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Enver Ziya Karal<\/strong> Osmanl\u0131-Rus S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda bu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00f6tesinde yani Rus topraklar\u0131na ve berisindeki T\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131na yap\u0131lacak olan hareketlere \u201cKafkas Hareketleri\u201d denilmesi, Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n co\u011frafya alan\u0131n\u0131 pek de kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. Asl\u0131nda bu hareketler Kafkasya da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde ve Anadolu\u2019nun do\u011fusunda yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da giri\u015ftikleri sava\u015flar\u0131n amac\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 kademeli olarak geli\u015fecektir: Birinci kademe 877-78 Sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Batum, Ardahan ve Kars\u2019\u0131n geri al\u0131nmas\u0131d\u0131r, ikinci kademe de daha \u00f6nceki sava\u015flarda Ruslara kapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131 ve en \u00e7ok M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Rus boyunduru\u011fundan kurtarmakt\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kademeye gelince Hazar Denizi dolaylar\u0131nda Orta Asya\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerle temasa ge\u00e7erek Pan Turanc\u0131l\u0131k plan\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektir. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 kademeli ama\u00e7tan birincisi, ayn\u0131 zamanda Do\u011fu Anadolu vilayetlerinin savunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan bir nitelik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ger\u00e7ek\u00e7idir, ikincisi ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fc ise ger\u00e7ekten \u00e7ok hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcyd\u00fc.<\/p>\n Kafkasya\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Ama\u00e7lar\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019da Rus Kuvvetleri Osmanl\u0131 Kuvvetleri G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Rus kuvvetlerine \u00fcst\u00fcnd\u00fc. Fakat bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck ancak say\u0131 ve moral bak\u0131mdand\u0131. Kald\u0131ki 190 bin olarak g\u00f6sterilen askerden e\u011fitim g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve sava\u015facak durumda olanlar bu miktar\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131 kadard\u0131. \u00dcstelik de ordu yiyecek-giyecek ve ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131ndan yoksundu. Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019 nun da korkun\u00e7 k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flamak \u00fczereydi. Kar y\u00fcksek da\u011flara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, derece s\u0131f\u0131r\u0131n alt\u0131na inmi\u015fti. Bu durumda 3. Ordu Komu-tanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ilk karar\u0131, savunmada kalmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130lk Rus Sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131<\/p>\n <\/b>1 Kas\u0131m\u2019da, Karadeniz olay\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, Rus birlikleri s\u0131n\u0131r boylar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 karakollar\u0131na sald\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 2 Kas\u0131m\u2019da General Bergman komutas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli Rus birlikleri Karaurgan, Oltu, Ka\u011f\u0131zman\u2019dan hareket ederek s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 a\u015ft\u0131lar. Zivin, Do\u011fu Beyaz\u0131t ve Diyadin\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irdiler.<\/p>\n 3. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Hasan izzet Pa\u015fa, Ruslar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcn kuvvetlerle b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiklerini sanarak \u00f6nceki karar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctmek \u00fczere birliklerine emir verdi. Buna g\u00f6re ordunun b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleri Erzurum dolaylar\u0131nda toplanacak ve Erzurum Kalesi\u2019nden de faydalanarak burada savunma sava\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lacakt\u0131. Ne var ki, 4 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Rus birliklerinin y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yava\u015flamam\u0131\u015f ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n Erzurum istikametinde b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sald\u0131r\u0131 geli\u015ftirmek oldu\u011fu yolunda tahminler zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Birinci K\u00f6pr\u00fc Muharebesi \u0130kinci K\u00f6pr\u00fc Muharebesi Osmanl\u0131larda Memnunsuzluk Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 \u0130stila Plan\u0131 Plan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi ile ilgili olarak Wangenheim Alman y\u00fcksek komutanlar\u0131na \u015fu tavsiyede bulundu: \u201cArkada\u015f\u00e7a fakat ihtiyatl\u0131 davranmal\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn sorumluluk T\u00fcrk Genelkurmay\u0131\u2019na ve en \u00e7ok Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019ya y\u00fckletilmelidir\u201d. S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen plan\u0131n ilk ba\u015far\u0131 ko\u015fulu gizli tutulmas\u0131nda idi. Bu nedenle plan, genel karargahtaki g\u00f6revli T\u00fcrk kurmaylar\u0131n\u0131n bilgisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Plan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in gerekli incelemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131na s\u0131ra gelince, Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa plandan haberdar edilerek onay\u0131 al\u0131nd\u0131. 