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Fethi G\u00fcng\u00f6r
\n<\/b>Kafkas Vakf\u0131 B\u00fclteni,\u00a0 Ocak 2002<\/p>\n
G\u00f6\u00e7 m\u00fc, yoksa s\u00fcrg\u00fcn m\u00fc?<\/p>\n <\/strong> G\u00f6\u00e7 [ing. Migration]: Birey ve gruplar\u0131n ekonomik, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vb. nedenlerden dolay\u0131 bir yerden ba\u015fka bir yere gitmeleridir. (K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7elik-Erjem, 1994: 185)<\/p>\n Co\u011frafya ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere, ekonomi, sosyal psikoloji ve sosyoloji gibi g\u00f6\u00e7 olgusunu inceleyen disiplinler aras\u0131nda konuya en geni\u015f a\u00e7\u0131dan bakan bilim dal\u0131 sosyolojidir. ”\u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sosyolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlemeler co\u011frafi de\u011fi\u015fmelerden \u00e7ok sosyolojik boyut ve \u00e7er\u00e7evedeki de\u011fi\u015fmeleri dikkate al\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131karaca\u011f\u0131 sosyal hareketlilik, g\u00f6\u00e7 nedenleri, uyum, g\u00f6\u00e7e neden olan kararlar\u0131n olu\u015fumu, g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrecindeki ay\u0131klama a\u015famalar\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 ile g\u00f6\u00e7 edilen \u00fclke ve g\u00f6\u00e7e kaynak olan \u00fclke halklar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki etkileri sosyolojinin ilgi alan\u0131 kapsam\u0131ndad\u0131r.” (Gezgin, 1994: 14)<\/p>\n G\u00f6\u00e7 t\u00fcrleri incelenirken ele al\u0131nan \u2018uzakl\u0131k\u2019 kavram\u0131 genellikle k\u0131ta i\u00e7i ve k\u0131talararas\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7lerle ilgilidir. Bir \u00fclkenin ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisindeki n\u00fcfus hareketlerine i\u00e7 g\u00f6\u00e7, n\u00fcfusun \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmesine ise d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 denir. Mahiyetleri itibariyle bu t\u00fcr g\u00f6\u00e7lerde fiziksel uzakl\u0131k kavram\u0131n\u0131n hi\u00e7 bir \u00f6nemi yoktur (Gezgin, 22).<\/p>\n Zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7lerde (tehcir), g\u00f6\u00e7 karar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7 edenin istemini dikkate almamaktad\u0131r. Zorunlu yerle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131 ya da bir sava\u015f, do\u011fal afet nedeniyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6\u00e7ler zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7lerdir. ”G\u00f6\u00e7 edenin istemine dayal\u0131 olmayan yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri klasik anlam\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7 saymama e\u011filimi de vard\u0131r. Bu e\u011filimin nedeni \u2018s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u2019 kavram\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 kavram\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 bir kriterle incelemeye tabi tutulmas\u0131 gere\u011fine dikkat \u00e7ekmek olmal\u0131d\u0131r”. (Uysal, 1996: 141)<\/p>\n Yukar\u0131daki tan\u0131mlardan a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, \u00c7erkeslerin Kafkasya’dan Anadolu’ya geli\u015fi bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu k\u00fctlesel n\u00fcfus hareketinin g\u00f6\u00e7 olarak isimlendirilmesi do\u011fru de\u011fildir. \u00c7erkeslerin s\u00fcr\u00fclme sebebi S\u00fcrg\u00fcn Yolu<\/p>\n <\/strong>1859-1864 y\u0131llar\u0131nda yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00c7erkesler deniz yoluyla; Kafkasya’dan, Taman, Tuapse, Anapa, Tsemez, So\u00e7i, Adler, Sohum, Poti, Batum vb limanlardan bindirilip Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Trabzon, Samsun, Sinop, \u0130stanbul, Varna, Burgaz ve K\u00f6stence limanlar\u0131nda indiriliyordu. 1865-1866 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc ile Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonraki 1878 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn kara yoluyla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi. Do\u011fu yolundan genellikle \u00c7e\u00e7en, Da\u011f\u0131stan, Asetin, Kabardey insanlar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Daha sonraki s\u00fcrg\u00fcn de kara yoluyla yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Berzec, 1986: 114).