![](\"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image2\/512-karadeniz.GIF\")
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Ahmet Hikmet K\u00f6se<\/span><\/span><\/strong> A- G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Yaz\u0131da ele al\u0131nan, b\u00f6lge, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak, 36\u00b0-42\u00b0 do\u011fu boylamlar\u0131 ile 40\u00b0-42c\u2019\u2018 kuzey enlemleri aras\u0131nda yer almakta ve Do\u011fu (ve Orta) Karadeniz co\u011frafi b\u00f6lgesi ile G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu b\u00f6lge, ilk insanlardan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze, onlarca halka, bir o kadar da inanca, bazen anayurttuk, bazen da ge\u00e7ici bir konak yeri g\u00f6revini \u00fcstlenen K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’m\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc kadar olmasa bile, yine de \u00e7ok say\u0131da halk ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu halklar ve madencilik faaliyetleri \u00fczerine yap\u0131lacak bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n, ciltlerle ifade edilebilecek hacmi bir yana, genel bir \u00f6zetinin bile bu derginin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015facak olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu yaz\u0131da, yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 konular ele al\u0131narak, olduk\u00e7a k\u0131sa bir \u00f6zetleme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,<\/p>\n B- \u0130LK \u0130NSANLARDAN B\u00d6LGE HALKLARINA<\/b><\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc, verilere g\u00f6re, b\u00f6lge ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ait buluntular\u0131n ele ge\u00e7ti\u011fi y\u00f6reler \u015funlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1) Samsun yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Tekek\u00f6y ma\u011faralar\u0131nda, Acheul (Alt Paleolitik, M.\u00d6. 50.000~250.000) k\u00fclt\u00fcr katma ait buluntular’ (\u015eekil 1).<\/p>\n 2) \u00dcnye (Ordu) il\u00e7esi yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Y\u00fcceler’de, Alt- Orta (M\u00d6 250.000-40.000) ve \u00dcst ..(M\u00d6 40.000-8.000) Paleolitik d\u00f6nemlere ait buluntular.<\/p>\n 3) Kars’\u0131n \u00c7amu\u015flu k\u00f6y\u00fc y\u00f6resinde \u00dcst Paleolitik Azat ve Ma\u011farac\u0131k k\u00f6yleri y\u00f6resinde ise Mustarien (Orta Paleolitik) k\u00fclt\u00fcr kat\u0131na ait buluntular. B\u00f6lge- yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yer alan Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti topraklar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda da Paleolitik d\u00f6neme ait \u00e7e\u015fitli izlere rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n II) Neolitik D\u00f6nem<\/strong><\/p>\n Tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131, kerami\u011fin ve devaml\u0131 yerle\u015fmelerin ortaya, \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Neolitik, d\u00f6neme. (M\u00d6 8.000-5.000) ait kal\u0131nt\u0131lardan b\u00f6lgeye en yak\u0131n olanlar\u0131na, G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti’nde rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcney Osetia ve Merkezi G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Kolkhis’de de Neolitik d\u00f6nem, yerle\u015fimi belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n III) Kalkolitik ve Di\u011fer Maden D\u00f6nemleri Bu izler, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir b\u00f6lge s\u00f6z konusu olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, tek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcre ait de\u011fildir., B\u00f6lgenin bat\u0131s\u0131nda ele ge\u00e7en buluntular \u2018\u2019Orta Anadolu K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019\u2019yle b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131rken, do\u011fudakilerin, Transkafkasya-\u0130ran Azerbaycan, Do\u011fu Anadolu-Malatya ve Amik ovalar\u0131 – Suriye ve \u0130srail\u2019i kapsayan b\u00f6lge k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ile ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n IV- B\u00f6lge Halklar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Efsanevi Amozonlar (12) bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131rsa, b\u00f6lgede varl\u0131k g\u00f6steren halklar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz: Ga\u015fka (13), Hitit’ler (14), Trokmiller (15), TibarenIer, Mossynoek (16), Khalyb (17), Geneller (18), Makronlar ve Tzanlar (19), Khaldiler (20), Drille (21), BekheirIer (22), Hesperitler (23), Saspif (24), Taokhlar, Kolkhlar, Phasianlar, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler (25), Lazlar (26) Erme (27), Azzi-Haya\u015faIar (28), Humler (29), Grekler (30), \u0130skitler (32) ve T\u00fcrkler (33). Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgede, Urartu, Med, Pers, Makedonya, Pontos, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Ermeni, Roo\u0131a (34), Parth, Sasani, Arap- \u0130slam, Sel\u00e7uklu, Mo\u011fol, Osmanl\u0131, Rus egemenlikleri, Slav, Sarmat,-Latin, Kazak sald\u0131r\u0131 ve ak\u0131nlar\u0131, Fenike, Asur, Latin ticari faaliyetleri ve teknik yap\u0131lanmay\u0131 etkileyen g\u00f6\u00e7 ve iskanlar g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (35).<\/p>\n C- MADENC\u0130L\u0130K. FAAL\u0130YETLER\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u00d6,. III. B.Y ba\u015flar\u0131nda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc L\u00fcbnan ve \u0130srail’i kapsayan b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fen Sami k\u00f6kenli Fenikeliler, erken d\u00f6nemlerin \u00fcnl\u00fc denizci ve t\u00fcccarlar\u0131 olarak tan\u0131n\u0131rlar.. As\u0131l geli\u015fmelerini, M\u00d6 IL B.Y. ba\u015flar\u0131nda girdikleri M\u0131s\u0131r egemenli\u011finden, ‘\u2018\u2018’Deniz Kavimlerinin\u2019\u2018 istilas\u0131 (M\u00d6. XIII. YY.) sonucu kurtulmalar\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, sa\u011flayan Fenikelilerin, Akdeniz’in yan\u0131 s\u0131ra Karadeniz’e de ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir nitelikteki bu sava g\u00f6re, Kolkhis’e kadar1 ula\u015fan Fenikeliler bu b\u00f6lgeden\/bat\u0131k vb.: b\u00f6lgesel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, kur\u015fun, kehribar;,, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boya .sat\u0131n al\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u00d6 d\u00f6nemlerde,, K\u0131ran ve Kafkasya’dan getirilen madenlerin,, Akdeniz ticaretinde \u00f6nemli bir yer tuttu\u011funu biliyoruz. Biz burada\u00bb niteli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanmam\u0131\u015f olan \u2018\u2018k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 boya1’1 \u00fczerinde duraca\u011f\u0131z,<\/p>\n Fenikeliler, Grek\u00e7e, \u2018\u2018Porphyra\u2019\u2018, Arap\u00e7a \u2018\u2018Firfiri\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131 verilen Erguvan^3^ <\/em>renkli boyar madde ile<\/p>\n boyad\u0131klar\u0131 y\u00fcnlerin tekeline sahiptiler. Bu boyannadde, ‘\u2018\u2018M\u00fcrex\u2019\u2018 t\u00fcr\u00fc Gastropodlardan elde ediliyordu. \u2018\u2018Dikenli Salyangoz\u2019\u2018’1 olara bilinen Murex, Ege ve daha \u00e7ok Akdeniz’de bulunur. Karadeniz’de bulunan, ve etine yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan gelen talep nedeniyle avlanan \u2018\u2018Rapana tomasianna<\/p>\n 11 t\u00fcr\u00fc Gastropodlardan ise bu t\u00fcr bir boyarmadde elde edilmemektedir. Bu dunumda, ba\u015fka kaynaklar aramak gerekmektedir. \u0130lk akla gelen olas\u0131 kaynak, Kutsal Kitap’fa da, S\u00d6Z\u00dc edilen ve Zarkana\u00fc\u0131lar’\u0131n \u2018\u2018Cynipidae\u2019\u2018 familyas\u0131ndan \u2018\u2018Cynips tinctoria\u2019\u2018 (maz\u0131 b\u00f6ce\u011fi)nm, \u2018\u2018Quercus coccifera\u2019\u2018 t\u00fcr\u00fc me\u015fenin yapraklar\u0131nda olu\u015fturdu\u011fu yumrulardan (maz\u0131) elde edilen<\/p>\n \u2018\u2018SkarietP7) adl\u0131 boyarmaddedir. Bu b\u00f6cek,, \u2018\u2018Q, ilex\u2019\u2018 ve \u2018\u2018’Q1. robur\u2019\u2018 t\u00fcr\u00fc me\u015feler \u00fczerinde de maz\u0131 olu\u015fturur..<\/p>\n Kolkhis ise, me\u015fe. floras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan zengin bir b\u00f6lgedir..<\/p>\n \u015eekil 1: \u0130nceleme Alan\u0131n\u0131n yer buldum haritas\u0131 Pontos Eukseinos (Konuksever Deniz): Grek’lerin Karadem\/1 e ula\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 ilk d\u00f6nemlerde \u2018\u2018Pontos Akseinos\u2019\u2018 (Konuksevme\/Deniz). Karadeniz’in di\u011fer adlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, Orta\u00e7a\u011fda G\u00fcrc\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan kullan\u0131lan \u2018\u2018Speris Zghra\u2019\u2018(\u0130spir Deni7\u0130)nin )an\u0131s\u0131ra \u2018\u2018T\/anik Denizi11′ (\u00c7anik Denizi) de \\ er al\u0131r. VI d\u00f6nemde (M\u00d61 111-631, \u2018\u2018Eupatoria\u2019\u2018 adl\u0131 yeni bir<\/p>\n b\u00f6l\u00fcm eklendi.<\/p>\n Thermodon: Daha \u00f6nceleri \u2018\u2018Thcmiskyra\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n Neokaisareia: Daha \u00f6nceleri \u2018\u2018Kaberia\u2019\u2018, \u2018\u2018Diospolis\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n Philabonites: Pontos Greklerince \u2018\u2018\u2018\u2018\u2018\u2018Kani\u015f\u2019\u2018 Matzouka: Daha \u00f6nceleri r; Ad Vicesimum\u2019\u2018, \u2022<\/p>\n \u2018\u2018Dikaisimon\u2019\u2018, \u2018\u2018Magnana\u2019\u2018. Son d\u00f6nemlerde, \u2018\u2018Karydia\u2019\u2018 ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan ‘\u2018\u2018Cevizlik\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n Ophis: Veya \u2018\u2018Stylos’\u2018\u2018’<\/p>\n Rhizaion; Daha \u00f6nceleri \u2018\u2018Bekheirias11<\/p>\n .Marthoula: Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde \u0131rVi\u00e7e\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n .Arhadio: Gircu dilinde \u2018\u2018Livana11<\/p>\n .Akampsis: Daha \u00f6nceleri \u2018\u2018Boas\u2019\u2018, \u2018\u2018Harpasos\u2019\u2018’ (?)<\/p>\n Sber: Daha \u00f6nceleri \u2018\u2018Hyspira\u00fcs\u2019\u2018 veya \u2018\u2018Syspiritis\u2019\u2018,<\/p>\n Tao: Ermeni dilinde wTaik1i<\/p>\n Antik \u2018\u2018Kolkhis\u2019\u2018 b\u00f6lgesi, Gureili’nin hemen kuzeyinde yer al\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Daha. zay\u0131f bir olas\u0131l\u0131k olmakla.1 birlikte, bir ba\u015fka kaynakta, Zarkanatl\u0131lar’\u0131n \u2018\u2018Coccidae\u2019\u2018 familyas\u0131ndan \u2018\u2018Coccus\u2019\u2018 t\u00fcr\u00fc (Coccus ilicis, Coccus cacti v..b.) b\u00f6ceklerden elde edilen \u2018\u2018Kaimen \u2018\u2018^ adl\u0131 boyarmaddedir. Fakat, daha ge\u00e7: d\u00f6nemlere ait olan bu boyarmaddenin Fenikeliierce bilindi\u011fi \u015f\u00fcphelidir. Kolkhis’in zengin floras\u0131 g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, bitkisel, k\u00f6kenli boyarma.dd.eler \u00fczerinde, de durmak gerekir. Kapal\u0131 Tohumlular\u0131n \u2018\u2018Rubiaceae\u2019\u2018 familyas\u0131ndan \u2018\u2018Galiu\u00f6i<\/p>\n sylvaticum L.\u2019\u2018 (yo\u011furt, otu) ve \u2018\u2018Rubia tincton\u0131m\u2019\u2018 (K\u0131z\u0131l K\u00f6k)un k\u00f6klerinden elde edilen boyarmad.de,, erken d\u00f6nemlerden beri bilinmektedir..<\/p>\n Bununla birlikte, bir madencilik b\u00f6lgesi olan Kolkhis’in bu niteli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne al\u0131n\u0131rsa, \u2018\u2018k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131. boya\u2019\u2018n\u0131n kayna\u011f\u0131 olarak., maden -\u00f6zellikle demir- bile\u015fenlerinin \u00fczerinde durmak, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, \u00e7ok daha do\u011fru olacakt\u0131r. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc verilere g\u00f6re, Kuzey Kafkasya’da demir, \u00f6nce G\u00fcrcistan’da kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 6ronzrdan demire ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6neminde \u2018\u2018Kolkhis K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019\u2018 \u00e7ok geli\u015fmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n ve Kuzey Kafkasya, halklar\u0131n\u0131n bronzdan demire ge\u00e7i\u015fini temsil eden \u2018\u2018Koban K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc\u2019\u2018 (Kuzey Osetia, M\u00d6. 