{"id":11221,"date":"2019-03-25T10:05:54","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T15:05:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11221"},"modified":"2019-03-25T10:05:54","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T15:05:54","slug":"hitit-siyasi-tarihi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/hitit-siyasi-tarihi\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u0130T\u0130T S\u0130YAS\u0130 TAR\u0130H\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Tahir T\u00fcrkkan<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/strong><\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131, Anadolu tarihinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 yerli Aglutinant dil grubuna ait Hattiler ve Hint Avrupal\u0131 Hititler hakk\u0131nda ilk bilgilerin edinildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00e7a\u011f, Hitit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 2500-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kuzey Kapadokya ve orta Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde geli\u015fmi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn temsilcisi Hattiler \u015fehir devletleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bu b\u00f6lgenin m\u00fcstahkem \u015fehirleri, kral mezarlar\u0131, hazineleri, Hatti k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn simgeleridir. M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlarla sona eren bu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131, Asur ticaret kolonileri d\u00f6nemi izler. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklardan Hititlerin, Anadolu\u2019ya M.\u00d6. 3. binin son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, 2. binin ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde, girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 ihtimali \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Hititlerin Anadolu\u2019ya kuzey Karadeniz \u00fczerinden veya kuzeydo\u011fudan, Kafkaslar \u00fczerinden geldikleri ve K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak kavisinin kuzey kesimine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Birbirini izleyen ak\u0131nlarla orta Anadolu i\u00e7lerine yay\u0131lan Hititler, zamanla etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015fler, Hattili prenslerin arazilerine hakim olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asur ticaret kolonilerinin ge\u00e7 evresinde (M.\u00d6. 1800-1730) Ku\u015f\u015fara kral\u0131 Pithana ve o\u011flu Anitta tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Onlar Hitit diline na\u015fili ad\u0131n\u0131 veren Kkani\u015f\/Ne\u015fa\u2019yi zapt edip krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk merkezi yapt\u0131lar. M.\u00d6. 1700\u2019lerde Ku\u015f\u015fara kral\u0131 Anitta, Hattu\u015f kral\u0131 Pijusti\u2019yi yenip \u015fehrini tahrip etti\u011fini anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cGeceleyin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ile \u015fehri ald\u0131m. Yerine yaban otu ektim. Benden sonra her kim kral olur ve Hattu\u015f\u2019u yeniden iskan ederse g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn (f\u0131rt\u0131na tanr\u0131s\u0131) laneti \u00fczerinde olsun.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa\u015f M.\u00d6. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Hitit kral\u0131 I. Hattu\u015fili taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fkent olarak se\u00e7ilir. Eski Hitit Devleti\u2019nin kurucusu I. Hattu\u015fili K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak kavisi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ekirdek \u00fclkede birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, kuzey Suriye ve yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat b\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde (Hurri \u00fclkesi) kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fi ak\u0131nlarla, kendisini izleyecek Hitit krallar\u0131na bir d\u00fcnya devleti olma amac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretini veriyordu. Mur\u015fili istilalara g\u00fcneyde devam ederek ve Suriye\u2019deki \u015fehir devletlerini devreden \u00e7\u0131kartarak, Mezopotamya ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Halep ele ge\u00e7irildi ve ordu Babil\u2019e kadar ilerleyerek Hammurabi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verdi.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Mur\u015fili\u2019nin Hantili taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi getirir. Hantili idareyi ele ald\u0131ysa da o da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Hantili\u2019den sonra tahta ge\u00e7en Zidanta ve I. Huzziya\u2019da Hantili ile ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015farak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Hitit devleti, Toroslar\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki \u00fclkeleri, g\u00fcney ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri yeniden Mitanni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na kapt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Telipinu tahta ge\u00e7ince, saraydaki kan davalar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. \u00d6nceki krallar\u0131n uzak b\u00f6lgelere yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seferleri durdurarak, Anadolu\u2019yu kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 bir idari te\u015fkilat alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la eyalet sistemini kurdu. Telipinu ferman\u0131 olarak bilinen ferman\u0131 yay\u0131nlayarak, taht verasetini belli kurallara Ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Geleneksel Hitit tarihi \u00e7a\u011f ayr\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Telipinu devrini orta krall\u0131k ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6nem izler.