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QERMOQUE Hamid<\/span><\/span><\/strong> Adige tarihinde en kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k meselelerden birisi de 18. ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Adigelerin toplam n\u00fcfusu hakk\u0131ndaki rakamlard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Adigelerin n\u00fcfusu hakk\u0131nda bilgiler, k\u0131smen 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Bunun nedeni anla\u015f\u0131labilir tabii ki: Rus Kafkas sava\u015flar\u0131 t\u0131rmand\u0131ktan sonra, hem Ruslar hem ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerden gelen temsilciler Adigelerin (Kabardey, Besleney, Shapsugh, Abzegh, Natuhac, Bjedugh, Kem\u0131rguey, Janey vd.) say\u0131s\u0131 ile ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan say\u0131s\u0131 konusuna ilk alaka g\u00f6sterenler Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki casuslar\u0131 ve diplomatlar\u0131 oldu.<\/p>\n Bunlar\u0131n o d\u00f6nemlerde g\u00f6sterdikleri rakamlara g\u00f6re, Adigelerin toplam n\u00fcfusu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin ile be\u015f y\u00fcz bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen say\u0131larda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n Bu say\u0131lar\u0131 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfus olarak g\u00f6sterenlerden Rus generali Blagamberg; 500 bin, Baron Stal; 307 bin, Rus yazar Tornau; 495 bin olarak vermektedir.<\/p>\n Adige yazar ve ayd\u0131n\u0131 Hanceriy\u2019in verdi\u011fi rakama g\u00f6re ise, 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Adigelerin toplam n\u00fcfusu 265 bindi. Adolf Berge\u2019in 1858 y\u0131l\u0131 rakam\u0131 olarak verdi\u011fi say\u0131 ise Hanceriy\u2019den biraz daha fazla olarak 290 000 ki\u015fidir.<\/p>\n \u015ea\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 olan \u015fey ise, Sovyet d\u00f6nemi tarih\u00e7ilerinden Kafkas sava\u015flar\u0131 ile ilgilenmi\u015f olan bir ka\u00e7 ki\u015finin de bu rakamlar konusunda hemfikir g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeleridir.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin bu tarih\u00e7ilerden birisi olan Konstantin Gardanov\u2019un verdi\u011fi rakamlara g\u00f6re Adigelerin 18.ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda say\u0131lar\u0131 500 bini ge\u00e7miyordu.<\/p>\n Adigelerin ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 ve geleneklerini en derinlemesine inceleyen ki\u015filerden birisi olan Polonyal\u0131 devrimci Teofil Lapinski’dir (1826\u20131886) .<\/p>\n Lapinski 1857 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019ya gelerek \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l s\u00fcre ile Shapsughlar\u0131n, Abzeghlerin, Natuhaclar\u0131n ve di\u011fer halklar\u0131n aras\u0131nda ya\u015fad\u0131, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla onun bu \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l i\u00e7erisinde Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda bilgisi olmamas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez.<\/p>\n Lapinski\u2019nin 1863 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hamburg\u2019da yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cKafkas da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 ve Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri “\u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi\u201d kitab\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re; K\u2019\u0131axe Adigelerinin (Kaberdeyler ve Besleneyler hari\u00e7) say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u201c900 binin \u00fczerinde\u201d olarak vermektedir ki, s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi buna Kabardey ve Besleneyler dahil de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Bu konuda \u201cSava\u015ftaki \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tam olarak kimse bilmiyor, benim tahminime g\u00f6re onlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 900 binin \u00fczerindedir\u201d yaz\u0131yor Lapinski.<\/p>\n Bir ba\u015fka Rus kayna\u011f\u0131nda 290 bin gibi bir say\u0131ya rastlad\u0131m.<\/p>\n Rus kaynaklar\u0131ndan ald\u0131klar\u0131 rakamlar\u0131 kullanan bir\u00e7ok Avrupal\u0131 yazar ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 da bu rakamlara yer veriyorlar kitaplar\u0131nda.<\/p>\n O d\u00f6nemde \u00c7erkesler ile sava\u015fan Rus ordusunun say\u0131s\u0131, deniz kuvvetleri hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere 200 binin \u00fczerindedir.<\/p>\n E\u011fer \u00c7erkeslerin toplam n\u00fcfusu s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi 290 bin olsayd\u0131, Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 herhalde 200 bin askerden olu\u015fan bir ordu g\u00f6ndermezdi Kafkasya\u2019ya.<\/p>\n S\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi Lapinski\u2019nin Kafkasya’ya geli\u015fi, 1857 y\u0131l\u0131na yani sava\u015f\u0131n son d\u00f6nemine rastlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus ordusu ad\u0131na b\u00f6lgede casusluk faaliyeti y\u00fcr\u00fcten G. V. Novi\u00e7ki\u2019nin verdi\u011fi rapora g\u00f6re, o tarihte K\u2019axe Adigelerinin say\u0131s\u0131 [di\u011fer bir deyi\u015fle Ps\u0131j nehrinin di\u011fer yakas\u0131ndakilerin] 263 bin olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir.<\/p>\n Novi\u00e7ki bir y\u0131l sonra tekrar b\u00f6lgeye d\u00f6nerek, ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131na K\u2019axe Adigelerinin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc kapsayacak \u015fekilde devam etti.<\/p>\n Onun o d\u00f6nem y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc casusluk faaliyetlerine Abat Besleney ve Abat Ub\u0131x isimli iki karde\u015fin yard\u0131m ettiklerini yazan Hanceriy, ayn\u0131 zamanda Abat Besleney\u2019in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck bilgisi olan birisi oldu\u011funu da \u00f6zellikle vurgulamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Novi\u00e7ki\u2019nin Abat karde\u015flerden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi ile kendi ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 birle\u015ftirerek bu rakamlara ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n \u0130kinci y\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ara\u015ft\u0131rmada ise Novi\u00e7ki K\u2019axe Adigelerinin toplam\u0131n\u0131 1 milyon 82 bin olarak vermekte, bu n\u00fcfusun 54 bin 110 aileden olu\u015ftu\u011funu her ailede ortalama 20 ki\u015fi oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r. (O d\u00f6nemin b\u00fcy\u00fck aileleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcnce bu rakamlar do\u011fru g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte, daha sonra bu konuda yazanlar\u0131n da verdikleri bilgilerde her Adige ailesinde 20\u2019den az ki\u015finin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ba\u015fka ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan da belirtilmektedir.)<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131 ise, bu rakamlar\u0131 abart\u0131l\u0131 bulmakta, kabul etmemektedirler.<\/p>\n Onlara g\u00f6re o d\u00f6nemde ortalama Adige ailesinde ortalama n\u00fcfus 8 ki\u015fi civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Fakat konu hakk\u0131nda do\u011fru d\u00fcr\u00fcst bilgisi olan ve Eski Adige aile ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilen biliminsanlar\u0131, o d\u00f6nem Adige ailelerinde 20 ki\u015finin hatta daha fazla n\u00fcfusun olmas\u0131n\u0131 normal kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor, o d\u00f6nem ailesinde bir ka\u00e7 neslin ve bir ka\u00e7 karde\u015fin bir arada ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n Adige t\u00f6resinde, ailenin b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (tx\u2019amade) ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece, t\u00fcm aile ayn\u0131 \u00e7evrimli alan i\u00e7erisinde bazen bir bazen bir ka\u00e7 ev olarak ya\u015farlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bizim aile yap\u0131m\u0131za g\u00f6re aile olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan \u015fey ba\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fc\u011f\u00fc (tx\u2019amade) olan ev(ler)dir.<\/p>\n Bu ev veya evler bir ka\u00e7 aileden olu\u015furdu s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi.<\/p>\n Novi\u00e7ki\u2019nin 54110 olarak belirtti\u011fi aile (p\u015f\u2019ant\u2019e) dedi\u011fimiz ve yukar\u0131da anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z aile bi\u00e7imidir, bu g\u00fcn anla\u015f\u0131lan \u00e7ekirdek aile de\u011fil, zaten kendisi de bu kelimeyi \u201cdvor-avlu\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile tan\u0131mlamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri Kabardey Adigeleri i\u00e7in de s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Pek \u00e7o\u011funun hi\u00e7 ho\u015funa gitmiyor Adigelerin say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015f d\u00f6nemlerde (\u00f6rne\u011fin 16. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda) y\u00fcksek verilmesi, y\u00fcksek yaz\u0131l\u0131p s\u00f6ylenmesi.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin Berje\u2019in verdi\u011fi rakama g\u00f6re, 1858 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kaberdeylerin say\u0131s\u0131 36 bini ge\u00e7memektedir.<\/p>\n Onunla ayn\u0131 kafada olan Sovyet tarih\u00e7ileri de vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bunun nedeni anla\u015f\u0131labilir bir \u015fey de\u011fildir bizce, ni\u00e7in Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6zellikle d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck g\u00f6stermek gibi bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7erisinde olsun birileri?<\/p>\n Rus ordu komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6revli Johan Blagamberg 1834 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cTarihi, topografik, etnografik ve istatistik y\u00f6nlerden Kafkas sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n betimlemesi\u201d isimli kitab\u0131nda, 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kabardey ailelerinin say\u0131n\u0131 45 bin olarak vermektedir.<\/p>\n Kanl\u0131 sava\u015ftan ve bula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131klardan sonra b\u00f6lgede kalan Kabardeylerin say\u0131s\u0131 yine Blagamberg\u2019e g\u00f6re 30 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Onun yazd\u0131klar\u0131 do\u011fruya en yak\u0131nd\u0131r, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan insanlardan, 19.y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda geriye kalanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 n\u00fcfusun 10\u2019da 1\u2019idir.