2..000-1,500) ile, zaman ve kaynak bak\u0131m\u0131ndan,,, b\u00fcy\u00fck benzerlik ta\u015f\u0131r,<\/p>\n Fenikelilerin Kolkhis’e ula\u015f\u0131p ula\u015fmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, ula\u015f\u00fclarsa, hangi y\u00f6ntemle boyarmadde elde ettiklerini, kesin olarak bilemiyoruz.. Ama, Rion nehrinin, sa\u011f k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan. ve Bizans-Sasani sava\u015flar\u0131 (MS VI. yy.) s\u0131ras\u0131nda tahrip olan. Laz kenti Rodopolis, y\u00fczy\u0131llar sonra da olsa bile, Fenikelilerin bu faaliyetlerine, sanki ad\u0131yla bir \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131mda, bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Grek mitolojisinde Amozonlar; b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici g\u00fczellikleri, ilgin\u00e7 ya\u015fam, tarzlar\u0131, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ve<\/p>\n g\u00f6z\u00fcpekliklerinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra zenginlikleriyle de \u2013 \u00f6zellikle alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f gibi de\u011ferli metaller a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan- yer al\u0131rlar. Mitolojinin, Herakles, Theseus (39), Bellerophontes (40), Priames (41) vb, \u00f6nde gelen ki\u015fileri., Amazon’lar\u0131n bu zenginliklerini -g\u00fczel <\/em>Amazon krali\u00e7elerini ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in, s\u0131k s\u0131k onlarla, sava\u015f\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Ba\u015ftan Zeus’un, \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc kad\u0131n Aflcmene’den do\u011fan o\u011flu, \u00fcnl\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 Herakles’in \u2018\u2018o iki i\u015flinden biri de, Amazon krali\u00e7esi Hippolyte’nin alt\u0131n kemerinin ele ge\u00e7irilmesidir. Sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ares, k\u0131z\u0131 Hippolyte’ye, krali\u00e7eli\u011finin simgesi olarak, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc alt\u0131n bir kemer vermi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 \u00fcnl\u00fc Akhatlarla sefere \u00e7\u0131kan Herakles, Hippolyte’yi yenerek kemeri ele ge\u00e7irir.<\/p>\n Amazonlar\u0131n, zenginliklerinin yara\u015f\u0131ra sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 da madencilikle olan ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00f6stergesi olarak ele al\u0131nabilir. Tarih boyunca, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 halklarla madencilik aras\u0131nda, s\u0131k\u0131 bir ili\u015fkinin oldu\u011fu g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Geli\u015fmi\u015f sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131na -ve bunlar\u0131n \u00fcretim teknolojisine- sahip olan ve bunu sava\u015f sanat\u0131yla birle\u015ftirebilen halklar, di\u011fer halklarla olan m\u00fccadelelerinde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r<\/p>\n (42). Erken d\u00f6nemlerde, geli\u015fmi\u015f sava\u015f ara\u00e7lar\u0131na sahip olman\u0131n yolu., b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, maden \u00e7\u0131karma ve i\u015fleme sanatlar\u0131ndaki ustal\u0131ktan ge\u00e7iyordu.<\/p>\n III. Fliada:<\/strong><\/p>\n Truva sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayan ve efsanevi ozan Homeros’a (M\u00d6. IX. ? yy.) atfedilen bu \u00fcnl\u00fc destanda, Truva saflar\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmak i\u00e7in K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’dan, gelen birliklerden s\u00f6z edilir:<\/p>\n \u2018\u2018(…) \u015furada Odius ve Epistrephus’un .kumanda etti\u011fi Halizonyal\u0131 birlikler, bu \u015fartlar i\u00e7inde gidiyorlar. Bunlar, g\u00fcne\u015fin, Alibean (43) maden ocaklar\u0131ndan olgunla\u015fan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc \u00f6zle\u015ftirdi\u011fi o ozak b\u00f6lgelerden geliyorlar (\u2026)\u2019\u2018 Daha \u00f6nce de\u011findi\u011fimiz, Khalyblerin \u00fclkesi Khalybia, erken, d\u00f6nemlerden ba\u015flayan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f -ve alt\u0131n \u00fcretimiyle \u00fcnlenen Argyria\u2019y\u0131 da kaps\u0131yordu. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’ye<\/p>\n \u2018\u2018G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fyeri\u2019\u2018 veya \u2018\u2018G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u00dclkesi\u2019\u2018 olarak \u00e7evirebildi\u011fimiz Argyria, Charles Texier’e g\u00f6re,<\/p>\n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc. G\u00f6rele (Giresun) dolaylar\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu. IV. Kabe\u0131rler ye Kabeira: Kabeira veya Diospolis, MS I. yy. dolaylar\u0131nda Neokaisareia ad\u0131n\u0131, alacak olan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Niksar’\u0131n (Tokat)<\/p>\n daha erken d\u00f6nemlerdeki adlanan (44). Kabeirler ise, toprak g\u00fc\u00e7lerini ve do\u011fal olaylar\u0131 temsil eden- arkaik tanr\u0131lard\u0131r. Mitolojiye g\u00f6re bu k\u00fclt, Zeus ile Elektra’n\u0131n o\u011flu olan Dardanos taraf\u0131ndan Asya’ya getirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Mitolojide, zanaatkar tanr\u0131lar olarak belirtilen Kabeirler; demircilik ve d\u00f6k\u00fcmc\u00fcl\u00fck mesleklerinde, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sayg\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131rlard\u0131. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde, Uronos (46) ve Gaia’n\u0131n (47) o\u011fullan olarak kabul edilen. Kabeirler, yeralt\u0131ndaki faaliyetleri nedeniyle, ate\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Hephaistos^’un emri alt\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmi\u015flerdir. Asur ticaret kolonlar\u0131n\u0131n da ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Tokat y\u00f6resi (49), erken d\u00f6nemlerden ba\u015flayarak; bir madencilik merkezi olarak, \u00fcnlenmi\u015fti. ‘ \u2018\u2018(…) Ben, Khalyblerin ve Kaidelilerin (50) bu eski i\u015fliklerinde, bak\u0131r kalhanelerinin (51) nas\u0131l i\u015fledi\u011fini g\u00f6rmeyi merak ediyordum (\u2026)\u2019\u2019 Bu s\u00f6zler, 1838 Mart’\u0131nda Tokat’a, gelen Prusyal\u0131 asker ve devlet adam\u0131 Heln\u0131uth von Moltkerye ( 1800- 1891) aittir.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya ve Orta Do\u011fu’ya ilerleyen halklar i\u00e7in bir ge\u00e7it yeri ama daha \u00e7ok bir madencilik b\u00f6lgesi olan Kafkasya (52), Grek’ler i\u00e7in daha kolay ula\u015f\u0131labilir olan Kolkhis b\u00f6lgesiyle, mitolojideki yerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Apollonius \u2018\u2019Rodoslu\u2019\u2019un destanla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve daha \u00f6nce de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi, Akha ve Karlar\u0131n Kolkhis’deki madencilik faaliyetlerinden kaynaklanan Argonautlar (53) efsanesi; madencilik motifleriyle \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Efsanede yer alan baz\u0131 mitolojik motiflerin irdelenmesi, onun maddi temelinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1) Alt\u0131n Post:<\/strong> Kolkhisl\u00fcer, su kanallar\u0131 i\u00e7ine koyduklar\u0131, tahta bir \u00e7er\u00e7eveye gerili, t\u00fcyl\u00fc koyun postlar\u0131 \u00fczerindeki alt\u0131nl\u0131 kumlar\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131yorlard\u0131… Koyun t\u00fcyleri al\u00fcn taneciklerini t\u00fct\u00fcyor, (bir a\u011faca as\u0131larak) kurutulan postlar d\u00f6v\u00fclerek alt\u0131n elde ediliyordu.<\/p>\n 2) Me\u015fe A\u011fac\u0131:<\/strong> Grek mitolojisinde tanr\u0131 Zeus’un kutsal a\u011fac\u0131 olarak yer alan Me\u015fe (Quercus), izabe a\u015famas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan, y\u00fcksek, kalorili \u00f6d\u00fcn k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn elde. edildi\u011fi, ba\u015fl\u0131ca a\u011fa\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr -yo\u011funlu\u011fu. 1 in \u00fczerinde olan Quercus ilex (Ye\u015fil Me\u015fe), bu konuda ideal bir kaynakt\u0131r. Me\u015fe ayn\u0131 zamanda, sepicilikte (tabak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k) kullan\u0131lan \u2018\u2018Tanen\u2019\u2018\u0130n de ba\u015fl\u0131ca kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Kolkhis’de<\/p>\n bol bulunan ve madencili\u011fin t\u00fcm a\u015famalar\u0131nda- alt\u0131n elde edilmesinde kullan\u0131lan postlar\u0131n sepilenmesi, kurutulmas\u0131 ve izabe- .katk\u0131s\u0131 olan Me\u015fe’nin, efsanede yer al\u0131\u015f nedeni, tamamen maddi temellere dayanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 3) Medeia ve Kirke:<\/strong> Argonautlar efsanesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da Grek mitolojisinde ad\u0131ndan s\u0131k\u00e7a s\u00f6z edilen Medeia ve \u2018\u2018Odyssealar\u0131n\u0131n bilinen karakteri Kirke, Kolkhis k\u00f6kenli \u00fcnl\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fclerdir. Erken d\u00f6nemlerde, \u00f6zellikle de\u011ferli metallerin elde dilmesinde kullan\u0131lan izabe i\u015flemlerinin<\/p>\n gizli tutulmas\u0131, uygulay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc varl\u0131klar olarak alg\u0131lanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u015e\u00fcphesiz ki buna, Kolkhisrin, tedavide kullan\u0131lan \u2018\u2018\u015fifal\u0131 bitkiler\u2019\u2019de kapsayan zengin floras\u0131n\u0131 da eklemek gerekir. Korkulduklar\u0131 kadar sayg\u0131da duyulan, b\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fcler, erken d\u00f6nemlerin doktor, eczac\u0131 ve kimyac\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4) Madencilik:<\/strong> Efsanede ge\u00e7en insan isimlerine kadar yans\u0131m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun en belirgin \u00f6rne\u011fi, kral Aietes’in k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n ad\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr; Khalkiope.<\/p>\n Akhamam\u015f \u0130mparatoru Darayavahu\u015f I \u2018\u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019\u2018 (M\u00d6. 522-486), satrapl\u0131kiar\u0131 (54) esas olarak yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mali d\u00fczenlemeye g\u00f6re \u2018\u2019imparatorluk b\u00fcnyesindeki halklardan\u2019\u2019 yaz\u0131ya konu olan b\u00f6lge ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresinde ya\u015fayanlar, \u015fu y\u0131ll\u0131k vergilerle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131: Moskhlar Tibarenler, Makronlar, Mossynoekler ve Mardlilar (55), 300 \u2018\u2018talanton\u2019\u2018 (56) (yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 bin 850 kg) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f.<\/p>\n Malienler, Saspirler ve Alarodiler, 200 talonton (yakla\u015f\u0131k 5 bin 250 kg) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f… O d\u00f6nemlerde, vergilerin de\u011ferli melallerle \u00f6denmesi al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir y\u00f6ntemdir ama tek \u00f6deme y\u00f6ntemi de de\u011fildir. \u0130mparatorluk b\u00fcnyesindeki baz\u0131 halklar vergilerini, \u00e7e\u015fitli mallarla (k\u00f6le, b\u00fcy\u00fckba\u015f hayvanlar v.b..)<\/p>\n \u00f6demektedirler. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6re daha az geli\u015fmi\u015f olan bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n, \u00f6nemli say\u0131labilecek miktardaki \u00f6demelerini, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde yap\u0131lan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n \u00fcretimine ba\u011flamak yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz.<\/p>\n VII. Grek Kolonyalistler, Pontos ve Roma D\u00f6nemleri:<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Yaz\u0131ya, konu olan b\u00f6lge -\u00f6zellikle bat\u0131 y\u00f6releri- termal solar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a zengindir. B\u00fcy\u00fck halk hamamlar\u0131 kuran Grekler, olu\u015fumunu tanr\u0131sal g\u00fc\u00e7lere ba\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 bu sulardan, -ve i\u00e7mece olarak maden sular\u0131ndan- geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Birer sa\u011fl\u0131k ve e\u011flence merkezi olan halk hamamlar\u0131, varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 -daha da geli\u015ferek- Roma d\u00f6neminde de korumu\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dinsel nedenlerle baz\u0131 bi\u00e7imsel de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011frayan Sel\u00e7uklu-Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u2018\u2018T\u00fcrk Hamamlar\u0131\u2019\u2018 da bu ‘hamamlardan, kaynaklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M\u00d6, III. yy, ba\u015flar\u0131nda kurulan ve M\u00d6. II yy. in ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda sona eren, Amaseia (57) merkezli, Helenistik Bontus devletinin ilk bayrak motifi, hilal \u015fekilli bir-ay ve y\u0131ld\u0131zdan olu\u015fuyordu. Mezopotamya-Sami k\u00f6kenli ay (sin), g\u00fcne\u015f (\u015fama\u015f), y\u0131ld\u0131z (i\u015ftar) \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcs\u00fcne tap\u0131nma., Hititler <\/strong>(59) arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya oradan da baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fikliklere u\u011framakla birlikte, Grek’lere ula\u015f\u0131r. Sin-Artemls ve Selene, \u015eama\u015f-Apollon ve Heios, \u0130\u015ftar-Afrodit Di\u011fer yandan, An\u0131aseia y\u00f6resi (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f buca\u011f\u0131- G\u00f6m\u00fc\u015fhac\u0131k\u00f6y) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenleri., erken d\u00f6nemlerden beri bilinmektedir. O d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, \u2018\u2018Artemis Madeni.’\u2018 olarak, adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Arternis’in simgelerinden biride, hilal \u015fekilli ayd\u0131r. Amaseia g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinin, Pontos devletinin bayrak motifini ne \u015fekilde etkiledi\u011fi ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir konudur.<\/p>\n Grek\u00e7e \u2018\u2018Theriakos\u2019\u2018, Fars\u00e7a Tiryak\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131yla an\u0131lan ve \u00fcnl\u00fc Pontos’kral\u0131 Mithridates VI \u2018\u2018Eupator\u2019\u2018 (M\u00d6. 111- 63) taraf\u0131ndan, bulundu\u011funa inan\u0131lan erken d\u00f6nemlerin \u2018\u2019her derde deva\u2019\u2019 ilac\u0131, madensel ve bitkisel k\u00f6kenli yakla\u015f\u0131k 50, hayvansal k\u00f6kenli 2 maddenin kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131ndan.<\/p>\n Olu\u015fuyordu (60). Madenlerden kimyasal madde olarak yararlan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, Pontos devletinde geli\u015fmi\u015f bir madencili\u011fin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flamak yanl\u0131\u015f olmaz.<\/p>\n Di\u011fer yandan, o d\u00f6nemlerde, Pontos egemenli\u011fini do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131m\u0131\u015f olan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ordu, Giresun ve Trabzon ile Mithridates\u2019in m\u00fcttefiki ve damad\u0131 olan, Ermenistan Kral\u0131 Dikran I (B\u00fcyilkri (M\u00d6. 95-54) in egemenlik alan\u0131nda yer alan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, Bayburt ve \u0130spir’i kapsayan b\u00f6lge, \u2018\u2018Madenler \u00dclkesi\u2019’ olarak, adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu b\u00f6lgeden demir, bak\u0131r, kur\u015fun, \u015fap, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n gibi, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan madenler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Roma d\u00f6neminde (61) de\u011fi\u015fik adlar ta\u015f\u0131yan idari b\u00f6l\u00fcnmelere sahne olan, orta-do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesi, Koloneia\/Kata-Horio’dan (\u015eebinkarahisar\/Gedehor) elde edilen \u2018\u2018\u015eap\u2019\u2018 (2) ile \u00fcnlenir. Ayr\u0131ca, Aisaseia, Tzanikha (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane) ve Philabonites (Har\u015fit) vadisi, Paipert (Bayburt), Nikopolis (Su\u015fehri-Sivas) y\u00f6releri, bak\u0131r, kor\u015fon, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f -ve alton- \u00fcretimiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan, \u00f6nemli<\/p>\n madencilik b\u00f6lgeleridir. Genellikle, Roma vasat\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermeni krallar\u0131n\u0131n, egemenlik alanlar\u0131nda yer alan Sber (\u0130spir), Klardyeti (Ardanu\u00e7 y\u00f6resi), A\u0131tabin (Artvin) ve Anfde (Arpa\u00e7ay-Kars) de bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. orta-do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesi, ayn\u0131 zamanda, madeni e\u015fya \u00fcretimiyle de \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sebasteia (Sivas), all\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015fletmecili\u011fiyle \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bizans tarihinin en ilgin\u00e7 ki\u015filerinden biri olan, \u2018\u2018K\u00f6yl\u00fclerin imparatora\u2018\u2018 Andronikos I Komnenos’un (1182-1185), tahttan indirilerek katledilmesinin anl\u0131ndan, G\u00fcrcistan’a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclen torunlar\u0131 David ve. Aleksios’un, Konstantinopolis’te Latinlerce yap\u0131lan y\u0131k\u0131m ve k\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n (Nisan 1204) ard\u0131ndan, \u00fcnl\u00fc G\u00fcrc\u00fc krali\u00e7esi Thamar\u2019in ‘\u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck\u2018’ (1184-1213) da yard\u0131m\u0131yla kurduklar\u0131, Trapezous merkezli B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenos’lar devletinde madencilik, daima \u00f6nemli bir yer tutmu\u015ftur. Devletin, transit ticaretin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, di\u011fer \u00f6nemli gelir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan ihracat\u0131n bile\u015fenlerinin incelenmesi, bu konuda \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131 verir; g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, demir, \u015fap, kereste, \u015farap, kuma\u015f ve f\u0131nd\u0131k.<\/p>\n Bununla birlikte, .madencilik faaliyetinin, t\u00fcm \u0130mparatorluk tarihi boyunca, ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemek yanl\u0131\u015f olur. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta, Phasis’den Sinope’ye kadar uzanan, k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde’ egemen olan ve Perateia’ya (K\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc) da sahip olan B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenos’lar devleti, \u00e7evredeki T\u00fcrk beylikleri lehine, s\u00fcrekli toprak kaybetmi\u015ftir. 1404 y\u0131l\u0131nda Trapezous’a gelen. Ruy <\/strong>Gonzales Clavijo’nun, biraz tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 ola\u0131i sav\u0131na g\u00f6re, o d\u00f6nemde b\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenoslar\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Tripolis’ten (Tirebolu) ge\u00e7mektedir (63). Bu, ba\u015fl\u0131ca demir kayna\u011f\u0131 olan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Espiye y\u00f6resinin kayb\u0131 demektir. Ayn\u0131 olay Khaldia b\u00f6lgesi i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir… Clavijo Trapezous egemeninin kendisine verdi\u011fi muhaf\u0131zlar\u0131n, \u2018\u2018art\u0131k d\u00fc\u015fman topraklar\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131\u2019\u2018 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerek, Kampana’dan (Hamsik\u00f6y y\u00f6resi) ileri gitmek istemediklerini belirtir. Ger\u00e7i Ardosarda (Torul), B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnemos’lara ba\u011fl\u0131, Akritik (64) bir \u2018\u2018Lord\u2019\u2018 vard\u0131r ama o da kendisini \u00e7evreleyen. T\u00fcrklerle s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f halindedir. Devletin, merkezi olan Trapezous bile bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n tehdidi alt\u0131ndad\u0131r (65).<\/p>\n VII G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Y\u00f6resi Madenleri<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Erken d\u00f6nemlerden ba\u015flayarak, \u00e7e\u015fitli, yerle\u015fimlere sahne olan G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane -ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresi-(6) de\u011fi\u015fik adlarla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: Theia (67), Kanis (68), Tzanikha (69), Zankhra, Canca, Catha, Argyropolis (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fkent), S\u00fcleymaniye ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane. Tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir nitelikteki, geleneksel kabullere g\u00f6re, Makedonyal\u0131 Aleksandros \u2018\u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019\u2018 (M\u00d6. 336-323) d\u00f6neminden beri bilinen y\u00f6re madenleri, daha \u00f6nce de\u011findi\u011fimiz gibi. Roma d\u00f6neminde i\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Tzanikha-P\u00e4ipert-Kheriana (\u015eiran) Kalkhaios’u (Kelkit) kapsayan y\u00f6re, \u00e7ok say\u0131da yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesine<\/p>\n sahipti ve \u00f6nemli liman kenti Trapezous’u bir lejyon \u00fcss\u00fc olan Satala (70) \u00fczerinden, i\u00e7 b\u00f6lgelere ba\u011flayan askeri-ticari yol a\u011f\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgeden ge\u00e7iyordu (71) sava\u015f ve sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n, s\u00fcrekli bir \u015fekilde i\u015fletilmesini engelledi\u011fi, Marco Polo (1290 dolaylar\u0131) ve \u0130bn-i Battuta’n\u0131n (1333-1334) da s\u00f6z etti\u011fi y\u00f6re madenleri, b\u00f6lgede istikrar\u0131n nispi olarak, kuruldu\u011fu Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, XVI-XIX y\u00fczy\u0131llar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli olarak, i\u015fletilmi\u015f, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda XV. yy. sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren ba\u015flayan, \u2018\u2018de\u011ferli maden\u2019\u2018 s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmeye y\u00f6nelik ba\u015fl\u0131ca kaynaklardan biri olmu\u015ftur (72). Katip \u00c7elebi’nin \u2018\u2018\u00f6nemli ve canl\u0131\u2019\u2018 olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane y\u00f6resi madenleri hakk\u0131nda, 1646 y\u0131l\u0131 dolaylar\u0131nda G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane-Tortum dolaylar\u0131n\u0131 gezen Evliya \u00c7elebi, \u015funlar\u0131 yazar: \u2018\u2018(…) Uzun Hasan \u015eah ise, Fatihle Tercan odas\u0131ndaki sava\u015fta yenildi\u011finden kale, Fatih Mehmed Han’\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. O as\u0131rda burada olan g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madeni, hi\u00e7bir diyarda yoktu. \u015eehre o zaman G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane denilmi\u015f ise de Osmanl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131 Defterhanesi\u2019nde Catha yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f… B\u00fct\u00fcn halk\u0131 her t\u00fcrl\u00fc vergiden ba\u011f\u0131\u015flanm\u0131\u015f olup g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015fletmeye memurdurlar.<\/p>\n \u015eehir ismi Osmanl\u0131lar elinde olup 70 kadar g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madeni vard\u0131r,. Bunlar\u0131n baz\u0131s\u0131 i\u015fler, baz\u0131s\u0131 i\u015flemez haldedir. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane \u015fehrinin damarlar\u0131 7 koldan, kol kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda damarlar olup hepsi, kur\u015funsuz halis g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f cevheridir. Bu \u015fehirde, Emin mahallesinde darphane vard\u0131r. Fakat \u015fimdiki halde i\u015flemiyor (…,)’\u2018 Bu sat\u0131rlar\u0131n yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane y\u00f6resi madenleri, y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 7 milyon ak\u00e7eye kiralan\u0131yordu (74). Maden \u00e7\u0131karma, \u0130zabe ve odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc \u00fcretiminde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan y\u00f6re halk\u0131n\u0131n vergi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ise, madenlerin kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 XIX <\/strong>yy. in ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar devam etmi\u015ftir (75).<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131-\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’ye kadar ilerleyen ve y\u00f6re H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan co\u015fkuyla kar\u015f\u0131lanan (1829) \u00c7arl\u0131k kuvvetleri, Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan geri \u00e7ekilirken, verimi art\u0131k iyice d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f olan maden ocaklar\u0131n\u0131 da tahrip eder.