24 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa\u2019dan R\u0131za Bey, birli\u011finin Artvin\u2019i almas\u0131 plan\u0131n\u0131n olumlu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fi yolundaki umutlar\u0131 kuvvetlendirdi.<\/p>\n Bir g\u00fcn sonra Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa s\u00f6zde 3. Ordu\u2019nun durumunu incelemek, asl\u0131ndaysa Enver Pa\u015fa plan\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmek \u00fczere Mecidiye Kruvaz\u00f6r\u00fc ile Trabzon\u2019a g\u00f6nderildi.<\/p>\n 2 Aral\u0131kta Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa, K\u00f6pr\u00fc K\u00f6y\u2019deki karargah\u0131nda Hasan izzet Pa\u015fa ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek onu Ruslarla kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 yapabilece\u011fine inand\u0131rd\u0131. Oysaki ne Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 ne de kolordu komutanlar\u0131 b\u00f6yle bir sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ilebilece\u011fine inanmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Ordu ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7lerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdi. Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa bu hususu sezmi\u015f, her ne bahas\u0131na olursa olsun sald\u0131r\u0131dan yana oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in iki kolordu kumandanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da kendisine verilmesini istemi\u015fti. Hen\u00fcz bir kolorduya de\u011fil, bir t\u00fcmene bile komuta etmemi\u015f olan Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bu iste\u011fi Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 tedirgin etmi\u015fti. Kendi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan bir plan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesinde Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kazanaca\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u015far\u0131, Enver\u2019in \u015f\u00f6hretini g\u00f6lgelendirebilirdi.<\/p>\n Enver Pa\u015fa 3. Ordu\u2019da Bu arada yap\u0131lacak b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131 hareketleri ile ilgili olmak \u00fczere y\u00fcksek komuta heyetinde \u00f6nemli de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olmu\u015ftur. Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n eni\u015ftesi ve \u0130stanbul Merkez Komutan\u0131 Halil Bey, kurulacak bir t\u00fcmenin ba\u015f\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019dan Tebriz y\u00f6n\u00fcnde harekete memur edilmi\u015fti. Bu t\u00fcmenin g\u00f6revi, Tebriz \u00fczerinden Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcmek, Kafkas \u0130slam memleketlerini Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131rmak ve 3. Ordu\u2019nun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bulunan Rus ordusunu arkadan vurmakt\u0131.<\/p>\n Genel karargahta Haberle\u015fme \u015eube M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Kaz\u0131m (Karabekir) Pa\u015fa da \u0130ran, Turan ve Hindistan\u2019da faaliyetlerde bulunacak bir ba\u015fka t\u00fcmenin ba\u015f\u0131na getirilmi\u015fti. Kaz\u0131m Karabekir\u2019in g\u00f6revinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, iran\u2019a y\u00fcr\u00fcyerek Tahran\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etmek, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131, Rus etkisinden kurtarmak ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse T\u00fcrkistan ile Afganistan\u2019da ayaklanmalar \u00e7\u0131kartarak bu yerlerde \u0130ngilizlerle Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 propaganda faaliyetlerinde bulunmakt\u0131. Genel Karargah kurmaylar\u0131ndan Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa\u2019ya gelince o da 2. Ordu Kurmay Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 3. Ordu\u2019daki de\u011fi\u015fiklikse \u015f\u00f6yleydi: Enver Pa\u015fa \u0130stanbul\u2019dan hareket etti\u011fi g\u00fcn, X. Kolordu Komutan\u0131 Ziya Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 emekliye sevk ederek yerine Albay Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 atam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bundan bir m\u00fcddet sonra da Do\u011fu Anadolu sava\u015f b\u00f6lgelerini iyi tan\u0131yan IX. Kolordu Komutan\u0131\u2019n\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ayk\u0131r\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc emekliye ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Enver\u2019in bu \u00e7al\u0131ml\u0131 hareketlerinden \u00fcrken ve onun ordunun hi\u00e7bir ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00f6nem vermeden \u201cYa settar!