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Prof. \u00c7\u2019IR\u011e Ashad<\/span><\/strong> Adigelerin \u0425I\u0425. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda bir devlet yap\u0131lar\u0131 yoktu. Merkezi bir y\u00f6netime sahip de\u011fillerdi. Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Natukuaylar\u0131n beyleri yoktu. Demokratik bir ya\u015fant\u0131 tarz\u0131na sahiptiler. \u2018\u2019Erk Fekotl\u2019\u2019lerin (avam\u0131n) elindeydi. Besleney, Chemguy, Bjedugh, Hatukuay, Mehosh, Yecer\u0131khuay, Adem\u0131ye, Jane ve Kabardeylerin y\u00f6netim \u015fekli ise di\u011ferlerinden farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Bu Adige boylar\u0131 beyler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu, erk onlar\u0131n elindeydi. Yaz\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n devam\u0131nda \u0425I\u0425 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131nda beylik \u015feklinde politik yap\u0131lanma\u011fa sahip bu boylardan bahsedece\u011fiz. Yaz\u0131m\u0131zda Kabardey Beyli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda materyalleri g\u00f6stermiyoruz, onlar bahsetti\u011fimiz d\u00f6nemde daha farkl\u0131 bir konumdayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Beyler sadece y\u00f6netimi de\u011fil \u00e7ift\u00e7ileri de elleri alt\u0131nda tutuyorlard\u0131. Orduda beylerin denetimindeydi. Beylikte bey olan bey s\u00fclalesinden en ya\u015fl\u0131 erkek oluyordu. Ona \u2018\u043f\u0449\u044b-\u0442\u0445\u044c\u0430\u043c\u0430\u0442\u044d = Y\u00f6netici Bey\u2019 diyorlard\u0131. Beyler insanlar\u0131 istedikleri gibi y\u00f6netebilmek i\u00e7in Work = Ayan\u2019lardan faydalan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yarg\u0131\u2019dan (mahkeme vs.) sorumlu olarak se\u00e7ilenler Ayan (Work) s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndand\u0131lar.<\/p>\n \u2019\u2019Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n en do\u011fusunda Besleney Beyli\u011fi bulunuyordu. Bu d\u00f6nemde Besleneyler Wuarp ve Hodz nehirlerinin aras\u0131nda bulunan arazide ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Georgiy Novitske\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re (1830), Besleneyler say\u0131ca 70 bin ki\u015fi oluyorlard\u0131. Besleney Beyli\u011fi\u2019ni Khan\u0131kho S\u00fclalesi\u2019nden olan beyler y\u00f6netiyordu. Bu s\u00fclale \u015eolehu ve Be\u00e7m\u0131rze denilen iki koldan (aileden) olu\u015fuyordu. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca ayan (work) s\u00fclaleleri ise Dehu\u015fekho, Tlehet\u0131kho, M\u0131\u015fewost\u0131kho ve di\u011ferleri idi. D\u00f6nemin Adige \u00fclkesinde Besleneylerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nemi vard\u0131. Biliminsan\u0131 Karl Stal\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u2018\u2019Besleneylerin hepsi \u00e7ok temiz ve g\u00fczel bir Adigece ile konu\u015fuyorlar, Kabardeyler gibi ak\u0131lc\u0131 diplomatlar ve iyi \u00e7ok iyi s\u00fcvariler\u2019\u2019. Abaza (\u00c7.N. Abazin) milletinden olanlarda Besleney beylerinin y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Meho\u015flar ile aralar\u0131nda yak\u0131nl\u0131k ve ittifak vard\u0131. Di\u011fer Adige beylikleri gibi Besleney beyli\u011fi de 1828-1829 T\u00fcrk-Rus sava\u015f\u0131na kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ya\u015f\u0131yordu. 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda bu sava\u015f Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Adige beylikleri Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Fakat bu t\u00fcm Rusya\u2019n\u0131n t\u00fcm Adige beyliklerini denetimi alt\u0131na ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1843 y\u0131l\u0131nda Besleney \u015eamil\u2019in Naibi Muhammet Hal\u015fi ile birlik oldular. Yurtlar\u0131n\u0131 terk ederek Labe ard\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettiler. Bir y\u0131l sonra Beyleri Khan\u0131kho Ayte\u00e7 vefat edince yeniden al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 yurtlar\u0131na geri d\u00f6nd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n Besleneylerde ordu komutan\u0131 olarak TLEHETIKHO Kenemet \u00fcnlenmi\u015fti. 1848 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 kuvvetli diren\u00e7 g\u00f6steriyordu. Onun