<\/p>\n Geri \u00e7ekilen \u00c7arl\u0131k kuvvetleri ile birlikte, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu madenci olan, \u00f6nemli say\u0131da y\u00f6re H\u0131ristiyan’\u0131 da (Grek-Ortodoks ve Ermeni) Rusya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eder.. Her iki olay, y\u00f6re madencili\u011finin -dolay\u0131s\u0131yla G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ekonomisinin- ciddi bir bi\u00e7imde zay\u0131flamas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane y\u00f6resi madencili\u011finden s\u00f6z eden bat\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131 genellikle XIX.. yy\u2019a aittir. 1836 dolaylar\u0131nda. G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’ye gelen W.J. Hamilton, y\u00f6re ve madenler hakk\u0131nda, ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi verir. \u2018\u2019(\u2026) Hi\u00e7bir metot izlemeden ve g\u00fcvenlik kurallar\u0131na uyulmadan (…)\u2019\u2018 i\u015fletilen, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madenlerinden 1836 y\u0131l\u0131nda, 8 bin 100 lb.(76) (3 bin 677,4 kg) kur\u015fun, 68 Ib. (30 bin 872 kg) g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve 2 lb (0,808 kg) alt\u0131n elde edilmi\u015ftir, izabede kollan\u0131lan odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn (77) bulunamamas\u0131 nedeniyle 3 ay kapal\u0131 kalan madenlerden o y\u0131l devlet 37 bin 800 Kuru\u015f gelir elde ederken, i\u015fletici Grek 12 bin 646 Kuru\u015f zarar etmi\u015ftir. Hamilton, i\u015fleticinin verdi\u011fi bu rakamlar\u0131 g\u00fcvenilmez bulur. \u00dcretilen alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn, devletin belirledi\u011fi fiyatlar \u00fczerinden, zorunlu olarak devlete sat\u0131lmas\u0131, yayg\u0131n bir ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Hamilton’a verilen bilgiye g\u00f6re devlet, alt\u0131n\u0131 piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n % 8 ile % 30\u2019una, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00fc ise, piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n % <\/em>30\u2019una kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen fiyatlarla sat\u0131n al\u0131yordu. Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck fiyat politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k devlet, uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 dolayl\u0131 ve do\u011frudan y\u00f6ntemlerle, maden i\u015fletmelerini desteklemektedir.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, maden i\u015fletmecileri odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc, k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n % 25\u2019ine, devletten ise,<\/p>\n piyasa fiyat\u0131n\u0131n % 50\u2019sine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k gelen fiyatlarla sat\u0131n al\u0131yorlard\u0131. 1846 y\u0131l\u0131nda ise devlet, 4 maden i\u015fleticisine 8 bin Kuru\u015fluk bir yard\u0131m sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yine Hamilton’un notlar\u0131ndan, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00fccretleri hakk\u0131nda da bilgi sahibi oluyoruz. Hamilton’a g\u00f6re i\u015f\u00e7iler, 70 para ile 4 Kuru\u015f (78) aras\u0131nda g\u00fcndelik \u00fccret almaktayd\u0131lar (79). Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde 1 kg bu\u011fday 1 Kuru\u015f, 1 koyun ise 60 Kuru\u015f\u2019tur (80). 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda y\u00f6reye gelen Teophile Deyrolle’un verdi\u011fi rakamlardan, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madencili\u011findeki gerilemeyi g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr; Devletin y\u00f6re madenlerinden sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelir, 1810 y\u0131l\u0131nda 360 bin Kuru\u015f, 1845 y\u0131l\u0131nda 100 bin Kuru\u015f ve 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r. Madencili\u011fin<\/p>\n gerilemesi, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madencilerinin, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n di\u011fer madencilik b\u00f6lgelerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesine yol a\u00e7ar., Hamilton, bu olay\u0131 ve G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madencili\u011finin \u00f6nemini \u015f\u00f6yle belirtir: \u2018\u2018(\u2026) G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane, T\u00fcrkiye’nin her y\u00f6resindeki madenciler i\u00e7in, bir okul sanki. S\u00fcrekli belirtti\u011fim gibi, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n \u00e7ok uzak b\u00f6lgelerinde, madencilik konusunda bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u015funu<\/p>\n g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz ya madenciler G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’den gelmi\u015flerdir ya G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane sayesinde madenci olmu\u015flard\u0131r ya da G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ile aralar\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki vard\u0131r (…)\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n 1850 dolaylar\u0131nda kapanan G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madenlerini yeniden canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in, Alman teknik, elemanlarca, 1883-1884 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1850\u2019de ba\u015flayan ama ancak 1877\u2019de tamamlanabilen, yeni Trabzon-Erzurum yolu \u00fczerinde yer<\/p>\n alan yeni G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane ise, art\u0131k bir meyvecilik merkezi olarak, tan\u0131nacakt\u0131r (81). Trabzon ve y\u00f6resinin, alt\u0131n \u2018\u2018has\u0131r bilezik’ ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f \u2018\u2018telkari\u2019\u2018 i\u015fletmecili\u011fi, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla,<\/p>\n G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madencili\u011fi ile ili\u015fkilidir veya en’ az\u0131ndan, ondan beslenmi\u015ftir (82).<\/p>\n KAYNAKLAR<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu makale, Ahmet Hikmet K\u00f6se’nin \u2018\u2018Ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan T.C.\u2019nin ilk d\u00f6nemlerine kadar, Trabzon ve y\u00f6resinin tarihi\u2018’ adl\u0131 yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan, derlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1)<\/strong> Mitolojide yer alan olaylar\u0131n -t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn olmasa bile b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun- ne kadar idealize edilmi\u015f ve hayali motiflerle s\u00fcslenmi\u015f olursa olsun; dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 maddi bir temel daima var olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 2) <\/strong>Rion nehri havzas\u0131<\/p>\n 3) <\/strong>Tekkek\u00f6y Ma\u011faras\u0131\u00bb D\u00fcndartepe, ikiztepe, Sivritepe, \u00c7irlektepe .h\u00f6y\u00fckleri,, Akalan, kalesi, Havza,, Kavak, Ladik il\u00e7eleri.<\/p>\n 4) <\/strong>Mahmatlar h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc.<\/p>\n 5)<\/strong> Ma\u015fath\u00f6y\u00fck\u00bb Horoztepe, Kayap\u0131nar, Kilisetepe h\u00f6y\u00fckleri, Al.rm.us il\u00e7esi, Kozlu kasabas\u0131* Sulusaray buca\u011f\u0131 vb.<\/p>\n 6) <\/strong>Mesudiye il\u00e7esi<\/p>\n 7)<\/strong> S\u0131\u00e7an h\u00f6y\u00fck\u00bb H\u00fcy\u00fckde\u011firmeni, Maltepe* Hafik g\u00f6l\u00fc h\u00f6y\u00fckleri<\/p>\n 8) <\/strong>Altmtepe h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p>\n 9) <\/strong>Siptoms h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc<\/p>\n 10) <\/strong>Karaz, G\u00fczelova ve Pulur h\u00f6y\u00fckleri<\/p>\n 11) <\/strong>Kalecik h\u00f6y\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00c7ayc\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fc<\/p>\n 12) <\/strong>Mitolojiye g\u00f6re adlar\u0131.,, rahat yay \u00e7ekebilmek i\u00e7in, hen\u00fcz \u00e7ocukken sa\u011f g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcslerini da\u011flatmalar\u0131 nedeniyle,, Grek\u00e7e, \u2018\u2018memesiz11 anlam\u0131na gelen \u2018\u2018amadsos\u2019\u2018dan kaynaklanan<\/p>\n kad\u0131n sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar- toplulu\u011fu. Smyrna (\u0130zmir), Amaseia (Amasya), Sinope (Sinop),, Ephesos (Efes) kentleri ile \u00fcnl\u00fc Ephesos Artemision’un (Artemis tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131) onlar taraf\u0131ndan kuruldu\u011funa inan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131\u00bb Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Themiskyra (Terme dolaylar\u0131) ve S idene (Fatsa dolaylan) Amazonlara ait kentlerdi. Areionesos’da (\u2018\u2018Ares Adas\u0131\u2019\u2018 – bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Giresun, adas\u0131) ise, mitolojiye g\u00f6re Amazon’lar\u0131n babas\u0131 olan sava\u015f tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ares’e adanan bir tap\u0131nak, in\u015fa. etmi\u015flerdi. Tek tanr\u0131l\u0131 dinlerde- K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck. Asya’da ya\u015fayan, benzer halklardan s\u00f6z, ederler, ibrani Peygamberi Yusuf, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Diyarbak\u0131r y\u00f6relerinde, Arnazonik \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131yan \u2018\u2018Amlak K\u0131zlar\u0131\u2019\u2018 ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131r. Bu mitolojik motif, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n, anaerkil d\u00f6neminden veya Ana Tanr\u0131\u00e7a inan\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilir.<\/p>\n 13)<\/strong> Hitit d\u00f6nem inde,, Samsun’un bat\u0131s\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve yar\u0131-g\u00f6\u00e7ebe bir halk.<\/p>\n 14) <\/strong>M\u00d6 \u0130L Biny\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya gelen Hint- Avrupa’l\u0131* Hititler,, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak k\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgede,, M\u00d6 XIX’., yy., dolaylar\u0131nda bir devlet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r,. En geli\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde Hitit devletinin b\u00f6lgedeki s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131,\u00bb Samsun-\u015eebinkarahisar-Erzincan hatt\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yordu. Hititler\u00bb maden i\u015fleme sanatlar\u0131ndaki ustal\u0131klar\u0131yla da \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fcler. {* G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde,, baz\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n olduk\u00e7a kabul g\u00f6ren savlar\u0131na g\u00f6re Hint-Avrupa’h halklar\u00bb M\u00d6 V. BY.da Rusya steplerinden de\u011fil, M\u00d6 IX BY. ortalar\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’dan d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.)<\/p>\n 15) <\/strong>M\u00d6. III yy .m ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde, bo\u011fazlan a\u015farak K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya gelen Hint-Avrupal\u0131 Kelt’lerin (Galyalilar,, Galatlar), K\u0131z\u00fc\u0131rma\u011f\u0131n do\u011fusunda kalafn ve Amaseia’y\u0131 da kapsayan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan kolu,. Etki alanlar\u0131n\u0131 Eriza (Erzincan) y\u00f6resine kadar yayan Trokmiler, M\u00d6 I. yy. m son. \u00e7eyre\u011finde Galatla’n\u0131n do\u011frudan Roma y\u00f6netimine girmesiyle ba\u015flayan ve Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n etkisiyle yo\u011funla\u015fan, bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te asimile olmu\u015flard\u0131r. M\u00d6. L- MS I. yy. larda, Orta. Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc. \u2018\u2018Pontos Galatikos\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131yordu., Dilleri, ya\u015fayan dillerden \u0130rlanda\u00bb \u0130sko\u00e7, G al ve Breton dilleri ile yak\u0131n akraba olan Keitler, maden i\u015fleme sanatlar\u0131ndaki -\u00f6zellikle demircilik ve minecilikusiahklar\u0131yta \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fcler,.