{"id":11713,"date":"2019-03-27T11:15:36","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T16:15:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11713"},"modified":"2019-03-27T11:15:36","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T16:15:36","slug":"adige-meclisi-ozgurlugun-mucadelecisiydi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/adige-meclisi-ozgurlugun-mucadelecisiydi\/","title":{"rendered":"AD\u0130GE MECL\u0130S\u0130 \u00d6ZG\u00dcRL\u00dc\u011e\u00dcN M\u00dcCADELEC\u0130S\u0130YD\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/p>\n

Prof. \u00c7\u2019IR\u011e Ashad<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/b> Adige Devlet \u00dcniversitesi
\nAdige Mak, 28 \u015eubat 2009
\n\u00c7eviri: ACHUMIJ Hilmi<\/p>\n

Rus-Kafkas sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131 Adigeler i\u00e7in zor y\u0131llard\u0131. 1860 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131 daha da \u015fiddetlendirdi. Bu y\u0131l Vladikafkaz\u2019da Da\u011fl\u0131 halklar\u0131 daha \u00e7abuk denetim alt\u0131na nas\u0131l alacaklar\u0131n\u0131 konu\u015fmak \u00fczere Rus generalleri toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenlediler. Bu toplant\u0131ya; Kafkasya ordular\u0131 komutan\u0131 Alreksandr Baryatinski, General Grigory Filipson, Dmitri Milyutin: Nikolay Evdokimov ve Prens Mirsk kat\u0131ld\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Grigori Filipson\u2019un amac\u0131 zor kullanmadan Adigeleri Rusya\u2019ya ilhak etmekti. Rjnu ile ilgili olarak Dmitri Milyutin an\u0131lar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u2018\u2019Filipson\u2019un varsay\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, yumu\u015fak davranarak, Muhammet Emin\u2019inde bize yard\u0131m etmesini sa\u011flayarak; bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 Abzegh ve Natukuaylar gibi itaat eder hale getirebiliriz. Bunun i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere kaleler yollar yapmam\u0131z gerekiyordu. Bunu yaparken de T\u00fcrkiye ile aralar\u0131nda olan ticarete de engel olmamal\u0131yd\u0131k.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

Bu bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na Nikolay Yevdemikov keskin bir \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Onun g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne g\u00f6re Adigeleri topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fcp bu b\u00f6lgeye Kazaklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmek gerekiyordu. Milyutin \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u2018\u2019Evdokimov\u2019un plan\u0131na g\u00f6re da\u011fl\u0131k arazide ya\u015fayan halk\u0131 buradan ya oval\u0131k bo\u015f arazilere ya da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u00fcrmemiz gerekiyordu. Onun bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00f6ncelikli olarak Shapsughlara sald\u0131rmam\u0131z da\u011fl\u0131k araziye giden yol \u00fczerindeki oval\u0131k b\u00f6lgeyi temizlememiz, ard\u0131ndan Labe ve \u015ehagua\u015fe\u2019den itibaren da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgeleri do\u011fudan do\u011fru hareket ederek da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcrmemiz gerekiyordu. Yevdokimov bu plan\u0131 iki veya \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7ersinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fini bize taahh\u00fct ediyordu.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