<\/p>\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcn yolunda \u00e7ekilen \u00e7ileler yolda \u00f6lenlerin feci durumlar\u0131 Trabzon’daki Rus Konsolosu\u2019nun, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn i\u015flerini y\u00f6netmekte olan General Katra\u00e7ef’e yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131r: ”T\u00fcrkiye’ye gitmek \u00fczere Batum’a 70.000 \u00c7erkes geldi. Bunlardan ortalama olarak g\u00fcnde 7 ki\u015fi \u00f6l\u00fcyor. Trabzon’a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan 24.700 ki\u015fiden \u015fimdiye kadar 19.000 ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u015eimdi orada bulunan 63.900 ki\u015fiden her g\u00fcn 180-250 ki\u015fi \u00f6lmektedir. Samsun \u00e7evresindeki 110.000 ki\u015fi aras\u0131nda her g\u00fcn ortalama 200 ki\u015fi can veriyor. Trabzon, Varna ve \u0130stanbul’a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen 4650 ki\u015fiden de g\u00fcnde 40-60 ki\u015finin \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc haber ald\u0131m.” \u0130\u015fte bu nedenle pe\u015f pe\u015fe s\u00fcr\u00fcp gelen felaketlerin ve musibetlerin darbeleri alt\u0131nda inleyen ve eriyen bu kahraman ve faziletkar ulusun bedbaht bakiyesi de Dobruca, Bulgaristan, S\u0131rbistan, Arnavutluk, Suriye, Irak gibi daima tehlikeye maruz bulunan ve daima emniyetsizli\u011fin h\u00fck\u00fcmran oldu\u011fu yerlere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (Berkok, 1958: 529).<\/p>\n \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n Kafkasya Naibi olarak atad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karde\u015fi Grand\u00fck Mi\u015fel, 1864 A\u011fustos\u2019unda Bat\u0131 Kafkasya halk\u0131na \u015fu duyuruyu bildirmi\u015ftir: ”Bir ay i\u00e7inde Kafkasya terk etmezseniz, b\u00fct\u00fcn n\u00fcfus sava\u015f esiri olarak Rusya’n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fik b\u00f6lgelerine s\u00fcr\u00fclecektir:” (Berkok, 526).<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte bu y\u00fczden, esirli\u011fi ve boyunduruklu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015ferefsizlik g\u00f6ren \u00c7erkesler, g\u00fczel vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc Rus \u015fair Lermontof bu ger\u00e7e\u011fi bir \u015fiirinde \u015f\u00f6yle dile getirir: ”Bu insanlar yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 ve babalar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131n\u0131 neden terk ediyorlar? D\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetinin zoru ile mi? Hay\u0131r! D\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetlerinin beraberinde getirdi\u011fi esirlik zincirinin korkusuyla!” (Berkok, 524).<\/p>\n Rus y\u00f6netimi, b\u00f6lgenin yerli n\u00fcfustan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131larak bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda zorlay\u0131c\u0131 \u00f6nlemler alma yan\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m kolayl\u0131klar da sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Rus ordusundan ayr\u0131l\u0131p gelen ve Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev alan General Musa Kunduk(ov) Pa\u015fa bak\u0131n\u0131z ne itiraflarda bulunuyor:<\/p>\n ”\u00c7e\u00e7en reisleri uzun tart\u0131\u015fmalardan sonra g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc kabul edip nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini sordular. Ben de G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerinden kara yoluyla gidece\u011fimizi ve Rus ordusunun da her t\u00fcrl\u00fc kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yard\u0131m\u0131 yapaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yledim… Rus Generali Loris’e gidip 50 bin d\u00f6n\u00fcm kadar olan arazime kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k 45 bin alt\u0131n Ruble istedim. Hemen \u00f6dedi. Ancak g\u00f6\u00e7menlere harcanmak \u00fczere ayr\u0131ca 10 bin alt\u0131n Ruble daha istedim. Bunu az bularak 20 bin \u00f6dedi… Bu \u015fekilde 25 May\u0131s 1865’te, aralar\u0131nda ailem ve akrabalar\u0131m\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu 3 bin \u00c7e\u00e7en aile ile birlikte g\u00f6\u00e7 ettik. Geride kalanlar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7me g\u00f6revini \u00c7e\u00e7en b\u00f6lgesi naibi reis Sa’dullah’a vermi\u015ftik.” (Kundukov, 1978: 67-70).