<\/p>\n 16) <\/strong>Greklerin Tibaren ve Mossynoek, Asur’lulann Takbi ve Mu\u015fki ad\u0131n\u0131, verdi\u011fi,, \u2018\u2018Kutsal Kitap\u015eI*ta ise Tubal ve Me\u015fe\u00e7 adlar\u0131yla an\u0131lan bu halklar, erken d\u00f6nemlerde, Trapezous’un<\/p>\n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Tobal, ‘\u2018\u2018Yeni Hitit\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 d\u00f6neminde (M\u00d6. XV – XII, yy) K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak k\u0131vr\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde kalan b\u00f6lgeye verilen add\u0131r,. Mu\u015fki ise,, \u2018\u2018’\u2018\u2018Ege G\u00f6\u00e7leri\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 (M\u00d6 XII yy) ile K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya gelen. Hitit devletinin y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nde yer alan Frig’lere -veya onlarla akraba di\u011fer halklara- Asurlulann verdi\u011fi add\u0131r\u00bb Tabal b\u00f6lgesinde, M\u00d6 XI yy .da ba\u015flayan,, ama M\u00d6 VI\u00cfL yy.dan itibaren etkili olan Asur varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonucu, Tabal siyasi yap\u0131lanmas\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcr ve bu. yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan halklar,, g\u00fcney ve kuzeydeki daha korunakl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere \u00e7ekilirler. Herodotos** (M\u00d6. V. yy), Ksenophon (M\u00d6. V. yy.),, Apollonius \u2018\u2018RodoshT (M\u00d6. IH. yy) ve Strabon (M\u00d6 I. yy) gibi erken d\u00f6nem yazarlar\u0131, Karadeniz, b\u00f6lgesinin Tibaren ve Mossynoek\u2019\u2018lerinden s\u00f6z ederler., (* Eski Ahid, Nebim b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, Hezekiel’in kitab\u0131) (** Herodotos’ta, Moskh- Mossynoek ay\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 vard\u0131r)\u2019\u2018<\/p>\n 17) <\/strong>Grek’lere \u00e7eli\u011fi tan\u0131tan halk olarak bilinen Khalyb’ler Kerasous (Giresun) ve Kotyora (Bozukkale-Ordu) dolaylar\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131., \u00c7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla Tabal k\u00f6kenli, olan. bu halk\u0131n ad\u0131, Bizans ve B\u00fcy\u00fck. Komnenoslar d\u00f6neminde, Kerasous y\u00f6resini kapsayan b\u00f6lgeye verilmi\u015ftir: Khalybia. Di\u011fer yar\u0131dan, Kutsal Kitap’ta yer alan Tubal-Kabil* ad\u0131,, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla Khalybierle ili\u015fkilidir. Adem’in o\u011flu Kabil’in soyundan gelen. Tubal- Kabilin ad\u0131ndaki Tubal 16 no.lu dipnotta belirtildi\u011fi gibi.Tabal ile ili\u015fkilidir.. Bu b\u00f6lge erken d\u00f6nemlerde. \u2018\u2018Madenler \u00dclkesiMolarak \u00fcnlenmi\u015ftir., Kabil ise,, baz\u0131. Sami k\u00f6kenli dillerde \u2018\u2018demirci’\u2018\u2018 anlam\u0131na gelmektedir., Daha ilginci \u00a0ise\u00bb Tubal-Kabil ad\u0131n\u0131n, onun soyundan gelenlerin mesleklerini de tan\u0131mlamas\u0131d\u0131r., (* Eski ahid,, Tekvin, IV b\u00f6l\u00fcm, 22. bab) 19)<\/strong> Herodotos, Plinius \u2018\u2018B\u00fcy\u00fck\u2019\u2018 (MS I. yy), Skylaks ve Ksenophon’un s\u00f6z etti\u011fi,, Trapezous y\u00f6resinde ya\u015fayan M akranlar,, Strabon ve Stephanos \u2018\u2018’Bizansl\u0131’1\u2019\u2018 (MS. V. yy)a g\u00f6re Tzan’lard\u0131r. Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131 Mesudi’nin (MS X yy) \u2018\u2018Ghumik\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131yla, and\u0131\u011f\u0131 Tzan’lar hakk\u0131nda en ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi tarih\u00e7i Procopius (MS,. VI. yy) taraf\u0131ndan verilir,. Procopius, Tzan’lar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yer olarak, Boas (Akampsis, \u00c7oruh.) nehrinin do\u011fdu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeyi g\u00f6sterir. Sovyet bilini adam\u0131 Nikolay Y. Marr’a (1864-1934) g\u00f6re Tzan’lar\u0131n yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi, b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7oruh havzas\u0131d\u0131r. Daha sonra, ispir Ermenileri ve Tao* G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri taraf\u0131ndan yerlerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015flar ve Bayburt’un kuzeyindeki** b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Greklerin, Laz’lar\u0131da Tzan ad\u0131yla anmalar\u0131\u00bb bu iki ayr\u0131 halk\u0131n birbirine kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur,. Bununla birlikte,, her ikisi de Kafkas k\u00f6kenli olan Laz ve Tzan’lar\u00bb akraba halklard\u0131r. (* Tortum-Oltu y\u00f6resi) (** XL yy. da bu b\u00f6lgeyi G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, \u2018\u2018Chanet\u2019\u2018, Ermeniler ise \u2018\u2018Chanivk\u0131r ad\u0131yla an\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130ranl\u0131, tarih\u00e7i ve yazar tbn-i Bibi (XIII yy.) \u2018\u2018Chaneti\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131n\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck. Komnenos’lar\u0131n Trapezo\u00fcs merkezli devletini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 isim. \u015e\u00fckrullah’da da (1380-1484) g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr,.)<\/p>\n 20) <\/strong>Trapezous un g\u00fcneyindeki y\u00f6relerde ya\u015fayan ve Ksenophon gibi erken d\u00f6nem yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n s\u00f6z etti\u011fi bu halk ile Urartu’lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131s\u0131 ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu; Khaldi*. Madencilikleri ile \u00fcnl\u00fc Urartular, M\u00d6 IX. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Tu\u015fpa (Van) ba\u015fkentli bir devlet kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu devletin kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131, en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde, Sevan g\u00f6l\u00fc {Ermenistan Cumhu\u0131iyetiJ-Kars-Erzurun\u0131- G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane hatt\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131yordu.. Bu hatt\u0131n bat\u0131 ucu ile Khaldi’lerin \u00fclkesi Khaldia \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bizans d\u00f6neminde, Trapezous merkezli bir Them an\u0131n** ad\u0131 olan Khaldia, B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenos’iar d\u00f6neminde, bir madencilik, b\u00f6lgesi olan bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane y\u00f6resini tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bug\u00fcn, G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane\u2014Bayburt y\u00f6resinin,, genellikle kumral ve a\u00e7\u0131k renk g\u00f6zl\u00fc halk\u0131na verilen, ‘\u2018\u2018Halt\u2019\u2018’\u2018\u2018 ad\u0131, \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla Khaldi’den kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. (* B\u00fcy\u00fck tanr\u0131 ile halk\u0131n ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131. Asur \u00f6rne\u011finden hareketle, Khaldi’ierin Urartular oldu\u011fu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcln\u0131\u00fc\u015fse des Urartular ile zamanda\u015f hi\u00e7bir kaynakta,, bu sav\u0131 do\u011frulayabilecek bir kay\u0131ta rastlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Urartu’lar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f b\u00f6lgesi olan Van G\u00f6l\u00fc havzas\u0131na Asur kaynaklan M\u00d6. XII., yy., dolaylar\u0131nda \u2018\u2018Nairi \u00dclkeleri’1\u2019\u2018, M\u00d6 IX ba\u015flar\u0131nda ise \u2018\u2018Uraatri\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.) (** \u00d6nceleri askeri nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan bir t\u00fcr eyalet),<\/p>\n 21) <\/strong>Ksenophon d\u00f6neminde, Trapezous dolaylar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 bir halk. Dril’lerin ayr\u0131 bir halk olmaktan \u00e7ok,, belli bir b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan bir topluluk olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u011f\u0131r basar.<\/p>\n 22) <\/strong>Erken d\u00f6nem yazarlar\u0131nca, Trapezous’un do\u011fusundaki k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen, b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Kafkas k\u00f6kenli, olan bir halk. Rhizaion’un (Rize) daha \u00f6nceki ad\u0131 olan Bekheirias, onlardan kaynaklan\u0131yordu,.<\/p>\n 23)<\/strong> Ksenophon. d\u00f6neminde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ispir y\u00f6resinde ya\u015fayan, bir halk, Strabon’un \u0130spir i\u00e7in kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u2018Hyspiratis\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131 ile Hesperit’ler aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n 24)<\/strong> Heredotos, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00f6le-Ardahan-\u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r y\u00f6relerini kapsayan. Yukar\u0131 Kor Vadisi i\u00e7in !l\u2019\u2018S,aspeires!M ad\u0131n\u0131 kullan\u0131r. S aspirier Akhaman\u0131\u015f* devletinin son d\u00f6nemlerinde, Ma tienler** ve Alarodiler*** ile birlikte 18,. ci satrapl\u0131k b\u00fcnyesinde yer al\u0131yorlard\u0131. (* Pers devletini kuran ‘hanedan) (** Arakses (Aras) nehri kayna\u011f\u0131 \u00e7evresinde ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131) (*** Akhaman\u0131\u015f devletinde M\u00d6 V. yy, larda ya\u015fanan karga\u015fal\u0131klar d\u00f6neminde, kuzeye do\u011fru hareket ederek Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdi).<\/p>\n 25)<\/strong> Taold\u0131lar,, Kolkhlar, Phasian’lar ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler: T\u00fcm\u00fc Kafkas k\u00f6kenli olan bu ‘halklardan ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc, o d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7ok g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, b\u00f6lgelerin adlar\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r; Taokh’lar Tao, Kolkhlar-Kolkhis ve Phasianlar- Phasis*. G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin** atalar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yer ald\u0131klar\u0131 belirtilen Toakh ve Kolkhlardan Asur ve Urartu kaynaklar\u0131, s\u0131ras\u0131yla, Diauhi ve Kulha adlar\u0131yla s\u00f6z eder1. (* Rion nehrinin erken d\u00f6nemlerindeki ad\u0131) \u2022(** G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin atalar\u0131ndan olan ve Urartu devleti i\u00e7inde yer alan. Kartveller, Urartu devletinin M\u00d6. VI yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra. Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n 26) <\/strong>Greklerin. ‘Tzan\u2019\u2018, Rus ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin \u2018\u2018Chani*’ adm\u0131 verdi\u011fi Kafkas k\u00f6kenli. Laz’lar\u0131n orijinal yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi olarak, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc. Abhazia’n\u0131n (G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti) kuzeybat\u0131 b\u00f6lgesi g\u00f6sterilir., Arrhianos (MS II yy) gibi erken, d\u00f6nem yazarlar, \u2018\u2018Palaia Lazike’1 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Lazlardan ve Malassas adl\u0131 krallar\u0131ndan s\u00f6z ederler. MS. II. yy. dolaylar\u0131nda, di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu g\u00fcneye do\u011fru hareket eden. Laz’lar, Kolkhis b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. .Laz’lardan en fazla s\u00f6z edildi\u011fi d\u00f6nem,* topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Bizans-Sasani m\u00fccadelesine sahne oldu\u011fu MS. VI yy. d\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nem., ayn\u0131 zam ada Laz’lar\u0131n Hristiyanlast\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131* y\u0131llard\u0131r. Tzatf\u0131os, Goubazes gibi adlar ta\u015f\u0131yan. Laz krallar\u0131, vaftiz edilerek Bizansl\u0131 kad\u0131nlarla evlendirildi 1er\u00bb Laz’lar,, VIL yy; dan itibaren, son yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131 olan Batum ve S\u00fcrmene aras\u0131nda kalan, b\u00f6lgeye** yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flarlar., Laz dili, Kafkas dil Ailesinin, g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, S van ve Mingreli*** dilleri ile birlikte Zan Dil. \u00f6be\u011fi i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r. Di\u011fer Kafkas dilleri gibi Lazca da, Avrupa’da. Bat\u0131 Pireneler’de konu\u015fulan Bask dili ile akrabad\u0131r.. (* Laz’lar\u0131n M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanla\u015fmalar\u0131 XVI. yy., in son \u00e7eyre\u011finden, itibaren ba\u015flar.) (** Bizans ve B\u00fcy\u00fck Konineno.sl.har d\u00f6neminde ve T.C. nin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda MLazistan\u2019\u2018 olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6rede yer alan baz\u0131. Yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinin adlar\u0131 Lazca’d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u2018\u2018Mapavri\u2019\u2018nin (\u00c7ayeli) \u2018\u2018’Yaprakl\u0131’\u2018\u2018, Athenai\u2019\u2018nin (Pazar) \u2018\u2018\u2018\u2018G\u00f6lgeli Yer\u2019\u2018, \u2018\u2018Rhizaion\u2019\u2018un (Rize) ise \u2018\u2018Halk\u0131n, veya askerlerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/p>\n Yer\u2019\u2018 anlam\u0131na .geldi\u011fi ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bununla birlikte, Athenai ve Rhizaion’un Grek\u00e7e’de de kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r.) (*** S van ve Mingreli dilleri ya\u015fayan, dillerdendir ve G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti’nde konu\u015fulmaktad\u0131r. Svanet\u00e7e, B\u00fcy\u00fck Bat\u0131 Kafkas’\u0131n, g\u00fcney yamac\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan. Svanetia’da konu\u015fulur. Mingreli dili ise, Abhazia-Poti-Kutaisi aras\u0131nda, yer alan ve eskiden Mingrelia olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lgede konu\u015fulur.)