![](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image2\/038-uzaktanegitimB.GIF\")
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Song\u00fcl G\u00fcltekin, Nur\u015fen Gezen, Ay\u015fe Fatma T\u00fcney, Fatma Can, Kevser G\u00fcndo\u011far <\/span><\/b><\/p>\n Uzaktan E\u011fitim, geleneksel \u00f6\u011frenme-\u00f6\u011fretme y\u00f6ntemlerindeki s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131l\u0131klar nedeniyle s\u0131n\u0131f i\u00e7i etkinliklerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclme olana\u011f\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 planlayanlar ve uygulayanlar ile \u00f6\u011frenenler aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim ve etkile\u015fimin \u00f6zel olarak haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcniteleri ve \u00e7e\u015fitli ortamlar yoluyla belli bir merkezden sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6\u011fretim y\u00f6ntemidir. Yine uzaktan e\u011fitimi \u015fu \u015fekilde tan\u0131mlayabiliriz; farkl\u0131 mekanlardaki \u00f6\u011frenci, \u00f6\u011fretmen ve \u00f6\u011fretim materyallerinin ileti\u015fim teknolojileri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bir araya getirildi\u011fi kurumsal bir e\u011fitim faaliyetidir.<\/p>\n Ya\u015fam boyu \u00f6\u011frenme gereklidir.<\/p>\n \u00c7ok geni\u015f \u00f6\u011frenci kitlesine hizmet sunabilen bir e\u011fitim sistemidir. Ayr\u0131 niteliklere sahip bireylerden olu\u015fmu\u015f hedef kitleye farkl\u0131 uygulamalarla e\u011fitim hizmeti sunabilmekte. UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N TAR\u0130H\u00c7ES\u0130<\/p>\n <\/strong> Uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 200 y\u0131ldan daha eski y\u0131llara kadar uzanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1728 y\u0131l\u0131nda Boston Gazetesi’nde mektup ile stenografi dersleri verildi\u011fine ili\u015fkin reklamlar bulunmu\u015ftur. 1890’l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Avustralya’daki Queensland \u00dcniversitesi kampus d\u0131\u015f\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k bir e\u011fitim program\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Benzer bir program\u0131 da 1920’lerde Columbia \u00dcniversitesi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1930’lara gelindi\u011finde radyo art\u0131k pek \u00e7ok okul taraf\u0131ndan bir uzaktan e\u011fitim arac\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1950’lerde ise Amerika’da \u00f6zellikle askeri ama\u00e7l\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan uzaktan e\u011fitim i\u00e7in ka\u011f\u0131t tabanl\u0131 ileti\u015fim ortam\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Teknolojik geli\u015fmeler sayesinde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze gelindi\u011finde ise disketler, video kasetler, CD-ROM\u2019lar, uydu yay\u0131nlar\u0131, video konferanslar ve Internet, uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer edinmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n T\u00dcRK\u0130YE\u2019DE UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M UYGULAMALARI<\/strong><\/p>\n 1927 -1960 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu alanda tart\u0131\u015fma ve \u00f6neriler olu\u015fturma evresini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bu y\u0131llarda okuma yazman\u0131n haberle\u015fme yolu ile yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1933-34 y\u0131llar\u0131nda mektupla \u00f6\u011fretim kurslar\u0131n\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi; 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ankara \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi, Banka ve Ticaret Hukuku Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131; 1960 y\u0131l\u0131nda orta dereceli meslek okulu mezunlar\u0131na \u00fcniversite olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flamak amac\u0131yla mektupla \u00f6\u011fretim y\u00f6nteminin bu y\u0131llarda dikkat \u00e7eken uygulamalar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1961 y\u0131l\u0131nda MEB\u00a0 taraf\u0131ndan Mektupla \u00d6\u011fretim Merkezi kurularak \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f, bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar 1966 y\u0131l\u0131nda Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00a0 d\u00fczeyinde\u00a0 \u00f6rg\u00fctlenerek sistem\u00a0 \u00f6rg\u00fcn ve