<\/p>\n Modern tarihin en b\u00fcy\u00fck kitlesel n\u00fcfus hareketlerinden biri olan \u00c7erkes s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fc (Henze, 1986: 247) s\u0131ras\u0131nda deniz gibi kan ak\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131. Gemiye binmek i\u00e7in a\u00e7 susuz k\u0131y\u0131da ya\u011fmur \u00e7amur i\u00e7inde, \u00f6l\u00fcm iniltileriyle bekle\u015fenler, yana\u015fan gemiye dolu\u015fup ta\u015f\u0131ma kapasitesinin \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde biniyorlard\u0131. Gemiler de daha fazla para alabilmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok yolcu al\u0131yor, bu y\u00fczden fazla yol almadan batan gemilere s\u0131k rastlan\u0131yordu. 1864 May\u0131s\u2019\u0131nda, Trabzon’daki Rus konsolosunun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re 30 bin ki\u015fi a\u00e7l\u0131k ve hastal\u0131ktan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Gemilerde hastal\u0131k belirtisi g\u00f6steren olursa hemen denize at\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131…1858-1865 y\u0131llar\u0131nda 493.124 insan\u0131n gitti\u011fi Trabzon’da bir tek adam\u0131n 3050 cariye birden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 oluyordu…’ (Avksentev, 1984: 61-62).<\/p>\n \u00dc\u00e7 milyon Kafkas insan\u0131n\u0131 zorla yurdundan s\u00fcren Rusya, bu mazlum ve kendi kaderiyle ba\u015f ba\u015fa b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, unutulmu\u015f ulus \u00fczerindeki siyasi emellerine son vermi\u015f de\u011fildi.<\/p>\n Rus H\u00fck\u00fcmeti ad\u0131na General Fadol, Musa Kunduk ile Gazi Muhammed’e \u015fu \u00f6neriyi sunmu\u015ftu: ‘Afganistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda \u00c7erkeslerden olu\u015fan bir devlet kurmak, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ndeki t\u00fcm \u00c7erkesleri oraya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcrmek, kurulacak devletin Rusya’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla b\u00fct\u00fcn giderlerinin Rusya taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denece\u011fini garanti etmek. Her ikisi de bu teklifi reddetmi\u015fti. Rusya bu proje ile Afganistan’\u0131 i\u015fgal etmekte olan \u0130ngilizleri bertaraf etmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. (Kundukov, 12) G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00c7erkeslerin kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 dayan\u0131lmaz zorluklara tan\u0131k olan baz\u0131 Ruslar bile vicdan azab\u0131 duyuyordu. Musa Kunduk Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n an\u0131lar\u0131na bir g\u00f6z atal\u0131m:<\/p>\n “… insanlar\u0131n peri\u015fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hayretler i\u00e7inde tema\u015fa etti\u011fimi g\u00f6ren istasyon yetkilisi ko\u015farak yan\u0131ma geldi ve g\u00f6zleri ya\u015fla dolarak dedi ki; ‘Ekselans, d\u00fcnyada bu ac\u0131kl\u0131 manzaray\u0131 seyredip de kalbi burkulmayacak insan var m\u0131d\u0131r? Allah’tan korkmak laz\u0131m. Bu topraklar onlar\u0131n yerleridir. Ne hakla onlar\u0131 bir bilinmezin i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcyoruz? Nereye gittiklerini sordu\u011fumda, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne diyorlar. Ama nas\u0131l ve ne zaman? Onlar\u0131 neler bekliyor, belli de\u011fil. Bu konularda hi\u00e7 bir bilgileri yok.’ (Kundukov, 62-63). H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin g\u00f6\u00e7e haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu konuda \u00c7erkesler i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey haz\u0131rlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck grubun durumunun a\u011f\u0131t yak\u0131lacak derecede peri\u015fan oldu\u011funu belirterek \u2018\u00f6nemle rica ediyorum, s\u00fcrg\u00fcn sorununda acele etmeyelim\u2019 demi\u015fti.