<\/p>\n 27) <\/strong>K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck. Asya’daki varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 siyasi nedenlerle tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131* olan Hint-Avrupa’l\u0131 Ermeniler- kendi verdikleri adla \u2018\u2018Haik’ler- K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n do\u011fusu. \u0130le G\u00fcney Kafkasya’y\u0131 kapsayan ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 tarih-i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fen bir b\u00f6lgede egemen, oldular,. Ermenilerin MPokr-HaikM ad\u0131n\u0131 verdikleri K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Ermenistan, K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak nehrinin kaynaklar\u0131 ile F\u0131rat nehri aras\u0131nda, \u2018\u2018Mez-Haik\u2019\u2018’ ad\u0131n\u0131, verdi\u011fi B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan ise F\u0131rat nehri ile Hazar Denizi aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yordu,. B\u00fcnyesinden Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc krallar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u0131karan ve k\u00f6keni M\u00d6 II. yy. a dayanan Ermeni Bagratuni hanedan\u0131n\u0131n egemenlik alan\u0131 ve yak\u0131n \u00e7evresi i\u00e7inde yer alan. Arde\u015fen, Artvin, Ardanu\u00e7 ve Ardahan’\u0131n Ermenice k\u00f6kenli adlar\u0131, yaz\u0131ya konu. olan. b\u00f6lgedeki Ermeni etkinli\u011finin.** g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan izleridir. (* Ermeni ‘ kaynaklar\u0131nca savunulan., Ermenilerin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n otokton halk\u0131 oldu\u011fu, g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, Hint-Avrupal\u0131 bir halk\u0131n k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya k\u00f6kenli olamayaca\u011f\u0131 iddias\u0131yla, ‘T\u00fcrk kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc taraf\u0131ndan red ediliyordu. T\u00fcrk kaynaklan \u00a0Ermeniler in K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya M\u00d6. VII-VI. yy. larda geldiklerini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer,. 14 numaral\u0131 dipnotta de\u011findi\u011fimiz, Hint- Avrupal\u0131 halklar\u0131n K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’dan d\u00fcnyaya yay\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 sav\u0131, Ermeni tezlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir niteliktedir.) (** \u0130spir ve Hemsin, y\u00f6resi de erken d\u00f6nemlerden itibaren bir Ermeni yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesi olarak bilinir,.)<\/p>\n 28)<\/strong> Hitit d\u00f6neminde, Karasu, nehri vadisi Azzi, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n do\u011fu b\u00f6lgesi ise Haya\u015fa ad\u0131yla an\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu adlar ayn\u0131 zamanda, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7im de kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Azzi-Haya\u015falar. M\u00d6 XV-XVI. yy.larda Azzi- Hayasalar\u0131n etkinlik alan\u0131, kuzeyde, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bayburt y\u00f6resine kadar uzan\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n 29) <\/strong>M\u00d61 III, Biny\u0131l dolaylar\u0131nda K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’n\u0131n do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan Hurri’ler, Hitit’lerin K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya geli\u015fleriyle e\u015f zamanl\u0131, olarak, M\u00d6 II. Biny\u0131l dolaylar\u0131nda Yukar\u0131 Mezopotamya’ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek Hanigalbat (Mitanni) devletini kurarlar-. Krall\u0131k hanedan\u0131 Hint-Avrupal\u0131 olan bu devlet en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu d\u00f6nemde,, etkinlik alan\u0131n\u0131 bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Erzine.an-Erzu.rum ‘hatuna kadar yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r,.<\/p>\n 30) <\/strong>Greklerin b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a erken tarihlere kadar gider. M\u00d6 XII\u00cf-XII yy., lara tarihlenen Th\u0131va sava\u015flar\u0131 ile, \u00f6nemli bir engeli ortadan kald\u0131ran Peloponnesli Akhalar, M\u00d6 X. yy., dolaylar\u0131nda, Karadeniz’in K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya. k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flarlar,. .Akhalar ve daha sonra onlar\u0131 izleyen.,\u00bb erken d\u00f6nemlerin, \u00fcnl\u00fc sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve denizcileri Kanal\u0131lar (Karlar), Karadeniz’in K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya. k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda ve Kolkhis ‘de alt\u0131n ve demir madenleri i\u015fletirler. Geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 olmayan bu faaliyetler\u00bb \u2018\u2018Alt\u0131n post\u2019\u2018 ve \u2018\u2018Argonaut\u2019\u2018! ar\u2019\u2018 efsanelerinin, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Karadeniz’deki Grek kolonizasyonu, M\u00d6. VII. yy, ba\u015flar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015fan Mileto.slu.lar ile yo\u011funluk, kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00fczy\u0131llar\u0131 kapsayan bu faaliyetler, Grek k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyetinin b\u00f6lgede, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6k salmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgedeki pek \u00e7ok halk,, Grek. k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc- ve daha sonra Hristiyan inanc\u0131- i\u00e7inde asimile olmu\u015ftur. Grek k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve medeniyeti, b\u00f6lgedeki etkinli\u011fini XX, yy. in ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr’,.<\/p>\n 31) <\/strong>Hint-Avrupal\u0131 Kimmerler, \u0130\u015fkillerin, bask\u0131s\u0131 sonucu, M\u00d6’ VII. yy. ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkas’tan a\u015farak K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya girmi\u015flerdir., Orta Karadeniz, b\u00f6lgesinde de etkinlik kuran bu .sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 halk,, Lydia kral\u0131 Alyattes taraf\u0131ndan yenilmelerinden (M\u00d6 6260 sonra, kendilerini izleyen iskit’ler taraf\u0131ndan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’dan\u2019\u2018’ \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 32) <\/strong>Kimmerleri izleyerek K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’ya giren Hint- Avrupal\u0131 iskitler, Urartu b\u00f6lgesi ile K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak havzas\u0131n\u0131 kapsayan b\u00f6lgede bir krall\u0131k, kurmu\u015flard\u0131r;. M\u00d6 VII. yy. son \u00e7eyre\u011fi i\u00e7inde, Med kral\u0131 Uvakh\u015fatra (M\u00d6. 633-584) taraf\u0131ndan yenilen iskit’ler, Kafkas’lara do\u011fru \u00e7ekilirler,. Ksenophon, muhtemeler bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7oruh nehri havzas\u0131nda yer alan bir ovay\u0131, wSky\u00d6lenlerin \u00dclkesi\u2019\u2018 olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bu olay, M\u00d6 V. yy., sonlar\u0131nda da, iskit kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrebilir, iskitler, sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nsa, maden, i\u015fletme sanatlar\u0131ndaki ustal\u0131klanyla da \u00fcnl\u00fcyd\u00fcler.,<\/p>\n 33) <\/strong>B\u00f6lgedeki ilk T\u00fcrk* varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, MS. 395-398 dolaylar\u0131nda .g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr., Bas\u0131k ve Kus\u0131k adl\u0131 iki askeri \u015fefin \u00f6nderli\u011finde Kafkaslar\u0131 a\u015far\u0131 Hunlar**, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Erzurum y\u00f6resine kadar1 uzanan ya\u011fma ak\u0131nlar\u0131 yaparlar. 515-516 dolaylar\u0131nda, ise, Ermenistan’\u0131 ya\u011fmalayan S ab arlar\u00bb bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bayburt y\u00f6resine kadar ilerlerler., Bizans- Sasani sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Bizans ile ittifak kuran. Bat\u0131 G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk devletinin askeri g\u00f6\u00e7leri,, G\u00fcrcistan, ve Ermenistan’da, Sasanilere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131rlar (627-629). Musevili\u011fi resmi devlet dini olarak kabul eden (740) Hazarlar ***; ise,,Sasani devletine son veren Arap-Islam .g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin, Ermenistan ve G\u00fcrcistan’daki ilerlemelerine kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele ederler (642- 800),. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da ilk kez 1016-1017 dolaylar\u0131nda g\u00f6r\u00fclen Sel\u00e7uklu .ak\u0131nlar\u0131, 1040 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yaz\u0131ya konu olan b\u00f6lgeye ula\u015f\u0131r, Bizans’\u0131n 1071 y\u0131l\u0131nda Manzikert. (Malazgirt) sava\u015f\u0131nda yenilmesinin ard\u0131ndan, \u2018\u2018( ) \u00e7oluk,, \u00e7ocuk ve s\u00fcr\u00fcleriyle yeni otlaklar arayan Turkmen \u015fefleri (..,), siyasi otoritenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Do\u011fu. ve Orta Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesine de yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flarlar., B\u00f6lgede,, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 devletlerinin, yams\u0131ra, \u015fu T\u00fcrk beylikleri de egemenlik<\/p>\n kurmu\u015flard\u0131r; Dani\u015fmendliler, Memg\u00fcc\u00fckler, 8alt.uklular, \u00c7andaro\u011fullar\u0131, Ta\u015fano\u011fullar\u0131, K\u00fcbado\u011fullan, Taceddino\u011fullar\u0131, Emirzadeo\u011fullan, Eretnao\u011fullan, Mutahharten, Kad\u0131 Burhaneddin, Hac\u0131 \u015eadgeldi beylikleri,, Akkoyunlular, Karakoyunlular. (* \u2018\u2018T\u00fcrk\u2019\u2018 ad\u0131 .MS,. VI. yy. dolaylar\u0131nda ortaya, \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, \u00f6nceleri \u00f6zel. bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131yan.,,, halta bir unvan olarak, kullan\u0131lan, bu ad, daha sonralar\u0131 genel bir nitelik kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.) (** Hun’lar\u0131 T\u00fcrk saymaktan \u00e7ok,, T\u00fcrklerle Hun’lar\u0131 ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten saymak daha do\u011fru olur,. Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131n egemenlerine \u2018\u2018T\u00fcrklerin Prensi\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi ve bug\u00fcn, bile \u2018\u2018Hunlar\u0131n \u00dclkesi’* olarak an\u0131lan Macaristan’da, Got, k\u00f6kenli, olan Attila (Babac\u0131k) s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lan, bir add\u0131r,.) (*** Bug\u00fcn Sovyetler Birli\u011fimde ya\u015fayan Musevi inan\u00e7l\u0131 Karaim T\u00fcrkleri,, Hazarlar\u0131n kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrler.)<\/p>\n 34) <\/strong>Roma+Bizans+Gabras’lar (1075-1.140)+ B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenoslar (1204-1461) d\u00f6nemleri anlam\u0131nda.<\/p>\n 35) <\/strong>B\u00f6lgenin etnik, yap\u0131s\u0131 \u00fczerindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck de\u011fi\u015fiklik, XX.. yy. m ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde geli\u015fen ve TC. nin do\u011fu\u015funa haz\u0131rlayan olaylar sonucunda meydana gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece,, \u00f6nce Ermeniler (a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak Gregory enler) daha sonrada Grek-Ortodokslar\u0131n bu. b\u00f6lgedeki varl\u0131klar\u0131 sona ermi\u015ftir.. Bu geli\u015fimin sonucunu rakamsal olarak g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr: Trabzon kentinin n\u00fcfus bile\u015feni erindeki de\u011fi\u015fme % 35, Samsun’da % 57\u00bb G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’de % 60 d\u0131r.