\u201d diye sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mesinden ku\u015fkuya d\u00fc\u015fen 3. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa da 18 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta \u201cBen bu hareketleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye kendimde kuvvet ve g\u00fcven g\u00f6rmemekteyim\u201d diyerek istifa etmi\u015fti. Bir g\u00fcn sonra da Enver Pa\u015fa, 3. Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 \u00fczerine ald\u0131 (19 Aral\u0131k).<\/p>\n Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 Sava\u015f Ko\u015fullar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin say\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne eklenecek ba\u015fka bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fckleri daha vard\u0131, O da askerin cesareti, y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015fe, yoksullu\u011fa katlanma kudreti ve yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sava\u015f\u0131n ulusal nitelik ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 yolundaki kan\u0131lar\u0131yd\u0131. Ne var ki, bu \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6lgelendiren fakt\u00f6rler hi\u00e7 de az de\u011fildi. Askerin \u00e7o\u011fu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sava\u015f plan\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in manevralarla yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015f de\u011fildi. Yiyecek, giyecek bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yeteri kadar donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f da de\u011fildi. Geri ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri Tanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131na b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131lacak b\u00f6lgede yol \u015febekesi, bir tek yolun d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da yok gibiydi. Yollar da karla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcyd\u00fc. Kimi yerlerde kar\u0131n kal\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir bu\u00e7uk metreyi bulmaktayd\u0131. Is\u0131 da -20, -25 derece aras\u0131nda oynamaktayd\u0131. Nihayet b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara Ba\u015fkomutan Vekili ve 3. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n da toptanc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 eklenmekteydi. Pa\u015fa cesur, vatansever ve zekiydi. Fakat b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015flar y\u00f6netmek tecr\u00fcbesinden yoksundu. Ne askere ne de komutanlara kar\u015f\u0131 hi\u00e7bir merhameti yoktu. S\u0131n\u0131rs\u0131z ve sert bir disiplinle her \u015feyin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilece\u011fi gibi bir mant\u0131\u011f\u0131n kurban\u0131yd\u0131.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 22 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta \u00e7evirme sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131, plan gere\u011fince ba\u015flad\u0131. IX. Kolordu Bard\u0131z; X. Kolordu Oltu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ilerledi. Zay\u0131f Rus kuvvetlerine kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar kazan\u0131ld\u0131. Bu arada bir Rus sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 da p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fckten sonra Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Oltu ile Bard\u0131z\u2019a girdiler. Bir yandan da Ardahan ve Kars \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler. Ne var ki bu ba\u015far\u0131lar, sonra g\u00f6lgelenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ku\u015fatma kollar\u0131n\u0131 15 kilometre do\u011fuya kayd\u0131rmas\u0131, ordu ile kolordular ve birlikler aras\u0131nda haberle\u015fmenin normal bir bi\u00e7imde yap\u0131lamamas\u0131, yorgun askerin bir g\u00fcn bile istirahat ettirilmemesi sald\u0131r\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc y\u0131pratmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Enver Pa\u015fa 25 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta IX. Kolordu\u2019nun bir t\u00fcmeni ile Bard\u0131z\u2019dan yoluna devam ederek, Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019a 6 kilometre yakla\u015ft\u0131. Bir Rus birli\u011fi yolunu kapamaktayd\u0131. Bu esnada Rus karargah\u0131nda Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131 bo\u015faltmak ve geri \u00e7ekilmek tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ruslar X. Osmanl\u0131 Kolordusu\u2019nun Allah\u00fcekber Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan ilerlemekte oldu\u011funu, XI. Kolordu\u2019nun da kendilerine kar\u015f\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti\u011fini \u00f6\u011frenmi\u015fler ve k\u00f6t\u00fcmserli\u011fe kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Enver Pa\u015fa 26 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta olumsuz sonu\u00e7lanan iki sald\u0131r\u0131dan sonra X. Kolordu, nun gelmesini beklemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. X. Kolordu\u2019nun gelmesiyse hi\u00e7 de kolay de\u011fildi. 