{"id":11325,"date":"2019-03-25T11:08:55","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T16:08:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11325"},"modified":"2019-03-25T11:08:55","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T16:08:55","slug":"birinci-dunya-savasinda-canakkale-cephesi-ve-diger-cepheler-bunlarin-mukayesesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/birinci-dunya-savasinda-canakkale-cephesi-ve-diger-cepheler-bunlarin-mukayesesi\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u0130R\u0130NC\u0130 D\u00dcNYA SAVA\u015eINDA \u00c7ANAKKALE CEPHES\u0130 VE D\u0130\u011eER CEPHELER, BUNLARIN MUKAYESES\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ziya \u00c7i\u00e7ek
\n<\/span> <\/b>T.C. \u00c7anakkale Onsekiz Mart \u00dcniversitesi,Fen Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi, Tarih B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00d6NS\u00d6Z<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Emperyalist politikalar\u0131 \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fan Avrupa milletleri d\u00fcnyay\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f\u0131n e\u015fi\u011fine do\u011fru s\u00fcr\u00fckl\u00fcyordu. Menfaatleri birle\u015fen devletler, birbirleriyle birle\u015fiyor, \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fanlara kar\u015f\u0131 bloklar olu\u015fturuyorlard\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada gerek i\u00e7 politikada, gerekse d\u0131\u015f politikada buhranlar ve kaoslar ya\u015fayan, \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lan sava\u015falar neticesinde kaybedilen topraklara yanan, \u00fcz\u00fclen hi\u00e7bir emperyalist amac\u0131 bulunmayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, bu bloklara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nceleri tav\u0131r tak\u0131nmazken sonra birden bu sava\u015f\u0131n i\u00e7ine dal\u0131vermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte bu ara\u015ft\u0131rmamda, I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’nda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc teknolojik donan\u0131mdan mahrum bir \u015fekilde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 cephelerin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Bu konuyu ele alma amac\u0131m ve sebebim ise bir sava\u015fta b\u00fct\u00fcn cepheler birbiriyle alakal\u0131 ve ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r. Bir nebze bu ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. Tabi ki, bir k\u0131s\u0131m eksiklikler bulunmakta. \u00d6ncelikle birinci dereceden kaynak olabilecek eserlerin tamam\u0131na ula\u015famad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Ara\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 haz\u0131rlamamda, yard\u0131mlar\u0131 dokunan dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131m\u0131z Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhammet Erat\u2019a sonsuz te\u015fekk\u00fcrlerimi sunar\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Ziya \u00c7i\u00e7ek<\/p>\n

<\/strong>
\nG\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Sanayi devriminin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesiyle d\u00fcnya bir de\u011fi\u015fime girdi. Gittik\u00e7e geli\u015fen Avrupa milletleri kendilerine hammadde temini i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli emperyalist politikalar \u00fcretmi\u015flerdi. Ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir sonu\u00e7tur ki, bu politikalar\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan devletler birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmanca tav\u0131rlar i\u00e7ine girmi\u015f ve gittik\u00e7e t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisine alacak bir sava\u015fa do\u011fru gidilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1914 y\u0131l\u0131nda sudan bir sebebe dayanarak ba\u015flayan ve t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyay\u0131 etkisine alan bir sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. D\u00f6rt y\u0131l s\u00fcren bu sava\u015f\u0131n galip ve ma\u011fluplar\u0131 belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve yava\u015f yava\u015f payla\u015f\u0131mlar i\u00e7in devletler masaya oturmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Emperyal politikalar i\u00e7in sava\u015fan bu devletlerin aras\u0131nda sava\u015fa giren, bunal\u0131m i\u00e7inde bulunan, emperyalist bir amac\u0131 olamayan, eskiden t\u00fcm devlet ve milletlerin sayg\u0131 duydu\u011fu, adalet ve ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fcs\u00fcne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, alt\u0131 y\u00fcz senedir ayakta duran, teknolojik geli\u015fmelere ayak uydurmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ma\u011fdur, \u00f6nemli hammadde yataklar\u0131na sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hedef olan bir devlet, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti de bu sava\u015fa i\u015ftirak etmi\u015f ve mazisine yak\u0131\u015fan bir \u015fekilde, t\u00fcm milletlerin dillerinden d\u00fc\u015fmeyen bir destan yazmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f, sava\u015f\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur ama sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda ma\u011flup olan taraf olmu\u015f ve masada payla\u015f\u0131lmay\u0131 bekleyen bir yiyecek durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00c7irkin pazarl\u0131klar\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u015fi kanl\u0131 devletlerin payla\u015fmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekti\u011fi bir devlet konumuna d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