<\/p>\n 36)<\/strong> Eflatuna yak\u0131n bir k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 olan Erguvan rengi, uzun d\u00f6nemler, kral ve imparatorlar\u0131n egemenlik simgesi olmu\u015ftur;.<\/p>\n 37)<\/strong> Skarlet s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla,, eski Iran. Dilinde \u2018\u2018K\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 Elbise\u2019\u2018 anlam\u0131na gelen 1\u2019\u2018Sagala.t\u2019\u2018dan. kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n 38)<\/strong> Latince, olan Kaimen s\u00f6z\u00fc\u011f\u00fc,, Arap\u00e7a \u2018\u2018K\u0131rm\u0131z\u2019\u2018dan<\/p>\n kaynaklan\u0131r.<\/p>\n 40) <\/strong>Poseidon\u2019\u2018un o\u011flu,. Bellerophontes, Amazon’lara kar\u015f\u0131 seferinde Medu\u015fa’n\u0131n kan\u0131ndan, do\u011fan \u00fcnl\u00fc kanatl\u0131, at Pegasos ile birliktedir.<\/p>\n 41)<\/strong> Truvanm son kral\u0131; Hektor ve Paris’in babas\u0131.<\/p>\n 42) <\/strong>Bunun en g\u00fczel, \u00f6rneklerinden biri Hitit-M\u0131s\u0131r m\u00fccadelelerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Hitit’ler ordular\u0131n\u0131 demir silahlarla donatarak, d\u00f6nemin en iyi e\u011fitilmi\u015f ordular\u0131na sahip olan. M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flayabilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n 43) <\/strong>Khalybia anlam\u0131nda<\/p>\n 44) <\/strong>Baz\u0131 kaynaklarda, Sebasteia’n\u0131n (Sivas) erken d\u00f6nemlerindeki ad\u0131 olarak verilir.<\/p>\n 45) <\/strong>\u2018\u2018Kabeir\u2019\u2018 kelimesinin, Grek\u00e7e \u2018\u2018yakan\u2019\u2018, baz\u0131 Sami dillerinde ise \u2018\u2018g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 anlam\u0131na gelen \u00e7ift etimolojisi vard\u0131r. Bu, Kabeir k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn do\u011fu kaynakl\u0131 olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcr\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 46)<\/strong> G\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc simgeleyen arkaik, tanr\u0131<\/p>\n 47) <\/strong>Uranos’un e\u015fi., Yery\u00fcz\u00fcn\u00fc simgeler.<\/p>\n 48) <\/strong>Kendili\u011finden gebe kalan tanr\u0131\u00e7a. Hera’n\u0131n o\u011flu Demir ocaklar\u0131n\u0131n ve maden i\u015fleme sanatlar\u0131n\u0131n ustas\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n 49) <\/strong>Tokat, y\u00f6resi., ayn\u0131 zamanda bir k\u00fcltler merkeziydi,. Her ikisi, de Akhaman\u0131\u015flarm \u2018\u2018\u2018\u2018Kral Yolu\u2019\u2018’ \u00fczerinde yer alan Komana Pontika (G\u00fcmenek) ve Zela (Zile), s\u0131ras\u0131yla, sava\u015f tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Enya ve a\u015fk do\u011furganl\u0131k tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 Anahita’nm k\u00fclt merkezleriydi.<\/p>\n 50) <\/strong>Asurlular<\/p>\n 51) <\/strong>Tasfiyehane<\/p>\n 52) <\/strong>Grek mitolojisindeki Prometheus efsanesinde de Kafkasyan\u0131n ad\u0131 ge\u00e7er. \u0130nsanlara, maden i\u015fleme sanat\u0131 da dahil olmak, \u00fczere, uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 .getirecek t\u00fcm bilgileri \u00f6\u011freten Titan Prometheus, g\u00f6ksel ate\u015fi \u00e7alarak insanlara sundu\u011fu i\u00e7in, Olimpos tanr\u0131lar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan, Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131nda uzun ve ac\u0131l\u0131 bir cezaya, \u00e7arpt\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r,. Herakles taraf\u0131ndan kurtar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Kafkas ormanlar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Prometheus,, \u2018\u2018iskitler \u00dclkesi\u2019\u2018 nin. ilk demircisi olur. Kafkasya,, Do\u011fu mitolojisinde (\u0130ran, Arap-Islam), bir bilinmezlik b\u00f6lgesinin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. \u2018\u2018D\u00fcnyan\u0131n Dayana\u011f\u0131\u2019\u2018, \u2018\u2018Da\u011flar\u0131n .Anas\u0131\u2019\u2018 olan Kaf Da\u011f\u0131, ye\u015fil z\u00fcmr\u00fcttendir ve Phoenix (Grek),, Sim\u00fcrg (Iran) Z\u00fcmr\u00fcd-i anka (Arap-\u0130si an\u0131) adlar\u0131yla an\u0131lan efsanevi ku\u015fun yurdudur., Kaf Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131nda ise, d\u00fcnyay\u0131 kana ve ate\u015fe bo\u011facak olan, Yec\u00fcc ve Mec\u00fcc’ler ya\u015famaktayd\u0131lar. \u2018\u2018Iskender-i Z\u00fclkameyn\u2019\u2018, onlar\u0131 durdurmak i\u00e7in \u2018\u2018\u015eeddi-i lskender\u2019\u2018i in\u015fa eder,. Bu olay,, Kur’an-\u0131 Kerim’in \u2018\u2018Kehf* suresinde \u015f\u00f6yle yer al\u0131r: \u2018\u2018’96- ‘Bana demir par\u00e7alan getirin,’\u2018\u2018’ \u0130ki da\u011f yan\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131 dolunca, o dedi ki: ‘\u00dcfleyin’, onlar’ onu bir ate\u015f haline koyunca dedi ki: ‘Bana eri\u015fmi\u015f bak\u0131r getirin,, onun \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00f6keyim!’\u2018\u2018, 97- b\u00f6ylece onlar\u0131n onu a\u015fma\u011fa g\u00fc\u00e7leri yetmedi ve onu delemediler. \u2018\u2018G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g;ibi 96. ‘ayet madencilik motifleriyle \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr;.<\/p>\n 53)<\/strong> Yunanistan’daki Orkhomenos \u00fclkesi .kral\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 olan. Phriksos ve Helle\u00bb bir komplo sonucu \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmek \u00fczereyken ‘\u2018\u2018’Alt\u0131n Postlu U\u00e7an Ko\u00e7\u2019\u2018*un yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u00fclkelerinden ka\u00e7arlar. \u0130ki karde\u015f, ko\u00e7un s\u0131rt\u0131nda u\u00e7arak \u00c7anakkale Bo\u011faz\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7erken Helle denize d\u00fc\u015fer ve \u00f6l\u00fcr. Ko\u00e7un Kolkhis’e ula\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Phriksos ise, ko\u00e7u. Zeus’a kurban ederek postunu.; Ai-a** krali Aietes’e sunar. Alt\u0131n postu bir me\u015fe a\u011fac\u0131na a\u015fan Aietes, onu bir ejderin, koruyuculu\u011funa b\u0131rak\u0131r ve’ k\u0131z\u0131 Khalkiope’yi Phriksos ile evlendi rir. Di\u011fer yandan, Yunanistan’daki iolkos kentinin kral\u0131 Aison’un o\u011flu Iason***, taht\u0131 gaspeden amcas\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131yla, Kolkhis’deki alt\u0131n postu getirmekle g\u00f6revlendirilir,. Argo adl\u0131 gemi,, tanr\u0131\u00e7a Athena’n\u0131n y\u00f6netiminde in.\u015fa edilir., .Aralar\u0131nda Grek mitolojisinin \u00fcnl\u00fc ki\u015filerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 50 dolay\u0131nda Akha, Iaso\u0131Tun \u00f6nderli\u011finde, Teselya’n\u0131n Pagasae liman\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131kar,. Ser\u00fcven dolu zorlu bir yolculuktan sonra Kalkhis’e ula\u015fan Argonautlar, Iason’a a\u015f\u0131k olan. Medeia’n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla, alt\u0131n postu ele ge\u00e7irerek \u00fclkelerine d\u00f6nerler. (* Tanr\u0131 Peseidon ile ‘Trakyal\u0131 gen\u00e7 k\u0131z Theophane’den d\u00fcnyaya gelmi\u015ftir.) (** B\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kutaisi kenti. Kral Aietes,. \u0131\u015f\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131 Helios ile deniz perisi Perseis’in o\u011fludur.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fcc\u00fc Kirke’nin karde\u015fi, olan Aietes, Medeia’n\u0131n da babas\u0131d\u0131r., (*** Per\u015fembe (Ordu) yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Yasun (veya Yosun) Bumu, ad\u0131n\u0131 lason’dan alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 54)<\/strong> Akhaman\u0131\u015f devletinde bir t\u00fcr eyalet<\/p>\n 55) <\/strong>Minorsky gibi baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar,, Mard’lar\u0131, K\u00fcrt’lerin e talan aras\u0131nda g\u00f6sterirler,<\/p>\n 56) <\/b><\/em> liegen, kullMuicl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge ve zamana g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bir a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fc birimi. Burada 26.160 kg’a e\u015fde\u011fer olan \u2018\u2018Attikc talantonu\u2019\u2018 esas alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 57) <\/strong>M\u00d6.. 18.1 dolaylar\u0131nda ba\u015fkent Sinopeye ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n 58)<\/strong> Mithridat.es VI \u2018\u2018Eupator\u2019\u2018 d\u00f6neminde,\u00bb kanatl\u0131, at P\u00e9gases, bayrak motifi olarak kabul edilir,. Ponlos krallar\u0131, \u00e7o\u011funun ad\u0131na kaynak olan, Hint-lrari k\u00f6kenli,, Mithra’n\u0131n y an\u0131 s ura Grek tanr\u0131laTina da sayg\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n 59)<\/strong> Hitit’ler,, Hurri k\u00f6kenli Ku\u015fuh (Ay) ve \u015eua\u015fka’ya (Y\u0131ld\u0131z) da tap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ay-y\u0131ld\u0131z motifi, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck. Asya’da, hemen her d\u00f6nemde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hissettirmi\u015ftir.- Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan fethedilene kadar, Konstantinopolis kentinin simgesi olan ay-y\u0131ld\u0131z, daha sonra, Osmanl\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk bayraklar\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Senkretizm, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da s\u00fcreklilik arz eden bir olgudur.<\/p>\n 60)<\/strong> Bu ilac\u0131n k\u00f6keni, S\u00fcmer ve Hititlere kadar uzan\u0131r., Merkez Efendi (1460-1552) taraf\u0131ndan bulundu\u011funa inan\u0131lan \u2018\u2018Mesir Macunu\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 da, bu geli\u015fim, zinciri i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131r,<\/p>\n 61)<\/strong> Roma ve Bizans d\u00f6nemleri anlam\u0131nda Bizans d\u00f6neminin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak\u00bb MS 395 y\u0131l\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131rsa da Latin karakterli Roma’dan Grek karakterli Bizans’a ge\u00e7i\u015f,, uzun bir s\u00fcre\u00e7te ger\u00e7ekle\u015fir,. Grek\u00e7e, ancak \u0130mparator Herokleios d\u00f6neminde (610-641) resmi devlet dili olarak kabul edilir., Bununla birlikte, Bizans \u0130mparatorlar\u0131, \u2018\u2018Roma \u0130mparatora,\u2019\u2018 unvan\u0131m (Basileus Autokrator Romanon\u0131m), devletin sona erdi\u011fi 1453 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar kullan\u0131rlar., Trapezous’un B\u00fcy\u00fck<\/p>\n Komnenos’lan da bu unvan\u0131, loannes II d\u00f6nemine (1280-1297) kadar kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r,<\/p>\n 62)<\/strong> \u015eap, tekstil \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinin boyanmas\u0131nda mordaniay\u0131c\u0131 (sabitle\u015ftirici) olarak kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu.. Romal\u0131lar, \u015fap madenleriyle ilk kez K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015flar, buradan, elde edilen bilgilerle, Avrupa’da yeni yataklar bulunmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Sel\u00e7uklular d\u00f6neminde, 1255 y\u0131l\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki bir<\/p>\n tarihte. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’daki \u015fap madenlerinin tekeli 2 italyan’a verilmi\u015fti.,<\/p>\n 63) <\/strong>B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenos’lar\u0131n Bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, baz\u0131 kaynaklar Kerasous’un XIV,. yy. son \u00e7eyre\u011fi i\u00e7inde, Hac\u0131 Emiro\u011fla S\u00fcleyman bey taraf\u0131ndan, ele ge\u00e7irildi\u011fini (1381 ? – 1394 ?) belirtirken,,, baz\u0131 kaynaklar’ da, 1461 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenos’lar\u0131n elinde kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrerler.<\/p>\n 64) <\/strong>Akritas. Bizans s\u0131n\u0131r savunma \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fc.