25 kilometrelik Allah\u00fcekber yaylas\u0131nda kar bir metreyi a\u015f\u0131yordu. Asker saatte ancak bir kilometre ilerleye-bilmekteydi. Gece ve g\u00fcnd\u00fcz y\u00fcr\u00fcnerek ve yolda so\u011fuk, a\u00e7l\u0131k ve yorgunluktan 10 bin can k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra ancak 3 bin ki\u015fi Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019a ula\u015fabildi (27 Aral\u0131k). Bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda 30 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta Ruslar\u0131n 22 yaya taburuyla 12 s\u00fcvari b\u00f6l\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ve 22 topuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k X. Kolordu\u2019nun giri\u015fti\u011fi iki sald\u0131r\u0131dan \u00f6nemli bir sonu\u00e7 al\u0131namad\u0131. Bu s\u0131ralarda IX. Kolordu\u2019nun gerisini \u00f6rten t\u00fcmen de mevzilerini b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 \u00c7ekili\u015fi Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 Sonucu Bu trajedi niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fcs\u00fcne ra\u011fmen Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131, Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131 bir ruh ile y\u00f6netilmi\u015f ve yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gen\u00e7le\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan komutanlar ve subaylar, y\u00fcksek bir disiplin ve vatanseverlik duygusu ile sava\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Erlerde, bir\u00e7ok olumsuz olay d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, bin bir g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck ve yoksullu\u011fa ra\u011fmen, ulusal bir sava\u015f yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n bilinci ile g\u00f6revlerini yerine getirmi\u015flerdi. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n olumlu say\u0131labilecek bir sonucu da nas\u0131l olsa Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcn birinde sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ecek olan Rus Kafkas Ordusu’nu y\u0131pratm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 (30 bin kay\u0131p) ve bu cephedeki sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasal sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 da olmu\u015ftur. Bunlar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Ruslar\u0131n m\u00fcttefiklerine \u00c7anakkale\u2019de T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 bir cephe a\u00e7mak ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu aralar\u0131nda payla\u015fmak fikrini kabul ettirmeleri gelir.<\/p>\n Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015fandan sonra 3. Ordunun Kafkas Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019tan Sonra Cephesi\u2019ndeki yeni bir b\u00fcy\u00fck sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mesi art\u0131k s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildi. Bu ordunun 1915 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7indeki g\u00f6revi Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu savunmak olacakt\u0131. Bunun i\u00e7in de ordunun yeniden \u00f6rg\u00fctlenilmesine giri\u015fildi. Rus Kafkas Ordusu da bir y\u0131l sonra Erzurum \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mek i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131klara ba\u015flad\u0131. \u015eu da var ki, Ruslar, 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda bo\u015f durmad\u0131lar. Birka\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesinde sald\u0131r\u0131lar yapt\u0131lar. Bir aral\u0131k da Malazgirt dolaylar\u0131na kadar gelmeye muvaffak oldularsa da p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fcler. Bu son sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131nda Ermenileri de ayakland\u0131r\u0131p sava\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015flerdi.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Enver Ziya Karal Osmanlı Tarihi, IX. Cilt, İkinci Meşrutiyet ve Birinci Dünya Savaşı (1908-1918), Sayfa: 414-424. Osmanlı-Rus Sınırı Karadeniz olayı üzerine Ruslar Anadolu’nun kuzey-doğu sınırında saldırıya başlamışlardı. Bu bölgede Osmanlı-Rus sınırı Ayastefanos (Yeşilköy) ve Berlin Antlaşmalarıyla saptanmış bulunuyordu. Karadeniz’in kuzeyinde bir noktadan hareketle güney doğuya zikzak bir biçimde ilerlemekte olan sınır, Artvin, Oltu ve Baradız’ın […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11852","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11852"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11854,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11852\/revisions\/11854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11852"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11852"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11852"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/span> <\/span> Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, IX. Cilt, \u0130kinci Me\u015frutiyet ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1908-1918),