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda I. Tuthaliya Hititlerin amans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Ka\u015fkalarla da ba\u015f etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metinlerde Tuthaliya zaman\u0131nda, F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n yukar\u0131 yata\u011f\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgelere ve kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da Hurrilere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan askeri harekatlardan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. bu ba\u015far\u0131larla I. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n Hatti \u00fclkesinde krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak I. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alan\u0131 genelde Anadolu ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

I. \u015euppiluliuma tahta ge\u00e7ince, \u00f6ncelikle Anadolu\u2019daki hakimiyetini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Suriye ve kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini Hitit krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u015fkalarla sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Ugarit kral\u0131 II. Nigmedu ile bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015euppiluliuma M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019 da Tutankhamon\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilmi\u015f, Mitanni\u2019yi alarak Mitanni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

II. Mur\u015fili\u2019nin, Anadolu\u2019nun kuzeyindeki ve bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki seferleri, Hitit \u00e7ekirdek \u00fclkesinde veban\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve giderek artan Asur etkisiyle Suriye\u2019de huzursuzluklar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme rastlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131 Mur\u015fili\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan fazla zorluk \u00e7ekmeden tahta ge\u00e7en 11. Muvattalli, yirmi y\u0131ldan fazla \u2019\u2019b\u00fcy\u00fck kral\u2019\u2019 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Muvattalli\u2019nin k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Hattu\u015fili, askeri birliklerin ba\u015f\u0131, saray memuru, kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli huzursuz b\u00f6lgelerinde ve Hattu\u015fa\u2019da vali olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmdara bir\u00e7ok alanda hizmet vermi\u015ftir. bu d\u00f6nemde Muvattalli saray\u0131n\u0131, tanr\u0131 ve atalar\u0131n\u0131n heykelleri ile birlikte Hattu\u015fa\u2019dan Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muvattalli zaman\u0131nda orta Suriye\u2019deki Amurru b\u00f6lgesi nedeniyle, Hititlerin anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. Bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. (M.\u00d6. 1274)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Abydos, Luksor, Abu Simbel\u2019in duvarlar\u0131 ve Ramsesseum\u2019un pylonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki kabartmalarda, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019nun ge\u00e7mi\u015findeki en \u00fcnl\u00fc sava\u015flardan biri olan Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tasviri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kabartmalara II. Ramses\u2019in Hitit kral\u0131 II. Muvattalli\u2019yi yenerek elde etti\u011fi zaferin kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hiyeroglif metinler e\u015flik etmektedir. Firavun \u00e7ok iyi haz\u0131rlanarak sava\u015f alan\u0131nda bizzat bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sava\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l galibi Hititler olmu\u015ftur. Amurru yeniden Hitit y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015f, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 yerel kral Bente\u015fina ise Anadolu\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Kade\u015f kalesi Hitit denetiminde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck kral II. Muvattalli \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, eski bir kurala uyulmu\u015f ve imparatorlu\u011fun en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131 olan karde\u015fi Hattu\u015fili yerine, o\u011flu III. Mur\u015fili\/Urhi-Te\u015fup tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. III. Mur\u015fili ba\u015fkenti Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019dan, yeniden Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgede II. Muvattalli