<\/p>\n 65) <\/strong>Madencili\u011fi olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen bu toprak kayb\u0131\u00bb yak\u0131n akraba olan Mehmet II \u2018\u2018Talih\u2019\u2018\u2018\u2018 (1451-1481) ile David II (1458-1461) aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan anla\u015fma ile B\u00fcy\u00fck Komnenosiar devletin sona. ermesine (Ekim. 1461) kadar devan\u0131 etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 66)<\/strong> G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’nin yak\u0131n bir \u00e7evre i\u00e7inde,, birden, fazla iskan\u0131, do\u011frudan madencilikle ba\u011f\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131d\u0131r., Erken, d\u00f6nemlerde madencilik faaliyeti, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla, s\u0131\u011f derinliklerde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor, bunun sonucu olarak da,, bir b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma uzun s\u00fcrm\u00fcyordu. B\u00f6lge, terk edilirken, bir madenci kamp\u0131 niteli\u011findeki \u2018\u2018kent\u2019\u2018 de terk ediliyor\u00bb yeni bir maden .sahas\u0131nda bir yenisi kuruluyordu.<\/p>\n 67) <\/strong>Roma askeri-ticari yol a\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan, bir konak yeri idi.<\/p>\n 68)<\/strong> Bu ad ayn\u0131 zamanda,, y\u00f6re. \u00d6rekleri taraf\u0131ndan, Pbilabonites (Har\u015fit) nehrine de verilmi\u015fti,<\/p>\n 69) <\/strong>\u00fct\u00fc\u00fcti\u015fhafte’nin Da\u011f\u0131eke k\u00f6y\u00fc yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki HR.ov Kalesi’nin, Tzanikha kalesi oldu\u011fu .san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 70)<\/strong> Sadak. k\u00f6y\u0131i-Kelkit. MS. II.. yy,, da,. \u2018\u2018Legio XV Apollinaris\u2019\u2018adl\u0131 Roma. Lejyonu, Satala’da \u00fcstlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n 71) <\/strong>IBu yol, Zigana b\u00f6lgesi hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere*, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fczergah\u0131 izliyordu. Satal’da \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131lan yol, do\u011fuya do\u011fru, B\u00fcy\u00fck Ermenistan’\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Artaksataya (Erivan yak\u0131nlan-Ermenistan Cumhuriyeti), g\u00fcneye do\u011fru Melitene’ye (Malatya) ve bat\u0131ya do\u011fru, bir<\/p>\n madencilik b\u00f6lgesi ve Lejyon \u00fcss\u00fc olan. .NikopohYe ula\u015f\u0131yordu. (* Zigana b\u00f6lgesinde bu yol, daha g\u00fcneyde kalan ve Kurum-Imera-Stavri’y\u0131 kapsayan y\u00f6reden, ge\u00e7iyordu.,)<\/p>\n 72) <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nda, 1.45\u00d6 li y\u0131llardan itibaren, alt\u0131n ve g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f darl\u0131\u011f\u0131 duyulmaya, ba\u015flan\u0131r. Bu durumun ba\u015fl\u0131ca nedeni, o d\u00f6nemlerde Osmanl\u0131 devletinin ithal etti\u011fi, i\u015flenmi\u015f mallar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck, bir \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun Do\u011fu’dan (Rusya, kan ve Hindistan) gelmesi ve buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, o tarafa hemen hi\u00e7 mal sat\u0131lmay\u0131p, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda alt\u0131n \u00f6denmesidir. Ayr\u0131ca, Hindistan’da alt\u0131na, alan ra\u011fbet, bu maddenin ak\u00e7e kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan toplan\u0131p Halep, \u015eam, Ba\u011fdat ve Basra taraf\u0131na, g\u00f6nderilerek,, orada y\u00fcksek fiatla sat\u0131lmas\u0131na da yol a\u00e7maktad\u0131r. Devlet, bu durumu \u00d6nlemek amac\u0131yla,, Mehmet, II \u2018\u2018Fatih’1′ d\u00f6neminden ba\u015flayarak, bak\u0131r, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve alt\u0131n\u0131n Do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan, \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131, yasaklam\u0131\u015f; t\u00fcccarlar\u0131n getirdikleri mal\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ancak yine mal g\u00f6t\u00fcrebileceklerini karara ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131., Devlet, \u00bb Osmanl\u0131 ak\u00e7esinin de\u011ferinin d\u00fc\u015fmesine ve para darl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yol a\u00e7an. bu durumu getirdi\u011fi yasaklarla \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken, bir yandan da. \u00fclkedeki madenleri canland\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelir. \u00d6zellikle, Murad III (1574-1595) in sadrazamlar\u0131ndan Sinan Pa\u015fa \u2018\u2018Koca\u2019\u2018, ikinci kez, sadarete geldi\u011fi. 1588 y\u0131l\u0131ndan itibaren,, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki madenleri canland\u0131r\u0131r ve y\u00f6resel darphaneler kurar,. Osmanlr imparatorlu\u011funda de\u011ferli maden s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 ya\u015fan\u0131rken Bat\u0131, Afrika ve Amerika’daki s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerinden., bol miktarda de\u011ferli maden, sa\u011flar.. 1521-1560 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca ispanya’ya -o da resmi kanallardan- giren de\u011ferli maden miktar\u0131, 18.000 ton g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ve 200 ton alt\u0131nd\u0131r,.<\/p>\n 73) <\/strong>G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane’deki Osmanl\u0131 Darphanesi 1574-1644 y\u0131llan .aras\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 74)<\/strong> G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane madencili\u011fi, Osmanl\u0131 Devletine sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelirin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra\u00bb ‘\u2018\u2018Arkhimetallourgoi\u2019\u2018 (Maden Ba\u015flar\u0131) diye an\u0131lan, 8 dolay\u0131ndaki maden i\u015fleticisi Grek ailenin de, ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc diye tan\u0131mlanan, zenginliklerinin kayna\u011f\u0131 olmu\u015ftur., Khaldia Grek-Ortodoks piskoposluk b\u00f6lgesinin, dini y\u00f6neticilerini de,, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00e7o\u011funlukla kendi i\u00e7lerinden \u00e7\u0131karan bu aileler ve Kl\u0131aldia Metropolitleri, Do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde,, daha. sonra geli\u015ferek Grek- Ortodoks ulusal hareketinin\u00bb maddi ve moral a\u00e7\u0131dan haz\u0131rlay\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131 ve destekleyicileri olmu\u015flard\u0131r.,<\/p>\n 75) <\/strong>Vergi ba\u011f\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sona. ermesinin ard\u0131ndan bu b\u00f6lgede,, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya tarihinin en ilgin\u00e7 olaylar\u0131ndan biri olan \u2018\u2018gizli-Hristiyanl\u0131k.\u2019\u2018 ak\u0131m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Maden \u00fcretim b\u00f6lgelerinin yan\u0131s\u0131ra, odun. k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, \u00fcretimi yap\u0131lan b\u00f6lgeleride etkileyen bu ak\u0131n\u0131.,, ilk kez,, bir gizlihristiyan’\u0131n inanc\u0131n\u0131., may\u0131s 1856 da Trabzon’da a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ilan etmesiyle su y\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar.<\/p>\n 76)<\/strong> 1 1b. (pound) = 0.454 Kg.<\/p>\n 77) <\/strong>\u0130zabe i\u015flemi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, \u0130 kg. kur\u015fun, i\u00e7in 36 .kg;.,, 1 kg. g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u00e7in ‘200’ kg,, odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc, kullan\u0131l\u0131yordu. 1 kg;., odun k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fc ise, kullan\u0131lan a\u011fac\u0131n cinsine g\u00f6re, 3-4 ‘kg odundan elde. edilmektedir., Y\u00fczy\u0131llarca s\u00fcren madencilik faaliyeti sonucu, \u00e7evredeki bitki\u00a0 \u00f6rt\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bol\u00fcm\u00fc tahrip olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6yle ki., 1461 de Trapezous \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Osmanl\u0131 ordusu,, orman nedeniyle,, b\u00f6lgede ilerlemekte g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekerken\u00bb, 1701 y\u0131l\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye gelen, Joseph Pitton de Toumefort, yakmak i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 dal par\u00e7as\u0131, bile bulamamaktan yalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 78) <\/strong>1 Kuru\u015f = 40 para = 120 ak\u00e7e 80) <\/strong>\u00dccretler sal\u0131n alma g\u00fcc\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan,, daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlere g\u00f6re olduk\u00e7a gerilemi\u015ftir. \u00d6rne\u011fin,, XV. yy. sonlar\u0131nda, Novo Brodo g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f madenlerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler 4 ak\u00e7e g\u00fcndelik al\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde 5 kg. bu\u011fday 1 ak\u00e7e,, 1 koyun ise 22 ak\u00e7edir.. XV,. yy., m Novo Brodo maden i\u015f\u00e7ileri,, 1 g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretleriyle 20 kg. bu\u011fday, 5.5 g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretleriyle 1 koyun alabilirken,, XIX yy. m G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane maden i\u015f\u00e7ileri,, 1 g\u00fcnl\u00fck, \u00fccretleriyle 1,5 ile 4 kg. bu\u011fday, 15 ile 35 g\u00fcnl\u00fck \u00fccretleri ile 1 koyun alabilmektedirler,. Her \u0130ki d\u00f6neme ait baz\u0131 t\u00fcketim maddelerinin fiyatlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir. XV. yy sonu 1 ak\u00e7e 5 ak\u00e7e 2 ak\u00e7e 1836 1 kg., Et 1 kg., Tereya\u011f 1 kg. Peynir 93,5 ak\u00e7e<\/p>\n 1309 ak\u00e7e 374 ak\u00e7e (Liste, 1 Kuru\u015f = 120 Ak\u00e7e ile 1 Okka = 1283 gr. \u00dczerinden haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r).<\/p>\n 81) <\/strong>Kent, 1869 y\u0131l\u0131nda, yaln\u0131zca armut ticaretinden 200 bin Kuru\u015f kazan\u0131r.<\/p>\n 82) <\/strong>G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015fhane Grek-Ortodoks kiliseleri,, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f e\u015fyalar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00e7ok zengindi., Khaldia Metropolitleri ise, XVIII yy, sonlar\u0131ndan itibaren, yekpare g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f piskopos tac\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131., Bu e\u015fyalardan baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler, Atina’daki Benaki M\u00fczesi\u2019ndedir.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ahmet Hikmet Köse Jeoloji Yüksek Mühendisi, Trabzon A- GİRİŞ Yazıda ele alınan, bölge, yaklaşık olarak, 36°-42° doğu boylamları ile 40°-42c’‘ kuzey enlemleri arasında yer almakta ve Doğu (ve Orta) Karadeniz coğrafi bölgesi ile Gürcistan Cumhuriyeti’nin bir bölümünü kapsamaktadır. Bu bölge, ilk insanlardan günümüze, onlarca halka, bir o kadar da inanca, bazen anayurttuk, bazen da geçici 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\n<\/b> Jeoloji Y\u00fcksek M\u00fchendisi, Trabzon<\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n\n
\n<\/strong>
\nSamsung Amasya (4), Tokat (5), Ordu (6), Sivas (7), Erzincan (8), Bayburt (9), Erzurum (10), Artvin ve Kars (11) illerinde. Kalkolitik d\u00f6nemden (M\u00d6 5.000-3.000) ba\u015flayan \u00e7e\u015fitli izlere rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n\n
![](\"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/tarih\/255_tarihselvemitolojik_files\/image002.jpg\")
<\/p>\n
\nAm\u0131sos: M\u00d6 V-IV yy.lar aras\u0131nda \u2018\u2018Peiraia\u2019\u2018. Mithridates<\/p>\n\n
\n
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\n18) <\/strong>B\u00f6lgenin k\u00f6kenleri ve varl\u0131klar\u0131, en tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 halk\u0131 olan \u00c7enetler, Skylaks (M\u00d6. IV yy) ve di\u011fer erken d\u00f6nem yazarlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Tzan ve Laz’lardan, ayr\u0131 bir- halkt\u0131r’,. Strabon’da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Yosun Burnunun (Per\u015fembe-Ordu) ad\u0131 olarak ge\u00e7en \u2018\u2018Genetes\u2019\u2018, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, onlardan, kaynaklanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131,.<\/p>\n
\n79)<\/strong> Bu \u00fccretler, o d\u00f6nemdeki di\u011fer \u00fccretlere g\u00f6\u00e7e olduk\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckt\u00fcr, \u00f6rne\u011fin, vas\u0131fl\u0131 bir in\u015faat i\u015f\u00e7isinin g\u00fcndeli\u011fi 3-4 Kuru\u015f,, bir in\u015faat ustas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndeli\u011fi ise 6 Kuru\u015ftur.<\/p>\n