba\u00e7ov iktidara gelip Sovyet hayat\u0131 ile ilgili tatminsizliklerin tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 cesaretlendirdi\u011finde \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fikayetlere neden olan sorunlar su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. SSCB’nin 15 cumhuriyetinden baz\u0131lar\u0131 (\u00f6zellikle Balt\u0131k devletleri ve G\u00fcrcistan) tam ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7in \u00e7alkalanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Abhazlar kendilerini, devam eden Megrel g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcnden dolay\u0131 daima tehdit alt\u0131nda hissettiler. \u0130ngu\u015flar topraklar\u0131n\u0131 geri istediler. Ancak, 1921’de Sovyet Milliyetler Komiseri’nin m\u00fcdahalesiyle, Azerbaycan’\u0131n kontrol\u00fcne verilmi\u015f olan Nagorno-Karabak en erken Sovyet s\u0131cak b\u00f6lgesi haline geldi. Ermeni \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funa sahip olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen (muhtemelen T\u00fcrkiye’ye ho\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in) b\u00f6ylesi bir uygulamaya giden Stalin’den ba\u015fkas\u0131 de\u011fildi. 1988 sonlar\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan’daki anti-az\u0131nl\u0131k \u015fovenizminin tehlikeli bir \u015fekilde kabarmas\u0131yla birlikte, Abhazya’daki Abhazlar ve Kartveleli olmayanlar s\u00fckunetle Abhazya’n\u0131n 1920’deki stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden kurmak i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar \u0130ktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Gamsaxurdia’n\u0131n taraftarlar\u0131 14 A\u011fustos 1992’de Abhazya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal eden ortak d\u00fc\u015fman \u015eevardnadze’ye kar\u015f\u0131 toparlamay\u0131 (bo\u015funa) beklediler. Abhazya’n\u0131n i\u015fgali binlerce insan\u0131n hayat\u0131na ve sonras\u0131nda da kitlesel m\u00fclteci sorununa mal oldu. Abhazya, Da\u011fl\u0131 Halklar Konfederasyonu (1989′-da, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde tehlikedeki Abhazlar\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in kurulan ve Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n birli\u011fini ama\u00e7layan ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan Da\u011fl\u0131lar Cumhuriyeti’nin yeniden kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 ama\u00e7layan bir organizasyon) kanal\u0131yla Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n (\u00f6zellikle \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin) sa\u011flam deste\u011fine \u015f\u00fckran bor\u00e7ludurlar. 14 ay s\u00fcren bir sava\u015ftan sonra i\u015fgalciler \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Dudayev’in \u00c7e\u00e7enya’s\u0131, 1991’de Sovyet Anayasas\u0131’n\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 me\u015fru hakk\u0131 kulland\u0131. 1990 sonlar\u0131n da G\u00fcney Osetya’daki kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klardan ka\u00e7an insanlar\u0131n ge\u00e7ici olarak yerle\u015ftirildikleri b\u00f6lgelerini tekrar ele ge\u00e7irme manip\u00fclasyonuyla \u00c7e\u00e7enlerle ba\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 koparmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in ayart\u0131lan \u0130ngu\u015flar, Kuzey Osetyal\u0131larla \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara girmi\u015f oldular. Yine bir\u00e7ok insan \u00f6ld\u00fc ve bir di\u011fer m\u00fclteci sorunu yarat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Ve en son olarak, Grozni ve di\u011fer \u00c7e\u00e7en yerle\u015fim birimlerine kar\u015f\u0131 giri\u015filen kitlesel k\u0131y\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yay\u0131z. 30 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6ld\u00fc ve muhtemelen 1944’de \u00c7e\u00e7enya’dan tehcir edilen insan say\u0131s\u0131 kadar bir m\u00fclteci sorunu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar, Yeltsin’in, usta sosyal-m\u00fchendis Josef Stalin’e lay\u0131k bir halef oldu\u011funu g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne serdi.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7lar<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Bat\u0131, s\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z bilgeli\u011fi i\u00e7inde, 1991’de SSCB’nin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesinden sonra, 15 birlik cumhuriyetini tan\u0131maya karar verdi. Bu 15 devlet i\u00e7indeki tarihsel hi\u00e7bir haks\u0131zl\u0131k dikkate al\u0131nmad\u0131 (al\u0131nm\u0131yor). 1920’nin Da\u011fl\u0131 Cumhuriyeti devam etseydi, \u00c7e\u00e7enya Rusya’n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmayacakt\u0131. Abhazya’n\u0131n 1920’ler stat\u00fcs\u00fc, Stalin kendi \u00fclkesi (G\u00fcrcistan) lehine kullan\u0131lmas\u0131yd\u0131, Abhazya bug\u00fcn 4. ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Trans-Kafkasya devleti olacakt\u0131. Stalin, Karabak’\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc Ermenistan’a verseydi, 1988’den beri binlerce insan \u00f6lmeyecekti. B\u00f6ylece, liberal Bat\u0131’n\u0131n e\u011freti tutumunun uygulamada oldu\u011funu g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu m\u00fcnasebetle, tarihin en kanl\u0131 zalimli\u011finin keyfi kararlar\u0131na tan\u0131k oluyoruz. Eski Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri’nin tan\u0131nmas\u0131, o devletlerin “kendi” b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin korunmas\u0131 prensibiyle birlikte y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. \u015eevardnadze’nin Abhazya’da kan d\u00f6kmesiyle ilgili haberlere bat\u0131 sans\u00fcr uygulad\u0131 ve Rusya’n\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enya’daki askeri aktivitelerine kar\u015f\u0131 olan tepkiler, Rusya’n\u0131n b\u00f6lgesel b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc korumas\u0131na hakk\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair a\u00e7\u0131klamalarla yumu\u015fat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fcnya liderleri aras\u0131nda tek ba\u015f\u0131na \u015eevardnadze’nin, Yeltsin’in \u00c7e\u00e7enya’daki katliam\u0131na \u015fevkle destek olmas\u0131 bir rastlant\u0131 de\u011fildir. 16 \u015eubat 1995’te Chatham House konu\u015fmas\u0131nda, sald\u0131rgan (!) ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n nerede ortaya \u00e7\u0131karsa \u00e7\u0131ks\u0131n, neye mal olursa olsun, bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtti.<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekte ne Abhazlar ve ne de \u00c7e\u00e7enler bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatmak i\u00e7in silaha sar\u0131ld\u0131lar, buradaki herkesin yapaca\u011f\u0131 gibi sadece kendilerini savundular.<\/p>\n Uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken ger\u00e7ekler vard\u0131r ve politikalar yaln\u0131zca \u00f6nde gelen ki\u015filerin kusurlu takdirine de\u011fil, ger\u00e7eklere dayanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Abhazya ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya sorunlar\u0131, Bat\u0131l\u0131 politikac\u0131lar\u0131n cehalet veya ahlaki y\u00fcreksizliklerinin (veya her ikisinin) en son \u00f6rnekleridir. Sergei Kovalev ve Yelena Bonner* gibilerinin, Bat\u0131’y\u0131 bu trajedilerle ilgili su\u00e7lamakta tamam\u0131yla hakl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 b\u00f6ylelikle anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n (*) <\/strong>Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu co\u011frafya, Kafkasya’y\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na almak isteyen \u00c7arist Rusya’y\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan’a dini m\u00fclahazalar da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulunduruldu\u011funda, do\u011fal bir m\u00fcttefik haline getirmi\u015fti. Ancak Ruslar sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zm\u00fc\u015f bir G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 her zaman b\u00fcy\u00fck bir tehlike olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcler.Bunun i\u00e7in Pan-G\u00fcrc\u00fc e\u011filimleri G\u00fcrcistan aleyhine manip\u00fcle ettiler. \u0130\u015fte bunun sonucudur ki, Oset-G\u00fcrcistan, Abhaz-G\u00fcrcistan anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilmi\u015ftir. Son olaylar sadece Oset ve Abhazlar\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan’dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmad\u0131. Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lara da \u00f6nderlik edebilecek bir G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 kendi i\u00e7 sorunlar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015fur bir hale getirdi. Rusya, G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerinden T\u00fcrkiye’den toprak talebinde bulunarak da, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 ileride T\u00fcrkiye’den uzakla\u015ft\u0131racak Pan-G\u00fcrc\u00fc e\u011filimleri destekledi, (\u00e7.n)<\/p>\n (*)<\/strong> Rusya’n\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enya’ya kanl\u0131 m\u00fcdahalesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan y\u00fcrekli Rus ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 (\u00e7.n.)<\/p>\n <\/p>\n D\u0130PNOLAR<\/b><\/p>\n 1)<\/strong> 1926’daki Sovyet n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda 242.990 ki\u015fi Megrel milliyetinden oldu\u011funu beyan etti. 13.218 ki\u015fi de kendisini Svan olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn Megrellerin ve Svanla’\u0131n veya Megrelce’yi ve Svanca’y\u0131 birinci veya ikinci dil olarak konu\u015fanlar\u0131n kesin say\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. 