yayg\u0131n e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda yayg\u0131nla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda Mektupla Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Merkezi kurulmu\u015ftur. Bu giri\u015fim yerini daha sonra Yayg\u0131n Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Kurumu\u2019na b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, bu giri\u015fim de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1983 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe giren 2547 say\u0131l\u0131 Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011fretim Yasas\u0131 ile Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi b\u00fcnyesinde bir A\u00e7\u0131k \u00d6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesi\u00a0 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu fak\u00fclte,\u00a0 uzaktan e\u011fitim konusunda\u00a0 \u00f6\u011fretim, ara\u015ft\u0131rma, yay\u0131n hizmetleri vermektedir.<\/p>\n 1980 ve 1990\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llarda Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak hizmet veren Okul Radyosu ve TV\u00a0 Okulu \u00f6rg\u00fcn e\u011fitimi desteklerken, isteyen herkese yayg\u0131n e\u011fitim olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n MEB E\u011fitim Teknolojileri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00fcnyesinde \u00e7a\u011f n\u00fcfusu d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan bireylere uzaktan e\u011fitim veren kurumlar ise;1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda kurulan ve orta \u00f6\u011frenim diplomas\u0131 veren A\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim Lisesi,<\/p>\n 1997 kurulup, 1998\u2019de \u00f6\u011fretime ba\u015flayan ve 6., 7. ve 8. y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6\u011fretimini sunarak ilk\u00f6\u011fretim diplomas\u0131 veren A\u00e7\u0131k \u0130lk\u00f6\u011fretim Okulu,Elektrik tesisat\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sertifikas\u0131 veren Mesleki ve Teknik A\u00e7\u0131k \u00d6\u011fretim Okulu\u2019dur.<\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N T\u00dcRK\u0130YE \u0130\u00c7\u0130N \u00d6NEM\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sosyal ve ekonomik yap\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; \u00f6zellikle k\u0131rsal kesimlerdeki \u00f6\u011frencilere e\u011fitim olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclebilmesine olanak veren uzaktan e\u011fitim, f\u0131rsat e\u015fitli\u011fini<\/u> sa\u011flayabilmek ad\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem arz etmektedir,<\/p>\n \u00d6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi kadrosu yetersizli\u011fi nedeniyle a\u00e7\u0131lamayan derslerin, Internet \u00fczerinden verilmesini sa\u011flamak, konusunda uzman \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyelerinin bilgisinden farkl\u0131 \u00fcniversite \u00f6\u011frencilerinin yararland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,<\/p>\n Avrupa \u00fclkeleri aras\u0131nda en gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfusa sahip ve n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f h\u0131z\u0131 en y\u00fcksek olan \u00fclke T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. Bu gen\u00e7 n\u00fcfus her d\u00fczeyde iyi e\u011fitilebildi\u011fi takdirde gelecek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir potansiyel, aksi takdirde ise b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sorun kayna\u011f\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. Bu nedenle e\u011fitimin yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kalitesini artt\u0131rmak gerekir,<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de her d\u00fczeydeki e\u011fitim kadrolar\u0131 say\u0131 ve nitelik bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yetersizdir. \u00d6\u011fretim kadrolar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015fmesinin uzun zaman ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir,<\/p>\n Uzaktan e\u011fitimi T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli k\u0131lan di\u011fer bir boyut ise, ya\u015fam boyu e\u011fitim felsefesinin yay\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r,<\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N T\u00dcRLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekil ve \u00f6rnek a\u00e7\u0131klamalar uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00e7e\u015fitlerini a\u00e7\u0131klamaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u015eekil 1. Uzaktan e\u011fitim T\u00fcrleri<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “A”, e\u011fitmen ve \u00f6\u011frencinin hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle e\u011fitimin yer ve zamandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak\u00a0 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumdur. Bu t\u00fcr uzaktan e\u011fitimde ders i\u00e7eri\u011finin da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in D\u00fcnya \u00c7ap\u0131nda A\u011f (World Wide Web – WWW), ileti\u015fim i\u00e7in ise e-posta kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “B”, e\u011fitimin tamamen yerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, fakat zamana yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumdur.Bu t\u00fcr uzaktan e\u011fitimde, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan \u00f6zel bir problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek yada ders kapsam\u0131nda yer alan bir soruyu cevapland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in\u00a0 Internet Ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 Sohbet (Internet Relay Chat – IRC) gibi etkile\u015fimli Web ara\u00e7lar\u0131 kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “C”, e\u011fitimin tamamen yerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z, ancak zamana tam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olarak y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumdur. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak sorular\u0131n soruldu\u011fu ve cevapland\u0131\u011f\u0131 video konferans sistemi bu t\u00fcr uzaktan e\u011fitim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “D”, e\u011fitimin bir kampus i\u00e7inde elektronik tart\u0131\u015fma destekli olarak\u00a0 y\u00fcz y\u00fcze s\u0131n\u0131f ortam\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumdur.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 “E”, e\u011fitimin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi (yer\/zaman tam ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131), bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131n ise tamamen uzaktan verildi\u011fi (yer\/zaman ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z) durumdur. Genel olarak, program\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131 ve sonunda yer alan s\u0131nav a\u015famalar\u0131 y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilirken, ara a\u015famalar “A” durumundaki gibi y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Uzaktan e\u011fitimin tipik \u00f6zelliklerini \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz;<\/p>\n 1-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 K\u00fcreselle\u015fme:Uzaktan e\u011fitim hizmeti veren kurumlar genel olarak k\u00fcresel d\u00fczeyde e\u011fitim verebilecek niteli\u011fe sahiptirler. 100 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir Avrupa’da (\u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa) bu t\u00fcr faaliyetlerde bulunan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131 deniz a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00fclkelerdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u00a0 resmi g\u00f6revli yada ticaretle u\u011fra\u015fan vatanda\u015flar\u0131na d\u00fczenli olarak uzaktan e\u011fitim hizmeti vermektedir.<\/p>\n 2-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ki\u015fiselle\u015ftirme:Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131daki Geleneksel E\u011fitim sisteminin en belirgin \u00f6zelli\u011fi e\u011fitmen ve \u00f6\u011frencinin y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ileti\u015fim kurmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu tip e\u011fitim genel olarak \u00f6\u011frencilerin de\u011fi\u015fik zeka ve \u00f6\u011frenme yetenekleri yerine grubun genel seviyesine g\u00f6re d\u00fczenlenmektedir.