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\u015eIBZUH <\/span><\/b><\/span> Kim <\/span><\/span><\/b> (\u0428\u044b\u0431\u0437\u044b\u0445\u044a\u0443 \u041a\u0438\u043c)<\/span> Yeni d\u00f6nem (1) ve onun getirdi\u011fi de\u011fi\u015fim, bize, sorumluluk ve sorunlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 objektif bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden ele alma ve de\u011ferlendirme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Biz de, \u00a0tarih\u00e7iler olarak, yeni olanaklara kavu\u015ftuk. Ancak sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan bu yeni olanaklar\u0131 yeterince de\u011ferlendirebildi\u011fimizi s\u00f6yleyebilecek durumda da de\u011filiz. \u0130\u015fin bu noktas\u0131nda \u00c7ehov<\/b>‘un bir \u00f6yk\u00fc kahraman\u0131na de\u011finmeden edemeyece\u011fim. Toprak sahibi soylu efendi, k\u00f6lesine \u201cArt\u0131k \u00f6zg\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u201d diyor. K\u00f6le sevinecek yerde a\u011flamaya ba\u015fl\u0131yor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc “efendisiz” ya\u015famaya al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n de\u011fil. Her \u015feyi efendisine \u00a0sorup yapmaya al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, peki \u015fimdi onca i\u015fin alt\u0131ndan tek ba\u015f\u0131na nas\u0131l kalkacakt\u0131?<\/p>\n Biz de \u015fimdi, bu ya\u015fl\u0131 k\u00f6le gibiyiz. \u015ea\u015fk\u0131n ve \u00fcrkek ad\u0131mlar atmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yoruz, nas\u0131l davranmam\u0131z gerekti\u011fini bilmiyoruz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc hep emir almaya ve y\u00f6netilmeye al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f\u0131z. Bir i\u015fi kendi giri\u015fimimizle, kendimiz yapacak d\u00fczeye gelmemi\u015fiz. Bir giri\u015fimde bulunmak i\u00e7in bize ne yapaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n s\u00f6ylenmesini bekliyoruz. Kendine g\u00fcven<\/b> diye bir \u015feyimiz kalmam\u0131\u015f. <\/p>\n <\/i>Kafkasya’ya ili\u015fkin ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar \u00fczerine<\/p>\n <\/b> Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n 19’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk d\u00f6nem ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00f6nemli belgeler Rus askeri ar\u015fivlerinde depolanm\u0131\u015f durmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netiminin, s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcrken halk\u0131m\u0131za ili\u015fkin baz\u0131 bilgi ve gere\u00e7lerden yararlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur. S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fimiz o d\u00f6nemin tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131na ve bu arada Adigelere ili\u015fkin olarak yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lar hi\u00e7 de az de\u011fildir. D\u00f6nemin en \u00fcnl\u00fc yazarlar\u0131ndan S. M. Bronevski, \u00a0G. V. Novitski, K. F. Stal, \u00a0L. Y. Lyule, F. F. Tornav, N. \u0130. Karlgof<\/b> ve H. L. Kamanev<\/b>‘e ait olan yaz\u0131lar \u00f6nemlidir. Halk\u0131m\u0131z \u00fczerine Gazi Girey<\/b> (\u041a\u044a\u0430\u0437 \u0414\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439), Han Girey<\/b> (\u0425\u044a\u0430\u043d \u0414\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u0439), \u015eor<\/b> Negume<\/b> (\u041d\u044d\u0433\u0443\u043c\u044d \u0428\u043e\u0440\u044d), Sultan Adil Girey, Kalembi<\/b> ve daha ba\u015fka Adige as\u0131ll\u0131 ki\u015filerin yazd\u0131klar\u0131 da \u00f6nemlidir. D\u0131\u015f \u00fclkeler yazarlar\u0131nca yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yaz\u0131lar da ku\u015fkusuz \u00f6nemlidir. Bu yazarlar aras\u0131nda Bell, \u00a0Longworth, Klaporth, Taitbout de Marigny, Dubois de Montpereux<\/b> ve K. Koch<\/b> gibi adlar say\u0131labilir. Bu ki\u015filer halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin ilgin\u00e7 \u015feyler yazd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Adigelerin o d\u00f6nemlerde var olan toplumsal ili\u015fkileri ve o d\u00f6nem Adige feodal toplum yap\u0131s\u0131<\/b> i\u00e7inde olu\u015fmakta olan baz\u0131 ataerkil \u00f6zellikler<\/b> Bronevski, Novitski ve Han Girey taraf\u0131ndan a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00a0S\u00f6z konusu yazarlardan, \u00f6rne\u011fin Karlgrof <\/b>ile Lyule, \u00a0Adige soy ailesi i\u00e7inde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmekte olan demokratik d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlere de\u011finmi\u015flerdir. <\/b><\/p>\n Adige kabile topluluklar\u0131ndaki geleneksel yap\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fi konusunda Han Girey<\/b> ilgin\u00e7 \u00f6neriler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00d6nerilerini \u201cPolojeniya ob upravlenii gorskimi narodami\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda ortaya koymu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re Adige toplumunun yap\u0131s\u0131nda bir idari (y\u00f6netsel) reforma gereksinim vard\u0131r. <\/b>S\u00f6z konusu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n tarihsel anlamda \u00e7ok de\u011ferli bir belge oldu\u011fu ku\u015fkusuzdur. Bunun Kafkasoloji \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Adige tarih yaz\u0131m\u0131 ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131n bu yaz\u0131lara dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n Ancak Han Girey\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 olumlu ve yerinde olarak g\u00f6remeyiz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o \u00c7arl\u0131k Rus ordusunun bir subay\u0131 idi ve Adigelerin etnik temizlik yoluyla topraklar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmalar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na olanca g\u00fcc\u00fcyle omuz veriyordu. <\/b><\/p>\n Bu arada \u0130ngiliz Bell\u2019in (2) yakalanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015f olan ki\u015fi de Yaver Albay Han Girey<\/b> idi. Bell\u2019i yakalama g\u00f6revi, soyda\u015flar\u0131ndan kolayl\u0131kla muhbir ve i\u015fbirlik\u00e7iler bulabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesiyle ona verilmi\u015fti. Ayr\u0131ca yabanc\u0131 ajanlar\u0131 yakalayacak ki\u015filere, ki\u015fi ba\u015f\u0131na bin ile iki bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f Ruble \u00f6deme yetkisi de Han Girey\u2019e tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n <\/i>Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 ve \u00c7erkes ya\u015fam\u0131 \u00fczerine<\/p>\n <\/b> \u00c7erkes tarihinin de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00f6nlerinin ayd\u0131nlat\u0131lmas\u0131 gibi konularda Y. D. Felitsin, P. P. Korolenko, \u00a0\u0130. N. Klingen, O. V. Markgraf<\/b> ve A. N. Diya\u00e7kov-Garanov<\/b> gibi bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n