\nSayfa: 414-424.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nKaradeniz olay\u0131 \u00fczerine Ruslar Anadolu\u2019nun kuzey-do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda sald\u0131r\u0131ya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Bu b\u00f6lgede Osmanl\u0131-Rus s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Ayastefanos (Ye\u015filk\u00f6y) ve Berlin Antla\u015fmalar\u0131yla saptanm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. Karadeniz\u2019in kuzeyinde bir noktadan hareketle g\u00fcney do\u011fuya zikzak bir bi\u00e7imde ilerlemekte olan s\u0131n\u0131r, Artvin, Oltu ve Barad\u0131z\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcneyinden ge\u00e7erek bundan sonra daha da g\u00fcneye kay\u0131p do\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmekte ve A\u011fr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusunda bir noktada \u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na ula\u015fmakta idi ve buna g\u00f6re de Batum, Ardahan ve Kars da Rusya\u2019da kalmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nRusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa y\u00f6nelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu ve Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda da y\u00f6neltece\u011fi sava\u015flar\u0131n amac\u0131 da \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015famal\u0131yd\u0131. Birinci a\u015fama Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu istila ederek G\u00fcneyde \u0130skenderun\u2019dan Akdeniz\u2019e ula\u015fmak. \u0130kinci a\u015fama Karadeniz\u2019de Trabzon\u2019u ald\u0131ktan sonra k\u0131y\u0131 yolu ile \u0130stanbul\u2019a kadar uzanmakt\u0131. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015famaya gelince, Do\u011fu Anadolu y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ve Dicle-F\u0131rat havzas\u0131ndan Basra K\u00f6rfezi\u2019ne \u00e7\u0131kmakt\u0131. Birinci ve ikinci a\u015famalarda Rusya, Balkanlarda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi H\u0131ristiyan halk\u0131n ve en \u00e7ok Ermenilerin avukatl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktad\u0131r. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc a\u015famada ise \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ile \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle Rusya, uzla\u015fma devletleri taraf\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in bu ama\u00e7tan vazge\u00e7mi\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekteydi.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nD\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da \u00f6nemli kuvvetleri yoktu. Ruslar da Almanlar gibi sava\u015f\u0131n k\u0131sa s\u00fcrece\u011fine ve sonucun Avrupa\u2019da al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131na inanmakta idiler. Rus Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6re \u0130stanbul\u2019a giden yol Berlin\u2019den ge\u00e7mekteydi. Nitekim aniden Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n sava\u015fa girecekleri ku\u015fkusunun ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine Kafkas ordusuna \u00f6nem verilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131. Ekim ay\u0131 sonunda bu ordunun b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvveti, 100 tabur ile 117 b\u00f6l\u00fck ve 250 toptan ibaretti. Bu, insan say\u0131s\u0131 itibar\u0131yla 100 bin er ve 15 bin atl\u0131 demekti. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geri hizmetlerde ve yedek olarak kullan\u0131lacak 150 bin ki\u015filik bir kuvvet de vard\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerde bu kuvvetlere 4 Ermeni taburu ile 2 G\u00fcrc\u00fc taburu kat\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Kafkas Ordusu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde Genel Vali Varantsov Dashkov komutas\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekte ise komutan, Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi tan\u0131yan Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Yudini\u00e7 idi. Genel Vali\u2019nin karargah\u0131 ve kurmay heyeti Tiflis\u2019te bulunuyordu. Kafkas ordusunun sava\u015f plan\u0131, savunma esas\u0131na ve s\u0131n\u0131r yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgesel sald\u0131r\u0131 hareketlerine giri\u015fmek \u00fczere d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nYukar\u0131da da belirtildi\u011fi gibi Ekim ortalar\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 Ba\u015fkomutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesin bir sava\u015f plan\u0131 d\u00fczenlememi\u015fti. 20 Ekim\u2019de Bronzard taraf\u0131ndan esaslar\u0131 saptanan ve Enver Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilen sava\u015f hareketleri plan\u0131nda,Kafkas cephesinde Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun Rus kuvvetlerini oyalamakla yetinece\u011fi belirtilmi\u015fti. Bu g\u00f6rev de 3. Orduya verilmi\u015fti. 3. Ordu, 8, 9 ve 10. kolordularla nizamiye ve yedek s\u00fcvari t\u00fcmenleri ve s\u0131n\u0131r birlikleri ile kale birliklerini kapsamakta idi. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu kurulu\u015f ve birlikler, sava\u015f ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada say\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan 190 bin insan g\u00fcc\u00fc, 60 bin hayvan, 168 top ve 44 makinal\u0131 t\u00fcfekle derme \u00e7atma birka\u00e7 atl\u0131 birlikten ibaretti. 3. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa, Kurmay Ba\u015fkan\u0131 da Gazi Bey\u2019di. Ordugah\u0131 da Erzurum\u2019dayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n5 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya Genel Karargah\u2019tan K\u00f6pr\u00fc K\u00f6y dolaylar\u0131na gelmi\u015f olan Rus kuvvetleri \u00fczerine sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7mesi emri verildi. 6 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Rus ve Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri aras\u0131nda temas has\u0131l oldu.
\nErtesi g\u00fcn\u00fc sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. Ruslar\u0131n 22 taburuna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n 26 taburu vard\u0131. Ne var ki, Osmanl\u0131 birlikleri aras\u0131nda ba\u011flant\u0131 sa\u011flanamad\u0131. D\u00fc\u015fman \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcmekte olan Osmanl\u0131 birliklerinden kimileri ke\u015fif yapamad\u0131klar\u0131ndan bask\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131. E\u011fitimsiz ve disiplinsiz asker, t\u00fcfeklerini ve \u00e7antalar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakarak ka\u00e7maya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu durumu d\u00fczeltmek i\u00e7in epeyi zahmet \u00e7ekildi. 8 Kas\u0131m\u2019a kadar devam eden muharebede iki taraf da kesin bir sonu\u00e7 sa\u011flayamad\u0131. Yedekleri bulunmayan d\u00fc\u015fman birlikleri \u00f6nceden haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 savunma mevzilerine \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nHasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa da d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 kovalamak niyetinde de\u011fildi. Mevzilerini kuvvetlendirmeye ve yeni sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in birliklerine \u00e7eki d\u00fczen vermeye koyuldu. Enver Pa\u015fa ise Birinci K\u00f6pr\u00fc Muharebesi\u2019nin yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olumsuz havay\u0131 da\u011f\u0131tmak i\u00e7in de d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n kendisini toparlamas\u0131na meydan vermemek amac\u0131yla Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya, b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleriyle d\u00fc\u015fmana sald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 ve bir kolordu kadar tahmin edilen kuvvetinin yok edilmesini emretti. Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa b\u00f6yle bir sald\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in haz\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmamakla beraber verilen emre uyarak, 10 Kas\u0131m\u2019da d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n K\u00f6pr\u00fc K\u00f6y dolaylar\u0131ndaki mevzilerine sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ti. Osmanl\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131na Ruslar, b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 koymaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n iki kolordusu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kuvvetlerinin y\u00fczde k\u0131rk\u0131n\u0131 kaybedince geri \u00e7ekilmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u0130ki yanlar\u0131ndan izlenme devam etmekteydi. \u00c7ekilme Azap b\u00f6lgesindeki eski mevkilerine kadar devam etti. 17 Kas\u0131m\u2019da Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n bu mevkileri de ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015famay\u0131nca Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa, sava\u015f hareketlerini durdurmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n3. Ordu\u2019nun Rus kuvvetlerini yok etmekteki ba\u015fans\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00fczm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u0130ttihat ve Terakki Genel Merkezi ile Erzurum, Van ve Trabzon valileri ve Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa (\u00d6zel Te\u015fkilat) da \u00fczg\u00fcn ve Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 k\u00fcsk\u00fcnd\u00fc. Bunlara g\u00f6re dinamik ve cesur komutanlarla sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7ildi\u011fi takdirde Rus Kafkas ordusu bozguna u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131ktan ba\u015fka Kafkasya bile al\u0131nabilirdi. S\u00f6z\u00fc edilen ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131ktan Alman \u0130mparatoru ile Genelkurmay\u0131 da her halde hayal k\u0131r\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u015e\u00f6hretini ve mevkiini atakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bor\u00e7lu olan Enver Pa\u015fa, \u015f\u00f6hretinin y\u0131pranmas\u0131na katlanamazd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nBu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klardan Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 istila etmek plan\u0131 canland\u0131. Ger\u00e7i bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce daha \u00f6ncede tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Genel Karargahtaki T\u00fcrk kurmaylar\u0131, harekete ge\u00e7ilmesi i\u00e7in Karadeniz\u2019de \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck kurulmas\u0131n\u0131, Bulgaristan yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve ilkbahar mevsiminin beklenmesini \u015fart ko\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131. 