{"id":11824,"date":"2019-03-27T14:17:55","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T19:17:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11824"},"modified":"2019-03-27T14:17:55","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T19:17:55","slug":"rusya-tarihi-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/rusya-tarihi-2\/","title":{"rendered":"RUSYA TAR\u0130H\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Rusya.ru<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Rusya topraklar\u0131nda Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nden bu yana bir dizi uygarl\u0131k ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tarihi kaynaklar, M.\u00d6. VII. yy ile M.S. IX. yy aras\u0131nda Kimmerler, \u0130skitler, Sarmatlar, Antlar ve ba\u015fka halklar\u0131n buralarda yerle\u015fik olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ortaya koyuyor. Ruslar\u0131n\u00a0 k\u00f6kleri\u00a0 Slav\u00a0 ailesine\u00a0 dayan\u0131r.\u00a0 Bu\u00a0 aile,\u00a0 Do\u011fu\u00a0 Slavlar\u0131\u00a0 (Ruslar, Ukraynal\u0131lar, Belaruslar), Bat\u0131 Slavlar\u0131 (Polonyal\u0131lar, \u00c7ekler, Slovaklar vs.) ve G\u00fcney Slavlar\u0131 (Bulgarlar, S\u0131rplar, H\u0131rvatlar, Slovenler, Makedonyal\u0131lar vs.) olarak kendi aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7e ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Bunlar dilleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Hint-Avrupa halklar\u0131d\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

Pek \u00e7ok tarih\u00e7iye g\u00f6re Slavlar\u0131n k\u00f6keni, M.\u00d6. II. biny\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131na, Orta ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019ya dayan\u0131r. Bunlar daha sonra G\u00fcney\u2019e (Balkanlar\u2019a), Do\u011fu\u2019ya (Dnepr Nehri civar\u0131na) ve Kuzey\u2019e do\u011fru yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u201cSlav\u201d (Slovene) ad\u0131na ilk kez M.S. VI. yy\u2019da Naziansl\u0131 Pseudo-C\u00e9sarios\u2019un kitab\u0131nda rastlan\u0131yor. Ancak anlam\u0131 bilinmiyor. Pek \u00e7oklar\u0131na g\u00f6re bu, Slavlar\u0131n tarih sahnesinde ilk g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fckleri d\u00f6nem olarak kabul edilir.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0130lk Slav vatan\u0131n\u0131n, Vist\u00fcl Nehri ile Pripet Havzas\u0131 ve Orta Dnepr aras\u0131nda oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yor. Hunlar ve Gotlar d\u00f6neminde var olan Slav kavimleri VI. yy\u2019da Avarlar\u0131n istilas\u0131na hedef oldular. Ard\u0131ndan Hazarlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fi g\u00fcndeme geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Do\u011fu Slavlar\u0131 Dnepr, Volga, Don nehirleri civar\u0131ndaki ormanl\u0131k alanda ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Zamanla Fin kavimlerinin topraklar\u0131na do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Do\u011fu Slavlar\u0131 ile \u0130sve\u00e7lilerin atalar\u0131 say\u0131lan Normanlar aras\u0131nda uzun \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma d\u00f6nemleri ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201cRus\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6keni genellikle Norman Okulu ile ba\u011fl\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131r. \u201cRus\u201d veya \u201cRusi\u201d kelimesinin, muhtemelen Fince’deki \u201cRuotsi\u201dden geldi\u011fi kabul edilir. Bu, Naeller G\u00f6l\u00fc (Stockholm civar\u0131nda) yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki \u0130sve\u00e7lilere tak\u0131lan add\u0131. Bunun \u201ckay\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar, k\u00fcrek\u00e7iler\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenegelir. Kelime Slavca’ya \u00f6nce \u201cRusi\u201d sonra da \u201cRus\u201d olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n

(Bir ba\u015fka efsaneye g\u00f6re, VI-IX. yy\u2019larda Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019da geni\u015f bir alana yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Slavlar zamanla baz\u0131 kavimler olu\u015fturdu. Bunlardan\u00a0 birinin ad\u0131n\u0131n \u201cRus\u201d, k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 nehrin ad\u0131n\u0131n ise \u201cRos\u201d oldu\u011fu ve Rusya ad\u0131n\u0131n buradan kaynaklanm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fi de s\u00f6ylenir.) Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan topraklar\u0131ndaki nehirler aras\u0131nda da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k yerle\u015fim birimleri olu\u015fturan Slavlar, VIII. yy\u2019da Varyag halk\u0131yla (Vikinglerle) yo\u011fun temaslar i\u00e7ine girdiler.<\/p>\n

