{"id":11930,"date":"2019-03-27T15:42:49","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T20:42:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11930"},"modified":"2019-03-27T15:42:49","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T20:42:49","slug":"farkli-acilardan-kafkas-rus-savaslari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/farkli-acilardan-kafkas-rus-savaslari\/","title":{"rendered":"FARKLI A\u00c7ILARDAN KAFKAS RUS SAVA\u015eLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Rahmi Tuna<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/span> Adige Xabze isimli kitab\u0131ndan <\/span> <\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Devre <\/strong> 968-1230<\/li>\n
  2. Devre <\/strong> 1567-1864<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    “Ruslar Kafkasya’n\u0131n zapt\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamak i\u00e7in d\u00fcnyada ne kadar vah\u015fet mezalim mevcut ve kabil ise hepsini insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve tarihin g\u00f6z\u00fc \u00f6n\u00fcnde yapmaktan ne \u00e7ekindiler, ne de utand\u0131lar!”<\/p>\n

    S\u00fcleyman Nazif (Batarya ile Ate\u015f’ ten)<\/p>\n

    Sava\u015f\u0131n Taraflar\u0131
    \n<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Kafkasyal\u0131lar<\/strong><\/td>\n Ruslar-Osmanl\u0131lar-Di\u011fer<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/strong>. Abhaz-Abaza<\/td>\n1<\/strong>. Azeriler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/strong>. Asetin (Oset)<\/td>\n2<\/strong>. Ermeniler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/strong>. \u00c7e\u00e7en \u2013Noh\u00e7i<\/td>\n3<\/strong>. Frans\u0131zlar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/strong>. Lezgi Kumuk<\/td>\n4<\/strong>. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/strong>. Kabardey<\/td>\n5<\/strong>. \u0130ngilizler<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6<\/strong>. Besleney<\/td>\n6<\/strong>. \u0130ranl\u0131lar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    7<\/strong>. Maho\u015f<\/td>\n7<\/strong>. K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131lar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    8<\/strong>. Kemirguey<\/td>\n8<\/strong>. Kazaklar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    9<\/strong>. Abzegh<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    10<\/strong>. Shapsugh<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    11<\/strong>. Natho\u00e7-Hatukuay<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    12<\/strong>. Bjedugh-Jane<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    13<\/strong>. Wub\u0131kh<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Sava\u015f\u0131n Nedenleri<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kafkasyal\u0131lar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. 1<\/strong>. Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ya\u015fam\u0131n korunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n
    2. 2<\/strong>. Vatan\u0131n korunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n
    3. 3<\/strong>. \u0130slam dininin korunmas\u0131, H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 koyma.<\/li>\n
    4. 4<\/strong>. Sosyal ve s\u0131n\u0131flar aras\u0131 d\u00fczenin korunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n
    5. 5<\/strong>. M\u00fclkiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131.<\/li>\n
    6. 6<\/strong>. Ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar.<\/li>\n
    7. 7<\/strong>. Haks\u0131z y\u00f6netime ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131.<\/li>\n
    8. 8<\/strong>. D\u0131\u015far\u0131dan yap\u0131lan tahrik ve te\u015fvikler
      \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Ruslar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

      1<\/strong>.S\u0131cak denizlere inme politikas\u0131
      \n2<\/strong>.Karadeniz’in Rus g\u00f6l\u00fc haline getirilmesi
      \n3<\/strong>.Kafkasya’y\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131<\/p>\n

      4<\/strong>.Kafkasya’da kendi siyasi, sosyal ve ekonomik d\u00fczenlerini kurma politikas\u0131<\/p>\n

      5<\/strong>.Osmanl\u0131larla olan rekabet<\/p>\n

      6<\/strong>.Uluslararas\u0131 ticari ve askeri \u00e7eki\u015fme<\/p>\n

      7<\/strong>.Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n emin hale getirilmesi<\/p>\n

      8<\/strong>.Genel anlamda tarihsel yay\u0131lmac\u0131 (kolonyalist) politikalar<\/p>\n

