{"id":11230,"date":"2019-03-25T10:10:19","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T15:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11230"},"modified":"2019-03-25T10:10:19","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T15:10:19","slug":"cerkesler-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/cerkesler-4\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ERKESLER"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

John Colarusso
\n<\/span><\/span><\/b> \u00c7eviri: Soner Kocsav
\n\u201cPrometus \u00c7erkesler Aras\u0131nda\u201d kitab\u0131ndan bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Kendilerini \u201cAdige\u201d diye adland\u0131ran \u00c7erkesler (Circassians), Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinin yerli halk\u0131d\u0131r. \u201cCircassian\u201d terimi, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e olan \u201cCherkess\u201d teriminin \u0130ngilizce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7i bu terim, bazen Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya dil ailesine mensup kendi dilleri ile var olan Adige, Abhaz-Abaza ve Wub\u0131hlar\u0131 da i\u00e7eren yayg\u0131n bir tan\u0131m olarak, bazen de geli\u015fig\u00fczel bir \u015fekilde t\u00fcm Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tam anlam\u0131yla da tarihi \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n halk\u0131 anlam\u0131nda \u201cAdige\u201d olarak tercih edilebilmi\u015fti. 19.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 fethi ile beraber n\u00fcfusunun \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanm\u0131\u015f \u00c7erkesler, bug\u00fcn sadece az\u0131nl\u0131k seviyesinde yo\u011fun olarak Rusya Federasyonu i\u00e7erisindeki \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 cumhuriyete b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f olan anavatanlar\u0131nda ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler (Kabardey-Balkarya, Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkesya ve Adigey).<\/p>\n

TAR\u0130H
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkesler, ilk olarak M.\u00d6 9.y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6znel bir varolu\u015f ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar, ger\u00e7i kaynaklar daha erken bir varolu\u015fa i\u015faret etmektedir. Hi\u00e7bir zaman politik olarak \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda birle\u015febilmi\u015f de\u011fillerdi, g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve b\u00f6lgedeki n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltan bir ger\u00e7ekte, Mo\u011follar, Avarlar, Pe\u00e7enekler, Hunlar ve Hazarlar gibi kavimlerin belirli d\u00f6nemlerde sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na maruz kalmalar\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu eksiklik sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00c7erkeslerin 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l sonlar\u0131 ile 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131na de\u011fin birbiri ard\u0131na gelen seferler ve sava\u015flar neticesinde Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan yava\u015f yava\u015f yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lmalar\u0131 ile \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine zarar verir. Bu d\u00f6nemlerde, \u00c7erkesler bat\u0131da mutlak bir tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 elde etmeye isteklilerdi, fakat ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 olan yard\u0131m s\u00f6z\u00fc hi\u00e7bir zaman yerine getirilememi\u015fti. K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra Rusya, ilgisini \u00c7e\u00e7enya ve Da\u011f\u0131stan ile ba\u015flayan bir heves ile Kafkasya\u2019ya \u00e7evirdi.1859’da, do\u011fu Kafkasya da \u0130mam \u015eamil\u2019in direni\u015fine son verdi ve ilgisini bat\u0131ya \u00e7evirerek 1864’de \u00c7erkeslere boyun e\u011fdirip amac\u0131na ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Rus idaresi alt\u0131ndaki di\u011fer az\u0131nl\u0131klar gibi, \u00c7erkeslerde yeni yerle\u015fim ve d\u00fczenleme ilkelerine boyun e\u011fdirildi. Kom\u00fcnist d\u00fczen alt\u0131ndaki ortakl\u0131ktan pay\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131.<\/p>\n

K\u00dcLT\u00dcR
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkesler sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 insanlard\u0131. Yeti\u015fkin erkeklerden silah kullanmalar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131 ve sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gen\u00e7 erkekleri yeti\u015ftirmeleri beklenirdi. Ailevi ba\u011flar\u0131 o kadar koruyucu ve te\u015fvik edici de\u011fildi, di\u011fer yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in onlar\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fimine, e\u011fitimine kendi evlatlar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok \u00f6nem veren ebeveynlerdi onlar. \u00c7erkeslerin sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131 bir zamanlar anaerkildi. Kad\u0131nlar sava\u015flarda kocalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Ger\u00e7i bu anaerkil d\u00fczen fazla s\u00fcrmedi, fakat kad\u0131nlar hala sayg\u0131 ve itibar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli yere sahiplerdir.<\/p>\n