Rus devletlerinin temelinde say\u0131lan ilk devlet organizasyonu, M.S. 862\u2019de \u0130lmen ve Ladoga g\u00f6lleri civar\u0131ndaki Novgorod\u2019da (Yeni\u015fehir) \u0130skandinav k\u00f6kenli Vikinglerin lideri Rurik taraf\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Prens Rurik\u2019in varisi olan Oleg ise 882\u2019de Kiev\u2019in kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc ele ge\u00e7irerek Kiev Rusyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n temellerini atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/span> B\u00fcy\u00fck Pyotr
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/b> Rusya\u2019n\u0131n gelmi\u015f ge\u00e7mi\u015f en etkili ve \u00fcnl\u00fc \u00e7arlar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda herhalde Birinci Pyotr (bizim baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7ilerimizin deyi\u015fiyle \u201cDeli Petro\u201d) gelir. XVIII. yy\u2019\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011findeki d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmler b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n sonraki tarihi geli\u015fimi ni\u00a0 belirledi. Askeri\u00a0 reform, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n denizlere a\u00e7\u0131lan yollar\u00a0 bulmas\u0131, end\u00fcstrinin ve devlet y\u00f6netiminin geli\u015fmesi, din ve devlet\u00a0 kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131larak laikli\u011fe y\u00f6nelinmesi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00a0 Avrupaile\u015fmesi…\u00a0 Bunlar I. Pyotr reformlar\u0131n\u0131n ana do\u011frultular\u0131ndand\u0131. 2.04 cm. boyundaki reformcu \u00e7ar, okumaya ve yeni \u015feyler \u00f6\u011frenmeye tutkundu. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Rus filosunu kurmak i\u00e7in Avrupa\u2019ya sahte isimlerle gidip Hollanda doklar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak gemi yap\u0131m tekniklerini bizzat ara\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. O s\u0131rada k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck imalathaneleri, okullar\u0131, tiyatrolar\u0131 ve m\u00fczeleri de incelemi\u015fti. \u00c7ok aktif bir devlet adam\u0131yd\u0131. Bir taraftan devlet idaresini de\u011fi\u015ftiriyor ve sava\u015fta\u00a0 ordusunu y\u00f6netiyor, bir taraftan da fabrika ve bilimsel merkezler a\u00e7\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda yurtta\u015flar\u0131na sakal yasa\u011f\u0131 getiriyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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1703\u2019te \u201cAvrupa\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131lan pencere\u201d say\u0131lan bir kent kurdu: Saint-Petersburg (sonradan Petrograd ve Leningrad adlar\u0131n\u0131 da ald\u0131). 1713\u2019te buras\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti oldu. Pek \u00e7ok tarih\u00e7i, Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak Pyotr\u2019un ilk kez \u201c\u0130mparator\u201d olarak nitelendi\u011fi 1721\u2019i g\u00f6steriyor. 1725\u2019te \u00c7ar \u00f6ld\u00fc. (Bizde \u201cBaltac\u0131 Mehmet Pa\u015fa maceras\u0131\u201d olarak anlat\u0131lagelen s\u00f6ylentinin\u00a0 kahramanlar\u0131ndan Yekaterina,\u00a0 B\u00fcy\u00fck\u00a0 Pyotr\u2019un \u00f6nce metresi, sonra da kar\u0131s\u0131 olan eski bir Alman hizmet\u00e7iydi.)
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck Pyotr d\u00f6nemindeki gerilimden yorgun d\u00fc\u015fen Rusya\u2019n\u0131n, ondan sonra gelenler zaman\u0131nda dinlendi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenebilir. XVIII. yy\u2019\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda, 37 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde defalarca saray darbeleri oldu, monar\u015fi 6 kez el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. Zaman oldu, Almanlar Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu y\u00f6netiminde g\u00fc\u00e7lendi; zaman oldu, balolar ve e\u011flenceler devletin temel gelene\u011fi say\u0131ld\u0131.
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1917 Ekim Sosyalist Devrimi
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\nBirinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131, Rusya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plara, ekonomik s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lara ve genel ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fa yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ar h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin, siyasi ve ekonomik krizin \u00fcstesinden gelmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Bu durum 1917\u2019de \u00f6nce \u015eubat Devrimi\u2019ne, sonra da Ekim Devrimi\u2019ne yol a\u00e7t\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