17 Kas\u0131m\u2019dan beri bu \u015fartlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi bir yana b\u0131rak\u0131larak s\u00f6z konusu plan\u0131n esaslar\u0131 \u015fu suretle saptand\u0131: Kafkas Rus Ordusu, cepheden 3. Osmanl\u0131 Ordusu taraf\u0131ndan tespit edilecek \u0130ran\u2019dan ve Karadeniz\u2019den g\u00f6nderilecek kuvvetlerle iki yandan sar\u0131lacak. Iran kuvvetlerinden bir k\u0131sm\u0131 ile Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa birlikleri T\u00fcrk yerli halk\u0131n\u0131 ayakland\u0131rarak Rus Kuvvetlerini arkadan vuracakt\u0131r. Bu esaslar, Enver Pa\u015fa ile Alman yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda tart\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131 ve var\u0131lan genel kan\u0131 \u015fu oldu: Yap\u0131lacak hareketler imkans\u0131z olmamakla beraber tehlikelidir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nBelki de bu nedenle 6 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta Enver Pa\u015fa Bronzard Pa\u015fa ile Yavuz Z\u0131rhl\u0131s\u0131na binerek Erzurum\u2019a gitmek \u00fczere Trabzon yolunu tutmu\u015ftu. 8 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta Trabzon\u2019da karaya ayak basm\u0131\u015f, oradan da Erzurum\u2019a ge\u00e7erek 13 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta 3. Kolordu karargah\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu K\u00f6pr\u00fc K\u00f6y\u2019e ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 3. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Hasan \u0130zzet Pa\u015fa ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler sonunda giri\u015filecek sald\u0131r\u0131 hareketleri \u00fczerinde onunla fikir birli\u011fine varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 17 Aral\u0131k\u2019ta da Erzurum\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nEnver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n giri\u015fece\u011fi ve Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yacak olan sava\u015f hareketlerinin amac\u0131 1878\u2032de Ruslara b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan Kars, Ardahan ve Batum\u2019u geri almakt\u0131. Bu, fikir bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ulusal ve ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i bir ama\u00e7t\u0131. Almanlar bunun yerine Odessa\u2019ya bir \u00e7\u0131kartma yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 veya Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin Gali\u00e7ya\u2019ya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131l\u0131p Avusturya cephesinde sava\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nermi\u015flerdi. Enver Pa\u015fa kabul etmemi\u015fti. Kabul etmemekte hakl\u0131yd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc Ruslar er ge\u00e7 Kafkasya ve \u0130ran\u2019daki durumlar\u0131ndan faydalanarak Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019yu istila etmeye kalk\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131. Enver Pa\u015fa Kafkasya \u00fczerine taraf\u0131m\u0131zdan y\u00f6neltilecek b\u00eer sava\u015fta, bu b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n\u0131n ayaklan\u0131p, Osmanl\u0131lara destek olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 varsaymaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nSava\u015fa kat\u0131lacak Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerinin esas\u0131n\u0131 3. Ordu te\u015fkil ediyordu. \u00dc\u00e7 kolorduyu kapsayan bu ordunun sava\u015fa yarar kuvveti 90 bin kadard\u0131. Biri Irak\u2019tan, di\u011feri \u0130stanbul\u2019dan g\u00f6nderilecek iki t\u00fcmenle bu mevcudun 120 bine \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131labilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ayr\u0131ca Batum civar\u0131nda da bir \u00e7\u0131kartma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 da hesaplanmaktayd\u0131. Rus kuvvetlerine gelince, Osmanl\u0131 3. Ordusu cephesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndakiler 60 bin kadard\u0131.<\/p>\n