d\u00f6neminden ve Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan bu yana II. Ramses h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi. Hattu\u015fili Asur ve Babil h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ile oldu\u011fu gibi, II. Ramses ile de h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar aras\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. I. \u015euppiluliuma\u2019dan beri s\u00fcregelen sava\u015f durumunu sona erdirmi\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r ile bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antla\u015fma Hattu\u015fa\u2019da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130stanbul arkeoloji m\u00fczesinde bulunan kil tabletten anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Akadca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca M\u0131s\u0131r-Karnak Ramsesseum\u2019da da M\u0131s\u0131r hiyeroglifi ile kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kopyalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. II. Ramses ile yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131, Hattu\u015fili\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zirvedir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 kendisinin rakipleri Asur ve Babil ile Ege\u2019deki rakibi Ahhiyava kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kurallara uygun olmaks\u0131z\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, III. Hattu\u015fili \u00f6nemli politik ba\u015far\u0131lar ve uluslararas\u0131 takdir kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ancak Hattu\u015fa\u2019da taht\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak ki\u015fi ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeyi yapmak da kendisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi. \u00d6nceden se\u00e7ilen varisten vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve yerine prens IV. Tuthaliya se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. Tuthaliya tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa kral\u0131 Kurunta ile antla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015f ve Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa \u00fclkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. II. Muvattalli\u2019nin o\u011flu olarak hanedandan gelen krala, imparatorluk hiyerar\u015fisi i\u00e7inde Karkam\u0131\u015f kral\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyde yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hitit imparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bilinen son h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 IV. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu III. \u015euppiluliuma, ba\u015f g\u00f6steren yiyecek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla daha da gerginle\u015fen duruma ra\u011fmen baz\u0131 askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etmi\u015ftir. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da bug\u00fcn G\u00fcneykale olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kesimdeki bir yaz\u0131tta, II. \u015euppiluliuma\u2019n\u0131n askeri birliklerinin orta ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131yla sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019da da h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yeniden otorite kurdu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilir. \u00c7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler de, Mitanni kral\u0131 ve do\u011frudan b\u00fcy\u00fck kral taraf\u0131ndan denetlenen Ala\u015fiya (k\u0131br\u0131s) \u00fclkesiyle antla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n

Hitit imparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun M.\u00d6. 1200\u2019den k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra y\u0131k\u0131lma nedeni halen tam olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7e\u015fitli etkenlerin neden oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Son b\u00fcy\u00fck kral\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde, halk i\u00e7inde huzursuzluklar ve Hitit aristokrasisinde giderek artan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Hitit devletinin ayakta oldu\u011fu son y\u0131llara tarihlenen yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar, sefalet i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu belirtilen Anadolu\u2019ya Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda tah\u0131l sevk edildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Anadolu\u2019daki huzursuzluklar ve Suriye \u00fczerindeki Hitit etkisinin azalmas\u0131 da Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda neden ya da sonu\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

II
\n<\/strong>