<\/p>\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla devam ederken, bir taraftan da geri d\u00f6nme e\u011filimleri ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. T\u00fcrkiye’deki Rus El\u00e7isi \u0130gnatiev’in 21 \u015eubat 1872 tarihinde Rus D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131’na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gizli bir yaz\u0131da, T\u00fcrkiye’ye g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f 8500 \u00c7erkes ailenin katland\u0131klar\u0131 dayan\u0131lmas\u0131 zor-ko\u015fullardan \u015fikayetle Kafkasya’ya geri d\u00f6nmek istedikleri bildirilmi\u015ftir. (Berzec, 198)<\/p>\n \u0130skan edildikleri yerlere uyum sa\u011flayamay\u0131p geri d\u00f6nmeye yeltenen g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin say\u0131s\u0131 o kadar artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ki, Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00f6nlem alma gereksinimi duymu\u015ftu. 18 Kanun-\u0131 sani 1789 tarihli emirname ile \u00c7erkeslerin ka\u00e7mas\u0131na f\u0131rsat verecek her hareketin engellenmesi emredilmi\u015f, bu konuda yabanc\u0131 deniz nakliyat \u015firketlerine de gemileriyle tek bir \u00c7erkes bile ta\u015f\u0131mamalar\u0131\u2019 resmi yaz\u0131yla bildirilmi\u015ftir. (BOA, Hariciye Nezareti , 122\/64 )<\/p>\n Band\u0131rma \u00e7evresinde Yeni S\u0131\u011f\u0131rc\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcne yerle\u015ftirilen 300 aileden 150’si, oradaki ya\u015fama uyum sa\u011flayamay\u0131p anavatana d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 1911’de Hac d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u015eam valisi ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fen Can\u0131ko Bako; on bin \u00c7erkes olduklar\u0131n\u0131, kendilerine hicret etmek istediklerini s\u00f6yler, vali de memnuniyetle kabul eder. Can\u0131ko, Mehmet Hana\u015fe ile birlikte bir heyet halinde gelip daha \u00f6nce isk\u00e2n edilen k\u00f6yleri gezer, peri\u015fan durumlar\u0131na tan\u0131k olur. Kendilerinin isk\u00e2n edilmesi i\u00e7in belirlenen Kerk tepelerini gezerler. Bu kayal\u0131klar\u0131 be\u011fenmeyip A\u011fustos 1911’de deniz yoluyla \u0130stanbul \u00fczerinden geri d\u00f6nerler, hi\u00e7 kimse de hicret etmez. (Berzec, 130)<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul’daki \u00c7erkes Teav\u00fcn Cemiyeti sekreteri hukuk\u00e7u Tsa\u011fo Nuri 1913’te anavatana d\u00f6nerek Kabardey b\u00f6lgesinde de\u011fi\u015fik okullarda \u00c7erkes Dili okutmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (Berzeg, 1995: 247)<\/p>\n 1991’de kurulan Kafkas Halklar\u0131 Konfederasyonu’nun (KHK) fahri ba\u015fkan\u0131 Musa \u015een\u0131be anlat\u0131yor: “Annem anlat\u0131rd\u0131; Dedem yolda (kar\u015f\u0131dan gelen gemidekilerden) T\u00fcrk’e gidenlerin hastal\u0131ktan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenince yan\u0131ndakilerle birlikte denizin ortas\u0131ndan d\u00f6n\u00fcp geri gelmi\u015f.” (\u015een\u0131be, 1996).<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve yerle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131 “Kurulu\u015fundan beri i\u00e7 problemlerini \u00e7\u00f6zmede s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve yerle\u015ftirme y\u00f6ntemine s\u0131k\u00e7a ba\u015fvuran Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, 9 May\u0131s 1857’de g\u00f6\u00e7 kanununu \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada Rus \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019yla gizlice ittifak etmi\u015ftir… G\u00f6\u00e7enlerin mal, can ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri, di\u011fer t\u00fcm haklar\u0131 Sultan\u2019\u0131n garantisi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Her t\u00fcr vergiden muaf olarak arazi verilmesi vaat edilmi\u015fti. Anadolu’ya yerle\u015fenler 12 y\u0131l askerlikten muaf tutulmu\u015ftu. 