General Baryatinski ve Mileutin de Evdomikov\u2019un bu plan\u0131n\u0131 desteklediler. S\u00f6z konusu etti\u011fimiz 1860 y\u0131l\u0131nda Baryatinski Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu Askeriye Bakan\u0131 N. O. Suhozanet\u2019e \u015f\u00f6yle yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131: \u2018\u2019Hakimiyetimizi Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc k\u0131labilmek i\u00e7in yapmam\u0131z gereken tek \u015fey da\u011flar\u0131 kazaklarla istihkam etmek.\u2019\u2019.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar II. Aleksandr\u2019da Yevdokimov\u2019un bu zalim plan\u0131n\u0131 onaylad\u0131. Adigelerle sava\u015fan Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Yevdemikov\u2019u atad\u0131. Sava\u015f daha k\u0131z\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130\u015fgalciler ac\u0131mas\u0131zca davran\u0131p kan ak\u0131t\u0131yorlard\u0131. Sava\u015fa kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan M. Venyukov\u2019un yazd\u0131klar\u0131na g\u00f6re: \u2018\u2019Ad\u0131m ad\u0131m ilerliyorduk. Askerlerin ayak bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 her toprak par\u00e7as\u0131nda bir tane bile da\u011fl\u0131 b\u0131rakmadan s\u00fcr\u00fcyorduk. Kar kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi hen\u00fcz a\u011fa\u00e7lar ye\u015fermeden (\u015eubat ve Mart) y\u00fczlerce da\u011fl\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc yak\u0131yorduk. Atlar\u0131m\u0131za ekin tarlalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7i\u011fnetiyorduk. K\u00f6ylere ani bask\u0131n yap\u0131p insanlar\u0131 esir alabilirsek stanitsalar ve sahile ard\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yorduk.\u2019\u2019 Rus ordusunu yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 zul\u00fcmlerden bahseden dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131 okuduk\u00e7a insanlar\u0131n sa\u00e7lar\u0131 diken diken oluyor, kalbi burukla\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Yevdomikov, Shapsugh ve Wub\u0131hlarla sava\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 yetmezmi\u015f gibi 1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abzeghler de sava\u015f yapma\u011fa ba\u015fl\u0131yor. Abzeghlerin 1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015fmay\u0131 zalim general bozuyordu.<\/p>\n

Adigeler umutsuzlu\u011fa kap\u0131lmadan d\u00fc\u015fmanla sava\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bir araya gelip 1861 Haziran\u2019\u0131nda devlet kurdular. So\u00e7i yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Wub\u0131h vekillerinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 toplant\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan \u2018\u2019Adige Milli Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Meclisi\u2019\u2019 kuruldu. Meclis 15 temsilciden olu\u015fuyordu. Ba\u015fkan olarak BERZEC \u00c7\u2019\u0131rand\u0131kho Hac\u0131 se\u00e7ildi. Meclis d\u00fczenli bir ordu olu\u015fturdu. Meclis \u00fcyesi olarak ZANEKHO Kherebat\u0131r, \u0130smail Berekhay, -yipa Dzia\u015f, Bi\u015f- Hasan efendi. Rus-Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131nda ulusun korunmas\u0131 ve yok olmaktan al\u0131koyulmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00f6nemli pek \u00e7ok sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde meclis \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Denetimleri alt\u0131ndaki \u00fclkeyi 12 y\u00f6netim birimine b\u00f6ld\u00fcler. Y\u00fcr\u00fctme organlar\u0131 olu\u015fturdular. Her b\u00f6lgede b\u00f6lge sorumlusu olarak bir m\u00fcft\u00fc ve bir kad\u0131 atad\u0131lar, h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in mahkemeler kurdular.<\/p>\n

So\u00e7i\u2019de kurulan meclis devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na sahipti. B\u00f6yle olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bir tak\u0131m tarih yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n meclisin \u00f6nemli bir etkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devlet \u00f6zelliklerine sahip bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Bu gibi as\u0131ls\u0131z yaz\u0131lar\u0131 yazanlar genelde Krasnodar\u2019da ya\u015fayan tarih yazarlar\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Mihail Pokrovske \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yordu: \u2018\u2019Seferb\u0131y\u2019\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn ard\u0131ndan yerini o\u011flu Kherebat\u0131r ald\u0131 ve Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri m\u00fccadeleyi ilerleteceklerini belirtti. 1861 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz mevsiminde Kostantinopol\u2019den gelen T\u00fcrk kaptan\u0131 (\u00c7\u2019.A\u2019n\u0131n metninde kaptan kelimesi kullan\u0131l\u0131yor Rus\u00e7a\u2019dan Adigece\u2019ye ge\u00e7en bu kelime anlam\u0131na da gelir. -\u00e7.n.-) Smeyl, Hasan Efendi ve bir \u0130ngiliz subay\u0131 onun yan\u0131na arac\u0131 olarak geldiler. Bu siyasi casuslar Wub\u0131h, Shapsugh ve Abzegh ileri gelenlerini kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerine \u00e7ekebildiler. Londra ve Konstantinopol\u2019\u00fcn planlar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda adeta oyuncakm\u0131\u015f\u00e7as\u0131na \u2018Adige Ulusu\u2019nun Y\u00fcksek Y\u00fcr\u00fctme Organ\u0131\u2019 isminde 15 temsilcili bir yap\u0131 olu\u015fturdular.\u2019\u2019 Bu konuda Pokrovske yalan s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. S\u00f6z konusu etti\u011fi \u2018\u2019Lonfdra ve Konstantinopol planlar\u0131\u2019\u2019 d\u00fcnyaca bilinmiyorlar, yoklar, b\u00f6ylesi bir belge hi\u00e7 bir ar\u015fivde yok. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz tarih\u00e7ilerinden Oleg Matvayev\u2019de Pokrovski\u2019nin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ile hemfikir.<\/p>\n