komutas\u0131nda Adige askerleri Rus kalelerine sald\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Rus taraf\u0131n\u0131 tutan i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ileri sert bir \u015fekilde cezaland\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Yarbay Karl Stal 1852 y\u0131l\u0131nda olanlardan \u00e7ok \u00fcz\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc belli olarak; \u2018\u2019Aralar\u0131ndan bizim taraf\u0131m\u0131za ge\u00e7enleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131 ve hatta TLEHETIKHO Kenemet\u2019in k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 ile kalelerimize yiyecek satan getiren 60 Negoy\u2019u \u2018\u043a\u044a\u043e\u0437\u044d\u0443 \u0440\u0430\u0433\u044a\u044d\u0448\u044a\u044b\u0433\u044a\u2019 katlettiler\u2019\u2019 diyordu.<\/p>\n Besleney\u2019den kuzeybat\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerleyince Meho\u015f Beyli\u011fi vard\u0131. Burada y\u00f6netimi Be\u011fers\u0131kho s\u00fclalesinden beyler ellerinde tutuyorlard\u0131. \u0425I\u0425. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Adige topraklar\u0131nda Be\u011fers\u0131kho Byazr\u0131kho \u00e7ok say\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Labe ve \u015ehagua\u015fe nehirleri aras\u0131nda bulanan arazide ise Chemguy beyli\u011fi bulunuyordu. Burada Bolet\u0131kho beylik ailesi erki elinde tutuyordu. Bunlara t\u00fcm Adige \u00fclkesinde b\u00fcy\u00fck sayg\u0131 g\u00f6steriliyordu. Bunlar\u0131n ars\u0131nda \u0425I\u0425. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131nda ya\u015fayan BOLETIKHO Byazr\u0131kho \u00e7ok \u00fcnl\u00fc idi. O Chemguy\u2019da insanlar\u0131n huzur i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015fayaca\u011f\u0131 kuvvetli bir d\u00fczen kurmu\u015ftu. BOLETIKHO Byazr\u0131kho\u2019nun d\u00f6neminde Chemguy Beyli\u011fi\u2019nde kurulan ya\u015fam d\u00fczeni hakk\u0131nda \u00fcnl\u00fc biliminsan\u0131 Han-Cer\u0131ye \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u2018\u2019Bu beyin y\u00f6netimi elinde tuttu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde; bir yolcu bir a\u011fa\u00e7 g\u00f6lgesinde ba\u015f\u0131na bir \u015fey gelme kayg\u0131s\u0131 olmadan rahat rahat dinlenebiliyordu. T\u00fcm g\u00fcn \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00e7ift\u00e7i evine geri d\u00f6nece\u011fi zaman saban\u0131n\u0131 ve di\u011fer aletlerini yaz\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131p gidebiliyordu. Sonraki g\u00fcn geri geldi\u011finde bunlar\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bulabiliyordu. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7obanlar beklemeden hayvan s\u00fcr\u00fcleri otluyorlard\u0131. Daha \u00f6nceleri silahl\u0131 erkeklerin gezmekten \u00e7ekindikleri yerlerde kad\u0131nlar \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 ile rahat\u00e7a gezinebiliyorlard\u0131.\u2019\u2019. BOLETIKHO Byazr\u0131kho yorulmak bilmeden Adige i\u015fleri ile ilgili \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n \u0425I\u0425. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30\u2019lu y\u0131llar\u0131nda Chemguylar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda BOLETIKHO Cambolet bulunuyordu. T\u00fcm Adigeler taraf\u0131ndan say\u0131l\u0131yordu. Karl Stal Cambolet hakk\u0131nda \u015funlar\u0131 yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u2018\u2019O kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve otoriterli\u011fi ile \u00fcnl\u00fc idi. Eskiden ya\u015fayan Adige \u015f\u00f6valyeleri gibi, onlardan kalan son numune bir beydi\u2019\u2019.<\/p>\n Hatukuaylar Chemguylar\u0131n kom\u015fusu olarak \u015ehagua\u015fe ve P\u015f\u0131\u015fe nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki arazide ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0425I\u0425. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 30\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda onlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bey olarak HAT\u0130KHO Aslan\u00e7er\u0131y bulunuyordu. Onun ard\u0131ndan o\u011flu Can\u00e7eri geldi.