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda isk\u00e2n-\u0131 Muhacirin Komisyonu kuruldu. Bunda ekonomik ve politik \u00e7\u0131karlar g\u00f6zetilmi\u015fti. Buradan anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki \u00c7erkeslerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclmesi, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nce planlanm\u0131\u015f, sonralar\u0131 geli\u015fen ger\u00e7ek durumdan \u00e7ok daha \u00f6nce programlanm\u0131\u015f bir i\u015ftir.” (Karpat’tan naklen Berzec, 47)<\/p>\n Nefy ve isk\u00e2n, y\u00f6netim politikalar\u0131ndan en barizleri olan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti (Barkan, 1949-50: 524 vd.) bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ile y\u00fcz y\u00fcze kalm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir \u00e7ok problemini halletmeyi de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. (Berzec, 120) \u00dcnl\u00fc tarih\u00e7i Kemal Karpat, 1859-1879 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclen Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00e7o\u011fu \u00c7erkeslerden olu\u015fmak \u00fczere 2.000.000\u2019a yak\u0131n oldu\u011funu, sa\u011f salim Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne ula\u015fan g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ise 1.500.000 oldu\u011funu belirtir (Karpat, 1995: 69). Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi konusunda de\u011ferli bir yap\u0131t yazm\u0131\u015f olan H\u0131zal da g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn 1.500.000 Kafkasyal\u0131n\u0131n yurdundan s\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (H\u0131zal, 1961: 49).<\/p>\n Ancak; Kafkasya’da ya\u015fanan i\u00e7 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, Sibirya ve Orta Asya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fclenleri, Balkanlardan Anadolu’ya, Band\u0131rma \u00e7evresine G\u00fcneydo\u011fuya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclenleri, Yahudi -Arap sava\u015f\u0131nda Golan b\u00f6lgesinin i\u015fgali \u00fczerine Kunayt\u0131ra’dan s\u00fcr\u00fclenleri de hesaba katt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ger\u00e7ek anlam\u0131yla yurdundan s\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00c7erkes say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 milyonu a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkes Muhacereti (Diasporas\u0131) Ayn\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceyi payla\u015fan ve 1864 b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00c7erkes toplum yap\u0131s\u0131nda son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck y\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten din bilgini Meretowkoe Nuh, \u00c7erkes Tarihi adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131nda, gerek 1864’te, gerek daha sonra devam ederek 1878, 1888, 1890,1900 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ne son bulan g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketlerini ele\u015ftirmekle ve vatan\u0131n toplu \u015fekilde bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n me\u015fru bir gerek\u00e7esi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunmaktad\u0131r (Mertuki, 1912: 34, 61).<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn Ad\u0131ge toplumunun sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 derinden etkileyen sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan biri de, \u00e7ok say\u0131da Ad\u0131ge insan\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6le ve cariye olarak sat\u0131lmas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur ki bu olgunun yans\u0131malar\u0131n\u0131, Ahmet Midhat, Abd\u00fclhak Hamit, Sami Pa\u015fazade Sezai, Mizanc\u0131 Murat gibi kendisi ya da annesi \u00c7erkes olan bir \u00e7ok Osmanl\u0131 ayd\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131tlar\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6rmek olas\u0131d\u0131r. (bkz. Parlat\u0131r, 1987: 31 vd.)