<\/p>\n 3-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00d6zelle\u015ftirme:Uzaktan e\u011fitim sistemi, \u00f6\u011frenciyi s\u0131n\u0131f ortam\u0131ndan alarak bireysel olarak e\u011fitilebilece\u011fi bir konuma ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu sistemde, kurumsal \u00f6\u011frenmenin yerini bireylere g\u00f6re \u00f6zelle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00f6\u011frenme al\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 End\u00fcstrile\u015fme:B\u00fcy\u00fck bir kitlenin bir \u00fcr\u00fcne olan artan ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layabilmek i\u00e7in ilgili end\u00fcstrilerin kurulmas\u0131na benzer bir \u015fekilde, insanlar\u0131n artan e\u011fitim taleplerine h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin bir \u015fekilde cevap verebilmek i\u00e7in uzaktan e\u011fitim kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz duruma gelmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 5-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Geleneksel E\u011fitime uygun olmayan \u00f6\u011frencilere hizmet verme:Uzaktan e\u011fitim, d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda her y\u0131l milyonlarca ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilen bir e\u011fitim sistemidir. Bununla beraber ilgili e\u011fitim kurumundaki ders saatlerine yer \/ zaman a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan kat\u0131lma imkan\u0131 olmayanlar (tam zamanl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar – memurlar, askerler – farkl\u0131 \u015fehir \/ \u00fclkede ya\u015fayanlar) i\u00e7in beklenilen bir se\u00e7imdir.<\/p>\n 6-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hareket kabiliyeti:1980’li y\u0131llarda, uzak mesafeler aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fim kurmak amac\u0131yla sabit bilgisayar konferans sistemleri ve iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc video konferans sistemleri kullan\u0131lmakta iken, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bunlara ilave olarak portatif bilgisayarlar ve cep telefonlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 7-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u0131zl\u0131 geri besleme:G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde uzaktan e\u011fitim sayesinde \u00f6\u011frenciler, e-posta yolu ile d\u00fcnyan\u0131n herhangi bir yerinden g\u00fcn\u00fcn herhangi bir saatinde \u00f6devlerini g\u00f6nderebilmekte ve bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011ferlendirme sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 hemen ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde WWW \u00fczerinden alabilmektedirler.<\/p>\n 8-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Di\u011fer e\u011fitim sistemlerine g\u00f6re ucuz olmas\u0131:Altyap\u0131ya y\u00f6nelik yat\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyde olmas\u0131 yada \u00f6\u011frenci ba\u015f\u0131na d\u00fc\u015fen \u00fccretlendirmenin Geleneksel E\u011fitime g\u00f6re daha y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 veya yap\u0131lan yat\u0131r\u0131m maliyetini kar\u015f\u0131layacak say\u0131da \u00f6\u011frencinin bulunamamas\u0131 durumlar\u0131 hari\u00e7,uzaktan e\u011fitim, e\u011fitim sistemleri aras\u0131nda en ucuzu.<\/p>\n 9-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Teknoloji ve E\u011fitim:Sanal s\u0131n\u0131flar uydu veya s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f video kodlama yada tam band geni\u015fli\u011fi kullan\u0131larak birbirlerine ba\u011flanabilmekte ve bu sayede ki\u015filer uzak yerlerde olsalar bile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze e\u011fitim alabilmektedirler.<\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N AVANTAJLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n Internet ortam\u0131nda uzaktan e\u011fitimin geleneksel uzaktan e\u011fitime g\u00f6re say\u0131labilecek yararlar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r;<\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N DEZAVANTAJLARI<\/strong><\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130MDE ROL ALAN K\u0130\u015e\u0130LER <\/strong><\/p>\n A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da uzaktan e\u011fitimde rol alan ki\u015filer ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar k\u0131saca anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00d6\u011eRENC\u0130: \u00d6\u011frencinin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na cevap verebilmek her etkili uzaktan e\u011fitim program\u0131n\u0131n amac\u0131d\u0131r. E\u011fitim ortam\u0131 nas\u0131l olursa olsun; \u00f6\u011frencinin g\u00f6revi \u00f6\u011frenmektir. Bu ba\u011flamda, en iyi ko\u015fullarda bile, motivasyon gerektirmesi, planlama ve analiz yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011fretilecek materyale uygulanabilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan g\u00f6z korkutan bir g\u00f6revdir.