KAFKAS CEPHES\u0130
\n<\/strong>
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin sava\u015fa girmesinde etkili olan son olay, Karadeniz\u2019deki limanlar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011framas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak tepki g\u00f6steren Ruslar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019daki s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 a\u015fmalar\u0131 ve buna tepki olarak ta Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ilk cephesini yani Kafkas Cephesi’ni a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar Anadolu\u2019nun kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131ya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgede Osmanl\u0131- Rus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Ayestefanos ve Berlin Antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla belirlenmi\u015fti. Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde bir noktadan hareketle g\u00fcneydo\u011fuya zikzak bir bi\u00e7imde ilerlemekte olan s\u0131n\u0131r, Artvin, Oltu, Barad\u0131z\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden ge\u00e7erek bundan sonra daha da g\u00fcneye kay\u0131p do\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmekte ve A\u011fr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda bir noktada \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu cephede Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n giri\u015fti\u011fi m\u00fccadelelerin amac\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kademede
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Birinci kademe 1877-78 Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Batum, Ardahan ve Kars\u2019\u0131n geri al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u0130kinci kademe, halk\u0131 Rus boyunduru\u011fundan kurtarmak, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kademede Hazar Denizi dolaylar\u0131nda bulunan Orta Asya\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerle temasa ge\u00e7erek Pan-Turanc\u0131l\u0131k plan\u0131n\u0131\u00a0 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n amac\u0131 da \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131yd\u0131. Birincisi Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu istila ederek g\u00fcneyde \u0130skenderun\u2019dan Akdeniz\u2019e ula\u015fmak. \u0130kincisi Karadeniz\u2019de Trabzon\u2019u\u00a0 ald\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinden \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015fmak. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u00a0 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ve Dicle-F\u0131rat havzas\u0131ndan Basra K\u00f6rfezine \u00e7\u0131kmakt\u0131. Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da \u00f6nemli g\u00fc\u00e7leri\u00a0 yoktu.<\/p>\n