      9<\/strong>.\u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 b\u00fcnyesinde 1825-1860 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda meydana gelen geli\u015fmeler<\/p>\n

      Osmanl\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      1. 1<\/strong>. Rus yay\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlenmesi<\/li>\n
      2. 2<\/strong>. Orta Asya’ya a\u00e7\u0131lma iste\u011fi<\/li>\n
      3. 3<\/strong>. Rusya ile olan rekabet<\/li>\n
      4. 4<\/strong>. Karadeniz ve Bo\u011fazlarda Rus etkinli\u011finin azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yok edilmesi<\/li>\n
      5. 5<\/strong>. Dini sebepler<\/li>\n
      6. 6<\/strong>. Kafkas halklar\u0131 ile olan yak\u0131nl\u0131klar<\/li>\n
      7. 7<\/strong>. Bat\u0131’dan gelen te\u015fvik ve tahrikler<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Di\u011ferleri A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. 1<\/strong>. Uluslar aras\u0131 askeri ve ticari rekabet<\/li>\n
        2. 2<\/strong>. \u00d6zellikle Hindistan ticaret yolunun korunmas\u0131<\/li>\n
        3. 3<\/strong>. Rusya’n\u0131n s\u0131cak denizlere inme iste\u011finin engellenmesi<\/li>\n
        4. 4<\/strong>. Do\u011fal zenginlik kaynaklar\u0131na ula\u015fmak ve elde tutmak<\/li>\n
        5. 5<\/strong>. K\u0131ta Avrupa’s\u0131nda meydana gelen siyasi ve ekonomik de\u011fi\u015fiklik<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          <\/p>\n

          Sava\u015flarda izlenen Y\u00f6ntemler<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          Kafkasyal\u0131lar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Kafkas-Rus Sava\u015flar\u0131 boyunca Kafkasya’da siyasal a\u00e7\u0131dan ulusla\u015fma ve merkezi devletin kurulmas\u0131 bu anlamda merkezi bir birli\u011fin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ciddi olarak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n aleyhine bir zaaf olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve e\u015fitsizlik yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. 1<\/strong>. Gece bask\u0131nlar\u0131<\/li>\n
          2. 2<\/strong>. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck gruplar halinde bask\u0131nlar<\/li>\n
          3. 3<\/strong>. Pusuya d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme<\/li>\n
          4. 4<\/strong>. Hedeflerin sapt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>\n
          5. 5<\/strong>. Gerekti\u011fi zaman meydan sava\u015f\u0131<\/li>\n
          6. 6<\/strong>. ikmal yollar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesi<\/li>\n
          7. 7<\/strong>. D\u00fczenli birlikler olu\u015fturularak yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Ruslar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. 1<\/strong>. D\u00fczenli ve b\u00fcy\u00fck birliklerle sald\u0131rma<\/li>\n
            2. 2<\/strong>. B\u00f6lme ve ku\u015fatma<\/li>\n
            3. 3<\/strong>. Denizden ku\u015fatma<\/li>\n
            4. 4<\/strong>. Hedefleri ay\u0131rma<\/li>\n
            5. 5<\/strong>. Ekonomik imkanlar\u0131n ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131<\/li>\n
            6. 6<\/strong>. Yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131n tahribi<\/li>\n
            7. 7<\/strong>. Yerli g\u00fc\u00e7lerin b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi ve birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr\u00fclmesi<\/li>\n
            8. 8<\/strong>. Propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Osmanl\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

              1<\/strong>.Propaganda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131<\/p>\n

              2<\/strong>.K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck yard\u0131m birliklerinin g\u00f6nderilmesi veya g\u00f6nderilmek istenmesi<\/p>\n

              3<\/strong>.Genel anlamda i\u00e7 k\u0131s\u0131mlara de\u011fil k\u0131y\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine \u00f6nem verilmesi
              \n4<\/strong>.Politikalar\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yoluyla uygulanmas\u0131
              \n5<\/strong>.Tek bas\u0131na veya ittifak ederek Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015f yap\u0131lmas\u0131<\/p>\n