<\/p>\n \u00d6\u011eRET\u0130M \u00dcYELER\u0130: Y\u00fcz y\u00fcze s\u0131n\u0131f ortam\u0131nda, \u00f6\u011fretmenin g\u00f6revi ders i\u00e7eri\u011finin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve \u00f6\u011frenci ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesinden ibarettir. Uzaktan e\u011fitimde ise farkl\u0131 sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u00d6rne\u011fin;<\/p>\n – \u00c7ok k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 y\u00fcz y\u00fcze g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ra\u011fmen \u00f6\u011frenci ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 belirlenmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n – Farkl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenci kitlelerinin ihtiya\u00e7 ve beklentilerini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne alarak \u00f6\u011fretim teknikleri geli\u015ftirilmeli.<\/p>\n – Hem rehberlik hem de i\u00e7erik sa\u011flayan ki\u015fi g\u00f6revinin bir arada etkili bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi gerekir.<\/p>\n REHBER (yard\u0131mc\u0131): \u00d6\u011fretmen kendisiyle \u00f6\u011frenci aras\u0131nda ileti\u015fimi sa\u011flamada bir rehberden yard\u0131m almay\u0131 uygun bulur. Rehber, etkili olabilmek i\u00e7in \u00f6\u011frencinin ve \u00f6\u011fretmenin beklentilerini anlayabilmelidir. En \u00f6nemlisi, rehber \u00f6\u011fretmen taraf\u0131ndan belirlenen talimatlar\u0131 uygulamada istekli olmal\u0131d\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ko\u015fullar\u0131nda rehbere d\u00fc\u015fen g\u00f6rev giderek artmaktad\u0131r. Rehberler \u00f6devleri toplarlar, ders i\u00e7in gerekli d\u00fczene\u011fi haz\u0131rlarlar, \u00f6\u011fretmenin g\u00f6z\u00fc ve kula\u011f\u0131 gibidirler.<\/p>\n YARDIMCI G\u00d6REVL\u0130LER: Bu ki\u015filer uzaktan e\u011fitim programlar\u0131n\u0131n sessiz kahramanlar\u0131d\u0131r ve program\u0131n etkili olabilmesi i\u00e7in gereken pek \u00e7ok detay\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini sa\u011flarlar. Bir \u00e7ok etkin uzaktan e\u011fitim program\u0131nda yard\u0131mc\u0131 hizmetliler \u00f6\u011frenci kay\u0131tlar\u0131, materyallerin \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131, ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n haz\u0131rlanmas\u0131, telif haklar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, ders programlar\u0131n\u0131n ayarlanmas\u0131, notlar\u0131n ilan edilmesi, teknik kaynaklar\u0131n kontrol\u00fc gibi i\u015flerden sorumludurlar.<\/p>\n Y\u00d6NET\u0130C\u0130LER: Y\u00f6neticiler, uzaktan e\u011fitim program\u0131 yapan kurumlarda planlama a\u015famas\u0131nda etkili ki\u015filer olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, program ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ili\u015fkilerini, irtibat\u0131 kaybederler veya teknik y\u00f6neticilere devrederler. Asl\u0131nda y\u00f6neticiler sadece fikir adam\u0131 de\u011fil daha fazlas\u0131d\u0131r. Onlar, ortak kararlar\u0131 sa\u011flar, karar verir ve hakem g\u00f6revi g\u00f6r\u00fcrler. Teknik ve yard\u0131mc\u0131 hizmetler personeliyle yak\u0131n bir ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde olup teknik kaynaklar\u0131n, kurumun ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamal\u0131d\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n UZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M NASIL VER\u0130L\u0130R? <\/strong><\/p>\n Uzaktan e\u011fitimin verilmesinde olduk\u00e7a geni\u015f ve de\u011fi\u015fik alternatifler var. Bunlar\u0131 d\u00f6rt grupta toplayabiliriz. YAZI: Uzaktan e\u011fitim programlar\u0131n\u0131 ana unsuru bas\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklard\u0131r ve di\u011fer ara\u00e7lara temel olu\u015fturur. Bir \u00e7ok bas\u0131l\u0131 kaynak t\u00fcr\u00fc mevcuttur. Bunlar ders kitaplar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma kitaplar\u0131, ders plan\u0131, yard\u0131mc\u0131 kitaplard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Etkin Uzaktan E\u011fitim<\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir uzaktan e\u011fitim program\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli olan \u00fc\u00e7 temel nokta \u015funlard\u0131r :<\/p>\n Internet Tabanl\u0131 Uzaktan