Ancak ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yazarlar\u0131n g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri ise bamba\u015fka. Anatoliy Fadayev, Leonid Lavrov, Valeri Kajorov\u2019lar ise Meclisin ger\u00e7ek bir devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na sahip oldu\u011funu yaz\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n

Meclisin kurulu\u015fu Rusya, T\u00fcrkiye, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019ya duyuruldu. \u0130ngiltere ad\u0131na Sohum\u2019da g\u00f6revli \u0130ngiltere el\u00e7isi Dikson\u2019a 5 A\u011fustos 1861 tarihli meclisin g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da: \u2018\u2019Adigelere zorla hakim olmak i\u00e7in Rus devleti general kont Yevdokimov\u2019u. O y\u00f6netimindeki ordularla d\u00f6rt bir taraftan \u00fclkemizi \u00e7evirip bizi yok etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor. Bu nedenle meclisimiz en iyi 15 bin s\u00fcvarimizle onun ordular\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 koyuyor.\u2019\u2019 Adigelerin hi\u00e7 kimseye zararlar\u0131 dokunmadan \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015fam istekleri bu yaz\u0131da yer al\u0131yordu. Yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 da belirtiyorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Sava\u015f\u0131, bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir \u015fekilde neticelendirmek i\u00e7in Rus y\u00f6neticilerle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapt\u0131lar. Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus ordular\u0131n\u0131n komutan\u0131 ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere Tiflis kentine el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdiler. Ancak general Orbilean\u2019da bar\u0131\u015f yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda onlar\u0131 g\u00fcvendirmedi. Ard\u0131ndan P\u015f\u0131ze b\u00f6lgesine Rus \u00c7ar\u0131 II Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n gelece\u011fini o zaman ona arzular\u0131n\u0131 iletebileceklerini bildirdi. Bu tarihlerde Rus y\u00f6neticiler asl\u0131nda Adigelere yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7oktan kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Rusya Askeriye Bakan\u0131 Dmitriy Milyutin 29 A\u011fustos 1861 tarihli yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7ar II. Aleksandr\u2019a: \u2018\u2019Ekselanslar\u0131, Prens Orbeliani\u2019nin g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu yaz\u0131da g\u00f6receksiniz. Bizim denetleyemedi\u011fimiz Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00fc\u00e7 ulusun; Shapsugh, Wub\u0131h ve Abzeghlerin el\u00e7ilerini Tiflis\u2019e g\u00f6nderdikleri ve P\u015f\u0131ze b\u00f6lgesine geldi\u011finizde sizinle g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek istedikleri… Ben san\u0131yorum ki onlar sizin yan\u0131n\u0131za geldiklerinde bar\u0131\u015f istediklerinde bizim verdi\u011fimiz kararlardan vazge\u00e7memizi sa\u011flayamazlar. Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131 yerlerinden s\u00fcr\u00fcp buraya kazaklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmeden b\u00f6lgeyi tam denetim alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f say\u0131lmay\u0131z.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

1861y\u0131l\u0131 eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda II.Aleksandr Bat\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019ya geldi\u011finde Adige liderleri onunla g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcler. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 alanda, da\u011fl\u0131k arazide ya\u015famalar\u0131na izin vermeleri halinde Rusya ile anla\u015fma\u011fa haz\u0131rd\u0131lar. Ancak \u00c7ar: \u2018\u2019Size bir ay m\u00fchlet veriyorum. Abzeghler karar vermeli: Ya Kuban sahiline yerle\u015fme\u011fe ya da T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye gitsinler.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