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27 \u015eubat’ta ayaklanan Petersburg i\u015f\u00e7ilerine askerler de destek verdi. 2 Mart’ta II. Nikolay taht\u0131 karde\u015fi Mihail\u2019e b\u0131rakt\u0131. Ancak ertesi g\u00fcn Mihail de iktidardan vazge\u00e7ti. B\u00f6ylece Romanov Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 1613\u2019te ba\u015flayan egemenli\u011fi ile birlikte monar\u015fik d\u00fczen de tarihe kar\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kerenski\u2019nin ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gecici h\u00fck\u00fcmet kuruldu. Ancak muhalefeti s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Lenin 1917 Ekiminde silahl\u0131 ayaklanma ile iktidar\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irme karar\u0131\u00a0 ald\u0131. Eski Rus takvimiyle 24 Aral\u0131k’\u0131 25\u2019ine (bug\u00fcnk\u00fc takvimle 7 Kas\u0131m’a) ba\u011flayan gece, ge\u00e7ici h\u00fck\u00fcmetin merkezi olan Petersburg\u2019daki K\u0131\u015fl\u0131k Saray d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. B\u00f6ylece Bol\u015fevikler iktidara gelmi\u015f oldu. Sonra ba\u015flayan i\u00e7 sava\u015f 1920\u2019de Bol\u015feviklerin kesin zaferiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Rusya ve d\u00fcnya tarihinde yeni bir sayfa a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Lenin \u00f6nderli\u011finde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen sosyalist devrim sonucu XX. yy\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn iki \u201cs\u00fcper\u201d devletinden biri olan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birli\u011fi (SSCB) do\u011fdu.<\/span><\/p>\n

1924\u2019te Lenin\u2019in \u00f6lmesiyle iktidara Stalin geldi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1941-1945\u2019te Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, kendisine sald\u0131ran Hitler Almanya\u2019s\u0131yla\u00a0 sava\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. 22 Haziran 1941\u2019de SSCB\u2019ye sald\u0131ran Almanya, d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015fa haz\u0131r olmamas\u0131ndan da yararlanarak birka\u00e7 ayda Moskova ve Leningrad s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar dayand\u0131. Y\u0131l sonunda Moskova\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7evresindeki ku\u015fatma k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. Leningrad ise Alman istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 900 g\u00fcn kahramanca direndi. 1942\u2019nin son aylar\u0131nda Stalingrad (\u015fimdiki Volgograd) direni\u015finin K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu g\u00fc\u00e7leri taraf\u0131ndan kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n seyrini de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. 1 May\u0131s 1945\u2019te Berlin, SSCB birliklerinin eline ge\u00e7ti. 9 May\u0131s’ta Prag yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki son Alman g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin de yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131\u00a0 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi i\u00e7in sava\u015f\u0131n sonu anlam\u0131na geldi\u00a0 (9 May\u0131s Rusya\u2019da Zafer Bayram\u0131 olarak kutlan\u0131r). Sava\u015fta tahminen 20-27 milyon Sovyet insan\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00fclkenin ulusal zenginli\u011finin yakla\u015f\u0131k \u00fc\u00e7te birinin kaybedildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Sava\u015f sonras\u0131 yaralar\u0131n sar\u0131lmas\u0131 kolay olmad\u0131. Bu arada SSCB ile Bat\u0131l\u0131 \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda \u201cSo\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u201d ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ko\u015fuldan kendi iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in yararlanan Stalin\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 \u00fclke i\u00e7inde duyulan tepkiler giderek art\u0131yor, ancak kimse sesini y\u00fckseltmeye cesaret edemiyordu. Stalin\u2019in 1953\u2019te \u00f6lmesinden sonra bile bu duygular\u0131n dile getirilmesi kolay olmad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Nikita Hru\u015f\u00e7ev\u2019in ba\u015fta kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1953-1964 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00fclkede baz\u0131 reformlar yap\u0131ld\u0131. 1964\u2019te Parti Merkez Komitesi\u2019nde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen darbenin en \u00f6nemli ismi Leonid Brejnev\u2019di. Onun ba\u015fta oldu\u011fu 18 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde SSCB\u2019deki istikrar ortam\u0131n\u0131 pek \u00e7oklar\u0131 daha sonradan \u201cdurgunluk d\u00f6nemi\u201d olarak niteleyeceklerdi.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Perestroyka ve SSCB\u2019nin sonu
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/b> 1982\u2019de ya\u015fl\u0131 liderin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc sonucu ba\u015fa gelen Yuriy Andropov KGB\u2019nin eski \u015fefi Andropov, d\u0131\u015f\u00a0 politikay\u0131\u00a0 de\u011fi\u015ftirmese de i\u00e7erde\u00a0 sosyalizmi\u00a0 yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek, ekonomiyi canland\u0131rmak, yolsuzluklarla m\u00fccadele etmek i\u00e7in bir dizi ad\u0131m att\u0131. Ancak yeterli sonucu alacak zaman\u0131 yoktu. 1,5 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde o da \u00f6ld\u00fc ve ba\u015fa bir ba\u015fka ihtiyar lider Konstantin \u00c7ernenko geldi. Hi\u00e7bir alanda k\u00f6kl\u00fc bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapamayan silik bir y\u00f6netici olarak ak\u0131llarda kalan \u00c7ernenko\u2019nun 1985 Mart’\u0131ndan \u00f6lmesi sonucu, Kremlin\u2019deki koltu\u011fa 54 ya\u015f\u0131nda, dinamik, g\u00fcler y\u00fczl\u00fc bir lider oturdu: Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov. Gorba\u00e7ov \u201cperestroyka\u201d\u00a0 (yeniden yap\u0131lanma)\u00a0 ve \u201cglasnost\u201d (a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131k) politikalar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe koydu.<\/span><\/p>\n

