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Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. \u00c7etin Pekacar Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri, bug\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu (1992 tahminine g\u00f6re 250 bin ki\u015fi) Rusya Federasyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti’nde, geriye kalan k\u0131sm\u0131 (yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 bin ki\u015fi) \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Osetya \u00d6zerk cumhuriyetlerinde ya\u015fayan, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrklerinden sonra Kafkaslardaki en kalabal\u0131k T\u00fcrk kavmidir. Kumuklar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya’y\u0131 istil\u00e2s\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ve bilhassa \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in esir d\u00fc\u015fmesinden sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devletine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlar h\u00e2len belli ba\u015fl\u0131 olarak Tokat’\u0131n \u00dc\u00e7g\u00f6zen ve Ku\u015fotura\u011f\u0131, Sivas’\u0131n Yavu k\u00f6y\u00fcnde ya\u015famaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri Kuzey Kafkasya’daki Kumuk ovas\u0131n\u0131n ve Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k kesiminin yerli halklar\u0131ndand\u0131r. Etnik bak\u0131mdan K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve O\u011fuz boylar\u0131n\u0131n bu sahada kayna\u015fmas\u0131ndan meydana geldikleri ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen Kumuk T\u00fcrklerinin dillerindeki K\u0131p\u00e7ak ve O\u011fuz grubu \u00f6zellikleri bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n Kumuk ad\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7ti\u011fi en eski kaynak, Mahmud K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee ‘nin Div\u00e2n\u00fc L\u00fbgati’t-T\u00fcrk adl\u0131 eseridir. Mahmud K\u00e2\u015fgar\u00ee , Kumuk<\/em> kelimesinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak “Bir zaman yan\u0131nda bulundu\u011fum Beylerden birinin ad\u0131”; kumuk<\/em> kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak “At g\u00fcbresi. Ba\u015fka g\u00fcbreye bu ad verilmez.”; kumukla<\/em>– kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise ” kumuklad\u0131: ‘at kumuklad\u0131= at pisledi, tersledi’. Bir kimseyi ‘Kumuk’ boyuna nispet edersen yine b\u00f6yle denir. Bu, bir adam\u0131n ad\u0131d\u0131r.” bilgilerini vermektedir. Bu kelimelerin “at g\u00fcbresi” ve “at\u0131n terslemesi” gibi s\u00f6zl\u00fck manalar\u0131 bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131lacak olursa a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor ki Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri, daha XI. y\u00fczy\u0131lda kendi adlar\u0131yla tarih sahnesindedirler.<\/p>\n Kumuklar\u0131n \u00fclkesi VII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Hazar Devletinin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn Kumuk bilim adamlar\u0131 da Kumuklar\u0131, Hazar Devletinin kurucular\u0131 olarak g\u00f6stermektedirler. Hazar Devletinin son ba\u015fkenti Semender, Kumuk \u00fclkesi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Kumuklar aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan “Anci-name”, “Derbent-name”, “Karabudaxkent-name” adl\u0131 tarih\u00ee \u00e2bideler, Hazar Devleti devrinden bahseder. Hatt\u00e2, Hazarlar aras\u0131nda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Ebu Hamid el-Garnati’nin tespit etti\u011fi ve Hazar s\u00f6z\u00fc dedi\u011fi b\u00fct\u00fcn kelimeler bug\u00fcn Kumuk T\u00fcrklerince kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Zeki Velidi To\u011fan’\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgilere g\u00f6re Kumuklar, O\u011fuz destan\u0131n\u0131n M\u00fcneccimba\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan istifade olunan bir rivayetinde, O\u011fuz Han zaman\u0131nda Derbent’in muhafazas\u0131yla memur edilen K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n bir boyu olarak zikredilmi\u015ftir. To\u011fan’a g\u00f6re, Azerbaycan ile Derbent Araplar\u0131n idaresinde iken de Kumuklar\u0131n burada bulunduklar\u0131, Tarih al-Bab va’l-Abvab’dan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131 Kumuk \u00e2limlerinden S. M. Aliyev, M. R. Mahammadov’dan; Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131 Araplar\u0131n i\u015fgal etmesiyle Hazarlar\u0131n \u0130dil boyuna \u00e7ekilmelerinden sonra Hazar denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ve Temirkaz\u0131k Da\u011f\u0131stan’da liderlik rol\u00fcn\u00fcn Kumuklara ge\u00e7ti\u011fini naklediyor ve bu bilginin birinci k\u0131sm\u0131na kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtiyor; fakat onun Kumuklar\u0131 Hazarlardan ayr\u0131 g\u00f6stermesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. Aliyev’in fikrince Hazarlar ile Kumuklar, tarih\u00ee bak\u0131mdan da, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bak\u0131mdan da ayn\u0131 kavimdir.