Adigeler bu \u00f6neriyi kabul etmediler. Sava\u015f daha da \u015fiddetlendi. Meclis\u2019in emri ile 6 bin Wub\u0131h sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 1862 y\u0131l\u0131nda Abzegh\u2019e yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in \u015ehagua\u015fe b\u00f6lgesine g\u00f6nderildi. \u015ehagua\u015fe, Khurc\u0131ps ve P\u015f\u0131\u015f y\u00f6relerinde kanl\u0131 sava\u015flar oluyordu. \u00c7ar\u0131n sad\u0131k taraftarlar\u0131ndan, Adigelerden nefret eden Arnold Zisserman yazd\u0131klar\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u2018\u20191862 y\u0131l\u0131nda her taraftan Da\u011fl\u0131lar ordular\u0131m\u0131za sald\u0131rma\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Her tarafta sava\u015f \u015fiddetliydi. Kay\u0131plar\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7oktu. Bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak birliklerin yok edildi\u011fine \u00e7ok\u00e7a rastl\u0131yorduk.\u2019\u2019<\/p>\n

S\u00f6z konusu etti\u011fimiz y\u0131lda Meclis ittifak-yard\u0131m bulmak amac\u0131yla \u0130stanbul, Paris ve Londra\u2019ya el\u00e7iler g\u00f6nderdi. Ba\u015flar\u0131nda Wub\u0131h Diplomat\u0131 DZ\u0130A\u015e \u0130smail Berakhayo\u011flu vard\u0131. Ne yaz\u0131k ki, bu devletler Adigelere yard\u0131m etmediler. Devlet g\u00f6revlisi olmayan insanlardan silah ve para yard\u0131m\u0131 yapanlar Adigeleri g\u00f6n\u00fclden destekleyenler vard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin Adige el\u00e7ileri Hasan Hac\u0131 ve KUSTARIKHO \u0130smail 1862 A\u011fustosu\u2019nda Londra\u2019ya gittiklerinde, diplomat David Urquhart elinden gelen yard\u0131m\u0131 yapt\u0131. Onun dostlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan el\u00e7iler \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin di\u011fer kentlerine de g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler, \u00e7e\u015fitli toplant\u0131larda konu\u015fturuldular. Urquhart ve yanda\u015flar\u0131 parlamentoyu Adigelere yard\u0131m etmedi\u011fi i\u00e7in su\u00e7luyorlard\u0131. Londra ve di\u011fer kentlerde \u2018\u2019\u00c7erkes komiteleri\u2019\u2019 olu\u015fturdular. Bu tip yard\u0131mlar\u0131n pek faydas\u0131 dokunmuyordu.<\/p>\n

Rus-Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son aylar\u0131nda Adigeler kahramancas\u0131na Rus i\u015fgalcilerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Ancak ne yaz\u0131k ki, d\u00fc\u015fman \u00e7ekirge s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc gibi \u00e7oktu ve sava\u015f\u0131 kazand\u0131. Sava\u015f 21 May\u0131s 1864 y\u0131l\u0131nda bitti. \u00c7arl\u0131k, Adigeleri T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye s\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ulus d\u00fcnyan\u0131n d\u00f6rt bir taraf\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. Bu ba\u015f\u0131m\u0131za gelen b\u00fcy\u00fck bir faciayd\u0131. Meclis elinden gelen \u00e7aba ile ulusun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fccadele verdi, tarihimizde de unutulmayacak bir yer buldu.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Prof. Ç’IRĞ Ashad Adige Devlet Üniversitesi Adige Mak, 28 Şubat 2009 Çeviri: ACHUMIJ Hilmi Rus-Kafkas savaşlarının son yılları Adigeler için zor yıllardı. 1860 yılından sonra Rus Çarlığı savaşı daha da şiddetlendirdi. Bu yıl Vladikafkaz’da Dağlı halkları daha çabuk denetim altına nasıl alacaklarını konuşmak üzere Rus generalleri toplantı düzenlediler. Bu toplantıya; Kafkasya orduları komutanı Alreksandr Baryatinski, 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