<\/p>\n Hatukuaylar ile Bjedughlar kom\u015fuydular. Bjedughlar kendi aralar\u0131nda H\u0131m\u0131\u015f\u0131ye ve \u00c7e\u00e7enaye olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131. H\u0131m\u0131\u015f\u0131yeler Af\u0131ps\u0131p ve Psekups nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki arazide ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enayeler ise Psekups ve P\u015f\u0131\u015fe nehirlerinin aras\u0131ndaki arazide ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bjedughlar\u0131n kuzeylerinde ise P\u015f\u0131z (Kuban) nehri yer al\u0131yordu. G\u00fcney kom\u015fular\u0131 ise Abzeghlerdi.<\/p>\n Han-Cer\u0131ye\u2019nin yazd\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00c7e\u00e7enaye Beyli\u011fi\u2019nde erki elinde tutan bey s\u00fclaleleri P\u015f\u0131\u015fawokan ve M\u0131\u015fewost\u2019lerdi. P\u015f\u0131\u015fawokan s\u00fclalesi kendi aras\u0131nda Ahecakho ve Cecekho olmak \u00fczere iki kola ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde M\u0131\u015fewostlarda Kun\u00e7\u0131kho ve Be\u015f\u0131kholar diye ayr\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n H\u0131m\u0131\u015fey\u2019de Hacem\u0131kho ve Kr\u0131m\u00e7er\u0131kho olmak \u00fczere iki bey s\u00fclalesi vard\u0131. Bunlardan erki elinde tutan Hacem\u0131kho s\u00fclalesinden olan beylerdi. Bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Hacem\u0131kho Bat\u00e7er\u0131y \u00fcnlenmi\u015fti. Bz\u0131yko sava\u015f\u0131nda Shapsugh ve Bjedugh feodallerinin ordusuna komutanl\u0131k yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ordusu zafer kazanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kendisi sava\u015fta can\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fti. Bat\u00e7er\u0131y\u2019in ard\u0131ndan H\u0131m\u0131\u015fey beyli\u011finde sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanan ise HACEMIKHO Alkhec idi. Bu bey Adigelerin Ruslarla dost olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini say\u0131yordu. Burada \u0425VIII y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Rus imparatorlu\u011funun Adigelere (\u00c7erkeslere) kar\u015f\u0131 olan yakla\u015f\u0131m \u015fekline de de\u011finmek gerekiyor. \u00c7ari\u00e7e \u0130kinci Yekatarina i\u015fgalci bir politika izliyordu. 1778 y\u0131l\u0131nda komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Aleksndr Suvorov\u2019un yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir orduyu P\u015f\u0131ze (Kuban) b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6nderdi. Ruslar Adigeleri (\u00c7erkesleri) P\u015f\u0131ze (Kuban) nehrinin sa\u011f taraf\u0131ndan s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. Bu s\u00fcr\u00fclenler aras\u0131nda Bjed\u0131\u011fularda vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Krasnodar kentinin bulundu\u011fu yerde Ku\u015fmez\u0131kho k\u00f6y\u00fc bulunuyordu. H\u0131m\u0131\u015f\u0131ye beyli\u011finde y\u00f6netimi elinde tutan Hacem\u0131kho Ya\u011fubekho Alkhas\u0131 desteklemedi. Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgalci politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koydu. Ya\u011fubekho m\u00fccadele esnas\u0131nda can\u0131n\u0131 verince Bjedughlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na HACEMIKHO Batekhu ge\u00e7ti.<\/p>\n Bjedugh avam tabakas\u0131(\u0444\u044d\u043a\u044a\u043e\u043bI= Fekhotller) \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri i\u00e7in bey ve ayanlar (work) ile m\u00fccadele halindeydiler. 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda m\u00fccadelenin boyutlar\u0131 artt\u0131. Bu y\u0131l\u0131n mart ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda fekhotller bir toplant\u0131 yapt\u0131lar. Bey ve ayanlar\u0131n (worklar\u0131n) emri alt\u0131nda bulunmama\u011fa onlara hara\u00e7 vermeme\u011fe bu toplant\u0131da karar verdiler. 500 ki\u015filik bir s\u00fcvari birli\u011finden olu\u015fan ordu kurdular. Bey ve ayanlar\u0131 (worklar\u0131) p\u00fcsk\u00fcrtt\u00fcler. 1828 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan aral\u0131k ay\u0131na kadar y\u00f6netimi ellerinde tuttular.