Ruslarda Almanlar gibi sava\u015f\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrece\u011fine inanmaktayd\u0131. Nitekim Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015fa girece\u011finin duyulmas\u0131yla Kafkas ordusuna \u00f6nem vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Kafkas ordusunun g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde komutan\u0131 genel vali Varantsov Doshkov idi. Ger\u00e7ekte ise Kafkaslar\u0131 iyi tan\u0131yan kurmay ba\u015fkan General Yudini\u00e7 idi. Ekim ay\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin bir sava\u015f plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 20 Ekim’de BOPZARD taraf\u0131ndan esaslar\u0131 saptanan ve Enver Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen sava\u015f hareketleri
\nplan\u0131nda Kafkas Cephesi\u2019nde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Rus kuvvetlerini oyalamakla yetinece\u011fini belirtmi\u015fti. Bu g\u00f6revde \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc orduya verilmi\u015fti. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ordu 8, 9 ve 10. Kolordularla nizamiye ve yedek subay t\u00fcmenleri ve s\u0131n\u0131r birlikleri ile Kale birliklerini kapsamakta idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu birlikler insan g\u00fcc\u00fc olarak 190 bin, 60 bin hayvan, 168 top ve 44 makineli t\u00fcfek ve derme \u00e7atma birka\u00e7 atl\u0131 birlikten olu\u015fuyordu. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ordu komutan\u0131 Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa, kurmay ba\u015fkan\u0131 ise Gazi Bey idi. 2 Bir kas\u0131mda Ruslar s\u0131n\u0131rdaki karakollara sald\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ki Kas\u0131m’da Rus birlikleri Karaurgan, Oltu, Ka\u011f\u0131zman\u2019dan hareketle s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131lar. Zivin, Do\u011fu Beyaz\u0131t ve Diyadin\u2019i ald\u0131lar. Be\u015f Kas\u0131m’da Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya genel karargahtan K\u00f6pr\u00fck\u00f6y
\ndolaylar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan Ruslara sald\u0131rmas\u0131 emri verildi ve 7 Kas\u0131m’da sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131, Ruslar\u0131n 22 taburuna kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n 26 taburu vard\u0131. Ne var ki Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flanamad\u0131. 8 Kas\u0131m’a kadar s\u00fcren sava\u015fta kesin bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flanamad\u0131. Ruslar mevzilerine \u00e7ekildiler.
\nBu sava\u015fa K\u00f6pr\u00fck\u00f6y sava\u015f\u0131 denilmekte ve bir a\u00e7\u0131dan da 1 Kas\u0131m’da ba\u015flayan Rus taarruzu Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Fakat bu sonucu Enver Pa\u015fa be\u011fenmemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 kovalamak niyetinde de\u011fildi. Mevzileri
\nkuvvetlendirme niyetindeydi ama Enver Pa\u015fa d\u00fc\u015fmana sald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 emretti ve 10 Kas\u0131m’da K\u00f6pr\u00fck\u00f6y civar\u0131nda mevzilere sald\u0131rd\u0131. Ruslar b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleri ile kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n iki kolordusu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ordusunun % 40\u2019n\u0131 kaybedince geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. (\u0130kinci K\u00f6pr\u00fc Ovas\u0131) nitekim \u00e7ekilme Azap b\u00f6lgesindeki eski mevkilere kadar devam etti. Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n 17 Kas\u0131m’da buraya yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131larda pek ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flanamad\u0131. Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa hareketi durdurdu. Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun
\nRus kuvvetlerini yok etme te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00fczd\u00fc ve sinirlendirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130ttihat ve Terakki genel merkezine g\u00f6re cesur ve atak bir komuta ile
\nKafkaslarda \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flanabilirdi. Plan yeniden g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irildi. Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 tamamen istila palan\u0131 olu\u015ftu. Enver Pa\u015fa ihtirasl\u0131 bir insand\u0131. \u0130tibar\u0131na \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcn ve y\u0131ld\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n parlamas\u0131n\u0131 her \u015feyden \u00f6nce isterdi. Bir numara almak isteyen bir ki\u015fiydi. Bu sebepten Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya sald\u0131r\u0131 emrini verir. Fakat Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa \u201cOlmaz! Havalar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyorsunuz, her yerde kar var, kara k\u0131\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda bu mevsimde hareket bir faciaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir\u201d diye cevap verir. Enver Pa\u015fa ise\u00a0 hiddetlenerek \u201cE\u011fer hocam olmasayd\u0131n\u0131z sizi idam ettirirdim\u201d der ve bunun \u00fczerine Hasan \u0130zzet istifa eder ve Enver Pa\u015fa kumandaya ge\u00e7er.<\/p>\n

Enver Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131ndaki ordu 150 bin ki\u015fiden mevcuttu. Bu 150 bin ki\u015fi
\nSar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f taarruzu denilen taarruzu ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n

Enver Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n umumi karargah\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nce 10. Kolordu ile daha sonra 11. Kolordu ile beraber, d\u0131\u015far\u0131da hava s\u0131cakl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n -25 derece oldu\u011fu \u00e7ad\u0131rs\u0131z bir \u015fekilde 5 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7irdiler. Olu\u015fan kar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.5 metreyi buluyordu. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Harekat\u0131 diye ge\u00e7en taarruz 21 Aral\u0131k’ta ba\u015flad\u0131 ve 25 g\u00fcn s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

So\u011fuktan tam 90 bin \u015fehit verdik. D\u00fc\u015fman ma\u011flup edilemedi. Enver Pa\u015fa, Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Kolordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na tayin edip geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. Ruslar 1916 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda tekrar sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler.<\/p>\n

15 \u015eubat’ta Erzurum, 3 Mart’ta Bitlis daha sonra Mu\u015f, Trabzon, Bayburt ve
\nG\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2019yi ald\u0131lar. Do\u011fu’da Rus i\u015fgali 1917\u2019ye kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc. 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019da ihtilal \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 bundan faydaland\u0131 ve Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7en yerleri teker teker geri ald\u0131. Yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmet Brestlitovsk Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 imzalad\u0131. \u0130tilaf Devletlerinden ve sava\u015ftan da \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n