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1991 A\u011fustos’undaki darbe Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019u iktidardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Darbe birka\u00e7 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde Yeltsin \u00f6nderli\u011findeki reformcu g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un art\u0131k eski iktidar\u0131na kavu\u015fmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Kom\u00fcnist Partisi yasakland\u0131. Kremlin Saray\u0131\u2019nda art\u0131k Sovyet de\u011fil Rusya bayra\u011f\u0131 dalgalanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 8 Aral\u0131k 1991\u2019de Rusya, Ukrayna ve Belarus liderleri Yeltsin, Krav\u00e7uk ve \u015eu\u015fkevi\u00e7 SSCB\u2019yi ge\u00e7ersiz ilan edip Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nu (BDT) kurunca merkezi devlet i\u015flevini t\u00fcm\u00fcyle kaybetti. \u0130ki g\u00fcn sonra 8 eski Sovyet cumhuriyeti daha onlara kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. 25 Aral\u0131k’ta Gorba\u00e7ov istifa konu\u015fmas\u0131 yapmak zorunda kald\u0131 ve SSCB kesin olarak da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. D\u00f6nemin ABD Ba\u015fkan\u0131 George Bush Yeltsin\u2019i SSCB\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan, Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131 da So\u011fuk Sava\u015f\u2019\u0131 kazand\u0131klar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 kutlad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

