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\u00c7ivi Yaz\u0131lar\u0131<\/strong> 1611’de \u0130stanbul’da do\u011fan \u00fcnl\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 gezgini ve yazan Evliya \u00c7elebi’nin babas\u0131 saray Kuyumcuba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Mehmet Zilli Efendi’nin annesi bir Abhaz han\u0131md\u0131r. \u00dcnl\u00fc seyahatnamesinde Evliya \u00c7elebi, 1666 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan K\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan al\u0131nan Mehmet Giray Han ile yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gezide uzun uzun Kafkasya’dan bahseder. Seyahatnamesinde Kafkasya’ya ait notlar, Arap harfleriyle b\u00fcy\u00fck boy y\u00fcz sayfadan fazla yer tutar.<\/p>\n \u00d6nemli baz\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerini burada sunuyorum: “\u015eevval ay\u0131n\u0131n onuncu g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7erkezistan \u00fclkesine ayak bast\u0131k. Pe\u015fkov \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fc, \u015euake Beyi’nin taht\u0131d\u0131r. Yani ba\u015fkent anlam\u0131nda.Kasaba gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck ve mamur bir k\u00f6yd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bu \u00c7erkes milleti gayet \u015fiddetli ve gazapl\u0131 melun adamlar olup, amma gayetle bahad\u0131r, cesur ve yararl\u0131 namdar yi\u011fitlerdir. \u00c7erakesiye kavmi bir\u00e7ok kabileden olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.Her birinin bas\u0131nda bir bey -onlara g\u00f6re bir prens- vard\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n kilise veya camileri yoktur, (o devirde) Onlara gavur derseniz \u00e7ok k\u0131zarlar fakat M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kabul ederseniz \u00e7ok sevinirler ve iltifat kabul ederler.<\/p>\n Hayat d\u00fczenleri ve toplumsal durumlar\u0131 \u00e7ok demokratiktir. Para, pul bilmezler mal de\u011fi\u015f toku\u015fu ile al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yaparlar. Kad\u0131nlar\u0131 erkekler ile ortak olarak al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe kat\u0131l\u0131r ve y\u00fczlerim \u00f6rtmezler. \u00c7erkesler \u00e7ok sanatkard\u0131rlar, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f i\u015flemesi, kuyumculuk ve silah yap\u0131m\u0131nda ustad\u0131rlar kendi barutlar\u0131n\u0131 kendileri imal ederler. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kta \u00e7ok ilerlemi\u015flerdir,geceleri k\u00f6ylerini \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck k\u00f6pekler korur. Bu insanlar, eminim d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en konuksever ki\u015fileridir. Bir de kendilerine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan kimseleri hayatlar\u0131 pahas\u0131na da olsa d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131na teslim etmezler.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkeslerde akraba evlili\u011fi de yasakt\u0131r. \u00c7erkes k\u00f6yleri tahkim edilmi\u015f kalelere benzer, en sa\u011flam duvarlarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015flerdir ve ayr\u0131ca ortada g\u00f6zlem kuleleri vard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca da son derece b\u00fcy\u00fck do\u011fal zenginliklere sahiptir.<\/p>\n 10. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f \u00fcnl\u00fc Arap co\u011frafya ve tarih bilgini, gezgin Abd\u00fcl Hasan El Mesudi idi. Yazar Kafkasya’n\u0131n en eski halklar\u0131ndan \u00c7erkesleri g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f ve izlenimlerim \u015f\u00f6yle kaydetmi\u015fti:<\/p>\n “Bu kadar temiz ve beyaz tenli, ince belli, g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlar ve yak\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131, bahad\u0131r ve cesur erkekler, herhalde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015fka memleketlerinde yoktur.”<\/p>\n Yine bu konuda devam eder: “\u00c7erkesler gruplar halinde Trabzon’daki Yunan pazar\u0131na gelir ve al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yaparlard\u0131. Hal ve tav\u0131rlar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok uygar ve zeki olduklar\u0131 belli oluyordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc giysileri genellikle brokardan olup, kenarlar\u0131 alt\u0131n iplik i\u015flemeliydi. “El Mesudi, Kabardey b\u00f6lgesinde bulunan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Yessentuki kapl\u0131calar\u0131n\u0131 da gezmi\u015f ve \u00f6zellikle ya\u015fl\u0131lara \u015fifa veren bu sulan Ab-ul Hayat olarak anm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bu sular\u0131n \u00c7erkesce isminin Ps\u0131fabe oldu\u011funu yazar.<\/p>\n 1502\u2019de Cenevizli bir gezgin \u00f6zellikle \u00c7erkesler hakk\u0131nda bir kitap yazd\u0131. Giorgio \u0130nteriano ad\u0131ndaki bu gezginin kitab\u0131 “La Vita et sito de Zichi, Chiama\u00fc Circassi, Historia Notable” (\u00c7erkeslerin \u00d6rf, Adetleri ve Tarihleri) ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu eserinde yazar, yabanc\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7erkeslere Zikhi dendi\u011fini, fakat onlar\u0131n kendilerine Adige dediklerini belirtir.