IRAK CEPHES\u0130<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Bu Cephe \u0130ngilizlerin 7 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019te Karay \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Fazla bir
\ndireni\u015fle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayan \u0130ngiliz ordusu 21 Kas\u0131m’da Basra\u2019y\u0131 ald\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Irak Kuvvetleri Genel Kurmayl\u0131\u011f\u0131’na Yarbay S\u00fcleyman Bey\u2019i atad\u0131. S\u00fcleyman Bey Irak M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6sterece\u011fi direni\u015fe g\u00fcvenerek tedbirsizce davrand\u0131. \u0130ngilizlerin eline ge\u00e7en Ahvaz kasabas\u0131n\u0131, geri alan ve \u0130ngilizlerin faydalanaca\u011f\u0131 Abadan petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131 tahrip eden S\u00fcleyman Askeri Bey, 17 Nisan 1915\u2019te \u0130ngiliz ordusuyla \u015euaybe civar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 kaybeder ve sonra intihar eder. General Townshend
\nkumandas\u0131ndaki bir \u0130ngiliz t\u00fcmeni de savunmas\u0131 zay\u0131f olan Kut\u2019\u00fcl Emare\u2019yi 25 Eyl\u00fcl 1915\u2019de ele ge\u00e7irirler.<\/p>\n

Kut\u2019\u00fcl Emare\u2019ye giren \u0130ngiliz komutan\u0131 Townshender 16 kilometrelik bir cephe \u00fczerinden Ba\u011fdat\u2019\u0131 almak i\u00e7in Ba\u011fdat\u2019a do\u011fru harekete ge\u00e7er. Ak\u0131nc\u0131 ordusu H\u00fcmayun gittik\u00e7e b\u00fcy\u00fcyen \u0130ngiliz-Hint ordusuna kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7ti ve 22 Kas\u0131m 1915\u2019te Selman-\u0131 Pak\u2019ta yenilgiye u\u011fratt\u0131. \u0130ngilizler % 30 zayiat vererek Kut’\u00fcl Emane\u2019ye \u00e7ekilirler. Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u00f6nce 45 sonra 51 ve 52 t\u00fcmenlerle desteklenen 38. t\u00fcmenle ba\u015far\u0131y\u0131 kazand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Irak genel komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanan Alman Fonder Golg sadece Kut-\u00fcl Emare\u2019yi ku\u015fatt\u0131. Onun \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerine Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n amcas\u0131 Halit Pa\u015fa ge\u00e7ti. 3 bin ki\u015filik kuvvetle taarruza ge\u00e7ti ve \u0130ngiliz kuvvetlerini yendi. \u0130ngilizler 29 Nisan 1916’da teslim oldu.<\/p>\n

Bu zaferden sonra 6. Ordu da\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131 ve Irak\u2019ta bulunan 13. Kolordu Hindistan yolunu a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in \u0130ran\u2019a gitti. \u0130ngilizler bo\u015fluk \u00fczerine 11 Mart 1917\u2019de Ba\u011fdat\u2019a girdiler ve Musul\u2019a kadar ilerlediler.<\/p>\n

F\u0130L\u0130ST\u0130N-SUR\u0130YE CEPHES\u0130
\n<\/strong>
\n\u0130ngiliz donanmas\u0131n\u0131n 1 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019de Ak\u00e7abey\u2019i bombalamas\u0131 ile bu cephe a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ngilizler 3 Kas\u0131mda Ak\u00e7abey\u2019i ald\u0131lar. Bunun \u00fczerine Cemal Pa\u015fa Bahriye Naz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda kendinde kalmak \u00fczere Suriye\u2019deki d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na getirildi. Zeki Pa\u015fa aslen \u015farki Anadoluludur. Van Kress\u2019e g\u00f6re Zeki Pa\u015fa nazik, \u015fen, iyilik yapmas\u0131n\u0131 seven ve ya\u015famas\u0131n\u0131 bilen bir insand\u0131r ve \u00e7ok vatanperver bir insand\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Almanlar, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n S\u00fcvey\u015f kanal\u0131na bir sefer d\u00fczenlemelerini istediler. Almanlar\u0131n amac\u0131 Hindistan\u2019dan Avrupa\u2019ya \u0130ngilizlerin gitmesini \u00f6nlemekti.<\/p>\n

