{"id":11502,"date":"2019-03-25T18:45:33","date_gmt":"2019-03-25T23:45:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11502"},"modified":"2019-03-25T18:45:33","modified_gmt":"2019-03-25T23:45:33","slug":"johann-gutenberg-1398-1468","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/johann-gutenberg-1398-1468\/","title":{"rendered":"JOHANN GUTENBERG (1398-1468)"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Zeynep Ak\u0131ll\u0131<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n

\u00c7ocuklu\u011funda en \u00e7ok ilgilendi\u011fi \u015fey oyun ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 olan Gutenberg, renk renk resimleri ve elle yaz\u0131lamayacak d\u00fczg\u00fcnl\u00fckteki yaz\u0131lar\u0131 saatlerce seyrediyor ve benzerlerini yapmak istiyordu. Fakat d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerini, bulundu\u011fu \u00e7a\u011f\u0131n dinsel \u00e7evresinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiremeyece\u011fini biliyor ve bu nedenle kasabas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131larak “kaz eti” anlam\u0131ndaki “Ganzfleisch” soyad\u0131n\u0131, annesinin k\u0131zl\u0131k ad\u0131 “Gutenberg e” \u00e7evirerek, oyun ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 \u00fcretmek istiyordu.<\/p>\n

Kurdu\u011fu ortakl\u0131k sayesinde oyun ka\u011f\u0131tlar\u0131 bas\u0131yor; fakat umdu\u011fu \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde satamay\u0131nca bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyemiyor ve s\u0131k s\u0131k mahkemelik oluyordu. Yeterli sat\u0131\u015f\u0131n, be\u011fenilen ve aran\u0131lan, daha da \u00f6nemlisi o zamanki toplumun kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmayaca\u011f\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnler olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede anl\u0131yor ve b\u00f6ylece din kitaplar\u0131 bas\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 planl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

O zamana kadar hacimli kitaplar bas\u0131lamam\u0131\u015f, ancak tek sayfal\u0131k ilahilerin tamam\u0131, bir b\u00fct\u00fcn tahta \u00fczerine harfler ve s\u00f6zc\u00fckler tek tek oyularak bask\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Bu pahal\u0131 i\u015fe Gutenber in \u00f6deyecek paras\u0131 yoktu. Oyma i\u015fini yapan sanatkarlar b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fccretler istiyorlard\u0131. Gutenberg in problemi; bask\u0131 i\u015fini olabildi\u011fince ucuza mal etmek, \u00f6zellikle y\u00fczlerce sayfan\u0131n s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin oyulmas\u0131na, g\u00fcc\u00fc d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki paray\u0131 \u00f6demeden bask\u0131y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmekti.<\/p>\n

Gutenberg “A b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc, par\u00e7alar\u0131 B, C ve D toplam\u0131na e\u015fittir,” ilkesini kullanarak, bir s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn harflerinin yan yana getirilmesiyle elde edilebilece\u011fini sonucuna var\u0131yordu. E\u011fer harfler bir kez a\u011fa\u00e7 \u00fczerine tek tek oyularak ve bunlar yan yana dizilerek istenen s\u00f6zc\u00fckler olu\u015fturulursa, her sayfa bunlarla bas\u0131labilir, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla her sayfa i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca oyma \u00fccreti \u00f6demek gerekmezdi.<\/p>\n

Gutenberg, harfleri ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 oyduruyor, unla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f palamut kapc\u0131klar ile demir tuzlar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak Sevilfi \u0130sidore un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 m\u00fcrekkebi ve \u00c7in de Tsai Lun un buldu\u011fu ve \u00e7oktan Avrupa ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 nemlendirerek harfler \u00fczerine bast\u0131r\u0131yor; fakat umdu\u011fu sonucu alam\u0131yordu. er sayfan\u0131n net bir bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 elde etmek i\u00e7in ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 arka y\u00f6n\u00fcnden harflere iyice bast\u0131rmak gerekiyor, bu da olduk\u00e7a uzun zaman ve b\u00fcy\u00fck pazu g\u00fcc\u00fc istiyordu.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsan\u0131n pazu g\u00fcc\u00fcyle istenilen bask\u0131n\u0131n elde edilememesi, Gutenberg in \u00f6n\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kan ikinci problem oluyordu. Problemi \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in daha \u00f6nce benzeri bir problemin nas\u0131l \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya koyuluyor, bu ama\u00e7la t\u00fcm bilgisini ve ya\u015fam deneyimlerini tek tek g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7iriyordu. Geldi\u011fi Mainz y\u00f6resinde, kad\u0131n ve erkeklerin \u015f\u0131ra \u00e7\u0131karmak i\u00e7in \u00fcz\u00fcmleri nas\u0131l \u00e7i\u011fnediklerini hat\u0131rl\u0131yor; fakat bu k\u00fcspede \u015f\u0131ra kalmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyemedikleri i\u00e7in sonradan preslerin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyordu. Ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131n harflere bast\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ile \u00fcz\u00fcmleri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak \u015f\u0131ra \u00e7\u0131karmak, “bast\u0131rmak” bak\u0131m\u0131ndan benzerlik g\u00f6steriyorlard\u0131. O halde, problem \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde pek s\u0131k kullan\u0131lan “Benzetme Y\u00f6ntemi” uygulanarak net bask\u0131 elde edilebilirdi.<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle tek tek harfler kullanarak dizilmi\u015f sayfa \u00fczerine ka\u011f\u0131d\u0131 kapatan Gutenberg, \u015f\u0131ra presine benzer d\u00fczen ile insan g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flayamayaca\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131y\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriyor ve arzulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 netlikte sayfalar elde ediyordu.<\/p>\n

O \u00e7a\u011fda dinsel \u00e7evre etkiliydi o halde Gutenberg, \u00f6nce H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131n kutsal kitab\u0131 olan “\u0130ncil”i basarak sermaye olu\u015fturabilirdi. B\u00f6ylece 1282 sayfal\u0131k \u0130ncil den 300 kitap \u00fcretimini planl\u0131yor; fakat ka\u011f\u0131t, m\u00fcrekkep ve i\u015f\u00e7ilik i\u00e7in de olduk\u00e7a b\u00fcy\u00fck bir borca giriyordu. Zaman\u0131nda \u00f6deyemedi\u011fi borcu i\u00e7in mahkemeye veriliyor ve ne yaz\u0131k ki, t\u00fcm alet ve gere\u00e7leri ile kurdu\u011fu bas\u0131mevini de kaybediyor, inan\u0131lmaz ba\u015far\u0131lar getiren bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n meyvesini alacakl\u0131lar\u0131 topluyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Zeynep Akıllı Çocukluğunda en çok ilgilendiği şey oyun kağıtları olan Gutenberg, renk renk resimleri ve elle yazılamayacak düzgünlükteki yazıları saatlerce seyrediyor ve benzerlerini yapmak istiyordu. Fakat düşüncelerini, bulunduğu çağın dinsel çevresinde gerçekleştiremeyeceğini biliyor ve bu nedenle kasabasından ayrılarak “kaz eti” anlamındaki “Ganzfleisch” soyadını, annesinin kızlık adı “Gutenberg e” çevirerek, oyun kağıtları üretmek istiyordu. Kurduğu ortaklık […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11502","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11502","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11502"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11502\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11504,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11502\/revisions\/11504"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11502"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11502"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11502"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}