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca bir Adige soylusunun cenaze t\u00f6renine tan\u0131k oldu\u011funu da nakleder: “(…) Adige soylusu \u00f6l\u00fcnce k\u00f6y meydan\u0131nda a\u011fa\u00e7tan y\u00fcksek bir platform in\u015fa edildi. Sonra i\u00e7 organlar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn naa\u015f\u0131 en iyi giysileri i\u00e7inde, \u00e7\u00f6melmi\u015f olarak platformun \u00fczerine yerle\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n \u00d6lenin kar\u0131s\u0131 da cesedin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131na konan bir sandalye \u00fczerine oturtuldu. Sabit bir durumda cesedin y\u00fcz\u00fcne bakmak zorunda olan kad\u0131n\u0131n a\u011flamas\u0131 yasakt\u0131. Zira Adige kad\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle sava\u015fta \u00f6len kocalar\u0131na a\u011flamalar\u0131 \u00e7ok ay\u0131p say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu \u015fekilde haz\u0131rlanan katafalk sekiz g\u00fcn S\u00fcreyle halk\u0131n ziyaretine a\u00e7\u0131k tutuldu. Bu s\u00fcre boyunca \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn akraba, dost ve ba\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131, yanlar\u0131nda getirdikleri \u00e7e\u015fitli g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f kaplar\u0131, ok ve yaylar\u0131, yelpaze ve daha ba\u015fka arma\u011fanlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn yanma b\u0131rakarak ona ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131m ve sayg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterdiler.<\/p>\n Bu ziyaretler devam ederken, bir a\u011fa\u00e7 kesilerek tabut yap\u0131ld\u0131. Tabut i\u00e7ine hem cesedi hem de e\u015fyalar\u0131 alacak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckteydi. Sekiz g\u00fcnl\u00fck ziyaret s\u00fcresi dolunca naa\u015f ve arma\u011fan olarak getirilen e\u015fyalar tabuta yerle\u015ftirildi ve cenaze, halk\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir t\u00f6renle g\u00f6m\u00fclece\u011fi yere g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc.<\/p>\n Orada, toprak kaz\u0131lmadan ta\u015ftan \u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir zemin \u00fczerine kondu ve \u00e7evreden ta\u015f\u0131nan toprak tabutun \u00fczerine y\u0131\u011f\u0131larak bir h\u00f6y\u00fck olu\u015fturuldu.<\/p>\n Bu h\u00f6y\u00fck mezar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi \u00f6lenin \u00f6nemine g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fir.”<\/p>\n \u0130nteriano’nun tan\u0131k oldu\u011fu bu \u00c7erkes-Adige cenaze t\u00f6reninde anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 h\u00f6y\u00fck, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131lan arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalarda bulunan kurgan tipi h\u00f6y\u00fck mezarlarla ayn\u0131d\u0131r ve bu arkeolojik kaz\u0131lardan \u00e7\u0131kan iskeletlerin ve e\u015fyalar\u0131n M\u00d6. 2500 ila 1500 y\u0131llar\u0131ndan kalma olduklar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00d6yleyse bunlar \u00c7erkeslerin atalar\u0131n\u0131n mezarlar\u0131 idiler. Bu mezarlara Maykop kral mezar\u0131 ve \u00c7arskaya mezar\u0131 gibi isimler verilmi\u015ftir. 1583 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130nteriano’nun kitab\u0131 ikinci kez yay\u0131nland\u0131. Her iki bask\u0131 da Venedik’de yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1750-1762 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m’da Fransa konsolosu olarak g\u00f6rev yapan M. De Peysonnel, Kafkasya’y\u0131 da ziyaret etmi\u015f ve bu konuda bir de kitap yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. “Traite sur le Commerce deh Mer Noire” (Karadeniz Ticareti’nin \u0130ncelenmesi) ad\u0131ndaki bu eser 1784’te Paris’te iki cilt halinde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yazar, Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya halk\u0131 olan \u00c7erkesler hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle der: “Eski \u00e7a\u011f \u00c7erkesleri hayvan yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi, hububat \u00fcretimi ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bah\u00e7e tan\u0131m, \u00e7i\u00e7ek\u00e7ilik, ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k, maden i\u015flemecili\u011fi, s\u00fcsleme sanat\u0131, deri i\u015fleri, sara\u00e7l\u0131k, kuma\u015f dokuma, ke\u00e7e imalat\u0131, m\u00fccevherat, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fck ve ba\u015fka sanatlarda usta idiler.”<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Çivi Yazıları Tarih boyunca Kafkasya 1611’de İstanbul’da doğan ünlü Osmanlı gezgini ve yazan Evliya Çelebi’nin babası saray Kuyumcubaşısı Mehmet Zilli Efendi’nin annesi bir Abhaz hanımdır. Ünlü seyahatnamesinde Evliya Çelebi, 1666 yılında Osmanlı Devleti tarafından Kırım hanlığından alınan Mehmet Giray Han ile yaptığı gezide uzun uzun Kafkasya’dan bahseder. Seyahatnamesinde Kafkasya’ya ait notlar, Arap harfleriyle büyük boy 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\n<\/span><\/span> Tarih boyunca Kafkasya<\/span><\/p>\n