\nM.\u00d6. 1800 y\u0131llar\u0131, Anadolu tarihinin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 yerli Aglutinant dil grubuna ait Hattiler ve Hint Avrupal\u0131 Hititler hakk\u0131nda ilk bilgilerin edinildi\u011fi d\u00f6nemdir. Bu \u00e7a\u011f, Hitit k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7 ve geli\u015fme a\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. M.\u00d6. 2500-2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kuzey Kapadokya ve orta Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde geli\u015fmi\u015f k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn temsilcisi Hattilerdi. \u015eehir devletleri taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bu b\u00f6lgenin m\u00fcstahkem \u015fehirleri, kral mezarlar\u0131, hazineleri, Hatti k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn simgeleridir. M.\u00d6. 2000 y\u0131llar\u0131 sonlar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar sonucunda \u00e7\u0131kan yang\u0131nlarla sona eren bu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131, Asur ticaret kolonileri d\u00f6nemi izler. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklardan Hititlerin, Anadolu\u2019ya M.\u00d6. 3000\u2019in son y\u0131llar\u0131nda, 2.000\u2019in ba\u015f\u0131nda k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde, girmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 ihtimali \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Hititlerin Anadolu\u2019ya kuzey Karadeniz \u00fczerinden veya kuzeydo\u011fudan, Kafkaslar \u00fczerinden geldikleri ve K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak kavisinin kuzey kesimine yerle\u015fmi\u015f olduklar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Birbirini izleyen ak\u0131nlarla orta Anadolu i\u00e7lerine yay\u0131lan Hititler, zamanla etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmi\u015fler, Hattili prenslerin arazilerine hakim olmu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asur ticaret kolonilerinin ge\u00e7 evresinde (M.\u00d6.1800-1730) Ku\u015f\u015fara kral\u0131 Pithana ve o\u011flu Anitta tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar. Onlar Hitit diline na\u015fili ad\u0131n\u0131 veren kani\u015f\/Ne\u015fa\u2019yi zapt edip krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk merkezi yapt\u0131lar. M.\u00d6. 1700\u2019lerde Ku\u015f\u015fara kral\u0131 Anitta, Hattu\u015f kral\u0131 Pijusti\u2019yi yenip \u015fehrini tahrip etti\u011fini anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cGeceleyin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m bir sald\u0131r\u0131 ile \u015fehri ald\u0131m. Yerine yaban otu ektim. Benden sonra her kim kral olur ve Hattu\u015f\u2019u yeniden iskan ederse g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fcn (F\u0131rt\u0131na Tanr\u0131s\u0131) laneti \u00fczerinde olsun.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hattu\u015fa M.\u00d6. 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, Hitit Kral\u0131 I. Hattu\u015fili taraf\u0131ndan ba\u015fkent olarak se\u00e7ilir. Eski Hitit devleti\u2019nin kurucusu I. Hattu\u015fili K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak kavisi i\u00e7indeki \u00e7ekirdek \u00fclkede birli\u011fi sa\u011flad\u0131ktan sonra, kuzey Suriye ve yukar\u0131 F\u0131rat b\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde (Hurri \u00fclkesi) kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fi ak\u0131nlarla, kendisini izleyecek Hitit krallar\u0131na bir d\u00fcnya devleti olma amac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015faretini veriyordu. Mur\u015fili istilalara g\u00fcneyde devam ederek ve Suriye\u2019deki \u015fehir devletlerini devreden \u00e7\u0131kartarak, Mezopotamya ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na ald\u0131. Halep ele ge\u00e7irildi ve ordu Babil\u2019e kadar ilerleyerek Hammurabi hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son verdi.<\/p>\n

Ancak, Mur\u015fili\u2019nin Hantili taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k d\u00f6nemi getirir. Hantili idareyi ele ald\u0131ysa da o da \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Hantili\u2019den sonra tahta ge\u00e7en Zidanta ve I. Huzziya\u2019da Hantili ile ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015farak \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde Hitit devleti, Toroslar\u0131n g\u00fcneyindeki \u00fclkeleri, g\u00fcney ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki di\u011fer b\u00f6lgeleri yeniden Mitanni krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na kapt\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Telipinu tahta ge\u00e7ince, saraydaki kan davalar\u0131n\u0131 durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131. \u00d6nceki krallar\u0131n uzak b\u00f6lgelere yapt\u0131klar\u0131 seferleri durdurarak, Anadolu\u2019yu kendi i\u00e7inde tutarl\u0131 bir idari te\u015fkilat alt\u0131na almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu ama\u00e7la eyalet sistemini kurdu. Telipinu ferman\u0131 olarak bilinen ferman\u0131 yay\u0131nlayarak, taht verasetini belli kurallara ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

Geleneksel Hitit tarihi \u00e7a\u011f ayr\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re, Telipinu devrini orta krall\u0131k ad\u0131 verilen d\u00f6nem izler.<\/p>\n

