{"id":11393,"date":"2019-03-25T12:10:31","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T17:10:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11393"},"modified":"2019-03-25T12:10:31","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T17:10:31","slug":"cerkesler-6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/cerkesler-6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00c7ERKESLER"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Adem Tok<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00d6ns\u00f6z
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bat\u0131 Kafkas S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eteklerinde ve Terk ile Kuban nehirleri yataklar\u0131na dek uzanan bay\u0131r ve vadilerde oturan kavim. \u00c7erkeslerin ne zaman Kafkasya’ya geldikleri tam olarak bilinememekle birlikte eldeki bulgular \u00c7erkeslerin tarihinin M\u00d6 6000 y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerin Avrupa’da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f vah\u015fi kavimlerle ilgileri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Asya’dan gelen Mo\u011follarla da bir ilgileri yoktur. Kafkasya’n\u0131n en g\u00fczel ve en m\u00fckemmel giysili, soylu bir ulustur. Eski zamanlardan beri Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal eden devletlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olmak zorunda kalan \u00c7erkesler b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet kuramam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak hi\u00e7bir ulusun y\u00f6netiminde de kendi dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerini kaybetmemi\u015flerdir. \u00c7e\u015fitli gruplar halinde ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkes kabilelerinin en \u00f6nemlileri Abzegh ya da Abadzeh, Bjedugh, Shapsugh, Natukuay, Temirgoy, Besleney, Hakusi, Kabardey’dir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tarih
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerin Kafkasya’daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00d6 6000’lere de\u011fin dayan\u0131r. M\u00d6 3000’lerde tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bak\u0131r madenini kulland\u0131klar\u0131, seramik e\u015fya ve daha sonra da tun\u00e7tan aletler yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bilinmektedir. Sindo-Moet olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kavimlerden geldi\u011fi kabul edilen \u00c7erkesler, M\u00d6 6y\u00fczy\u0131lda kuzeyde \u0130skitlerle, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda da Yunanl\u0131larla kom\u015fuydular. \u0130skitler ve Yunanl\u0131larla kurulan ili\u015fkiler, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmenin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00c7erkes kentleri ve yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

M\u00d6 5.y\u00fczy\u0131lda merkezi Gorgippa (bug\u00fcn Anapa) olmak \u00fczere Bosporos Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda kurulan Sind Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iki y\u00fczy\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckten sonra Bosporos Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’na kat\u0131ld\u0131. Boshoros Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n M\u00d6 3.y\u00fczy\u0131lda ekonomik ve askeri \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecine girmesinden yararlanan \u0130skitlerin izleyicisi Sarmatlar M\u00d6 2.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kuzey Kafkasya topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. \u00c7erkesler Sarmatlar\u0131 ancak MS 1y\u00fczy\u0131lda Mani\u00e7 \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyine s\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015farabildiler. Sarmatlardan sonra 4. ve 5.y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Alanlar ve Hunlar geldi. Hun sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 sonucu k\u0131y\u0131 kentleri ve deniz ticareti yok oldu ve \u00c7erkesler verimli topraklar\u0131n\u0131n hemen hepsini yitirdi.<\/p>\n

1220’de Kafkasya’y\u0131 istila etmeye ba\u015flayan Mo\u011follar \u00c7erkeslerin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc ve Alanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yok ettiler. Bunu izleyen Alt\u0131n Orda sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda topraklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yitiren \u00c7erkesler, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Alanlar\u0131n baz\u0131 topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiler. Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 boyunca uzanan bu yeni topraklar \u00fczerinde 14.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kabardey b\u00f6lgesi olu\u015ftu. Alt\u0131n Orda devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra daha \u00f6nce yitirdikleri topraklar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc geri alan \u00c7erkesler bu kez de K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na hedef oldular. K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n \u00c7erkesleri a\u011f\u0131r bir vergiye ba\u011flamas\u0131 \u00c7erkeslerin Rusya’ya yakla\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Bu zorunlu yak\u0131nla\u015fma Rusya’n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde kolonile\u015ftirmesini de beraberinde getirdi. \u00c7erkes-Rus dostlu\u011fu 18.y\u00fczy\u0131la de\u011fin s\u00fcrd\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Rusya ve Avusturya ile girdi\u011fi sava\u015flara son veren 1739 Belgrad Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Kabardey b\u00f6lgesi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hale getirildi. Rus yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kayg\u0131 duyan \u00c7erkesler, 1768-74 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer ald\u0131lar. Ama sava\u015f Ruslar\u0131n zaferi ve Kabardey b\u00f6lgesinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu arada K\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131 ve Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kuzeyindeki \u00c7erkes topraklar\u0131n\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alan G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 koruma alt\u0131na alan Ruslar, Mozdok’tan ba\u015flay\u0131p Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kuzeyinden Karadeniz’e ve Tereke Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyinden Hazar Denizi’ne uzanan sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir hat olu\u015fturdular. Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 buna tepki olarak Imam Mansur \u00f6nderli\u011finde ayakland\u0131lar ve<\/p>\n

1787-1791 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yan\u0131nda sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Ama sava\u015f Ruslar\u0131n Ker\u00e7 Bo\u011faz\u0131’n\u0131n denetimini ve Anapa’y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131.<\/p>\n