Rus istilas\u0131ndan \u00f6nceleri \u00c7erkes k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve sosyal hayat\u0131 son derece tabakala\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerindeki birka\u00e7 kabile tamamen e\u015fitlik taraftar\u0131 iken \u00e7o\u011fu, otoriter ve bask\u0131c\u0131 sosyal s\u0131n\u0131f sistemi i\u00e7erisinde zay\u0131flat\u0131ld\u0131. En y\u00fcksek s\u0131n\u0131f prensler, onu takip eden soylular s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve sonra halktan olan imtiyazl\u0131 tabakalar, bey k\u00f6leleri ve esirler. Rus idaresine girmeden \u00f6nceki son on y\u0131l i\u00e7inde, iki kabile geleneksel kurallar\u0131n\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131p yerine demokratik y\u00f6ntemleri yerle\u015ftirdiler, fakat bu sosyal deneme, \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn elden gitmesi ile k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131nda ana inan\u00e7 sistemi \u00e7o\u011funluk ad\u0131na Suni \u0130slam’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u0130ASPORA
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkesler Orta\u00e7a\u011f’dan beri Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Persler, Roma, Bizans ve Alt\u0131n Ordu gibi bir\u00e7ok yabanc\u0131 ordulara kat\u0131larak bir nevi gelenek meydana getirdiler. \u00d6zellikle T\u00fcrk ve M\u0131s\u0131r Memluklar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde \u00e7ok iyi temsil edilmi\u015flerdi. 1382-1517 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren Burci hanedan\u0131 \u00c7erkes Memluklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkes k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n istilas\u0131 ile par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f ve etkisizle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Buna en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6rnek daha \u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00e7e\u015fitli birimlerindeki \u00c7erkes diasporas\u0131d\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn \u00f6nemli bir \u00c7erkes toplulu\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Suriye, L\u00fcbnan, M\u0131s\u0131r, \u0130srail, Libya ve Amerika’da ya\u015f\u0131yor. Kosova\u2019da ki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck topluluklar ise 1998’de Kosova vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131karak Adigey\u2019e yerle\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ERKESLER<\/p>\n

<\/b>\u201cPromethus \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131nda\u201d, John Colarusso<\/p>\n