E\u011fitimde \u00c7oklu Ortam Uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n Kullan\u0131lmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Uzaktan E\u011fitimde \u00c7oklu Ortam Uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131n Yararlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n – \u00d6\u011frenme zaman\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131salmas\u0131: Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar g\u00f6stermektedir ki ilgili konunun \u00f6\u011frenilme s\u00fcresini \u00f6nemli d\u00fczeyde azaltmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n – “Ak\u0131lda Tutma” seviyesinin artmas\u0131: Etkile\u015fimli \u00e7oklu ortam uygulamalar\u0131 \u00f6\u011frencinin \u00f6\u011frenme s\u00fcrecine\u00a0 aktif kat\u0131l\u0131m olana\u011f\u0131 vermektedir.<\/p>\n – Etkin ileti\u015fim imkan\u0131 vermesi: E-posta, tart\u0131\u015fma listesi ve hatta video konferans sistemi sayesinde e\u011fitmen-\u00f6\u011frenci ve \u00f6\u011frenci-\u00f6\u011frenci ileti\u015fimi mekandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak y\u00fcz y\u00fcze ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmektedir.<\/p>\n – \u00d6\u011frencilerin etkile\u015fimli e\u011fitimden ho\u015flanmas\u0131: Etkile\u015fimli \u00e7oklu ortam uygulamalar\u0131, bilginin ayd\u0131nlat\u0131c\u0131 ve e\u011flenceli bir \u015fekilde ifade edilmesine yard\u0131m etmektedir.<\/p>\n Bilgisayar Destekli Uzaktan E\u011fitimde \u00c7oklu Ortam Eri\u015fim Metotlar\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Sunucu(Stand Alone):Dersle ilgili malzeme(yaz\u0131l\u0131mlar, ders i\u00e7eri\u011fi, vb.)tek bir bilgisayar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta.<\/p>\n CD-ROM: Dersle ilgili malzemenin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc hard disk, video, ses, ve animasyon dosyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kompakt disk \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Omurga A\u011f\u0131 (Ana Frame): Ders malzemesi bir ana frame a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinden \u00f6\u011frencilere ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak e\u011fitim metin tabanl\u0131 ve tek renkli g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc \u00fczerinden y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n Yerel \u0130leti\u015fim A\u011f\u0131 (Local Area Network – LAN) \/ Geni\u015f Alan A\u011f\u0131 (Wide Area Network – WAN): Bir a\u011f sunucusunda depolanan ders malzemesi, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kullan\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n eri\u015fimine imkan sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m sayesinde, sadece a\u011f sunucusundaki ders malzemesinin g\u00fcncellenmesiyle t\u00fcm \u00f6\u011frenciler zaman kaybetmeksizin ders notlar\u0131n\u0131n son \u015fekline eri\u015febilmektedirler.<\/p>\n Internet \/ Intranet: Bu \u00f6zellikle k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yada b\u00fcy\u00fck da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yap\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f organizasyonlar i\u00e7in uygun bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmd\u00fcr. Bu metot LAN \/ WAN eri\u015fim metodunun geni\u015f kitlelere, daha uzun eri\u015fim s\u00fcresiyle hitap eden \u015fekli gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n KAYNAKLAR Songül Gültekin, Nurşen Gezen, Ayşe Fatma Tüney, Fatma Can, Kevser Gündoğar Uzaktan Eğitim, geleneksel öğrenme-öğretme yöntemlerindeki sınırlılıklar nedeniyle sınıf içi etkinliklerin yürütülme olanağı bulunmadığı durumlarda eğitim çalışmalarını planlayanlar ve uygulayanlar ile öğrenenler arasında iletişim ve etkileşimin özel olarak hazırlanmış öğretim üniteleri ve çeşitli ortamlar yoluyla belli bir merkezden sağlandığı bir öğretim yöntemidir. Yine uzaktan eğitimi 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Neden Uzaktan E\u011fitim?<\/strong><\/h1>\n
\nGeleneksel e\u011fitimden yararlanmayan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in vazge\u00e7ilmezdir.<\/p>\n
\nBilgi ve becerilerin artmas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fmesi ve \u00e7e\u015fitlenmesi.
\nEkonomiktir.(Birim maliyetlerinin ucuz olmas\u0131)
\n\u00c7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli ileti\u015fim teknolojilerini e\u011fitim hizmetine sunabilen bir sistemdir.