              Di\u011ferleri A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

              1<\/strong>.Kendi aralar\u0131nda veya Osmanl\u0131larla birle\u015fik yap\u0131lan sava\u015flar (K\u0131r\u0131m sava\u015f\u0131)<\/p>\n

              2<\/strong>.Yerli halk\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli avantajlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla tahrik edilmesi
              \n3<\/strong>.Yard\u0131m vaatleri ile m\u00fccadelenin ayakta tutulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131
              \n4<\/strong>.Ekonomik ve siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlara g\u00f6re hareket etmek.<\/p>\n

              <\/p>\n

              Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131<\/i><\/strong><\/p>\n

              Kafkasyal\u0131lar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

              1<\/strong>.Kafkas sava\u015flar\u0131, sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131na bir taraf\u0131 olan Kafkasyal\u0131lar i\u00e7in tam bir felaketle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              2<\/strong>.Bu sava\u015f\u0131n sonunda 1864 sonuna kadar say\u0131lar\u0131 800 bin ile 1 milyon 500 bin aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fen Kafkas insan\u0131 \u00f6lerek, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclerek veya s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilerek yurdunu kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. 3<\/strong>. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilenler veya g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler Osmanl\u0131 memleketine belirli bir politikaya g\u00f6re yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. (Zira Balkanlara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olan Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc 1878 Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Balkanlardan tekrar g\u00f6\u00e7e tabi tutulmu\u015flard\u0131r)<\/li>\n
              2. 4<\/strong>. Anayurtta kalanlar i\u00e7in vatan\u0131 ve topra\u011f\u0131 korumak imkans\u0131zla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n
              3. 5<\/strong>. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131n\u0131n iskan politikalar\u0131 sonucu bo\u015falan topraklara Ruslar,Kazaklar ve Nogaylar yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n
              4. 6<\/strong>. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 Kafkasya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne siyasi olarak hakim olmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n
              5. 7<\/strong>. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu olumsuz sonu\u00e7lara ra\u011fmen Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesi ve g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc bitmedi. 1905 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar gruplar halinde g\u00f6\u00e7 devam etti. (\u00d6zellikle Abhaz g\u00f6\u00e7leri)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Ruslar A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. 1<\/strong>. 1783’de K\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 ilhak ederek Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n Orta Asya ile olan ili\u015fkilerini kesti.<\/li>\n
                2. 2<\/strong>. Azak Denizi, Ker\u00e7 Bo\u011faz\u0131, Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi’nde devaml\u0131 kalacak \u015fekilde bir \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/li>\n
                3. 3<\/strong>. 1801 tarihinde G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 ilhak etmek suretiyle Trans Kafkasya’da askeri ve siyasi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kurdu.<\/li>\n
                4. 4<\/strong>. Uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalarla Kafkasya’n\u0131n tek hakimi oldu.<\/li>\n
                5. 5<\/strong>. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 Kafkasya’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcne siyasi, idari ve ekonomik anlamda hakim olarak istedi\u011fi Kolonyalist politikalar\u0131m ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirme imkan\u0131n\u0131 elde etti.<\/li>\n
                6. 6<\/strong>. Baz\u0131 yazarlara g\u00f6re Kafkas Sava\u015flar\u0131 daha sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Ekim 1917 Rus Devrimi’ne \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015ftir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Osmanl\u0131 A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. B\u00fcy\u00fck G\u00f6\u00e7 ve onun getirdi\u011fi sosyal, hukuki ve ekonomik problemler ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n
                  2. 2<\/strong>. Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 rekabeti kaybederek Do\u011fu ya y\u00f6nelik politikalar uygulama imkan\u0131ndan yoksun kald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n
                  3. 3<\/strong>. Bunun sonucu olarak b\u00fcy\u00fck toprak kayb\u0131na u\u011frad\u0131lar.<\/li>\n
                  4. 4<\/strong>. \u0130stanbul’daki Ortodoks Kilisesi ve Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ili\u015fkileri geni\u015fledi.<\/li>\n
                  5. 5<\/strong>. Bat\u0131 ile olan olumsuz geli\u015fmelerdeki h\u0131zl\u0131 art\u0131\u015f Do\u011fu Meselesinin g\u00fcndeme oturmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    Di\u011ferleri A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. 1<\/strong>. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131n\u0131n Karadeniz’e hakimiyeti \u00fczerine t\u00fcm askeri,ekonomik ve politik planlar\u0131m yeniden yap\u0131land\u0131rma zorunda kald\u0131lar.<\/li>\n
                    2. 2<\/strong>. Kafkasya \u00fczerinde olan ekonomik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ortadan kalkt\u0131.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      <\/p>\n