Cemal Bey’de bu seferden faydalar elde edece\u011fimize inan\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede 1.Kanal harekat\u0131 haz\u0131rland\u0131 ama bu s\u0131rada \u0130ngilizler kuvvetlerini 25 binden 150 bine \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. 3 \u015eubat\u2019ta plan gere\u011fince\u00a0 merkez kolu
\npantomlarla kanal\u0131 ge\u00e7meye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ne var ki bu hareketin \u015fafak s\u00f6kmeden yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyordu. Ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Yo\u011fun top ate\u015fiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131. Pastomlar\u0131n birka\u00e7\u0131 bat\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Karaya 600 asker \u00e7\u0131kabildi ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fc. Ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olundu ve Cemal Pa\u015fa 3 \u015eubat’ta ricat etti.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngilizlerle bu m\u00fccadeleler olurken Hicaz\u2019da T\u00fcrkler aleyhine geli\u015fmeye
\nba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngilizler para vaat ederek Araplar\u0131 T\u00fcrkler aleyhine k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131yordu. Devlet kurma sevdal\u0131s\u0131 Hicaz Emiri \u015eeyhi H\u00fcseyin de ayakland\u0131. Fahrettin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n savundu\u011fu, Medine\u2019ye pek \u00e7ok sald\u0131r\u0131 yapt\u0131. Hicaz\u2019\u0131 eline ge\u00e7irdi. 6 Kas\u0131m 1914\u2019de krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti.<\/p>\n

I. Kanal taarruzunun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan sonra, II.Kanal harekat\u0131 yer ald\u0131. Bu
\nseferde Alman Albay\u0131 Van Kres\u2019de kat\u0131ld\u0131. 10 bin ki\u015fiyle girilen 27 Temmuz
\n1916\u2019daki bu taarruzda ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

II. Kanal hareketinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131kla sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine T\u00fcrk kuvvetleri yava\u015f yava\u015f geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve El-Aris b\u00f6lgesine gelerek savunmaya ge\u00e7ildi. 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngilizler Filistin ve Suriye \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek bu \u00fclkeyi hummal\u0131 bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yaparak istila etme\u011fe \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Me\u015fhur Miralay Lawrance de bo\u015f durmuyordu.<\/p>\n

I. Gazze sava\u015f\u0131 20 Mart 1917\u2019de oldu. T\u00fcrk kuvvetleri 20 bin buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz kuvvetleri 85 bindi. Bu sava\u015fta Osmanl\u0131 ordusu \u0130ngilizleri geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtmeyi ba\u015fard\u0131. II. Gazze sava\u015f\u0131 ise 17 Nisan 1917’de meydana geldi. T\u00fcrk askerleri kendisinden 4-5 kat fazla \u0130ngiliz ordusunu yendi. Bu iki ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k \u0130ngilizleri cepheye daha fazla kuvvet g\u00f6ndermeye sevk etti. III. Gazze sava\u015f\u0131 31 Ekim 1917’de ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngilizler Bin\u00fcs-seb\u2019i ak\u015fama do\u011fru ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

6 Kas\u0131m’da Gazze\u2019ye sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. 7 Kas\u0131m’da Gazze\u2019yi ald\u0131lar. 8 Aral\u0131k’ta da
\nKud\u00fcs\u2019e sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. 9 Aral\u0131k’ta Kud\u00fcs\u2019\u00fc ald\u0131lar. 19 \u015eubat 1918\u2019de tekrar sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler, Erikar kasabas\u0131n\u0131 ald\u0131lar. 26 Mart 1918 tarihinden itibaren \u015eeria nehrinin do\u011fusuna yeniden sald\u0131rd\u0131lar ve 5 g\u00fcn s\u00fcren sava\u015fta \u0130ngiliz ordusu durduruldu. 30 Nisan’da ba\u015flayan II. \u015eeria sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 da 4 May\u0131s’ta durduruldu.<\/p>\n