<\/p>\n Tarih\u00ee durumlar\u0131 ve men\u015fe’leri hakk\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok faraziye ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclen ve hatt\u00e2 ekseriya Sovyet antropologlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan olmak \u00fczere baz\u0131 Kafkas kavimlerinin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesi sonucu meydana geldikleri dahi s\u00f6ylenen Kumuklar\u0131n; dil, edebiyat, din, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f tarz\u0131, \u00f6rf ve \u00e2detler ve di\u011fer k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ele al\u0131nd\u0131lar\u0131nda ve yukar\u0131da \u00f6zetlenen tarih\u00ee verilerin \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ger\u00e7ek bir T\u00fcrk kavmi oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hazar Devletinin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Kumuk T\u00fcrklerinin kurduklar\u0131 ilk m\u00fcstakil te\u015fkilat, 1578’de Sultan But’un kurdu\u011fu ve tamam\u0131yla mill\u00ee bir Kumuk beyli\u011fi h\u00fcviyetinde olan emarettir. Bu beyli\u011fin Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n en kuzeyinde yer almas\u0131 sebebiyle, Kazan ile Ast\u0131rhan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra daha g\u00fcneye inme imk\u00e2n\u0131 bulan Ruslarla Kumuklar kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015f oldu. Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri, 1594 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015flayan Rus sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na ve i\u015fgal hareketlerine kar\u015f\u0131, di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Kafkas kavimleriyle birlikte XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar kahramanca mukavemet ettiler. Ancak Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen m\u00fccadelenin son bayraktar\u0131 \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in 1859’da esir edilmesiyle Da\u011f\u0131stan ve di\u011fer Kafkas b\u00f6lgeleri h\u0131zla Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flad\u0131. Zaten y\u00fczy\u0131llar s\u00fcren sava\u015flar Kumuklar\u0131 ve di\u011fer Kafkas kavimlerini b\u00eetab d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece Ruslar 1867’ye kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkasya’y\u0131 istil\u00e2 ettiler.<\/p>\n Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n 1917’de y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Rusya’da meydana gelen i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131kta h\u00fcrriyet ve istikl\u00e2lleri i\u00e7in ayaklanan Kuzey Kafkasya T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman camias\u0131 i\u00e7inde Kumuklar yine \u00f6n safta yer al\u0131rlar. Osmanl\u0131 devletinin de deste\u011fiyle Da\u011f\u0131stan, 11 May\u0131s 1918’de Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 il\u00e2n etti. Kuzey Kafkasya kabilelerinin bu s\u0131rada yap\u0131lan mill\u00ee kurultaylar\u0131nda Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7esinin, yaln\u0131z Da\u011f\u0131stan i\u00e7in de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn Kuzey Kafkasya i\u00e7in birle\u015ftirici, m\u00fc\u015fterek bir dil olarak kabul edildi\u011fini de bu arada vurgulamak isteriz. Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Kuzey Kafkasya Cumhuriyeti hen\u00fcz toparlanamadan Mondros M\u00fctarekesinin imzalanmas\u0131 sonucu Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu Kafkasya’y\u0131 tahliye edince, Da\u011f\u0131stan K\u0131z\u0131lordu’nun istil\u00e2s\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. 20 Ocak 1921’de Rusya Federatif S.S.C.’ne t\u00e2bi Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti kuruldu. 1936 Sovyet Anayasas\u0131, Kafkasya’n\u0131n etnik \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fini yans\u0131tmayan bir siyas\u00ee ve idar\u00ee b\u00f6l\u00fcmlenmeyi belirledi. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmleme sonucunda Kumuk T\u00fcrklerinin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00d6zerk Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetinde, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 da \u00c7e\u00e7en ve Osetya b\u00f6lgelerinde kalm\u0131\u015f oldu. Sovyetler Birli\u011finin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra Da\u011f\u0131stan, Rusya Federasyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u00f6zerk cumhuriyet h\u00e2line geldi.<\/p>\n Din Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Da\u011f\u0131stan’da Kumuk T\u00fcrkleriyle birlikte b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu S\u00fcnn\u00ee M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan otuz civar\u0131nda etnik grup ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede \u00f6zellikle XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Nak\u015fibend\u00ee tarikat\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir n\u00fcfuz kazanm\u0131\u015f ve Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen cihat hareketlerini organize ederek prestij sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan halk\u0131 dinine ba\u011fl\u0131 olup ilme \u00f6nem vermi\u015f ve hemen her k\u00f6yde bir medrese yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1913’te Da\u011f\u0131stan’da 360’\u0131 ulucami olmak \u00fczere 2060 cami vard\u0131. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kumuklar, dinlerini yeniden \u00f6\u011frenme seferberli\u011fi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu yolda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen faaliyetlere \u00f6rnek olarak Kuran’\u0131n Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019sine yap\u0131lan terc\u00fcmesinin Tang\u00e7olpan dergisinin 1992 y\u0131l\u0131 3. say\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren tefrika edilmekte olu\u015funu g\u00f6sterebiliriz. Ayr\u0131ca yine ayn\u0131 dergide Hazreti Peygamber’in hadisleri de Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019siyle yay\u0131nlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dil ve<\/strong> Edebiyat Kumuk edebiyat tarih\u00e7ileri, Kumuk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n XV. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan \u015fair Ummu Kamal (\u00dcmm\u00ee Kemal) ile ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, o devre kadar ise Kumuklar\u0131n edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n Umum\u00ee T\u00fcrk Edebiyat\u0131 ile birlikte m\u00fctal\u00e2a edilmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6ylerler. Osmanl\u0131 devletine de gelen Ummu Kamal, eserlerini Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle de\u011fil, Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7esiyle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019si, \u00fcnl\u00fc Kumuk \u015fairi Y\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 Kazak’a kadar Kumuklar\u0131n yaz\u0131 dili olmu\u015ftur. Bu devirde yeti\u015fen Kumuk \u015fairleri aras\u0131nda Amanhor (1670-1706), Miskin Halimat (XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l) ve Kaka\u015fural\u0131 Abdurahman (XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu- 1870) say\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n Y\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 Kazak (1830-1879), Yeni Kumuk Edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n temelini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri aras\u0131nda geni\u015f bir \u015f\u00f6hrete sahip olan Y\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 Kazak, \u015fiirlerinde hak, do\u011fruluk, yi\u011fitlik, a\u015fk gibi temalar\u0131 i\u015flemi\u015f, bu arada halk\u0131 ezen beyleri de hicvetmekten geri kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fka kayda de\u011fer bir Kumuk \u015fairi ve din \u00e2limi Abusupiyan Akayev (1870-1931)’dir. Akayev, \u015fiirler yan\u0131nda din\u00ee eserler de yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kumuk bilim adamlar\u0131ndan Hasan Orazayev, onun Payxamarn\u0131 Yolu Bulan<\/em> (Peygamberin yoluyla) adl\u0131 eserini Maha\u00e7kala’da, 1993 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. Orazayev, bu kitapta Akayev’in sosyal, politik konulardaki makalelerini; kitaplar\u0131na yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6ns\u00f6zlerini, mektuplar\u0131n\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fiirlerini, din\u00ee konulu yaz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirmi\u015f.