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Par\u00e7alanma \u00f6ncesi 290 milyon n\u00fcfusa sahip olan SSCB, 15 cumhuriyetten olu\u015fuyordu. (Rusya, Ukrayna, Belarus, Moldova, G\u00fcrcistan, Azerbaycan, Ermenistan, Kazakistan,\u00a0 K\u0131rg\u0131zistan, \u00d6zbekistan, T\u00fcrkmenistan, Tacikistan, Litvanya, Letonya, Estonya.) \u201cBalt\u0131k devletleri\u201d olarak da an\u0131lan son \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc SSCB da\u011f\u0131lmadan \u00f6nce ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015flerdi. \u00d6teki 12 \u00fclke Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z Devletler Toplulu\u011fu\u2019nu (BDT) olu\u015fturdular.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Yeltsin’li y\u0131llar
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\nYeni lider Yeltsin Ocak 1992\u2019den itibaren ekonominin liberalle\u015ftirilmesi ve \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme politikalar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde fiyatlar 26 kat artt\u0131. Halk\u0131n bankalardaki birikimi bir anda eridi. 1996\u2019ya do\u011fru baz\u0131 mallardaki fiyat art\u0131\u015f\u0131 binlerce kat\u0131 buldu. Devlete ait 100 bini a\u015fk\u0131n i\u015fletme \u00f6zelle\u015ftirildi. Toplumdaki tepkiler iktidara Yeltsin ile parlamento aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7eli\u015fkiler olarak yans\u0131d\u0131. Rusya\u00a0 lideri\u00a0 1993\u00a0 sonbahar\u0131nda\u00a0 parlamentoyu la\u011fvetme karar\u0131 ald\u0131. Milletvekillerinin Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Yard\u0131mc\u0131s\u0131 Aleksandr Rutskoy ve Parlamento Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Ruslan Hasbulatov\u2019un \u00f6nderli\u011finde direnmesi sonucu 4 Ekim’de\u00a0 d\u00f6nemin\u00a0 parlamento binas\u0131 olan Beyaz Ev Yeltsin\u2019in emriyle bombaland\u0131. \u00d6l\u00fcler,\u00a0 yaral\u0131lar ve tutuklular aras\u0131nda Yeltsin zaferini ilan ediyor ve i\u00e7 sava\u015f k\u0131v\u0131lc\u0131mlar\u0131 s\u00f6nd\u00fcr\u00fclmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. 12 Aral\u0131k 1993\u2019te yap\u0131lan referandum sonucunda Yeltsin\u2019e \u00e7ok geni\u015f yetkiler veren yeni Anayasa ile birlikte Rusya\u2019da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k rejimine ge\u00e7iliyordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

1992\u2019de \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f Cumhuriyeti\u2019nin ikiye ayr\u0131lmas\u0131na karar verilmi\u015fti.\u00a0 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019daki sonraki geli\u015fmeler Cumhuriyet\u2019in\u00a0 Rusya Federasyonu\u2019ndan ayr\u0131lma iste\u011fini de beraberinde getirdi. 1994 Aral\u0131k’\u0131nda Rusya birliklerinin \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019a sokulmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan sava\u015fta ilk perde 1996\u2019da ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerinin hemen sonras\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye bar\u0131\u015f getirilece\u011fi vaadiyle imzalanan Hasavyurt Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Anla\u015fma \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019a neredeyse ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda denilebilecek kadar geni\u015f \u00f6zerklik tan\u0131yordu.<\/span><\/p>\n

Bu arada \u00fclkede ekonomik durum ciddi olarak k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fiyordu.\u00a0 \u00c7ernomirdin\u2019in yerine ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa getirilmi\u015f olan Sergey Kiriyenko 1998 A\u011fustos’unda iflas bayra\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ekti. H\u00fck\u00fcmet \u00f6demelerini yapamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve bankalardaki mevduatlar\u0131n donduruldu\u011funu duyurdu. Rusya iktidar\u0131 d\u00fcnyada ve \u00fclke i\u00e7inde ciddi prestij kayb\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

Eski haberalma ve d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri y\u00f6neticisi, Arap \u00fclkeleri uzman\u0131 Yevgeniy Primakov\u2019un h\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131na getirilmesiyle kriz birka\u00e7 ayda atlat\u0131ld\u0131. Krizin olumlu sonucu olarak yerli \u00fcretim g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Primakov d\u0131\u015f politikada \u201c\u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnya\u201d tezine uygun ad\u0131mlar att\u0131. Deneyimli ba\u015fbakan\u0131n giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi Yeltsin\u2019i rahats\u0131z etti. H\u00fck\u00fcmetin ba\u015f\u0131na \u00f6nce Sergey Stepa\u015fin, birka\u00e7 ay sonra da Vladimir Putin getirildi.<\/span><\/p>\n

1999 A\u011fustos’unda Putin\u2019in ba\u015fbakanl\u0131\u011fa atanmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da gerginlikler artt\u0131. Bir grup silahl\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7en’in Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da i\u015fgal eylemine giri\u015fti\u011fi, ayr\u0131ca Moskova ve ba\u015fka Rusya kentlerinde apartmanlar\u0131n havaya u\u00e7uruldu\u011fu ko\u015fullarda yeni ba\u015fbakan\u0131n en ciddi icraat\u0131 \u201cter\u00f6rizme kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f\u201d oldu. Putin\u2019in bu konudaki kararl\u0131 ve sert tutumu halk taraf\u0131ndan desteklendi.<\/span><\/p>\n