katk\u0131lar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u00a0Adigelerin toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak yap\u0131lmakta olan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalarda bir duraklama durumu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netiminin amac\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015fti. O d\u00f6nemdeki Rus burjuva ve soylu Kafkasologlara verilmi\u015f olan g\u00f6rev, Adigelerin ekonomik ili\u015fkilerinin geri ve \u00e7arp\u0131k temeller \u00fczerinde kurulu oldu\u011fu propagandas\u0131na destek sa\u011flamakla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 idi. Sava\u015f\u0131n \u015fiddetlenmesi oran\u0131nda, Rus burjuva tarih\u00e7ileri \u00c7erkeslerin vah\u015fi, k\u00f6t\u00fc ve ya\u011fmac\u0131 ki\u015filerden olu\u015fma bir topluluk oldu\u011funu y\u00fckselen d\u00fczeylerde seslendirme i\u015fiyle g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015flerdi. Bu ki\u015filer halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k yapma yetene\u011finden yoksun, bir sanatsal becerisi dahi olmayan, geri, durmadan kom\u015fular\u0131na sald\u0131r\u0131p duran, ya\u011fma ve \u00e7apul pe\u015finde ko\u015fan ilkel bir topluluk olarak g\u00f6stermeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu burjuva tarih\u00e7ilerinin g\u00f6revi Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n (Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n)\u00a0 adi ve s\u0131radan ki\u015filer olduklar\u0131n\u0131, yine de k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc Ruslar\u0131n merhamet ve yard\u0131mlar\u0131 sayesinde ayakta kalabilen insanlar olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek, \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n b\u00f6ylelerini ezmesi ve bu i\u015ften \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc mazur g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmak ve kamuoyunu buna inand\u0131rmak idi. V. G. Garanov<\/b>\u2019a g\u00f6re, \u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin egemen s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir konsept (resmi anlay\u0131\u015f) olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131. Bu konsepte g\u00f6re, Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f olanlar, asl\u0131nda Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n kendileri idiler. Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n s\u0131k s\u0131k Rus k\u00f6ylerini basmakta olmalar\u0131, Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetini \u00f6nlem almaya ve g\u00fcvenlik kayg\u0131s\u0131yla \u00c7erkeslere kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k vermeye \u201czorlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d.<\/p>\n F. \u015eerbina<\/b> ve N. F. Dubrovin<\/b> gibi Kuban Kazak Ordusu tarih\u00e7ileri de Adigelere ili\u015fkin olumlu olmayan \u015feyler yazm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Dubrovin<\/b>\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201c(\u2026) Adigeler bir yerlere sald\u0131rmadan ve bir yerleri ya\u011fmalamadan duramazlar\u201d<\/b>. Yine de \u015fansl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r\u0131z, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Rus tarih\u00e7ileri i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 \u015feyler yazm\u0131\u015f, \u00a0\u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00f6m\u00fcrgeci ve \u015fovenist \u201chastal\u0131klar\u0131na\u201d yakalanmam\u0131\u015f olanlar da vard\u0131. Bu tarih\u00e7ilerden biri olan S. M. Bronevski<\/b>, \u201dNovey\u015fe geografi\u00e7eskii istori\u00e7eskie izvestiya\u201d adl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Adigelerin de\u011ferli sanatsal yap\u0131tlar \u00fcretmekte olduklar\u0131n\u0131 kan\u0131tlar\u0131yla<\/b> g\u00f6sterdi. Adige ya\u015fam\u0131, ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir bi\u00e7imde G. V. Novitski<\/b>\u2019nin \u201cGeografi\u00e7esko-Stati\u00e7eskoye obrozrenie zemli, naselennoynarodom Adehe\u201d\u00a0 ve K. F. Stal<\/b>\u2019\u0131n \u00a0\u201cEtnografi\u00e7eskiy o\u00e7erk \u00e7erkesskogo naroda\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda da ortaya kondu.<\/p>\n Adigelerin sosyal ve ekonomik durumuna ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131lar \u0130ngiliz Urquhart<\/b>\u2019\u0131n \u201cPortfolio\u201d<\/b> dergisinde de yay\u0131nlanmaktayd\u0131. \u00c7erkes ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan incelemi\u015f olan N. Klingen<\/b> \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u201c\u00c7erkeslerin k\u00f6t\u00fc ki\u015filer olduklar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir, ama k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fck yapanlar ve sald\u0131rgan olanlar soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan (\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) \u00a0olanlard\u0131r. Halk\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu tar\u0131m, hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve el sanatlar\u0131 yoluyla ge\u00e7imini sa\u011flayan ki\u015filerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r\u201d. <\/b><\/p>\n Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan yap\u0131tlar i\u00e7inde en \u00f6nemli g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerimiz A. P. Berje, N. F. Dubrovin, \u00a0K. A. Borozdin, M. \u0130. Venyukov, P. P. Korolenko, G. V. Novitski, N. F. Federov, F. \u015eerbina ve Y. D. Felitsin<\/b>\u2019in yazd\u0131klar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sovyetler d\u00f6neminde konu, G. A. Dzagurov, \u00a0M. S. Totoyev, N. A. Smirnov, \u00a0V. P. Nevskaya, A. H. Kasum, \u00a0T. H. Kumuk, B. M. Dj\u0131me, H. O. Laypanov<\/b> ve G. A. Dzidzariya<\/b> taraf\u0131ndan i\u015flenmi\u015f ve geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. <\/p>\n <\/i>Adigelerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ve Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00fczerine<\/p>\n <\/b>Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda, Adigelerin \u00f6z anayurtlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131larak d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri olay\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131k mutlakiyeti d\u00f6nemi tarih\u00e7ileri taraf\u0131ndan kendi s\u0131n\u0131fsal konumlar\u0131na uygun d\u00fc\u015fecek bir bi\u00e7imde a\u00e7\u0131klanmak istenmi\u015ftir. Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131 ile Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmalar\u0131 (s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri) olay\u0131n\u0131n yeterince incelendi\u011fini ve bu gibi konularda ku\u015fkuya yer kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler vard\u0131r. Ancak bir ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 (olguyu) dikkate almakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan her bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve her \u00a0bir olgunun derinlemesine incelenmesinde \u00a0\u00f6nem vard\u0131r. <\/b><\/p>\n Bilimsel literat\u00fcrde s\u0131k s\u0131k ba\u015fvurulan ve \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan ana bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 ve kavramlar \u00fczerinde biraz olsun durmak istiyorum. Ki\u015fisel kanaatime g\u00f6re, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olan ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerini incelerken, anti-kolonyal<\/b> ve anti-feodal<\/b> hareketleri birlikte kapsam i\u00e7ine al\u0131yoruz. Bu tutum do\u011fru olabilir mi? Bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnelim. Hareketin ad\u0131n\u0131 tam ve do\u011fru olarak koyacak olursak, bu kavram i\u00e7indeki \u201canti-feodal\u201d eki bir fazlal\u0131kt\u0131r ve at\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir<\/b>. Feodal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n iki y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir m\u00fccadele verdi\u011fi s\u00f6yleniyor: Soylu (feodal) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 Rus ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rken, bir yandan da k\u00f6le s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131 (\u043f\u0449\u044b\u043b1\u044b)\u00a0 eziyordu, deniyor. B\u00f6yle bir \u015fey olamaz.<\/p>\n Adige topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131ran Rus ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 koyan Adigelerin ba\u015f\u0131nda s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc feodal s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n bulundu\u011fu do\u011frudur. Ancak yurdu ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in verilen direni\u015fe t\u00fcm toplum katmanlar\u0131 kat\u0131lmaktayd\u0131<\/b>.<\/p>\n 19\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri m\u00fccadele, \u00e7ok say\u0131da de\u011fi\u015fik ve karma\u015f\u0131k olguyu birlikte i\u00e7ermektedir. M\u00fccadele s\u00fcresince \u00e7ok say\u0131da devletin amac\u0131 ve \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015ftir. Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ngiltere, bu \u00fc\u00e7 \u00fclkenin her biri ku\u015fkusuz kendi \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131 pe\u015findeydi. Direnen taraf olarak sava\u015fa kat\u0131lan halklar da ayn\u0131 bi\u00e7imde kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 savunmaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131da sundu\u011fumuz a\u00e7\u0131klama ve \u00f6rneklerden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, baz\u0131 yazarlar derinlemesine bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmadan ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini sa\u011flam temellere oturtmadan kolay yarg\u0131lara varmakta, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 sorumsuz bulmakta, \u201dKuzey Kafkasya\u2019da ak\u0131t\u0131lan kan\u0131n ve Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmalar\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131n sorumlusunun Rusya de\u011fil, Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n kendileri, \u0130ngiltere, T\u00fcrkiye, egemen-feodal s\u0131n\u0131flar ile din adamlar\u0131 oldu\u011funu\u201d<\/b> \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedirler. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere kar\u015f\u0131n, biz, sava\u015f\u0131n sonucu olarak Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri olay\u0131n\u0131n esas (ana) sorumlusunun \u00c7al\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz. Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmalar\u0131 olay\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin sorumlu tutulamayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6yl\u00fcyoruz<\/b>. Zor duruma d\u00fc\u015fen halklar\u0131n (ve bu arada Adigelerin) d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7ine girmeleri do\u011fald\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00dclkelerinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00c7erkeslere yard\u0131m edilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu da do\u011frudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulunan bir kurulu\u015f (komisyon), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yerle\u015fenlere yard\u0131m ediyordu. S\u00f6zgeli\u015fi Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz <\/b>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Da\u011fl\u0131lara 1864\u2019te 5 milyon Kuru\u015f<\/b> (Rus paras\u0131yla 1 milyon Ruble) para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftu. <\/p>\n <\/i>G\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131nda dinsel etkenler konusu<\/p>\n <\/b> Adigelerin (\u00c7erkeslerin) T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerinde, dinsel etkenin temel etken oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrenler de vard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, bana kal\u0131rsa inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 de\u011fildir. Adigelerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelen feci g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131n\u0131 dini nedenlere dayand\u0131rmak do\u011fru olmaz. Bir dinsel etkilenme olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemiyoruz. Ancak Adigelerin ba\u015f\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan bu boyutta bir felaketi dinsel nedenlere dayand\u0131rmaya kalk\u0131\u015fmak, ger\u00e7eklerden ayr\u0131lmak olur. Bir de \u015f\u00f6ylesine bir soruyu yan\u0131tlamak gerekir: Peki, Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar niye T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmediler? 9\u2019uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u0130slamla tan\u0131\u015fan Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da \u00fcstelik bir \u015feriat (dinsel devlet) d\u00fczeni de vard\u0131. <\/b>Din, Adige topra\u011f\u0131nda Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019daki \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde etkili (k\u00f6kl\u00fc) de\u011fildi. Adigeler \u0130slamiyet\u2019i 17 ve 18\u2019inci y\u00fczy\u0131llarda kabul etmi\u015flerdir. R. Fadayev<\/b>\u2019in \u201c\u015eestdesyat let kavkazskoy voyn\u0131\u201d\u00a0 adl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda Adigelerin \u0130slam dininin \u201csevdal\u0131s\u0131\u201d (fanati\u011fi) olmad\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilmektedir. Dubois de Montpereux<\/b> da \u201dM\u00fcsl\u00fcman olanlar Adige derebeyleridir (p\u015f\u0131)\u2026 S\u0131radan, halktan ki\u015filer hala \u00e7oktanr\u0131l\u0131 (politeist) eski dinlerine ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131rlar\u201d\u00a0 demektedir. Ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 Karlgof<\/b> da yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u0131radan Adigelerin ar\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir dine ba\u011fl\u0131 olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, H\u0131ristiyan ve politeist inan\u00e7 izleriyle \u0130slami \u00f6zelliklerin bir arada (karma\u015f\u0131k) ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 bu sonuncusu.<\/p>\n Folklor ve edebiyat ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ile o \u00f6nem insanlar\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131, tarih\u00e7i ve etnograflar, Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da (\u00c7erkesya) sa\u011flam bir M\u00fcridizm (3) temelinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmektedirler. <\/p>\n <\/i>G\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131nda soylular\u0131n pay\u0131<\/p>\n <\/b> Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri olay\u0131n\u0131n politik, ekonomik ve etik (ahlaki) nedenleri konular\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen ilk ki\u015fi, bir tarih\u00e7i ve Kafkasolog olan A. P. Berje<\/b>\u2019dir (1828-1886). Berje\u2019ye g\u00f6re, Rusya\u2019da toprak k\u00f6leli\u011finin (serflik) kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, zengin Da\u011fl\u0131lar serflerini (k\u00f6lelerini) yitirme kayg\u0131s\u0131yla T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye<\/b> ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu t\u00fcr ki\u015filer kand\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 ve yan\u0131ltt\u0131klar\u0131 bilin\u00e7siz ki\u015fileri de yanlar\u0131na al\u0131p g\u00f6\u00e7 ediyorlard\u0131. Berje, baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan g\u00f6\u00e7leri b\u00f6ylesine nedenlere ba\u011flarken, toplu Da\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7lerinden Kont Yevdokimov<\/b>\u2019un kat\u0131 politikas\u0131n\u0131 sorumlu g\u00f6rmektedir. Kont Yevdokimov\u2019un Kafkas Ordusu Karargah Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Kartsev<\/b>\u2019e g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu 25 Temmuz 1862 tarihli bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u015fu dizeler yer almaktad\u0131r: \u201c\u2026Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmekte olmalar\u0131, her iki taraf\u0131n da yarar\u0131na olan bir olgudur. Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n kendileri zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015famaktan kurtulup rahatlarken, biz de Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n kolonizasyonunu (Rus yerle\u015fimini) \u00a0engelsiz ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131n\u0131 elde etmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z\u201d. <\/b><\/p>\n Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri i\u015finin h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla General M. T. Loris-Melikov<\/b> 1860\u2019da \u0130stanbul\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmi\u015fti. G\u00f6revi de, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk edecek olan Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye kabul edilmemeleri halinde, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 sorunun b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc konusunda \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rus B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Prens A. B. Lobanov-Rostoski<\/b>\u2019yi uyarmak ve bilgilendirmek idi.<\/p>\n Berje\u2019nin belirtti\u011finin aksine, k\u00f6le sahibi Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye, daha do\u011frusu g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131 olay\u0131, \u00a0Rusya\u2019da serfli\u011fin (toprak k\u00f6leli\u011finin) kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 1861 y\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6ncesinde ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Adige soylular\u0131n\u0131n (\u043f\u0449\u044b – \u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a)\u00a0 Adigelerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmeleri olay\u0131nda ku\u015fkusuz baz\u0131 rolleri olmu\u015ftur. Kan\u0131tlar\u0131 da vard\u0131r bunun. \u00d6rne\u011fin Rus y\u00f6netimince soylulara ait olan baz\u0131 topraklar\u0131n soylulardan al\u0131n\u0131p Kazaklara verilmeleri gibi durumlar \u00fczerine, baz\u0131 soylular\u0131n da bir tepki bi\u00e7iminde topraklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc terk edip derledikleri kalabal\u0131k k\u00f6yl\u00fc kitleleri ile birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiklerini biliyoruz: Or\u0131l Cam\u0131rz, \u0130ndar Hatohu\u015foko, Kudeynet Kur\u011foko <\/b>ve \u00a0Astemirko Ha\u00e7\u2019a\u015f <\/b>bu t\u00fcr tepkiler nedeniyle \u00a0g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. Bu arada Kabardiya <\/b> Adigelerinin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine yol a\u00e7acak \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ciddi nedenler bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Kabardeylerin (Ruslarla bir) sava\u015f i\u00e7inde olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da belirtmemiz gerekmektedir. Oysa Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da (As\u0131l \u00c7erkesya\u2019da) durum \u00e7ok farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Burada sava\u015f vard\u0131. Shapsugh, Natukuay (\u041d\u044d\u0442\u044b\u0445\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0439) ve Abzeghlerin (\u0410\u0431\u0434\u0437\u0430\u0445) beyleri (\u043f\u0449\u044b) yoktu. Y\u00f6netim k\u00f6y muhtarlar\u0131n\u0131n (star\u015fina) ve verk\u2019lerin (\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) elindeydi. Bu ki\u015filer g\u00f6\u00e7e \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015f de\u011fildirler. Bu nedenle g\u00f6\u00e7 ya da \u201chacret\u201d (siyasi g\u00f6\u00e7) olay\u0131nda varl\u0131kl\u0131 ve s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc kesimi su\u00e7laman\u0131n bir dayana\u011f\u0131 yoktur. Bilindi\u011fi gibi, 1796 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Bz\u0131yko Sava\u015f\u0131 <\/b>(\u0411\u0437\u044b\u0439\u043a\u044a\u043e\u00a0 \u0437\u0430\u0443) ve benzeri daha ba\u015fka olaylar nedeniyle Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 (s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f) \u00a0iyice zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n <\/i>Adigelerin d\u00fcze indirilmeleri ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn olay\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n <\/b> Adigelerin ba\u015flar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131n, bulunduklar\u0131 da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerden ayr\u0131l\u0131p Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetince kendilerine tahsis edilen yerlere yerle\u015fmeyi kabul etmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131 gibi nedenlere ba\u011flayan yazarlar da vard\u0131r. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn de dayanaks\u0131z oldu\u011fu, General Yermolov<\/b>\u2019un Karadeniz K\u0131y\u0131 M\u00fcstahkem Hatt\u0131 Komutan\u0131 General Vlasov<\/b>\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir yaz\u0131dan yeterince anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yaz\u0131da \u015f\u00f6yle denmektedir: <\/i> \u201cB\u00fct\u00fcn bir k\u00f6y ya da bir \u00a0soy aile b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc bi\u00e7iminde, taraf\u0131m\u0131za ge\u00e7ip yerle\u015fmek isteyenleri kabul etmeyiniz, onlar\u0131 par\u00e7alay\u0131n\u0131z\u201d<\/b>. Bu s\u00f6zler i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca yoruma gerek var m\u0131d\u0131r? Adige Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131ndan P. O. Autle<\/b>\u2019nin \u00a0<\/b>(\u041f. \u041e. \u0410\u0443\u043b\u044a\u044d) \u201c\u0421\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0431\u0443\u043b \u0438\u043a1\u044b\u0436\u044c\u044b\u0440 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u0445\u044c\u044d\u0443 \u043a\u044a\u044b\u0437\u0445\u044d\u043a1\u044b\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0440\u201d <\/b>(T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn Ana Nedeni)\u00a0 adl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda (bkz. \u0417\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u0448\u043d\u044b\u0433\u044a, <\/b>no. 4, 1989), \u00a0Adigelerin \u00f6z anayurtlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine yol a\u00e7an nedenler \u00fczerinde derinlemesine durulmaktad\u0131r. \u0130nceleme yaz\u0131s\u0131nda yazar, bilim insanlar\u0131n\u0131n konuya ili\u015fkin farkl\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ele al\u0131p bir sonuca ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sonuca g\u00f6re, Adigelerin \u00e7ok sevdikleri topraklar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n ana nedeni \u00c7arl\u0131k Rus rejiminin Adigelere ili\u015fkin olarak y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc silahl\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrge sava\u015f\u0131 politikas\u0131d\u0131r. <\/p>\n \u201c<\/i>1864\u2019te Kuban B\u00f6lgesinde (\u00c7erkesya) silahlar sustu. Da\u011fl\u0131lara (Adigelere)\u00a0 kar\u015f\u0131 verilen ve y\u0131llar boyunca s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olan sava\u015f sona erdi. \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Grand\u00fck Mihail Nikolayevi\u00e7\u2019in silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7leri Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 (\u00c7erkesya) ele ge\u00e7irdi. Buraya farkl\u0131 \u00a0insanlar (Ruslar) yerle\u015ftirildi ve bu topraklar \u2018Kuban Ordusu Y\u00f6netimi B\u00f6lgesi\u2019 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nd\u0131\u201d. <\/b>Bu s\u00f6zler de P. P. Korolenko<\/b>\u2019nun 1896\u2019da yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Kuban b\u00f6lgesini ele alan bir inceleme yaz\u0131s\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri olay\u0131n\u0131 trajik (\u00fcz\u00fcc\u00fc) bir olay olarak kar\u015f\u0131layan L. S. Li\u00e7kov <\/b>, 1904\u2019te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cDa\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n topraklar\u0131ndan kovulmalar\u0131 ve yok edilmeleri sava\u015f nedenine dayanmaktad\u0131r\u201d<\/b> (O\u00e7erki iz pro\u015floga Kavkaza i nastoya\u015fego, M., 1904). <\/p>\n N. S. Ba\u015fenov<\/b>\u2019un 1914\u2019te Tiflis\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cBat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Fethinin ve Sava\u015f\u0131n Sona Ermesinin 50\u2019nci Y\u0131l\u0131\u201d <\/b>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda \u015fu s\u00f6zler yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r: \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da Da\u011fl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015f\u0131n belirleyici \u00f6zelli\u011fi, \u00fclkenin silahla ele ge\u00e7irilmesi ve boyun e\u011fdirilmi\u015f olan yerli halk\u0131n biran \u00f6nce topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi bi\u00e7iminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n <\/b> \u201c(\u2026) Da\u011fl\u0131lara boyun e\u011fdirilmekle yetinilemezdi. Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, onlar\u0131 vadilerinden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131p bizim g\u00f6sterece\u011fimiz yerlere yerle\u015ftireceksin ya da yok edeceksin ya da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6ndereceksin. Sava\u015f ac\u0131mas\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r. Bir\u00e7ok halk\u0131 tarihe g\u00f6men sava\u015ftan ac\u0131ma diye bir \u015fey beklenemezdi\u201d. <\/b> B\u00f6yle diyordu 1915\u2019te Tiflis\u2019te yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cPutevoditel po Kavkazskoku voyenno-istori\u00e7eskomu muzey\u0131r\u201d\u00a0 ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131nda da.<\/p>\n S. Ordjonikidze<\/b> 12 A\u011fustos 1921\u2019de \u201cRKP (b) Kafkasya B\u00fcrosu\u2019nun Ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Politik \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u201d <\/b>ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 konu\u015fmas\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 da s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftir: \u201c50-60 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 kendi \u00f6z topraklar\u0131ndan kovdu, Da\u011fl\u0131 k\u00f6ylerini ve onlar\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7apulcu Kazaklara da\u011f\u0131tt\u0131. \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimi, da\u011fl\u0131 halklar\u0131 birbiriyle s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fcyor ve onlar\u0131 birbirleriyle \u00e7at\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131yordu. Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 duymakta olduklar\u0131 nefreti sona erdirmek, bizim i\u00e7in ivedi bir g\u00f6rev olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Bunu ba\u015farmam\u0131z i\u00e7in \u015fimdiki Rusya y\u00f6netiminin \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netiminden ayr\u0131 bir \u015fey oldu\u011funu anlatmam\u0131z gerekiyor. Onlar\u0131n Sovyet y\u00f6netimindeki Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 karde\u015f\u00e7e duygular (ve g\u00fcven) ta\u015f\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yapmal\u0131y\u0131z\u201d. <\/b><\/p>\n 1933\u2019te yay\u0131nlanan \u201cK\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Sovyet Ansiklopedisi\u201d<\/b>nde de \u015fu s\u00f6zlere yer verilmektedir: \u201c\u00c7arl\u0131k rejiminin bask\u0131 politikas\u0131 sonucu, en b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011fram\u0131\u015f Kafkas halklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Adigeler bulunmaktad\u0131r. Adigelerin \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu (resmi istatistiklere g\u00f6re 500 bin ki\u015fi), 1860\u2019larda topraklar\u0131n\u0131 terk etti, bu halktan olan Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n tamam\u0131 ise \u00fclkeden ayr\u0131l\u0131p gitti\u201d. <\/b><\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye Adigeleri i\u00e7inden yeti\u015fmi\u015f olan tarih\u00e7i General \u0130smail Berkok<\/b>\u2019a g\u00f6re, Adigelerin \u00fclkelerinden ayr\u0131l\u0131p d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015f olmalar\u0131 olay\u0131n\u0131n sorumlulu\u011fu \u00c7arl\u0131k y\u00f6netimine aittir. Berkok, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc bir halk \u015fark\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n dizeleriyle de desteklemektedir: \u201cSevgili Kuban\u2019\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kanl\u0131 g\u00f6zya\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, sonsuza de\u011fin olmak \u00fczere terk ediyoruz\u2026\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n \u201cKafkas Sava\u015flar\u0131\u201d<\/b> adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda \u0130. V. Bestujev<\/b> \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201cAdige, Abhaz ve di\u011fer halklar\u0131n \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n politikalar\u0131 sonucu olarak toplu bir bi\u00e7imde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleri, bu halklar\u0131n benzeri g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015f bir y\u0131k\u0131ma u\u011framalar\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u201d. <\/b> <\/p>\n <\/i>Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n niteli\u011fi ve Naib Muhammed Emin olay\u0131<\/p>\n <\/b> Yukar\u0131da belirtti\u011fimiz noktalar ve sundu\u011fumuz \u00f6rnekler, Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 verdikleri m\u00fccadelenin<\/b> yi\u011fitli\u011fe ve adalet aray\u0131\u015f\u0131na dayal\u0131 bir m\u00fccadele, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumaya y\u00f6nelik bir sava\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. <\/b>\u0130lk ba\u015flarda ilerici Rus tarih\u00e7ileri aras\u0131nda bizim gibi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnenler de vard\u0131. \u015eimdilerde bat\u0131l\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler, \u00f6zellikle \u0130ngiliz tarih\u00e7iler bizim g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerimizi payla\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. <\/b>Bu arada bir\u00e7ok burjuva tarih\u00e7isi ile Sovyet tarih\u00e7isinin de daha \u00f6nceleri yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylemeliyiz. Bu gibi ki\u015filerin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine g\u00f6re, \u015eamil \u00f6nderli\u011finde Da\u011fl\u0131 halklar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 m\u00fccadele gerici nitelikte bir m\u00fccadeledir. M\u00fccadelenin amac\u0131, Kafkas halklar\u0131na zorla M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (\u015feriat\u0131) kabul ettirmek, Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 ekonomik ve dini bir bask\u0131 alt\u0131na almak idi. <\/b> Adigelerin \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye \u00f6nderlik etmi\u015f olan Muhammed Emin<\/b> ise, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan farkl\u0131 bi\u00e7imlerde de\u011ferlendirmektedir. Baz\u0131lar\u0131 onun birtak\u0131m gerici faaliyetlerde bulundu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Ger\u00e7e\u011fi s\u00f6ylememiz gerekirse, Muhammed Emin, 1848 y\u0131l\u0131ndan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Adigeleri en \u00fcst d\u00fczeyde bir araya getirebilmi\u015f olan olan ki\u015fidir. Kan\u0131mca Muhammed Emin Adige Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019<\/b>n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fctleyici \u00f6nderidir. Rus komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Muhammed Emin\u2019e g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi el\u00e7ilerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 onun\u00a0 ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc biri oldu\u011funu belirtmi\u015flerdir. <\/p>\n Muhammed Emin 1849\u2019da yap\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00c7erkes toplant\u0131s\u0131nda, Rusya\u2019ya\u00a0 kal\u0131c\u0131 bir darbe indirmek i\u00e7in b\u00fct\u00fcn toplum g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin bir araya getirilmesi ve birle\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini dile getirmi\u015ftir<\/b>. M\u00fccadelesinin ilk g\u00fcn\u00fcnden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere din damlar\u0131 ile Abzegh muhtarlar\u0131 (star\u015fina)\u00a0 Muhammed Emin\u2019i desteklediler. Destekleyenler aras\u0131nda Cendere Hac\u0131 Kasey<\/b> de vard\u0131. 1849 ilkbahar\u0131nda Meho\u015f (\u041c\u044d\u0445\u044a\u043e\u0448), Yeger\u0131kuay (\u0415\u0434\u0436\u044d\u0440\u044b\u043a\u044a\u0443\u0430\u0439) ve K\u2019emguylar da Muhammed Emin\u2019in saflar\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Ayr\u0131ca ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131k and\u0131 da i\u00e7tiler. Muhammed Emin\u2019i destekleyenlerin say\u0131s\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmaktayd\u0131. Saflar\u0131na kat\u0131lanlar aras\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da serbest k\u00f6yl\u00fc<\/b> de (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1) vard\u0131. Naib, Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 verilmekte olan m\u00fccadeleye kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 durumunda, k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri (\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1), \u00a0soylu (\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u043e\u0440\u043a\u044a) zulm\u00fcnden kurtarma s\u00f6z\u00fc vermi\u015fti. Ub\u0131n \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 vadisinde ya\u015fayan Shapsughlar\u0131n (\u0428\u0430\u043f\u0441\u044b\u0433\u044a) muhtarlar\u0131 da (star\u015fina)\u00a0 Muhammed Emin\u2019i destekleme karar\u0131 alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n Muhammed Emin\u2019in k\u00f6yl\u00fc yanl\u0131s\u0131 bu politikas\u0131 onun sayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131yor, bu demokrasi \u00f6nderinin \u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fc uzak k\u00f6\u015felere de\u011fin yay\u0131yordu. Muhammed Emin \u00c7erkesya Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u0131lmaz bir sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131lanmaktayd\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fc halk (fekotl\/\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043b1), bu nedenle onun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck bayra\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda toplan\u0131yordu. <\/b> Muhammed Emin Adige topra\u011f\u0131n\u0131, idari anlamda\u00a0 bucak <\/b>ya da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck idari birimlere (Rus\u00e7a: U\u00e7astk) ay\u0131rd\u0131. Bir bucak 100 aileyi kaps\u0131yordu. Her bir buca\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bir muhtar<\/b> (star\u015fina) bulunuyordu. Star\u015fina T\u00fcrk\u00e7e muhtar<\/b> kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckt\u00fcr. Muhtar\u0131n ba\u015fta gelen g\u00f6revi, Naip\u2019in emirlerini yerine getirmek, istendi\u011finde, istenen say\u0131da sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131y\u0131 (askeri) Naip\u2019in emrine sunmakt\u0131. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131nda kendisine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir muhtar\u0131n yan\u0131na 5 hacret (s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131; siyasi g\u00f6\u00e7men) veriliyordu (4). Birka\u00e7 bucak birle\u015ftirilip bir il\u00e7e ya da y\u00f6re y\u00f6netimi (okrug) olu\u015fturuluyordu. Her il\u00e7enin ba\u015f\u0131nda birer m\u00fcft\u00fc<\/b> ile kad\u0131<\/b> (\u015fer\u2019i yarg\u0131\u00e7) bulunuyordu. Muhammed Emin\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Meclis ise kendisine en yak\u0131n olan ki\u015filerden olu\u015fmu\u015ftu. Abzegh muhtar\u0131 Cendere Hac\u0131 Hasan, Muhtar Beresbi, Abdullah \u0130smail Efendi, Hac\u0131 Zade Muhammed Efendi, Kun\u0131ko Han\u0131ko ve \u0130brahim Hano\u011flu. <\/b>Naib, gerekli oldu\u011fu durumlarda muhtarlar toplant\u0131s\u0131<\/b> da d\u00fczenliyordu.<\/p>\n Rus belgelerinde Muhammed Emin\u2019e ili\u015fkin hayli yaz\u0131 vard\u0131r\u2026 \u201cKuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde (\u00f6tesinde) \u015eamil\u2019in \u00fcnl\u00fc temsilcisi Muhammed Emin topraklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ya\u011fmalamak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri g\u00fc\u00e7 olu\u015fturdu. P\u015feha ve \u015ehagua\u015fe (Belaya)\u00a0 \u0131rmaklar\u0131 yukar\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinde konu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan bu silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler, m\u00fcstahkem hatlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik noktalar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etmektedirler\u2026\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Ba\u015fka bir belgede de, Abzeghlerin Muhammed Emin\u2019e b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131 duymakta olduklar\u0131, onun Abzegh b\u00f6lgesinde kaleler kurdu\u011fu, d\u00fczenini yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in mahkemeler <\/b>olu\u015fturmakta oldu\u011fu, Shapsughlar\u0131n da Naip\u2019i destekledikleri ama kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde mahkeme kurulmas\u0131na izin vermedikleri, Natukuaylar\u0131n da gerekti\u011finde kendilerine yard\u0131m etmesini Muhammed Emin\u2019den istedikleri, Han Kumuk<\/b>\u2019un \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Naip\u2019in yan\u0131na geldi\u011fi, bir takdirname ile iki ni\u015fan tak\u0131l\u0131, elmas ve m\u00fccevher i\u015flemeli bir kaftan\u0131 Naip\u2019e arma\u011fan olarak getirdi\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Adige muhtarlar\u0131n R\u0131za Pa\u015fa<\/b>\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdikleri bir dilek\u00e7eye de \u015fa\u015f\u0131rmamak elde de\u011fil. Dilek\u00e7eyi Muhammed Emin de imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/p>\n \u201cHaberciniz (ula\u011f\u0131n\u0131z) bize, biz \u00c7erkeslerin, amans\u0131z d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z olan Rusya ile bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalamak istedi\u011fimizi haber ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z\u0131 s\u00f6yledi. Sizin y\u00f6netiminizce de bilinen bir olgudur. T\u00fcm d\u00fcnyan\u0131n da bildi\u011fi gibi, \u00c7erkeslerin tek iste\u011fi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 korumakt\u0131r. Bizim ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015famaya hakk\u0131m\u0131z vard\u0131r. Bu iste\u011fimiz Avrupa \u00fclkelerinin de bildi\u011fi bir \u015feydir. Bize bir dost eli (g\u00fcvencesi) uzanana de\u011fin Rusya ile bir bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 yapmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyoruz. \u00a0Y\u00f6netiminizle dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde ve sizin ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131za uygun tarzda hareket etmek istedi\u011fimizi bildirmek isteriz. Amaca ula\u015fana de\u011fin Rusya ile sava\u015fa son vermeyece\u011fiz ve \u201cbar\u0131\u015f\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc a\u011fz\u0131m\u0131za almayaca\u011f\u0131z\u2026\u201d<\/b><\/p>\n Bu dilek\u00e7enin g\u00f6nderilmesinden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Kafkasya\u2019da durum iyice k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fti. 1859\u2019da \u015eamil\u2019in birlikleri da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Ondan sonra Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 koyman\u0131n da bir anlam\u0131 kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. <\/b> <\/p>\n <\/i>Sovyet tarih\u00e7ilerinin baz\u0131 de\u011ferlendirmeleri<\/p>\n <\/b> Yukar\u0131da sundu\u011fumuz bilgiler Muammed Emin\u2019in \u00c7erkeslerin yetenekli bir \u00f6rg\u00fctleyici \u00f6nderi oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Ancak soru \u00fcst\u00fcne soru soruluyor: <\/b> \u201cPeki, 1960\u2019da <\/b>Sovyet <\/b>tarih bilimi, ne diye \u015eamil \u00f6nderli\u011finde verilmi\u015f olan direni\u015fin gerici <\/b>bir karakterde oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur? 1944\u2019te SBKP (b) Merkez Komitesi tarih\u00e7ilerinin bir toplant\u0131s\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan akademisyenlerden Y. V. Tarle, \u00a0Prof. S. K. Bu\u015fuyev, <\/b>\u015fair ve politik yazar H. G. Acemyan, <\/b>\u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc politikay\u0131, bu arada Kafkasya\u2019ya ili\u015fkin politikas\u0131n\u0131 ortaya sermek ve do\u011fru a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda bulunmak i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcad\u0131lar. Ancak tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f tarih\u00e7ilerden A. M. Pankratovam <\/b>ve destek\u00e7ileri kar\u015f\u0131 bir tav\u0131r i\u00e7ine girdiler. Bu anla\u015fmazl\u0131k nedeniyle toplant\u0131 belgeleri yay\u0131nlanamad\u0131. <\/b><\/p>\n Toplant\u0131ya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan tarih\u00e7iler Stalin ve yanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n politikas\u0131n\u0131 desteklemek d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bir \u015fey yapamazlard\u0131. Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131na, \u00c7e\u00e7en, \u0130ngu\u015f, Kalm\u0131k, Kara\u00e7ay, Balkar ve K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131na yap\u0131lanlar\u0131 uygun ve yerinde bulmak durumunda kald\u0131lar. Bilindi\u011fi gibi o halklar o s\u0131ralar topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f<\/b> durumdayd\u0131lar (5).<\/p>\n O s\u0131ralar \u015eamil ve Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye\u2019si ile \u0130ngiliz s\u00f6m\u00fcrgecili\u011finin ara\u00e7lar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermeye, Kafkas-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131rmakta olmalar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u015fkalar\u0131n\u0131 inand\u0131rmaya ve kendi halk d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 politikalar\u0131n\u0131 kitlelere dikte etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir iktidar (Stalin iktidar\u0131)\u00a0 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan sonra, Sovyet y\u00f6neticileri halk\u0131 Anglo-Amerikan emperyalizmine kar\u015f\u0131 bir politik ideoloji do\u011frultusunda e\u011fitme politikas\u0131n\u0131 benimsediler. Bu politikaya uygun d\u00fc\u015fecek tarzda, 1950\u2019de Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in verdikleri m\u00fccadelenin gerici ve milliyet\u00e7i bir karakterde oldu\u011funa karar verdi. \u00c7ok yanl\u0131\u015f bir karard\u0131 bu.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k, de\u011fi\u015fim ve demokratikle\u015fme d\u00f6nemi ortam\u0131nda, \u015fimdi, \u00a0tarihimizi yeniden ve do\u011fru bir bi\u00e7imde ele alma ve yazma olana\u011f\u0131 do\u011fdu. Olaylar\u0131 do\u011fru ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir bi\u00e7imde \u00f6\u011frenmedi\u011fimiz s\u00fcrece, \u00a0bug\u00fcn\u00fc ve yar\u0131n\u0131 do\u011fru olarak \u00f6\u011frenme ve kar\u015f\u0131lama olana\u011f\u0131m\u0131z da olmaz. Ger\u00e7ek tarihi, ger\u00e7e\u011fe uygun bir bi\u00e7imde yazmak, tarih\u00e7ilerimizin ba\u015fta gelen g\u00f6revidir. <\/b><\/p>\n Not: <\/b> Bu yaz\u0131 \u201cKuzey Kafkasya K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi\u201d<\/b>nin 87-88\u2019inci say\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cD\u00f6nem bize yeni sorumluluklar y\u00fckl\u00fcyor\u201d <\/b>ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015eimdi yaz\u0131y\u0131 yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irerek, daha anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir bi\u00e7imde yeniden yay\u0131nl\u0131yoruz. Ara ba\u015fl\u0131klar, parantez i\u00e7leri, t\u00fcmce ya da s\u00f6zc\u00fck siyahla\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131 \u00e7evirmene aittir. 2. 07. 2008. HAP\u0130 Cevdet Y\u0131ld\u0131z. <\/p>\n D\u0130PNOTLAR: ŞIBZUH Kim (Шыбзыхъу Ким) Adige tarihçisi, Adige Bilimsel Araştırma Enstitüsü mensubu, Maykop. Sots. Adigey gazetesi, 11-12-13 Temmuz 1990 tarihli sayıları. Yeni dönem (1) ve onun getirdiği değişim, bize, sorumluluk ve sorunlarımızı objektif bir biçimde yeniden ele alma ve değerlendirme olanağını sağladı. Biz de, tarihçiler olarak, yeni olanaklara kavuştuk. Ancak sağlanmış olan bu yeni olanakları yeterince 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\n<\/span><\/span><\/b> Adige tarih\u00e7isi, Adige Bilimsel Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc mensubu, Maykop.<\/span>
\n<\/span><\/span><\/b> Sots. Adigey gazetesi, 11-12-13 Temmuz 1990 tarihli say\u0131lar\u0131. <\/span><\/p>\n
\n
\nHan Girey<\/b>‘in 1836’da yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u00c7ar I. Nikolay taraf\u0131ndan yasaklanan<\/b> “Zapiski o \u00c7erkesii” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131s\u0131, \u015eor Negume<\/b>‘nin 1843’te yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 “Adige Halk\u0131n\u0131n Tarihi”<\/b> adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131 ve “Zakavkazskiy vestnik” gazetesinde 1847’de yay\u0131nlanan ba\u015fka bir yaz\u0131s\u0131 da \u00e7ok \u00f6nemlidir.<\/p>\n
\n1)<\/b> Yeni d\u00f6nem ile M. Gorba\u00e7ov<\/b> d\u00f6neminin (1985-1991) getirdi\u011fi nisbi \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ortam\u0131 belirtilmek istenmektedir. -HCY
\n2)<\/b> \u0130ngiliz Bell, 1837-1839 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Adigeler aras\u0131nda bulunmu\u015ftur, an\u0131lar\u0131 \u201c\u00c7erkesya\u2019dan Sava\u015f<\/b> Mektuplar\u0131\u201d<\/b> ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir. -HCY
\n3)<\/b> Do\u011fu Kafkasya\u2019da (Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019da), politik bir imam\u0131n (devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131) buyru\u011fu alt\u0131nda toplanan ve onun \u00f6\u011frencileri durumunda olan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu askeri ve politik olu\u015fum. Bir m\u00fcridin (\u0130mam\u2019\u0131n \u00f6\u011frencisinin ya da izleyicisinin) tek g\u00f6revi, din u\u011frunda sava\u015fmak ve \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fmek idi. \u0130maml\u0131k gelene\u011fi \u0130mam Mansur<\/b> ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f \u0130mam<\/b> \u015eamil<\/b> ile devam etmi\u015ftir (\u0130mam Mansur<\/b> i\u00e7in bkz. Ashad \u00c7\u2019\u0131r\u011f, Tehlike Kuzeyden Geliyordu<\/b>, internet). -HCY
\n4)<\/b> Hacret<\/b> (\u0425\u044c\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0440\u044d\u0442)-Rus i\u015fgali alt\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerden \u00f6zg\u00fcr b\u00f6lgelere ya da Muhammed Emin y\u00f6netimine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan ki\u015filere verilen ad. Bunlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc muhtarlar\u0131n ve di\u011fer y\u00f6neticilerin yanlar\u0131na, hem ge\u00e7inmeleri, hem de idari ve askeri destekte bulunmalar\u0131 amac\u0131yla g\u00f6nderiliyordu. B\u00f6ylece Naip\u2019in otoritesinin peki\u015ftirilmesine ve askeri \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin de g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. -HCY
\n5)<\/b> Bu halklar 1943-1944\u2019te, Alman i\u015fbirlik\u00e7isi olmakla su\u00e7lanarak topluca Orta Asya ve Kazakistan\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015flerdi. 1956 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan SBKP 20. Kongresi\u2019nde K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bu 5 halk \u00fczerindeki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn cezas\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131 ve \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netimleri yeniden kuruldu, bu halklardan isteyenler devlet\u00e7e \u00a0eski topraklar\u0131na geri getirildiler. -HCY<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"