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\nEnver Pa\u015fa bu ko\u015fullar i\u00e7inde 3. Ordu\u2019nun b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleriyle sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7meye karar verdi. Sald\u0131r\u0131 Rus kuvvetlerini bir \u00e7ember hareketi ile sava\u015fa zorlayarak yenmek esas\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r i\u015fti. Bu maksatla XI. Kolordu ve s\u00fcvari t\u00fcmeni Aras\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney ve kuzeyinde bulunan ve yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak bir kolordu ile bir s\u00fcvari taburundan ibaret olan Rus kuvvetlerini g\u00f6steri sald\u0131r\u0131larla oyalayarak yerinde m\u0131hlayacak, bu esnada IX ve X. Kolordularla da Bard\u0131z ve Oltu \u00fczerinden d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n sa\u011f kanad\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evirerek Ara\u015f vadisine at\u0131p, Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f ve Oltu hatt\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131racakt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n4 Ocak\u2019ta Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019\u0131n kuzey s\u0131rtlar\u0131nda 20 kilometrelik geni\u015f bir cepheyi tutan yakla\u015f\u0131k 7 bin ki\u015filik Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Ruslar 30 bin ki\u015fiyle sald\u0131r\u0131ya ge\u00e7tiler. Sald\u0131r\u0131 plan\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetlerini do\u011fudan ve bat\u0131dan kesmek, bir s\u00fcvari t\u00fcmeni ile de sol yan\u0131n gerisine sarkmakt\u0131. Enver Pa\u015fa i\u00e7in bundan sonra \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi gerekli olan sorun 3. Ordu kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 geri \u00e7ekmekti. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019taki kuvvetlerin komutas\u0131n\u0131, r\u00fctbesini Orgeneralli\u011fe y\u00fckseltti\u011fi Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019ya b\u0131rakarak cepheden ayr\u0131ld\u0131 (5 Ocak). Ayn\u0131 g\u00fcn IX ve X. Kolordulara geri \u00e7ekilme emri verildi. Bu emrin verilmesinde ge\u00e7 kal\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Geri \u00e7ekili\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda Bronzard kolundan yaraland\u0131. Ali \u0130hsan Pa\u015fa ve IX. Kolordu esir d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019da at\u0131n\u0131 d\u00f6rt nala s\u00fcrerek can\u0131n\u0131 zor kurtarabildi. X. Kolordu da a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu arada 12 sahra topunu u\u00e7uruma yuvarlayarak geri \u00e7ekilmeye devam etti. 8 Ocak\u2019ta Enver Pa\u015fa, 3. Ordu Komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa\u2019ya b\u0131rakarak Erzurum \u00fczerinden \u0130stanbul yolunu tuttu. Bundan sonra Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri \u00e7ekilmelerinde b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plar vererek, 18 Ocak\u2019ta Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f\u2019tan \u00f6nceki mevkilerine d\u00f6nd\u00fcler. D\u00fc\u015fman kuvvetleri de sars\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yorulmu\u015f bulunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in duraklamak zorunda kald\u0131lar. Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 art\u0131k sona ermi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00fcmitlerle giri\u015filen Sar\u0131kam\u0131\u015f \u00e7evirme sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 hafta kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve b\u00fcy\u00fck kay\u0131plarla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Enver Pa\u015fa, lakonik bir s\u00f6zle bu olay\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle anlatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r: \u201cGittik, g\u00f6rd\u00fck, sald\u0131rd\u0131k, geri d\u00f6nd\u00fck\u201d. Do\u011fru, fakat ne bahas\u0131na! 3. Ordu\u2019nun kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131, Ruslardan \u00e7ok y\u00fcksekti. Fakat kara k\u0131\u015f\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda mevcudunun yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 (70-80 bin ki\u015fi), toplar\u0131yla silah ve ta\u015f\u0131t ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n da yar\u0131s\u0131ndan fazlas\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015fti. IX. Kolordu Komutan\u0131 ve kararg\u00e2h\u0131 esir d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ordu Komutan\u0131 Haf\u0131z Hakk\u0131 Pa\u015fa tif\u00fcse yakalanm\u0131\u015f, sonra da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019ya gelince, geri \u00e7ekilme s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir aral\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir bunal\u0131m ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, T\u00fcrk ulusundan \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyen vasiyetnamesini yazarak intihar etmeye karar vermi\u015fti. Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n etkisiyle ve zorlukla bu fikrinden vazge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti. Ordunun nesnel ve moral kay\u0131plar\u0131na, sava\u015f\u0131lan b\u00f6lgenin T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halk\u0131n\u0131n kay\u0131plar\u0131n\u0131 da eklemek gerekir: Bir\u00e7ok k\u00f6y sava\u015f kurallar\u0131 gere\u011fi yak\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya harap edilmi\u015ftir. Halk Ruslar\u0131n ve en \u00e7ok Ermenilerin zulm\u00fcnden korkarak var\u0131n\u0131 yo\u011funu b\u0131rak\u0131p, Erzurum do\u011frultusunda g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye koyulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n