1930’lardan beri bu halklar “G\u00fcrc\u00fc” olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irildiler. Bunun sonucu olarak e\u011fitilen b\u00fct\u00fcn Svanlar ve Megreller, fiilen Sovyet d\u00f6nemi boyunca e\u011fitim dili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olan okullarda yeti\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n 1920 ve 1930’lar\u0131n yerel Bol\u015fevik Megrel politikac\u0131s\u0131 \u0130saki Zhvania ve O’nunla ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc payla\u015fan di\u011fer Megrel ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Megrelcenin yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmesini (ve Megrelya’n\u0131n otonom olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bile) tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 1930’da (tiraj\u0131 15 bin) Megrelce Kazaki\u015fi Gazeti (K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn Gazetesi) yay\u0131mland\u0131. Dzhodzhua’dan ba\u015fka di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek, 1989’da yazan Vano Dgebuadze’dir. Dgebuadze \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor: “Hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum, 1938’deydi. Okula baz\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenler geldi ve soyad\u0131m\u0131 okul kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan (Megrelce s\u00f6yleni\u015f) Dgebia’dan, (G\u00fcrc\u00fcce s\u00f6yleni\u015f) Dgebuadzeye \u00e7evirdiler. B\u00f6ylece ayn\u0131 k\u00f6yde bir soyad\u0131n iki ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Okulda Dgebuadze, evde Dgebia. E\u011fitim g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olan erkek karde\u015fimin soyad\u0131 Dgebia, benim soyad\u0131m Dgebuadze’ydi art\u0131k.”<\/p>\n Megreller ve Svanlar’a 60 y\u0131ld\u0131r “G\u00fcrc\u00fc” olduklar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1989’daki n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda kendilerini tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. 1989’daki say\u0131mlar en az\u0131ndan Abhazya’daki baz\u0131 Megreller aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir endi\u015feyi a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Say\u0131m memuruna e\u011fer kendilerini Megrel olarak kaydettirirlerse herhangi bir “olumsuz tepki”yle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 sorduklar\u0131na dair birtak\u0131m haberler vard\u0131r. Hem 1979 ve hem de 1989’da Abhazya’da oldu\u011fu gibi, n\u00fcfus say\u0131m formlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131m memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kur\u015fun kalemle doldurulmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfi bir politika m\u0131d\u0131r?!<\/p>\n 2)<\/strong> Bu rakamdan 1 milyon civar\u0131nda Megrel, 40 bin kadar Svan ve Bats (Tu\u015f) n\u00fcfusu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcrse, bu konudaki hassasiyet tahmin edilebilir. Dgebuadze, mektubunda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: “\u00c7ok iyi bilindi\u011fi gibi. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler az say\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti’ni kaybetmemek i\u00e7in Svanlar’\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fct\u00fcn Megreller’i “G\u00fcrc\u00fc” olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irdiler… Kendi say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in.”<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019de G\u00fcney Kafkasya dillerini (G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca) tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in “Kartveluri” terimi bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, bu dilleri konu\u015fan insanlar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in (hen\u00fcz!) “Kartveleli” terimi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Bunun yerine “Kartveli” (=G\u00fcrc\u00fc) terimi kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6rt halk\u0131 (G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Megrel, Laz ve Svan) belirtmek i\u00e7in, \u0130ngilizce’deki “Kartvelian” (KartveIi=G\u00fcrc\u00fc) yanl\u0131\u015f terimini kullanmaya devam etmek i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir mazeret bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bana g\u00f6re, her ikisinin de (Proto-Germanik) bir dil olmalar\u0131 ve Almanlar’\u0131n daha kalabal\u0131k olmalar\u0131 gibi yapay bir zeminden hareketle, bir \u0130ngiliz’i Alman saymak gibi, bir Megrel’i G\u00fcrc\u00fc saymak anlams\u0131zd\u0131r. Bu tarihsel linguistik tart\u0131\u015fmaya ek olarak, Pan-G\u00fcrc\u00fc kavram\u0131n savunucular\u0131, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019nin (G\u00fcrcistan’da) tek yaz\u0131l\u0131 dil oldu\u011funu ve Megrellerin ve (Svanlar’\u0131n) Kilise dili olarak G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019yi kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da ima etmektedirler (bkz. \u0130tonishvili 1990:19) B\u00fcy\u00fck Megrel ve Svan (ve hatta G\u00fcrc\u00fc) kitlesinin okuma yazma bilmedi\u011fi G\u00fcrcistan’da G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ancak Sovyet periyodunda evrensel e\u011fitimin uygulanmaya konulmas\u0131yla yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcce de konu\u015fan Megrel ve Svan topluluk liderleri, toplumsal \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fcklerinin bir belirtisi olarak aralar\u0131nda Rus\u00e7a’dan \u00e7ok Frans\u0131zca konu\u015fmay\u0131 se\u00e7en 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l aristokrat Ruslar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131r \u00f6rnekler gibidirler. \u0130talyan Don Giuseppe Judice, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Megrellerin farkl\u0131 bir dilleri oldu\u011funu ve Megrellerin G\u00fcrc\u00fcce dini kitaplar\u0131 kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ve ibadetlerini G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olarak, aynen Avrupal\u0131lar\u0131n Latince’yi kilise dili olarak kulland\u0131klar\u0131 gibi, yerine getirdiklerini yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda hakl\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Krali\u00e7e Tamara (1184-1213) y\u00f6netiminde en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fc\u00e7 ve etkiye sahip olan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Kafkasya tarihinde \u015fanl\u0131 bir rol oynamalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, G\u00fcrc\u00fc dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn uzun tarihsel ruhunu hi\u00e7 kimsenin inkar edememesine ra\u011fmen, Mo\u011fol istilalar\u0131n\u0131n bir sonucu olarak G\u00fcrcistan, s\u0131kl\u0131kla birbirleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma halinde bulunan prensliklere ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Bu ise modern ulus-devlet olarak, G\u00fcrcustan konseptinin 100 y\u0131ldan daha fazla bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelir. Prens (\u015fimdi Aziz) \u0130lia \u00c7av\u00e7avadze gibi \u00f6nde gelen yurtta\u015flar, \u00e7e\u015fitli “Kartvel” kabilelerinin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00f6lgelerde, birlik duygusunu a\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in \u00e7ok \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u00c7arist Rusya y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda erime; hastal\u0131k ve da\u011f\u0131lma s\u00fcrecinde, bu t\u00fcr \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar asil \u00e7abalar olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir. Ancak ulus, olgunla\u015fmak ve kendi kimli\u011fiyle ilgili \u015fartlara ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in zaman bulamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 3)<\/strong> Homojen bir G\u00fcrc\u00fc devleti olu\u015fturmak arzusuyla, 1944’de G\u00fcrcistan, Kuzey Kafkasya gibi kitlesel tehciri g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Lazlar, Hem\u015finliler ve 144.000 Meskh(et), T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerden Do\u011fu taraflar\u0131na s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edildiler.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n – Hewitt, B.G. (1993) Abkhazia: a problem of iden-tity and ovvnership, Central Asian – – – – Survey, i\u00e7inde 12(3), s. 267-323.<\/p>\n – Voronov, Y. (1992) Mariam Lordkipandze “The Abkhazians and Abkhazia”, Caucasian – – Pers-pectives, i\u00e7inde (ed. George Hewitt), s. 259-264.<\/p>\n – Hewitt, B.G. (1985) “Georgian: a noble past, a secure future”, Sociolinguistic – – Perspectives on So-viet National Languages, I.T. Kreindler (ed.), s. 163-179. Mouton de Gruyter: Ne w York.<\/p>\n – Hevvitt, B.G. (1989) Aspects of language plan-ning in Georgia (Georgian and Abkhaz). – Language Planning in the Soviet Union, Michael Kirkwood (ed.), s. 123-144. Macmillan: London.<\/p>\n – Itonishvili, V. (1990) Kartveli xalxis et-nost’ukt’ura mrude sark’eshi (The Ethno-structure of Georgian People in a Distoring Mirror). Tbilisi: Mecniereba.<\/p>\n – Lewis, G. (1965) Turkey, New York: Praeger.<\/p>\n – Avtorkhanov, A. (1992) (M. Broxup, ed.) The North Caucasus. Barrier. London: Hurst\/Company.<\/p>\n – Bechhofer, C.E. (1921) in Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus. London: W. Collins Sons\/Co.<\/p>\n – Gammer, M. (1944) M\u00fcslim Resistance to the Tsar. Shamil and the Conquest of – – – – – – – Chechnia and Daghestan. London: Frank Cass.<\/p>\n – Goldenberg, S. (1994) Pride of SmalI Nations: the Caucasus and Post-Soviet Disorder. Londra: Zed Books.<\/p>\n – Wesselink, E. (1992) Human Rights. Minorities in the Republic of Georgia. A Pax Christi Netherlands Report.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" George Hewitt Çev: Ali İhsan Aksamaz Kafkasya Yazıları, Sayı:2 1997 Sayfa: 64 -70 Giriş “Çeçenler, etnik olarak Türkik bir halktır.” Lord William Rees-Mogg 26 Aralık 1994 tarihli The Times’da böyle yazıyordu, ancak şüphesiz Çeçenler hiçbir şekilde Türkik bir halk değildir. “… Abhazlar, savaş öncesi otonom cumhuriyet nüfusunun yalnızca yüzde 17’sini oluşturan, Türkik dil konuşan Müslüman 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\n<\/strong>\u00c7ev: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz
\nKafkasya Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Say\u0131:2 1997 Sayfa: 64 -70<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n