<\/p>\n Bu durumu Bjedugh feodalleri kabullenmediler. \u00c7e\u00e7enaye beyi AHECAKHO P\u015f\u0131khuy fekotllere kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7ok sert \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Abzeghleri de kendi yan\u0131na \u00e7ekme\u011fi ba\u015fard\u0131. Abzeghler o tarihlerde, uzun zamand\u0131r kendi ba\u015flar\u0131ndaki bey ve ayanlardan kurtulmu\u015f, demokratik bir d\u00fczen i\u00e7erisinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. B\u00f6yle olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen AHECAKHO ile birlik olarak Bjedugh fekhotlleri \u00fczerine sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Daha az g\u00fc\u00e7leri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Bjedugh fekhotlleri silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Bey ve ayanlar yeniden h\u00fck\u00fcmranl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kurdular. Fakat m\u00fccadele bu olay ile son bulmad\u0131.<\/p>\n 1853 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bjedugh k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ile bey-ayanlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir toplant\u0131 yap\u0131ld\u0131. Bunun ard\u0131ndan fekhotller bey ve worklar\u0131n hegemonyas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmeyecekleri \u015feklinde yemin ettiler. Beyler ars\u0131ndan kendilerini k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck g\u00f6recek davran\u0131\u015flar sergileyeceklerin can\u0131n\u0131 alma\u011fa yemin ettiler. 1854-1855 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda p\u015f\u0131-work ve fekotl\u2019 ordular\u0131 bir-ka\u00e7 defa kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiler. Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Bjedugh feodallerine destek oluyordu. 12 Ekim 1855 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus ordusu Edeps\u0131kuay\u2019e bask\u0131n yaparak yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Edeps\u0131khuaye\u2019ye \u015e\u0131han\u00e7er\u0131yehableliler destek oldular. O tarihte \u015e\u0131han\u00e7eriyehablede Bjed\u0131\u011fu fekotl\u2019leri toplant\u0131 yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bu toplant\u0131ya kat\u0131lanlar ve t\u00fcm \u015e\u0131han\u00e7er\u0131yehableliler Rus i\u015fgalcilere kar\u015f\u0131 koydular. Bu olay hakk\u0131ndaki bir Rus dok\u00fcman\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u2018\u2019D\u00fc\u015fman topland\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f verdi. \u00c7erkesler \u015e\u0131hancer\u0131hableden s\u00fcvari ve piyade olarak \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p gelerek vurma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131. Bize vuranlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7enaye \u0130mam\u0131 Hanehokho vard\u0131.\u2019\u2019 Edeps\u0131khuayeyi yakt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Ruslar\u0131 cezaland\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla 17 Aral\u0131k 1855 g\u00fcn\u00fc 3 bin ki\u015fiden olu\u015fan Adige ordusu Yekatarinador kentine sald\u0131rd\u0131ysalar da alamad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n P\u015f\u0131-work sava\u015f\u0131 1856 Ocak ay\u0131nda son buldu. Penej\u0131khuaye k\u00f6y\u00fcnde 26 p\u015f\u0131-work \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve yaraland\u0131. \u00d6ld\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin beylerin aras\u0131nda KUN\u00c7IKHOKHO P\u015f\u0131maf\u2019te vard\u0131. Zaferle birlikte fekotl\u2019ler Bjedugh\u2019da e\u015fitli\u011fin hakim k\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bunu kabul etmeyen p\u015f\u0131-worklar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcler. H\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkisini 17 temsilciden olu\u015fan fekotl\u2019 hase\u2019sine verdiler.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Prof. Ç’IRĞ Ashad Adige Devlet Üniversitesi Adige Filolojisi ve Kültürü Fakültesi Dekanı, 11 Mart 2009 Çeviri: ACHUMIJ Hilmi Adigelerin ХIХ. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bir devlet yapıları yoktu. Merkezi bir yönetime sahip değillerdi. Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Natukuayların beyleri yoktu. Demokratik bir yaşantı tarzına sahiptiler. ‘’Erk Fekotl’’lerin (avamın) elindeydi. Besleney, Chemguy, Bjedugh, Hatukuay, Mehosh, Yecerıkhuay, Ademıye, Jane 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\n<\/b> Adige Devlet \u00dcniversitesi Adige Filolojisi ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc Fak\u00fcltesi Dekan\u0131, 11 Mart 2009
\n\u00c7eviri: ACHUMIJ Hilmi<\/p>\n