<\/p>\n Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong> Fethi Güngör Kafkas Vakfı Bülteni, Ocak 2002 Göç mü, yoksa sürgün mü? Göç [ing. Migration]: Birey ve grupların ekonomik, sosyal, kültürel vb. nedenlerden dolayı bir yerden başka bir yere gitmeleridir. (Kızılçelik-Erjem, 1994: 185) Coğrafya başta olmak üzere, ekonomi, sosyal psikoloji ve sosyoloji gibi göç olgusunu inceleyen disiplinler arasında konuya en geniş açıdan bakan bilim dalı 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\n<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\nEkonomik, dini, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel nedenler yan\u0131nda tarih boyunca en \u00e7ok kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn nedeni sava\u015flar olmu\u015ftur. Kafkasya’dan Anadolu’ya kitleler halinde akan n\u00fcfus hareketinin de siyasi ve dini boyutu olmakla beraber en \u00f6nemli nedeni iki y\u00fczy\u0131l devam eden Rus sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7erkesler aleyhine yenilgilerle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u00fcrecinde geri d\u00f6nme e\u011filimi
\n<\/strong>
\n21 May\u0131s 1864’te d\u00f6rt y\u00fczy\u0131ll\u0131k Rus -Kafkas sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131 kesimde de yenilgiyle sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcn s\u00fcreci uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nden d\u00f6n\u00fcp gelen baz\u0131 insanlar\u0131n anlatt\u0131klar\u0131, Pa\u00e7’e Be\u00e7m\u0131rza’n\u0131n \u015fiirleri, a\u00e7l\u0131k, hastal\u0131k ve \u00f6l\u00fcm haberleri getiren g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 ve hasret dolu akraba mektuplar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Kabardey’den g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn devam etmesini engellemi\u015ftir. (Berzec, 134 )<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Kafkasya ile ilk ili\u015fkilerini kurdu\u011fu 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri ki\u015fisel g\u00f6\u00e7ler ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7ten \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda g\u00f6rev alm\u0131\u015f y\u00fczlerce subay ve bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc vezirlik yapm\u0131\u015f 300 pa\u015fa vard\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkasya’y\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na almak i\u00e7in bu \u00fcst d\u00fczey b\u00fcrokratlardan yararlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Musa Kunduk Pa\u015fa \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131r: “Sadrazam ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fckten sonra Berzec H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131na gittim. Wub\u0131kh Ali Pa\u015fa da (Haf\u0131z Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n karde\u015fi) oradayd\u0131. Bu iki ki\u015fi \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menlerinin durumlar\u0131n\u0131 yak\u0131ndan izliyordu. H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin g\u00f6\u00e7e haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu konuda \u00c7erkesler i\u00e7in hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey haz\u0131rlanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck grubun durumunun a\u011f\u0131t yak\u0131lacak derecede peri\u015fan oldu\u011funu belirterek ‘\u00f6nemle rica ediyorum, g\u00f6\u00e7 konusunda acele etmeyelim’ demi\u015fti.” H\u00fcseyin Berzec Pa\u015fa 1866’da idam edilmi\u015ftir (Berkok, 517).<\/p>\n
\n Rusya’n\u0131n isk\u00e2na m\u00fcdahalesi
\n<\/strong>
\nBinlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k \u00f6z yurdundan zul\u00fcm ve kanla s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc milyonlarca insan\u0131 gitti\u011fi yerde de rahat b\u0131rakmayan Rusya, onlar\u0131n nerelere yerle\u015ftirilece\u011fine de m\u00fcdahale etmi\u015ftir. Rusya’n\u0131n 2 Mart 1878’de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015fmada, Rus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n yerlerde yerle\u015ftirilen \u00c7erkeslerin i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmesi konusu \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur (Berzec, 126). Nitekim \u00f6yle de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, 150.000 \u00c7erkes bu kez Rumeli’den Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.