31 Aral\u0131k 1999\u2019da Yeltsin istifa etti. B\u00f6ylece Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan ve bir dizi gerginli\u011fin ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemi tamamlan\u0131yor, yeni Rusya tarihinde \u00f6nemli bir d\u00f6nem kapan\u0131yordu.
\n<\/span><\/p>\n

Putin d\u00f6nemi
\n<\/span><\/strong>
\nYeltsin\u2019in koltu\u011funu b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Leningradl\u0131 eski haberalma \u015fefi Putin 23 Mart 2000 erken ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imlerini kazand\u0131. Hastal\u0131klar\u0131, siyasi gerginli\u011fi sevmesi ve alkol zaaf\u0131yla ak\u0131llarda kalan ya\u015fl\u0131 Yeltsin\u2019in yerine enerjik, sportmen ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc \u00fcslup izleyen bir lider gelmi\u015fti. \u00d6teki siyasi g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve liderler aras\u0131ndaki zay\u0131fl\u0131k da Putin\u2019in g\u00fcc\u00fcne g\u00fc\u00e7 kat\u0131yordu. Buna ekonomide iyi giden petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 da ekleyince Putin\u2019in pop\u00fclaritesi h\u0131zla artt\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Putin\u2019in ba\u015fa gelir gelmez uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalarda birka\u00e7 konu dikkat \u00e7ekti. Yeni lider, Yeltsin zaman\u0131nda devletin i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fan b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye gruplar\u0131n\u0131 sindirdi. \u00d6nce Boris Berezovski ve Vladimir Gusinski, daha sonralar\u0131 ise Mihail Hodorkovski gibi se\u00e7kin oligarklarla ilgili soru\u015fturmalar ba\u015flad\u0131. Bununla birlikte medyada muhalif yay\u0131nlar denetim alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131, eski NTV y\u00f6netiminin tasfiyesi ve TV6\u2019n\u0131n kapat\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00f6nemli geli\u015fmelerdendi. \u00d6te yandan federasyonun b\u00f6l\u00fcnme tehlikesine kar\u015f\u0131 verilen m\u00fccadeleye \u00f6ncelik verildi. Yaln\u0131zca \u00c7e\u00e7enistan de\u011fil, \u00f6teki \u201csorunlu\u201d cumhuriyet ve eyaletlerin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc liderlerinin yetkileri azalt\u0131ld\u0131,\u00a0 federal merkez yeniden g\u00fc\u00e7lendi.<\/span><\/p>\n

Putin d\u00f6neminde \u00fclke ekonomisi istikrar kazand\u0131. B\u00fct\u00e7e fazla vermeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Ruble g\u00fc\u00e7lendi. Merkez Bankas\u0131 d\u00f6viz rezervi her y\u0131l rekorlar k\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1998 A\u011fustos krizinden 5 y\u0131l kadar sonra rating ajans\u0131 Moody\u2019s Rusya\u2019ya birinci yat\u0131r\u0131m ratingi notu verdi. Yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla birlikte halk\u0131n gelir d\u00fczeyi de artarken enflasyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Putin, Yeltsin\u2019den farkl\u0131 olarak parlamentoyla s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 ya\u015famad\u0131, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda se\u00e7ilen yeni parlamentoda ise \u00e7o\u011funluk Putin yanl\u0131s\u0131 Birle\u015fik Rusya Partisi\u2019nin eline ge\u00e7ti.<\/span><\/p>\n

Putin 2004 Mart’\u0131nda yap\u0131lan devlet ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7imlerini rahatl\u0131kla kazand\u0131.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Rusya.ru Bugünkü Rusya topraklarında Taş Devri’nden bu yana bir dizi uygarlık yaşamıştır. Tarihi kaynaklar, M.Ö. VII. yy ile M.S. IX. yy arasında Kimmerler, İskitler, Sarmatlar, Antlar ve başka halkların buralarda yerleşik olduklarını ortaya koyuyor. Rusların  kökleri  Slav  ailesine  dayanır.  Bu  aile,  Doğu  Slavları  (Ruslar, Ukraynalılar, Belaruslar), Batı Slavları (Polonyalılar, Çekler, Slovaklar vs.) ve Güney Slavları 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