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<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Nihat Berzeg<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1475 y\u0131l\u0131nda, kendisine ba\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla dolayl\u0131 olarak Kafkasya’ya kom\u015fu oldu.<\/p>\n Bu tarihten ba\u015flayarak Rusya’n\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti\u011fi 1783 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar K\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131n Kafkasya’ya sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 kesilmedi. K\u0131r\u0131m yoluyla Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6nderilen ordular ve mollalar\u0131n bask\u0131, propaganda ve kimi \u00c7erkes beyleriyle kurulan ili\u015fkilerle M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Ne var ki, ger\u00e7ekte Osmanl\u0131 yay\u0131lma siyasetinin bir uygulamas\u0131 olan bu sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7erkesler direndiler. Bunun sonucu Osmanl\u0131 askeri n\u00fcfuzu do\u011frudan ya da dolayl\u0131 olarak hi\u00e7bir zaman Kafkasya’ya egemen olamad\u0131. Birinci maddedeki hedefi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in Don ve Volga Nehirlerim birle\u015ftirecek bir kanal yap\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in kaz\u0131ya bile ba\u015fland\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Karadeniz ve Hazar Denizi aras\u0131nda nehir ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131 sa\u011flanacakt\u0131.38<\/p>\n 1569 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m Valisi Kas\u0131m Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda Astrahan’a sefer d\u00fczenlendi.<\/p>\n Bu sefer \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131na K\u0131r\u0131m kuvvetlerinin yan\u0131nda kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in haber g\u00f6nderilen yedi \u00c7erkes boyundan hi\u00e7biri bunu kabul etmedi.39 \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 1552’de Kabardey p\u015f\u0131s\u0131 Yidar Temriko ve Rus \u00e7ar\u0131 \u0130van aras\u0131nda var\u0131lan anla\u015fma ve sonras\u0131ndaki akraba ili\u015fkisi nedeniyle baz\u0131 \u00c7erkes boylar\u0131 ve Rusya aras\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131ma kar\u015f\u0131 ortak savunma anla\u015fmas\u0131 vard\u0131.<\/p>\n Bunu izleyen y\u0131llarda da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m feodalleri arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ve dini propagandalarla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc. 10. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n feodalleriyle manevi yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa dayanana ili\u015fkileri ve K\u0131r\u0131m-Kafkasya ili\u015fkileri nedeniyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkasya’y\u0131 kendisine ba\u011fl\u0131 varsayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu uzaktan manevi ili\u015fkiler Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n ve 1780’den sonra Bat\u0131 Kafkasya’n\u0131n da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’ni dost olarak tan\u0131mas\u0131n\u0131 ve ortak d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 olan Rusya ile kolay kolay uyu\u015fmamalar\u0131 sonucunu do\u011furmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, bat\u0131da s\u00fcrekli toprak kaybeden, i\u00e7 otoritesi de sars\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Kafkasya siyaseti bir ilerleme kaydetmedi.<\/p>\n Ancak 1722’de Rusya’n\u0131n, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n \u00f6nemli ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131ndaki Derbend’i i\u015fgal etmesi, 1774’te K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131yla K\u0131r\u0131m’\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nden koparmas\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 y\u0131llarda G\u00fcrcistan-Rusya aras\u0131nda iyi ili\u015fkilerin kurulmas\u0131ndan sonra Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi Kafkasya’ya \u00f6nem vermek zorunda kald\u0131.40<\/p>\n Ferah Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n 1780’de So\u011fucak’a g\u00f6nderilmesiyle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Kafkasya’daki halklar \u00fczerindeki (H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Osetler, Svanlar hari\u00e7) etkisi iyile\u015fme d\u00f6nemine girdi. Ne var ki bu durum \u00e7ok s\u00fcrmedi ve Bu anlamda somut bir olay da, Lezgileri Tiflis’in Rusya’ya ba\u011fl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 \u0130rakli’ye kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131p, Oma Han y\u00f6netiminde G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131nda onlar\u0131 fiilen desteklemeyerek tutars\u0131zl\u0131k g\u00f6stermesidir. 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1829’da imzalad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131’yla da yerli halk\u0131n bilgisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, hi\u00e7bir zaman sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kafkasya’y\u0131 Rusya’ya terk etti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131.<\/p>\n “Ne var ki, kendili\u011finden de anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi bunu hemen uygulamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti \u00c7erkesler \u00fczerinde etkili olma rol\u00fcnden vazge\u00e7meyi istemiyordu. Kuban \u00f6tesi ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7erkesleri ise kendilerini hi\u00e7 bir zaman Sultan’\u0131n tebas\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rmemi\u015flerdi. Bu y\u00fczden \u00c7erkesler direni\u015flerine ara vermeyip, bask\u0131nlar\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcler.<\/p>\n Genel \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne paralel olarak gerilemeye devam eden Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Kafkasya siyaseti, 1856 Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131’nda Osmanl\u0131 ba\u015f delegesinin “Kuzey Karadeniz ve Kafkasya ile ilgili hi\u00e7bir siyasi problemleri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131” a\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131yla hukuken iflas etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A: Nihat Berzeg Osmanlı Devleti 1475 yılında, kendisine bağladığı Kırım aracılığıyla dolaylı olarak Kafkasya’ya komşu oldu. Bu tarihten başlayarak Rusya’nın eline geçtiği 1783 yılına kadar Kırım’ın Kafkasya’ya saldırıları kesilmedi. Kırım yoluyla Kafkasya’ya gönderilen ordular ve mollaların baskı, propaganda ve kimi Çerkes beyleriyle kurulan ilişkilerle Müslümanlığı yayma çalışmalarına başladılar. Ne var ki, gerçekte Osmanlı yayılma siyasetinin bir 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\nOsmanl\u0131lar\u0131 Kafkasya’ya y\u00f6nelten uzun vadeli siyasi hedefleri \u015f\u00f6yle \u00f6zetleyebiliriz:
\n\u2022 Orta Asya T\u00fcrkleriyle birle\u015febilmek i\u00e7in, K\u0131r\u0131m-Kafkasya-Astrahan-Kazan hatt\u0131na sahip olmak.