\n S\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00c7erkes say\u0131s\u0131
\n<\/strong>
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcnle ilgili resmi istatistik bilgilerinin tamam\u0131na sahip de\u011filiz. Ancak muttali olunabilen Rus, \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Osmanl\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131nda 700 binden 2 milyona kadar de\u011fi\u015fen rakamlar vard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131\u2019daki n\u00fcfus hareketlerini inceleyen Obisni \u0130rolitimo 1866’da g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin bir milyona ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir (Nartlar\u0131n Sesi, 1980: 15).<\/p>\n
\n<\/strong>
\n\u00c7erkeslerin Kafkasya d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda en yo\u011fun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler, ba\u015fta T\u00fcrkiye olmak \u00fczere, Suriye, \u00dcrd\u00fcn, Filistin, M\u0131s\u0131r, Yugoslavya, baz\u0131 Avrupa \u00fclkeleri ve Amerika gibi \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u00fclkelerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Varna’da halen d\u00f6rt \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fc vard\u0131r ve \u00f6zel giysilerini ve dillerini korumaktad\u0131rlar. Trablusgarp’a (Libya) bir defa da 1000 aile g\u00f6nderilmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ar\u015fiv belgesi ile kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Irak, Endonezya gibi hi\u00e7 tahmin edilmeyecek \u00fclkelerde bile \u00c7erkes varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na rastlanmaktad\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r’da \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131ldan fazla h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcren \u00c7erkes Meml\u00fckleri ise: ayr\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma konusudur.
\n S\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 derin yaralar
\n<\/strong>
\n“S\u00fcrg\u00fcn operasyonu, binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k Kafkas tarihinin en \u00f6nemli olay\u0131d\u0131r. Bu olay Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131, ekonomisini ve politikas\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir.”(Berzec, 129)<\/p>\n
\n1) Avkscntcv, A., \u0130slam na Sevemom Kavkaza, Stavropol, 1984.
\n2) Barkan, \u00d6. L., ‘Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Bir \u0130sk\u00e2n Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak S\u00fcrg\u00fcnler’, \u0130.\u00dc.\u0130.F. Mecmuas\u0131, c. 11, s.l-4, \u0130stanbul 1949-50, s.524 vd.
\n3) Berkok, \u0130., Tarihte Kafkasya, \u0130stanbul, 1958.
\n4) Berzec, N., Tehc\u00eeru’\u015f -\u015eer\u00e2kise, (Arap\u00e7aya \u00e7ev. \u0130samu’1 -Hasen), Amman, 1 986.
\n5) Berzeg, S. E., Kafkas Diyasporas\u0131nda Edebiyat\u00e7\u0131lar ve Yazarlar S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Samsun 1995.
\n6) BOA, Hariciye Nezareti, c. 122, dosya no: 64.
\n7) Gezgin, M. F.,\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ve Avusturya’daki T\u00fcrk \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri, \u0130.U. Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1 994.
\n8) Henze, P., 1986, s. 247’den nak. Edris Abzakh, \u2018Circassian Home Page\u2019, \u0130ntemet, (http.\/\/www.geocities.com.\/CollegePark\/234 1\/).
\n9) H\u0131zal, A. H., Kuzey Kafkasya H\u00fcrriyet ve \u0130stikl\u00e2l Davas\u0131, Orkun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131 No: 4, Ankara 1961.
\n10) Karpat, K. H., Ottoman Population 1830-1914, Wisconsin, 1995.
\n11) K\u0131z\u0131l\u00e7elik, S., Erjem, Y., A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 Sosyoloji S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Atilla Kitabevi, Ankara, 1994.
\n12) Kundukov, M., An\u0131lar, \u00e7ev. M. Ya\u011fan, \u0130stanbul 1978.
\n13) Mert\u00fbk\u00ee, N., N\u00fbru’l-Mek\u00e2bis f\u00ee Tev\u00e2r\u00eehi’l-\u00c7er\u00e2kis, Kerimiyye Matbaas\u0131, Kazan, 1912.
\n14) Nartlar\u0131n Sesi Dergisi, Say\u0131. 16, Ankara, \u015eubat 1980,s.15.
\n15) \u015eenibe Musa ile R\u00f6portaj, Nal\u00e7ik, 01.10.1996.
\n16) Parlat\u0131r, \u0130., Tanzimat Edebiyat\u0131nda K\u00f6lelik, TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara, 1987 .
\n17) Uysal, H., \u0130nsan ve Toplum Bilimleri S\u00f6zl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, Uysal Kitabevi, Konya, 1996.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"