19 Eyl\u00fcl’de yeniden sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler ve Neblus meydan sava\u015f\u0131 oldu. 21
\nEyl\u00fcl’de \u015eam\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131lar. 27 Ekim’de Halep\u2019i ald\u0131lar. Anadolu Hadep\u2019in de d\u00fc\u015fmesiyle tehlike alt\u0131na girdi. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klarla beraber Sadrazam Halim Pa\u015fa istifa etti ve yerine Talat Pa\u015fa ge\u00e7ti. Bu s\u0131ralarda Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ANAKKALE CEPHES\u0130<\/p>\n

a) Deniz Sava\u015flar\u0131:
\n<\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 devleti bo\u011fazlar\u0131na gelebilecek bir sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in tedbirler alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak bo\u011fazlar\u0131n tahkimi yeterli de\u011fildi. Tabyalarda 137 top vard\u0131. M\u00fcstahkem mevki kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na atanan Albay Cevdet Bey baz\u0131 yeni bataryalar kurmu\u015fsa da bu kafi de\u011fildi. \u0130\u015fte bu eksikliklere aldanan d\u00fc\u015fman, bo\u011faz\u0131 kolayca a\u015faca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 san\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

Fakat T\u00fcrk milletinin \u00fcst\u00fcn sava\u015f g\u00fcc\u00fc, vatan\u0131 savunma azmi ve karar\u0131n\u0131 hi\u00e7 hesaba katm\u0131yordu. M\u00fcttefik kuvvetlerin ilk denizden sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 19 \u015eubat 1915 de oldu.<\/p>\n

Tabyalar\u0131 uzaktan d\u00f6ven d\u00fc\u015fman donanmas\u0131, ak\u015fama do\u011fru geri \u00e7ekildi. 18 Mart 1915\u2019de genel sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Sald\u0131r\u0131ya 15 \u0130ngiliz, 7 Frans\u0131z, z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131 ve pek \u00e7ok yard\u0131mc\u0131 gemi kat\u0131ld\u0131. Nusret gemisi taraf\u0131ndan geceleyin gizlice yeniden may\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Belli bir d\u00fczenle bo\u011faza giren gemiler tabyalar\u0131 d\u00f6vd\u00fc. D\u00fc\u015fman gemileri b\u00fcy\u00fck zayiat verdi. D\u00fc\u015fman gemileri geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc. D\u00fc\u015fman 3 z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti.<\/p>\n

b) Kara Sava\u015flar\u0131:
\n<\/strong>Denizdeki yenilgi \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fman karadan taarruza ge\u00e7ti. Komutanl\u0131\u011fa
\nHamilton atand\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 23 Mart 1915\u2019de 5. orduyu kurdu. D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ilk \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131 25 Nisan 1915\u2019de oldu. 24-25 Nisan gecesinden itibaren Sedd\u00fclbahir\u2019e bomba ya\u011fd\u0131rd\u0131lar. D\u00fc\u015fman yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karma ile Z\u0131\u011f\u0131ndere\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -Teke- Sedd\u00fclbahir\u2019e aras\u0131ndaki k\u0131y\u0131 hatt\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. 1 ile 4 May\u0131s aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karmalar ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z oldu.<\/p>\n

D\u00fc\u015fman 24 Nisan\u2019da Ar\u0131burnu\u2019na \u00e7\u0131kartma yapt\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n hedefi Koca\u00e7imen\u2019di. Mustafa Kemal\u2019in emriyle T\u00fcrk ordusu d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 durdurmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131 ve Koca\u00e7imen\u2019i korudu. \u00c7anakkale\u2019de di\u011fer kanl\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmada Suvla ve Anafartalar da oldu. D\u00fc\u015fman 6 A\u011fustos’ta Kanl\u0131s\u0131rt\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kartma yapt\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman 8 A\u011fustos’ta Cenkbay\u0131rl\u0131 ve \u015eahins\u0131rt\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman 9 A\u011fustos’ta geri at\u0131ld\u0131. 16 A\u011fustos’ta
\nd\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n Kire\u00e7tepe\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fc. Nitekim d\u00fc\u015fman 19-20 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta Anafartalardan, 8-9 Ocak’ta da Sedd\u00fclbahir\u2019den \u00e7ekildi.<\/p>\n