<\/p>\n Kumuk edebiyat\u0131 son zamanlarda \u00e7e\u015fitli nevilerde ilerleme g\u00f6stermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olup pek \u00e7ok \u015fair, edip, hik\u00e2yeci ve romanc\u0131 yeti\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bir edebiyat ve sanat dergisi olan Tang\u00e7olpan<\/em>, 1917 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri yay\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r. Dergide yay\u0131mlanan \u015fiirler, hik\u00e2yeler ve \u00e7e\u015fitli sanat yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Kumuk edebiyat\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmesine \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine 1917 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmaya ba\u015flanan Yolda\u015f<\/em> gazetesi de, normal gazete i\u015flevinin yan\u0131nda edeb\u00ee geli\u015fmeye hizmette bulunmaya devam ediyor.<\/p>\n Kumuk halk edebiyat\u0131 zengin mahsulleriyle nesilden nesile ge\u00e7erek halk haf\u0131zas\u0131nda canl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Bu mahsuller aras\u0131nda y\u0131r<\/em> ad\u0131 verilen destan\u00ee mahiyetteki \u015fiirler \u00f6nemli bir yer tutar. Y\u0131rlar, hem edeb\u00ee zevke hitap eden hem de \u00f6\u011fretici nitelikli \u015fiirlerdir. En tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015f y\u0131r \u015fairi, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen Y\u0131r\u00e7\u0131 Kazak’t\u0131r. \u0130kinci \u00f6nemli naz\u0131m \u015fekli sar\u0131n<\/em> denilen d\u00f6rtl\u00fcklerdir. Sar\u0131nlar, bizdeki mani t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olup d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve e\u011flencelerde veya m\u00fcnasip bulunan her f\u0131rsatta irticalen veya ezberden s\u00f6ylenir.<\/p>\n Kumuklar\u0131n zengin bir atalar s\u00f6z\u00fc ve deyimler hazinesi vard\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli kaynaklarda bunlardan binlercesi tespit edilmi\u015f bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk halk edebiyat\u0131 mahsullerini derleme\u011fe ilk te\u015febb\u00fcs eden ki\u015finin, kendisi de Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00fc olan \u015fair ve m\u00fctercim Mehmed Efendi Osman (do\u011fumu: 1843) oldu\u011fu kabul edilmektedir. Me\u015fhur Altayist G. J. Ramsted de Kumuk\u00e7a \u00fczrende \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve 1904 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda bizzat geldi\u011fi o zamanki Xasavyurt<\/em>‘a ba\u011fl\u0131 Yaxsay<\/em> k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Kumuklar\u0131n dili, edebiyat\u0131 ve \u015fifah\u00ee halk edebiyat\u0131 mahsullerinin zenginli\u011fini incelemi\u015f, bir \u00e7ok metinler derlemi\u015ftir. Ramsted’in as\u0131l maksad\u0131, Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sinin Kuzey Kafkasya’da geni\u015f bir yay\u0131lma alan\u0131 bulmas\u0131n\u0131n ve ba\u015fka yerli halklar\u0131n da bu \u015fiveyi kullanmas\u0131n\u0131n sebebini ara\u015ft\u0131rmak olmu\u015ftur. Baz\u0131 sebeplerle uzun y\u0131llar yay\u0131mlanamam\u0131\u015f olan bu materyalleri, Emine G\u00fcrsoy Naskali \u0130ngilizce terc\u00fcmeleriyle birlikte bir kitap h\u00e2linde l991 y\u0131l\u0131nda Helsinki’de yay\u0131mlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sinin T\u00fcrk leh\u00e7elerinin hangi grubuna dahil oldu\u011fu konusunda T\u00fcrkologlar \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerdeki ayr\u0131l\u0131k, bu leh\u00e7enin alt gruplardan hangisine girdi\u011fi noktas\u0131nda toplanmaktad\u0131r; yoksa hepsinin ittifak ettikleri gibi Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’si, temel olarak Kuzey-Bat\u0131 (K\u0131p\u00e7ak) grubuna dahildir. Ancak co\u011fraf\u00ee konum ve s\u0131k\u0131 m\u00fcnasebetlerin bir neticesi olarak G\u00fcney grubundaki Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sine do\u011fru yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve benzerlik g\u00f6steren baz\u0131 \u00f6zellikleri de vard\u0131r. Ses bilgisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en \u00f6nemli benzerlik olarak kelime ba\u015f\u0131nda Kuzey-Bat\u0131 grubundaki k<\/em> \u00fcns\u00fcz\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Kumuk T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sinde, G\u00fcney grubunda oldu\u011fu gibi g<\/em> bulunmas\u0131 (mesel\u00e2: gi\u015fi<\/em> “ki\u015fi”, gel<\/em>– “gelmek”, g\u00f6r<\/em>– “g\u00f6rmek” v.b. gibi) ve \u015fekil bilgisi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise gelecek zaman eki olarak -(a)caq <\/em>\/-(e)cek (ancak bu \u00e7ekimde de oldu\u011fu gibi Teklik ve \u00e7okluk I. \u015fah\u0131s ve \u00e7okluk 2. \u015fah\u0131s ekleri Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’sindekinden farkl\u0131d\u0131r: Kum. gelecekmen<\/em> “gelece\u011fim” = Az. geleceyem<\/em>; Kum. gelecekbiz<\/em> “gelece\u011fiz” = Az. geleceyik<\/em>; Kum. geleceksiz<\/em> “geleceksiniz” = Az. geleceksiniz<\/em> gibi) eklerinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 g\u00f6sterilebilir.