\n\u00d6\u011frenci merkezlidir.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n E\u011e\u0130TMEN \/ \u00d6\u011eRENC\u0130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n Ayn\u0131 mekanda<\/td>\n Bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ayn\u0131 bir k\u0131sm\u0131 farkl\u0131 mekanda<\/td>\n Tamamen farkl\u0131 bir mekanda<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ZAMAN<\/td>\n Zamandan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n A<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Zamandan yar\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z<\/td>\n D<\/td>\n E<\/td>\n B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Zaman ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131<\/td>\n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nUZAKTAN E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M\u0130N \u00d6ZELL\u0130KLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\n
\nSES: Etkile\u015fimli teknoloji ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan telefon, video konferans ve k\u0131sa dalga radyo \u00f6\u011fretimsel i\u015fitsel materyaller olarak say\u0131labilir. Pasif (tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc) audio ara\u00e7lar\u0131 ise teyp ve radyodur.
\nG\u00d6R\u00dcNT\u00dc: \u00d6\u011fretimsel video ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak slayt, hareketli g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcler (film ve video kaset), ses ile birle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ger\u00e7ek zamanl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcleri \u00f6rnek verebiliriz.
\nVER\u0130: Bilgisayarlar elektronik olarak bilgiyi ta\u015f\u0131rlar. Bu nedenle, veri kelimesi \u00f6\u011fretimsel ara\u00e7 olarak yayg\u0131n bir kullan\u0131ma sahip bu grubu temsil eder. Uzaktan e\u011fitim i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bilgisayar uygulamalar\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fit g\u00f6sterir ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7erir:<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n1)<\/strong> M. Hakan \u00c7etiner, \u00c7i\u011fdem Gencel, Y. Murat Erten -ODT\u00dc Enformatik Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, Bili\u015fim Sistemleri ABD
\n2)<\/strong> ALKAN, C. (1998) \u201cE\u011fitim Teknolojisi ve Uzaktan E\u011fitimin Kavramsal Boyutlar\u0131\u201d Uzaktan E\u011fitim Yaz 1998\/K\u0131\u015f1999,
\n3)<\/strong> DEM\u0130RAY, U.(1999)\u201dKurulu\u015funun 5. Y\u0131l\u0131nda A\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim Lisesi \u0130le \u0130lgili \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u00a0 Kaynak\u00e7as\u0131 1992-1997 \u201cE\u011fitim Teknolojileri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ,Ankara
\n4)<\/strong> DEM\u0130RAY, U.(1999) \u201cA\u00e7\u0131k\u00f6\u011fretim Fak\u00fcltesi Mezunlar\u0131n\u0131n Sekt\u00f6rdeki Konumlar\u0131\u201d Uzaktan E\u011fitim, Yaz 1999, 3-22
\n5)<\/strong> \u00d6ZFIRAT, A., Y\u00dcR\u00dcKER, S. (1999) Uzaktan E\u011fitim Materyallerinde \u00d6\u011fretim Tasar\u0131m\u0131. Bili\u015fim Teknolojileri I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda E\u011fitim Konferans\u0131 ve Sergisi Bildirisi. 13-15 May\u0131s. Ankara
\n6)<\/strong> T.C. M\u0130LL\u0130 E\u011e\u0130T\u0130M BAKANLI\u011eI- E\u011fitim Teknolojileri Genel M\u00fcd\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc -E-Posta:egitek@meb.gov.tr<\/a>
\n7)<\/strong> http:\/\/www.uluslararasiegitim.com\/uzak\/default.asp<\/a>
\n8)<\/strong>Zuhal \u00d6zer <mailto:zuhal@tubitak.gov.tr>
\n9)<\/strong> Uzaktan E\u011fitim
\nGenel Tan\u0131m\u0131, – Yrd.Do\u00e7.Dr. Aytekin \u0130\u015eMAN Hacettepe <http:\/\/www.hacettepe.edu.tr><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"