SONU\u00c7<\/p>\n

<\/strong>Birinci D\u00fcnya sava\u015f\u0131na kendisine fiili bir sald\u0131r\u0131 yap\u0131lmadan, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc
\nimkans\u0131zl\u0131klar ile giren Osmanl\u0131 devleti ordusundaki silah, cephane, m\u00fchimmat eksikliklerine ra\u011fmen k\u0131smen ba\u015far\u0131 kazanabilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

Bu ba\u015far\u0131 da en \u00f6nemli husus tabi ki T\u00fcrk milletinin \u00fcst\u00fcn vatan sevgisi ve
\nvatan yolunda \u00f6l\u00fcp olma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi vard\u0131. Kafkaslardan \u0131rak\u2019a oradan \u00c7anakkale\u2019de g\u00f6sterilen bu direnme takdire \u015fayand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sava\u015fa girmesi Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n uzamas\u0131na, \u00e7e\u015fitli cephelerin a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftu. Asl\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sebepleri i\u00e7erisinde bir yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz. Daha sonra gerek Almanlara sava\u015f\u0131n kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde duyulan g\u00fcven ve bu g\u00fcvenle y\u00f6netimin Almanya\u2019ya duydu\u011fu yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve hayranl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin sava\u015fa girmesinde etkili olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u00c7anakkale\u2019de T\u00fcrk milleti tarihte e\u015fine rastlan\u0131lmayacak bir m\u00fccadele
\ng\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrk milleti bu cephede di\u011fer cephelerde oldu\u011fu gibi,
\nya\u015fl\u0131s\u0131yla, genciyle, erke\u011fiyle, kad\u0131n\u0131yla di\u015fini t\u0131rna\u011f\u0131na takarak milli bir \u015fuur i\u00e7erisinde, \u00fcst\u00fcn silah ve z\u0131rhlar\u0131na g\u00fcvenen, maneviyattan yoksun ve T\u00fcrk milletinin maneviyat\u0131ndan bihaber milletleri, ”\u00c7anakkale ge\u00e7ilmez” diyerek onlara unutamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir ders vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Fakat di\u011fer cephelerde \u00c7anakkale\u2019deki ba\u015far\u0131n\u0131n ayn\u0131s\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmediyse de
\n\u015fartlar ve imkans\u0131zl\u0131klara ra\u011fmen b\u00fcy\u00fck m\u00fccadele verildi. Kafkaslarda 90 bin askerimiz, Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bir numara olma egosunun kurban\u0131 olarak di\u015fi kanl\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fmana bir tek mermi atmadan Kafkaslar\u0131n dondurucu so\u011fu\u011funda \u015fehit d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Irak, Filistin, Suriye, cephelerinde ise d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n ileri taarruzlar\u0131 yer yer
\ndurdurulmu\u015fsa da d\u00fc\u015fman tamamen kutsal topraklardan s\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcp at\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve bu \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Mondros Ate\u015fkes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in masaya oturmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