Ayn\u0131 zamanda I. Tuthaliya Hititlerin amans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Ka\u015fkalarla da ba\u015f etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Metinlerde Tuthaliya zaman\u0131nda, F\u0131rat\u2019\u0131n yukar\u0131 yata\u011f\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgelere ve kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019da Hurrilere kar\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan askeri harekatlardan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131larla I. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n Hatti \u00fclkesinde krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc yeniden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak I. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k alan\u0131 genelde Anadolu ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

I. \u015euppiluliuma tahta ge\u00e7ince, \u00f6ncelikle Anadolu\u2019daki hakimiyetini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra Suriye ve kuzey Mezopotamya\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerini Hitit krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na katm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ka\u015fkalarla sava\u015fm\u0131\u015f, Ugarit kral\u0131 II. Nigmedu ile bir anla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015euppiluliuma M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019 da Tutankhamon\u2019un \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 f\u0131rsat bilmi\u015f, Mitanni\u2019 \u0131 alarak Mitanni Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na son vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

II. Mur\u015fili\u2019nin, Anadolu\u2019nun kuzeyindeki ve bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki seferleri, Hitit \u00e7ekirdek \u00fclkesinde veban\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve giderek artan Asur etkisiyle Suriye\u2019de huzursuzluklar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6neme rastlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Babas\u0131 Mur\u015fili\u2019nin ard\u0131ndan fazla zorluk \u00e7ekmeden tahta ge\u00e7en II. Muvattalli, yirmi y\u0131ldan fazla \u2019\u2019b\u00fcy\u00fck kral\u2019\u2019 olarak h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. II. Muvattalli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck karde\u015fi Hattu\u015fili, askeri birliklerin ba\u015f\u0131, saray memuru, kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcrekli huzursuz b\u00f6lgelerinde ve Hattu\u015fa\u2019da vali olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmdara bir\u00e7ok alanda hizmet vermi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Muvattalli saray\u0131n\u0131, Tanr\u0131 ve atalar\u0131n\u0131n heykelleri ile birlikte Hattu\u015fa\u2019dan Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muvattalli zaman\u0131nda orta Suriye\u2019deki Amurru b\u00f6lgesi nedeniyle, Hititlerin anla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fclke M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019d\u0131. bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131k Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. (M.\u00d6. 1274)<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019daki Abydos, Luksor, Abu Simbel\u2019in duvarlar\u0131 ve Ramsesseum\u2019un pylonlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerindeki kabartmalarda, Yak\u0131ndo\u011fu\u2019nun ge\u00e7mi\u015findeki en \u00fcnl\u00fc sava\u015flardan biri olan Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n tasviri g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Kabartmalara II. Ramses\u2019in Hitit kral\u0131 II. Muvattalli\u2019yi yenerek elde etti\u011fi zaferin kutland\u0131\u011f\u0131 hiyeroglif metinler e\u015flik etmektedir. Firavun \u00e7ok iyi haz\u0131rlanarak sava\u015f alan\u0131nda bizzat bulunmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, sava\u015f\u0131n as\u0131l galibi Hititler olmu\u015ftur. Amurru yeniden Hitit y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girmi\u015f, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 yerel kral Bente\u015fina ise Anadolu\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, Kade\u015f kalesi Hitit denetiminde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck kral II. Muvattalli \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde, eski bir kurala uyulmu\u015f ve imparatorlu\u011fun en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc adam\u0131 olan karde\u015fi Hattu\u015fili yerine, o\u011flu III. Mur\u015fili\/Urhi-Te\u015fup tahta ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. III. Mur\u015fili ba\u015fkenti Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019dan, yeniden Hattu\u015fa\u2019ya ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6lgede II. Muvattalli d\u00f6neminden ve Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan bu yana II. Ramses h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi. Hattu\u015fili Asur ve Babil h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar\u0131 ile oldu\u011fu gibi, II. Ramses ile de h\u00fck\u00fcmdarlar aras\u0131ndaki ola\u011fan ili\u015fkilerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. I. \u015euppiluliuma\u2019dan beri s\u00fcregelen sava\u015f durumunu sona erdirmi\u015f ve M\u0131s\u0131r ile bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Antla\u015fma Hattu\u015fa\u2019 da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u0130stanbul arkeoloji m\u00fczesinde bulunan kil tabletten anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Akadca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca M\u0131s\u0131r-Karnak Ramsesseum\u2019da da M\u0131s\u0131r hiyeroglifi ile kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kopyalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. II. Ramses ile yap\u0131lan bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131, Hattu\u015fili\u2019nin h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131k d\u00f6neminde ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir zirvedir. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 kendisinin rakipleri Asur ve Babil ile ege\u2019 deki rakibi Ahhiyava kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki konumunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Kurallara uygun olmaks\u0131z\u0131n tahta \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, III. Hattu\u015fili \u00f6nemli politik ba\u015far\u0131lar ve uluslararas\u0131 takdir kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ancak Hattu\u015fa\u2019da taht\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kacak ki\u015fi ile ilgili d\u00fczenlemeyi yapmak da kendisi i\u00e7in \u00f6nemliydi. \u00d6nceden se\u00e7ilen varisten vazge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve yerine prens IV. Tuthaliya se\u00e7ilmi\u015fti. Tuthaliya tahta \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131ktan sonra, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa kral\u0131 Kurunta ile antla\u015fma yapm\u0131\u015f ve Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa \u00fclkesinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 yeniden \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. II. Muvattalli\u2019nin o\u011flu olarak hanedandan gelen krala, imparatorluk hiyerar\u015fisi i\u00e7inde Karkam\u0131\u015f kral\u0131 ile ayn\u0131 d\u00fczeyde yer verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bilinen son h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 IV. Tuthaliya\u2019n\u0131n o\u011flu II. \u015euppiluliuma, ba\u015f g\u00f6steren yiyecek s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla daha da gerginle\u015fen duruma ra\u011fmen baz\u0131 askeri ba\u015far\u0131lar elde etmi\u015ftir. Hattu\u015fa\u2019da bug\u00fcn G\u00fcneykale olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kesimdeki bir yaz\u0131tta, II. \u015euppiluliuma\u2019n\u0131n askeri birliklerinin orta ve g\u00fcneybat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019da ba\u015far\u0131yla sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Tarhunta\u015f\u015fa\u2019 da da h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131n yeniden otorite kurdu\u011fundan s\u00f6z edilir. \u00c7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 belgeler de, Mitanni kral\u0131 ve do\u011frudan b\u00fcy\u00fck kral taraf\u0131ndan denetlenen Ala\u015fiya (K\u0131br\u0131s) \u00fclkesiyle antla\u015fma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilir.<\/p>\n

Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun M.\u00d6. 1200\u2019den k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra y\u0131k\u0131lma nedeni halen tam olarak anla\u015f\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130mparatorlu\u011fun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131na \u00e7e\u015fitli etkenlerin neden oldu\u011fu de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. Son b\u00fcy\u00fck kral\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc d\u00f6nemde, halk i\u00e7inde huzursuzluklar ve Hitit aristokrasisinde giderek artan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Hitit devletinin ayakta oldu\u011fu son y\u0131llara tarihlenen yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar, sefalet i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu belirtilen Anadolu\u2019ya Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarlarda tah\u0131l sevk edildi\u011fini kan\u0131tlamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 zamanda Anadolu\u2019daki huzursuzluklar ve Suriye \u00fczerindeki Hitit etkisinin azalmas\u0131 da Hitit \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131nda neden ya da sonu\u00e7 olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tahir Türkkan I M.Ö. 1800 yılları, Anadolu tarihinin başlangıcı yerli Aglutinant dil grubuna ait Hattiler ve Hint Avrupalı Hititler hakkında ilk bilgilerin edinildiği dönemdir. Bu çağ, Hitit kültürünün başlangıç ve gelişme aşamalarının kaynağıdır. M.Ö. 2500-2000 yılları arasında kuzey Kapadokya ve orta Karadeniz bölgesinde gelişmiş kültürün temsilcisi Hattiler şehir devletleri tarafından yönetilen bu bölgenin müstahkem şehirleri, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11221","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11221","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11221"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11221\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11223,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11221\/revisions\/11223"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11221"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11221"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11221"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}