\n\u2022 H\u0131zla geli\u015ferek g\u00fcneye inmekte olan Rusya’n\u0131n Kafkasya’y\u0131 i\u015fgalini, Kafkasya’y\u0131 kendisi i\u015fgal ederek \u00f6nlemek.
\n\u2022 Rusya ile dini yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Rusya ile co\u011frafi birle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemek.
\n\u2022 Uzakdo\u011fu ticaretinin \u00f6nemli noktalar\u0131 durumundaki Karadeniz’in do\u011fu limanlar\u0131 ve Astrahan’\u0131 elde etmek.<\/p>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 siyaseti \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Kafkasya’da gerilemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu gerileyi\u015fin nedenlerini Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin \u015fu tutumunda aramak gereklidir 41:
\na- <\/strong>Devletin Ferah Ali Pa\u015fa ve ipeklio\u011flu M. Pa\u015fa’dan sonra Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi valiler, yerli halkla uyu\u015fmak ve onlar\u0131 Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lan sava\u015flara (1787-1792 ve 1806-1812) dahil etmekte ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta bunlardan Bicano\u011flu Ali Pa\u015fa g\u00f6revini bir kenara b\u0131rakarak esir ticaretiyle kesesini doldurmaya kalk\u0131\u015f\u0131nca yerli halk\u0131n Osmanl\u0131’ya g\u00fcvenini sarsm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nb- <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n 1785 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130mam Mansur y\u00f6netiminde Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 ulusal
\nm\u00fccadeleyi \u00f6zel bir Kafkas birli\u011fi kurulaca\u011f\u0131 korkusuyla olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131.
\nHatta Battal Pa\u015fa, b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkas halklar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 kuvvetleri Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fa haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ihanet ederek Ruslara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nd\u0131.
\nB\u00f6yle vali ve kumandanlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ad\u0131na Kafkasya’ya g\u00f6nderilmeleri, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerinin Kafkasya’ya
\nkar\u015f\u0131 samimiyetle hareket etti\u011fine dair ku\u015fku uyand\u0131rd\u0131 ya da yetersizliklerini ortaya koydu.
\nc- <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti’nin Kafkasya siyasetinin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z kalmas\u0131n\u0131n bir ba\u015fka nedeni, bir yandan Da\u011f\u0131stan halk\u0131na g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi fermanlarla onlar\u0131 Rusya’ya, \u0130ran’a ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan Rusya ve iran’\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131stan’a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015flar\u0131nda, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 kendisine ba\u015fvurmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen hi\u00e7bir ger\u00e7ek yard\u0131m yapmam\u0131\u015f ve onlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131’ya kar\u015f\u0131 inan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 sarsm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r.42<\/p>\n
\nOsmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Orta Asya’ya Kafkasya \u00fczerinden yol bulmak gibi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ama\u00e7la ba\u015flayan Kafkasya’ya h\u00fckmetme \u00e7abalar\u0131 tutars\u0131z siyaseti nedeniyle sonu\u00e7suz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, 1739’da Belgrad, 1774’de K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca ve 1791’de Ya\u015f antla\u015fmalar\u0131na Rusya’n\u0131n Kafkasya \u00fczerinde hak iddia edebilmesine imkan verecek maddelerin konulmas\u0131n\u0131 da kabul etti.
\nBuna ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 devleti, Kafkasya’n\u0131n s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en ki\u015filerini kendi yanma \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in para ve hediye da\u011f\u0131tma
\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc.43<\/p>\n
\n38) <\/strong>\u0130nalc\u0131k H., Osmanl\u0131-Rus Rekabefinin Men\u015fei ve Don-Volga Kanal\u0131 Te\u015febb\u00fcs\u00fc (1569), Belleten, c.XII, f. 23, s,353.
\n39) <\/strong>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti M\u00fchimme Defteri VII, vesika no 2475
\n40) <\/strong>G\u00f6k\u00e7e Cemal, a.g.e., s.247-248
\n41) <\/strong>G\u00f6k\u00e7e Cemal, a.g.e., s.251
\n42)<\/strong> Kafkasya Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, s.63, C. Eraslan’\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131.
\n43<\/strong>) Hatukuay Shapsugh, Natuha\u00e7 ve Abzegh boylar\u0131ndan hizmeti g\u00f6r\u00fclenlere berat ve maa\u015f tahsisi. 13 ekim 1827 ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k ar\u015fivi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"