B\u0130BL\u0130YOGRAFYA
\n<\/strong>– KARAL, Enver Ziya, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, IX.cilt Ankara, 1996
\n– TURAN, \u015eerafettin, T\u00fcrk Devrim Tarihi, \u0130stanbul, 1994
\n– ERO\u011eLU, Hazma, T\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi, \u0130stanbul
\n– PO\u0130ANKOWSK\u0130, Joseph, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, \u0130stanbul, 1990
\n– DAN\u0130\u015eMEND, \u0130smail Hami, \u0130zahl\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Kronolojisi, Ankara, 1972
\n– \u00d6ZTUNA, Y\u0131lmaz, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, cilt 1. Ankara, 1998
\n– TUNCAY, Metin- KO\u00c7AK, Cemil, \u00d6DEKAN, Ayla. \u0130stanbul 1998
\n– ARMAO\u011eLU, Fahir, 20. yy. Siyasi Tarihi, Ankara 1981
\n– AKSUN, Ziya Nur, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, XI.cilt \u0130stanbul 1994
\n– G\u00dcNG\u00d6R, Erol \u201c Tarihte T\u00fcrkl\u00fck\u201d, \u0130stanbul 1990
\n– DANI\u015eMAN, Zuhuri, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Tarihi,XII. Cilt, \u0130stanbul
\n– \u0130HSANO\u011eLU, Ekmeleddin, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Tarihi, cilt 1. \u0130stanbul 1998
\n– http:\/\/ www. Enfal.de \/ otarih60. htm<\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR:
\n1)<\/strong> \u015eerafettin,Turan, \u201c T\u00fcrk Devrim Tarihi\u201d, Bilgi Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1991.s.46
\n2)<\/strong> Enver Ziya Karal, \u201c Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi\u201d .IX. cilt. TTK Bss\u0131mevi, Ankara, 1996, s.416-417
\n3)<\/strong> \u201cDo\u011fu\u015ftan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130slam Tarihi\u201d XII cilt, \u00c7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul s.181
\n4)<\/strong> http:\/\/www.enfal.de \/ o tarih 60.htm
\n5) <\/strong>HAmza Ero\u011flu, \u201cT\u00fcrk \u0130nk\u0131lap Tarihi\u201d, Sava\u015f yay. \u0130stanbul, s.78
\n6)<\/strong> Joseph Pomiankawski \u201c Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu \u00c7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d Kay\u0131han Yay.\u0130stanbul, 1950,s.95
\n7) <\/strong>\u201c Do\u011fu\u015ftan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130slam Tarihi\u201d XII.cilt, \u00c7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 181.
\n8)<\/strong> \u201c Do\u011fu\u015ftan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130slam Tarihi\u201d XII.cilt, \u00c7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, s. 182
\n9)<\/strong> \u0130smail Hami Dani\u015fmend \u201c \u0130zahl\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Kronolojisi\u201d T\u00fcrkiye Ya\u0131nevi, 1972, Ankara,s 428
\n10)<\/strong> Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna, \u201c Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi\u201d cilt.T.T.K.B.E, Ankara 1958,s.658
\n11)<\/strong> Metin Tuncay, Cemil Karako\u00e7, Ayla \u00d6dekan, \u201c T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi\u201d, Cem Yay. \u0130stanbul 1982, s. 147-48
\n12)<\/strong> Fahir Armano\u011flu, \u201c20. yy. Siyasi Tarihi\u201d Alk\u0131m Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara,1981,s.112
\n13)<\/strong> Van Kress, Filistin cephesinde Zeki Beyle beraber \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve II.Kanal harekat\u0131nda bulunan Alman
\nAlbayd\u0131r.(Ziya Nur Aksun \u201ca.g.e\u201d s.340
\n14)<\/strong> Ziya Nur Aksun, 1Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi\u201d v\u0131.cilt, \u00d6t\u00fcgen Ne\u015friyat, \u0130stanbul,1994,s.341
\n15) <\/strong>Enver ZiyaKanal\u201da.g.e\u201d, s.427
\n16) <\/strong>Erol G\u00fcng\u00f6r,\u201dTarihte T\u00fcrkl\u00fck\u201d, \u00d6t\u00fcgen, \u0130stanbul,1990, s.423
\n17)<\/strong> Zuhuri Danuman \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Tarihi\u201d, x\u0131v.cilt Yeni Matbaa, \u0130stanbul,1966,s.103
\n18) <\/strong>Ekmelleddin \u0130nsano\u011flu, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti Tarihi\u201d, I.cilt, Feza Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul ,s.125
\n19)<\/strong> \u201cDo\u011fu\u015ftan G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130slam Tarihi\u201d XII. Cilt, \u00c7a\u011f Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, s.189<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ziya Çiçek T.C. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi,Fen Edebiyat Fakültesi, Tarih Bölümü ÖNSÖZ Emperyalist politikaları çakışan Avrupa milletleri dünyayı büyük bir savaşın eşiğine doğru sürüklüyordu. Menfaatleri birleşen devletler, birbirleriyle birleşiyor, çakışanlara karşı bloklar oluşturuyorlardı. Bu sırada gerek iç politikada, gerekse dış politikada buhranlar ve kaoslar yaşayan, önceden yapılan savaşalar neticesinde kaybedilen topraklara yanan, üzülen hiçbir emperyalist 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