1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131lar \u00c7erkesya \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131ndan Rusya lehine vazge\u00e7ti. 1838’de \u00c7erkeslerin elindeki So\u00e7i ve Tuapse limanlar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7iren Ruslar i\u00e7 kesimlere do\u011fru yeni kaleler ve karakollar in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Egemenlik alan\u0131 gitgide daralan \u00c7erkesler Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015ftiler. Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enya’da Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden \u015eeyh \u015eamil, \u00c7erkeslerle birle\u015fmek i\u00e7in 1846’da Kabardey b\u00f6lgesine gitti ama bu birle\u015fme olmad\u0131. 1848’de bu kez naibi Muhammed Emin b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderildi.1853-1855 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00c7erkesler Novorssiysk kentini ve Taman Yar\u0131madas\u0131’n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Ruslardan geri ald\u0131lar. \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in 1859’da teslim olmas\u0131ndan sonra Rus H\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00c7erkesleri topraklarindan \u00e7\u0131karma karar\u0131 ald\u0131 ve ilk \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ba\u015flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

1862’de harekete ge\u00e7en Ruslar, \u00c7erkes k\u00f6ylerini bas\u0131p yakmaya, geri d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc olanaks\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in de tarlalar\u0131 tahrip ederek halk\u0131 Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131na do\u011fru itmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. May\u0131s 1864’te Ruslar So\u00e7i ve Tuapse kentlerini i\u015fgal ettiler. \u00c7erkesya bu tarihten ba\u015flayarak \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusundan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Yaln\u0131zca k\u0131y\u0131boyu Shapsugh’da k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusunun (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Adigeler) kalmas\u0131na izin verildi. As\u0131l \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusu ise Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131ld\u0131. Gemilere bindirilen \u00c7erkesler, Karadeniz’in Anadolu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki limanlara, \u0130stanbul, \u0130zmit, \u0130zmir, Ege Adalar\u0131, Rodos ve K\u0131br\u0131s’a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de Burgaz, Varna ve K\u00f6stence’ye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek Balkanlar’a yerle\u015ftirildi. G\u00f6\u00e7 s\u0131ras\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131k ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00e7ok say\u0131da \u00c7erkes \u00f6ld\u00fc. Anadolu’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen \u00c7erkeslerde yo\u011fun olarak Orta ve Bat\u0131 Karadeniz, Kuzeybat\u0131, Bat\u0131, \u0130\u00e7bat\u0131 ve Orta Anadolu’ya yerle\u015ftirildiler. G\u00f6\u00e7 ve yerle\u015ftirme giderleri Osmanl\u0131 H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nce kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. 1830’da 1 milyonun \u00fczerinde oldu\u011fu tahmin edilen Kafkasya’daki \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusu sava\u015flar ve g\u00f6\u00e7ten sonra 145 bine d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

27 \u015eubat 1917’de \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131 anavatanlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcren Rusya \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6kt\u00fc ve \u00c7ar II. Nikola tahttan indirildi. Bundan sonra ilk olarak Kuban ve Terek y\u00f6netim birimlerinde temsil edilen \u00c7erkesler \u00f6zerklik istediler. Ve Ekim 1917 Devrimi’nden sonra Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Terek’te ya\u015fayan Kuzey Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131 temsil etmek \u00fczere 1 Aral\u0131k 1917’de Vladikavkaz’da (bug\u00fcn Orkonikidze) kurulan Terek-Da\u011f\u0131stan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, Sovyetleri tan\u0131mayan Kuban ve Don yerel h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri ile birlikte olu\u015fturdu\u011fu G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Birli\u011fi’nin y\u00f6netimi Mart 1918’de Sovyetlere ge\u00e7ti. Sovyetlere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fan general Denikin 1919’da Terek ve Kuban’\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiyse de, Sovyetler Mart 1920’de duruma yeniden egemen oldu.<\/p>\n

Kas\u0131m1920’de Rus SSC’ye ba\u011fl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Dagl\u0131 \u00d6SSC kuruldu. Da\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6SSC i\u00e7inde bir ulusal il (okrug) olu\u015fturan Kabardey \u00c7erkesleri, 1 Eyl\u00fcl 1921’de Da\u011fl\u0131 \u00d6SSC’den ayr\u0131larak Kabardey \u00f6zerk y\u00f6netim birimini (oblast) kurdular. 1922’de de Kabardey-Balkar, Kara\u00e7ay \u00c7erkes ve Adigey \u00f6zerk y\u00fcnetim birimleri kuruldu. Daha sonra Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Shapsugh Ulusal il (okrug) olu\u015fturuldu. 5 Aral\u0131k 1936’da ise bug\u00fcn \u00c7erkeslerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yasad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kabardey-Balkar \u00d6SSC kuruldu.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Adem Tok Önsöz Batı Kafkas Sıradağları’nın eteklerinde ve Terk ile Kuban nehirleri yataklarına dek uzanan bayır ve vadilerde oturan kavim. Çerkeslerin ne zaman Kafkasya’ya geldikleri tam olarak bilinememekle birlikte eldeki bulgular Çerkeslerin tarihinin MÖ 6000 yıllarına kadar uzandığını göstermektedir. Çerkeslerin Avrupa’da yaşamış vahşi kavimlerle ilgileri olmadığı gibi, Asya’dan gelen Moğollarla da bir ilgileri yoktur. Kafkasya’nın […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11393"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11395,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11393\/revisions\/11395"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}