<\/p>\n 1928 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Arap alfabesini kullanan Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri, bu tarihte Latin harfleri esas al\u0131narak haz\u0131rlanan yeni bir alfabe kabul ettiler. 1938’de ise onlara di\u011fer Sovyet cumhuriyetlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi Kiril esasl\u0131 bir alfabe kabul ettirildi. H\u00e2len kullan\u0131lmakta olan bu alfabe, Kiril esasl\u0131 alfabeler i\u00e7erisinde en kullan\u0131\u015fs\u0131z ve karma\u015f\u0131k olanlardand\u0131r. Bu konuda bir fikir vermek gerekirse \u042e<\/strong> harfi, kelime ve hece ba\u015f\u0131nda hem yu<\/em>, hem de y\u00fc<\/em> ses grubunu temsil edebiliyor. \u0130\u00e7erisinde kal\u0131n k veya g \u00fcns\u00fczleri bulunmayan \u042e\u0417<\/strong> =y\u00fcz “y\u00fcz” gibi kelimelerde, bu y\u00fczden okuma g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fckleri ba\u015f g\u00f6steriyor. \u00dcstelik ayn\u0131 \u042e<\/strong> harfi, ince s\u0131radan kelimelerde “\u00fc” \u00fcnl\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in de kullan\u0131l\u0131yor. Benzer durum \u0401<\/strong> harfi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n Kumuk T\u00fcrklerinin halk hareketi: Tenglik Kumuk T\u00fcrkleri 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda siyas\u00ee mahiyette, mill\u00ee bir te\u015fkilat olan Tenglik hareketini kurdular. Te\u015fkilat\u0131n maksatlar\u0131; Kumuklar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, siyas\u00ee , ekonomik ve temel insan\u00ee haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunmak, bu ve benzeri alanlardaki meselelerinin halledilmesi i\u00e7in te\u015febb\u00fcslerde bulunmak olarak \u00f6zetlenebilir. Tenglik hareketinin 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan 1 numaral\u0131 b\u00fclteninin 1. sayfas\u0131nda yer alan ve Kumuk \u015fairi Z. Bat\u0131rmurzayev’e ait olan \u015fu d\u00f6rtl\u00fckler, Kumuk T\u00fcrklerini mill\u00ee uyan\u0131\u015fta ge\u00e7 kalmamalar\u0131 hususunda uyar\u0131c\u0131 mahiyette olmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Tenglik hareketinin ana fikrini de seslendirmektedir:<\/p>\n Yrd. Doç. Dr. Çetin Pekacar Yeni Türkiye -Türk Dünyası Özel Sayısı, Cilt: II-, Sayı: 16, Yıl: 3, 1997, s. 2062-2066 Kumuk Türkleri, bugün büyük çoğunluğu (1992 tahminine göre 250 bin kişi) Rusya Federasyonuna bağlı Dağıstan Özerk Cumhuriyeti’nde, geriye kalan kısmı (yaklaşık 50 bin kişi) Çeçen ve Osetya Özerk cumhuriyetlerinde yaşayan, Azerbaycan Türklerinden sonra Kafkaslardaki en 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\n<\/span> <\/span><\/b> Yeni T\u00fcrkiye -T\u00fcrk D\u00fcnyas\u0131 \u00d6zel Say\u0131s\u0131, Cilt: II-, Say\u0131: 16, Y\u0131l: 3, 1997, s. 2062-2066<\/span><\/p>\n
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\n Tuwdu \u00c7olpan, tang bilindi,<\/em><\/td>\n Do\u011fdu \u00c7olpan, sabah bilindi,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Boldu uyanma zaman.<\/em><\/td>\n Uyanma zaman\u0131 geldi.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \u015eawla ald\u0131 d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcn,\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n I\u015f\u0131k ald\u0131 d\u00fcnya y\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Yuhla\u011fan\u0131m\u0131z taman.\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n Uyudu\u011fumuz yeter.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n <\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n G\u00f6z\u00fcng a\u00e7, d\u00f6rt yak\u011fa qara!<\/em><\/td>\n G\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7, d\u00f6rt yana bak!<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Getdi kerwan erterek.\u00a0<\/em><\/td>\n Gitti kervan erkenden.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Biz ge\u00e7igip kal\u011fanb\u0131z,<\/em><\/td>\n Biz gecikip kald\u0131k,<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Enni hoz\u011falma gerek.<\/em><\/td>\n Art\u0131k harekete ge\u00e7mek gerek.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"