                      Bu tablodan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere toplumumuz 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan, yo\u011funla\u015fan \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra, 1864 May\u0131s’\u0131na kadar ciddi anlamda ana vatan\u0131n\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bug\u00fcn diasporada T\u00fcrkiye’de, \u00dcrd\u00fcn’de, Suriye’de ve daha sonra g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fclen ba\u015fka \u00fclkelerde olmak \u00fczere, Xabze toplumu n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc ya\u015famaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                      Ana vatan Kafkasya’da ise Rusya Federal Cumhuriyeti’ne ba\u011fl\u0131 cumhuriyetler bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

                      Yukar\u0131da yap\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 k\u0131saca de\u011ferlendirecek olursak:<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. 1<\/strong>. Xabze toplumu diye nitelendirdi\u011fimiz halklar\u0131n tarihsel olarak ya\u015fam yerleri yani anavatanlar\u0131 Kafkasya’d\u0131r.
                        \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                          \n
                        1. 2<\/strong>. Bu halklar antropolojik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak Hititler, Kimmerler, \u0130skitler, Bosfor- Kimmeryenler, ve Meotlarla etnik yap\u0131 ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131 olarak akrabad\u0131rlar.
                          \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                            \n
                          1. 3<\/strong>. Bu halklar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 co\u011frafya, stratejik ve co\u011frafi \u00f6nemi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan s\u00fcrekli ba\u015fka devletlerin rekabet ve sava\u015f alan\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bu durum bu halklar\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131sall\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00f6nemli derecede zarar vermi\u015ftir.
                            \n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
                              \n
                            1. 4<\/strong>. \u00d6zellikle Orta do\u011fuda ve Avrupa’da geli\u015fen dinlerin \u00e7eki\u015fme alan\u0131 da bu b\u00f6lgeyi kapsam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Din anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda Do\u011fu Kafkasya ile Bat\u0131 Kafkasya aras\u0131nda geni\u015f bir zaman diliminde din yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131 g\u00f6stergeleri mevcuttur.<\/p>\n

                              Bu etkile\u015fimlerin ve Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7 Kafkas insan\u0131n\u0131n ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerini belirlemi\u015ftir.\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. 5<\/strong>. Bu co\u011frafyada ya\u015fayan xabze toplumu halklar\u0131 son Kafkas Rus sava\u015flar\u0131na dayanamayarak anayurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fler veya zorunlu g\u00f6\u00e7 ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece geni\u015f bir diaspora alan\u0131 olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.
                                \nBu durum da Xabze normlar\u0131n\u0131n ve toplumsal yap\u0131n\u0131n ciddi olarak farkl\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                Rahmi Tuna Adige Xabze isimli kitabından Devre 968-1230 Devre 1567-1864 “Ruslar Kafkasya’nın zaptını tamamlamak için dünyada ne kadar vahşet mezalim mevcut ve kabil ise hepsini insanlığın ve tarihin gözü önünde yapmaktan ne çekindiler, ne de utandılar!” Süleyman Nazif (Batarya ile Ateş’ ten) Savaşın Tarafları Kafkasyalılar Ruslar-Osmanlılar-Diğer 1. Abhaz-Abaza 1. Azeriler 2. Asetin (Oset) 2. 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