<\/p>\n Tarihi bilgiler 18.y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Kaberdey b\u00f6lgesindeki Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 500 binden az olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n 1793 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kabardey b\u00f6lgesine gelen akademisyen Peter Simon Pallas\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bir sald\u0131r\u0131 an\u0131nda Kabardeyler tek seferde 20 bin atl\u0131y\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7irebilmekteydiler.<\/p>\n Tarihi bilenler az \u00e7ok bilirler ki bir sald\u0131r\u0131da \u00f6ncelikle cepheye gidenlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu wuerq s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan olanlard\u0131.<\/p>\n Bunun anlam\u0131: E\u011fer o d\u00f6nemde Kabardey n\u00fcfusu 500 binden az olsayd\u0131,bir seferde 20 bin atl\u0131 wuerq \u00e7\u0131kartabilmeleri m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmazd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca bir sava\u015f an\u0131nda toplan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ise, bu wuerqlerin her birisinin yan\u0131nda yaya veya atl\u0131 olarak 5-6 sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 olurdu.<\/p>\n Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle Akademisyen Pallas\u2019\u0131n da do\u011frulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgiye g\u00f6re, Adigeler bir sava\u015fta cepheye atl\u0131 veya yaya olmak \u00fczere 100 bin civar\u0131nda asker toplayabilmekteydiler o d\u00f6nemde.<\/p>\n B\u00f6yle bir ordu toplayamasalar 1707 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m han\u0131n\u0131n 80 bin ki\u015filik ordusunu da\u011f\u0131tabilirler miydi? Bu sava\u015fla ilgili Rus ve Avrupa tarih\u00e7ileri detayl\u0131 bilgiler vermektedirler.<\/p>\n Profes\u00f6r DZEMIX\u2019 Qasbolet eski Adige ailelerinde 20\u2019den fazla insan oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini desteklemektedir. Onun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re eski Adige ailelerinde 20 ile 100 aras\u0131nda fert ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olurmu\u015f.<\/p>\n Qasbolet bunun nedeni olarak da, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6yledi\u011fimiz gibi bir Adige Avlusunun i\u00e7erisinde bir ka\u00e7 karde\u015fin bir veya bir ka\u00e7 ev olarak birlikte ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Bu bilgilerden hareketle DZEMIX\u2019 Qasbolet 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131nda Kabardey b\u00f6lgesinde 450 bin civar\u0131nda insan\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yaz\u0131yor ve tarihi bilgilerden Kabardey Adigelerinin bir g\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde 30 bin atl\u0131dan olu\u015fan birlik meydana getirebildiklerinin anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek dikkatimizi \u00e7ekiyor: \u201cBu bahsetti\u011fimiz rakam sadece Kabardeylerdi.\u201d<\/p>\n Bir\u00e7ok biliminsan\u0131 Bu g\u00fcn Adigey olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z K\u2019axe Adigelerinin say\u0131n\u0131 1 milyondan fazla olarak vermektedirler.<\/p>\n Bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncede olanlar\u0131n bir\u00e7o\u011fu 1 milyon 700 bin say\u0131s\u0131nda birle\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin Nikolay Tarasov 1853 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle yazmaktad\u0131r: \u201cMare\u015fal \u00c7erkasskiy\u2019in emri ile yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmada toplanan bilgilere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131 1 milyon 700 bin civar\u0131ndad\u0131r, onlar cepheye 250 bin asker s\u00fcrebilecek g\u00fc\u00e7tedirler.<\/p>\n Ps\u0131jj b\u00f6lgesi Kazaklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi \u00fczerine ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yapan F. A. \u015eerbina, Novi\u00e7ki\u2019nin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi 1 milyon 82 bin 200 say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n az oldu\u011funu belirtmekte, K\u2019axe Adigelerinin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bundan \u00e7ok daha fazla oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n milyonun \u00e7ok \u00e7ok \u00fczerinde oldu\u011funun bir ba\u015fka delili ise, sava\u015f sonunda Kafkasya\u2019dan s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Adigelerin say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Abhaz bilimadam\u0131 Georgiy Dzidzariya\u2019n\u0131n yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, sava\u015f\u0131n hemen sonras\u0131nda 900<\/span> bin\u00a0 civar\u0131nda Adige Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O d\u00f6nemde Kafkasya\u2019da kalan toplam Adige say\u0131s\u0131 sadece 100 bin\u00a0 ki\u015fidir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" QERMOQUE Hamid Çeviri: BABUG Ergün Yıldız Adige tarihinde en karışık meselelerden birisi de 18. ve 19. yüzyıllarda Adigelerin toplam nüfusu hakkındaki rakamlardır. Adigelerin nüfusu hakkında bilgiler, kısmen 18.yüzyılın sonlarında ortaya çıkmaya başladı. Bunun nedeni anlaşılabilir tabii ki: Rus Kafkas savaşları tırmandıktan sonra, hem Ruslar hem başka ülkelerden gelen temsilciler Adigelerin (Kabardey, Besleney, Shapsugh, Abzegh, Natuhac, 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\n<\/span><\/span> \u00c7eviri: BABUG Erg\u00fcn Y\u0131ld\u0131z<\/span><\/p>\n