Kafkaslar, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayanarak Sovyetler Birli\u011fi’nin g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda t\u00fcm Asya topraklar\u0131n\u0131n en etnografik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fe sahip b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. Hemen hemen \u0130spanya b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcndeki b\u00f6lgeye hakim olan Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131, baz\u0131lar\u0131 daha erken devirlerden bug\u00fcnlere kadar ya\u015fayarak gelmi\u015f g\u00f6z\u00fcken etnik gruplar\u0131n \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine ev sahipli\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu gruplar, d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde ba\u015fka hi\u00e7bir dille akraba olmayan \u00e7o\u011funlukta ve di\u011fer Asyal\u0131 dillerden onlar\u0131 ay\u0131ran garip ve karma\u015f\u0131k \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6steren yakla\u015f\u0131k elli kadar dil konu\u015furlar. Bu bahsedilen b\u00f6lgede \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 dil ailesi mevcuttur: G\u00fcneyli veya Kartvelli, Kuzeydo\u011fu veya Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 ve Kuzeybat\u0131l\u0131lar. Kuzeybat\u0131l\u0131 diller belki de b\u00f6lgedeki hi\u00e7bir dilinki kadar karma\u015f\u0131k de\u011fildir ve Abhazlar, Abazalar, Wub\u0131hlar, Kabardeyler ve Adigeler taraf\u0131ndan konu\u015fulur. Bu son iki kabile her zaman \u00c7erkes olarak bir arada gruplan\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n, kuzeyi Kuban nehri ile s\u0131n\u0131rlanan kuzeybat\u0131 \u00e7eyre\u011finde yerle\u015fik olan \u00c7erkesler karma bir ekonomi uygulad\u0131lar. Da\u011fl\u0131k ormanlar ve y\u00fcksek vadilerde olanlar\u0131 avc\u0131l\u0131k ve ufak \u00f6l\u00e7ekte tar\u0131mla ilgilenir ve eski H\u0131ristiyan veya pagan geleneklerini korurlar. Da\u011f etekleri ve d\u00fczl\u00fck ovadakiler at yeti\u015ftirme, \u00e7ift\u00e7ilik, ticaret ile u\u011fra\u015fan, genelde Suni \u0130slam’\u0131 benimsemekte, yinede k\u00f6ylerinde H\u0131ristiyan ve Yahudi inanc\u0131ndaki \u00c7erkesler bulunabilmekteydi. \u00c7erkesler, kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fczelli\u011fi ve erkeklerinin yi\u011fitli\u011fi ile t\u00fcm Orta Do\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda \u00fcnlenmi\u015fti. Fiziksel olarak \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7erkes, \u00f6zelliklerine yans\u0131yan birazda olsa do\u011fulu tipi g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcyle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte daha Avrupal\u0131lard\u0131r. Di\u011ferleri siyah veya simsiyah sa\u00e7lar\u0131 ile beraber a\u00e7\u0131k tenleri ile keskin bir Kafkasyal\u0131 \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6sterirken \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7erkes sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Dik, sa\u011flam ve k\u0131vrak v\u00fccut yap\u0131lar\u0131 hem erkek hem de kad\u0131nlar\u0131 i\u00e7in ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 bir yap\u0131dad\u0131r ve bug\u00fcn bile \u00e7o\u011fu k\u00f6yler bir\u00e7o\u011fu y\u00fczl\u00fc ya\u015flar\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131 insanlardan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Onlar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir \u0131rk taraf\u0131ndan h\u00fckmedilen gayet g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrd\u00fc ve halada \u00f6yledir. Erkeklerin sava\u015f k\u0131yafetleri yani \u00c7erkeskalar\u0131 (Cherkesska) yumu\u015fak kaideli, kaliteli deriden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f diz ve \u00fcst\u00fcne kadar \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7izme ve koyun derisinden ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ile g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs \u00fczerinden \u00e7apraz fi\u015feklikli bir elbise \u015feklinde d\u00f6\u015fenmi\u015f bir kaftand\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Slav Kazaklar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere, \u00e7o\u011fu kom\u015fu halklar taraf\u0131ndan benimsenmi\u015fti. Bu nedenle bu kost\u00fcm daima Rusyal\u0131 olmak \u015feklinde bir san\u0131ya neden olmu\u015ftur. Bug\u00fcnlere kadar gelen sekiz kabile modern Hindistan\u2019\u0131n art\u0131k eskide kalan sistemine benzer bir kast sisteminin de\u011fi\u015fen tabakala\u015fmas\u0131 ile olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Rahip-krallar, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00f6neten soylular, ticaret ile u\u011fra\u015fan-b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte tar\u0131m ve \u00fcretimle u\u011fra\u015fan azat edilmi\u015f k\u00f6leler ve son olarak ta k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda prens ve soylulara u\u015fakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131nda, ufak \u00e7apta \u00e7iftlik i\u015fleri ile de u\u011fra\u015fan sab\u0131k sava\u015f esirleri. 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda, \u00c7ar ordular\u0131n\u0131n eliyle gelen y\u0131k\u0131mdan sonraki be\u015f y\u0131l, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerin ve azat edilmi\u015f k\u00f6lelerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftiler. Bu nedenle bug\u00fcn d\u00fcnya n\u00fcfusunun bir milyon kadar bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan \u00c7erkesler \u015fimdi Avrupa ve Amerika\u2019daki \u015fehirler ve Orta Do\u011fu boyunca bir co\u011frafyada da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k olarak ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

John Colarusso Çeviri: Soner Kocsav “Prometus Çerkesler Arasında” kitabından bir bölüm Kendilerini “Adige” diye adlandıran Çerkesler (Circassians), Kuzeybatı Kafkasya bölgesinin yerli halkıdır. “Circassian” terimi, Türkçe olan “Cherkess” teriminin İngilizce karşılığıdır. Gerçi bu terim, bazen Kuzeybatı Kafkasya dil ailesine mensup kendi dilleri ile var olan Adige, Abhaz-Abaza ve Wubıhları da içeren yaygın bir tanım olarak, bazen 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