{"id":11950,"date":"2019-03-27T18:30:15","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T23:30:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11950"},"modified":"2019-03-27T18:30:15","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T23:30:15","slug":"kafkasya-halklari-tarihi-ve-etnografik-bir-sentez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/kafkasya-halklari-tarihi-ve-etnografik-bir-sentez\/","title":{"rendered":"KAFKASYA HALKLARI TAR\u0130H\u0130 VE ETNOGRAF\u0130K B\u0130R SENTEZ"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Alexandre Grigoriantz – Do\u011fan Yurdakul<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Kafkas Halklar\u0131n\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kafkasya diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan b\u00f6lge, Kafkas S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 do\u011frultu-sunda (kuzeybat\u0131-g\u00fcneydo\u011fu), kuzeybat\u0131da bir Karadeniz liman \u015fehri olan Anapa’dan, Hazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Bak\u00fc ve Lenkoran’a kadar uzan\u0131r. Kafkas Halklar\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyunca gerek atalar\u0131 say\u0131lan \u0130skitler, Alanlar ve Sar-matlar; gerekse i\u015fgalci Hunlar, Mo\u011follar, Tatarlar ve Araplardan (hatta Yunanl\u0131 ve Roma-l\u0131lardan) etnografik olarak etkilenmi\u015flerdir. Bu etkiler genelde Abhazya ve G\u00fcrcistan gibi da\u011flar\u0131n s\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n nispeten az oldu\u011fu yerlerde ve s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n yama\u00e7lar\u0131nda olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihini \u00fc\u00e7 d\u00f6nemde \u00f6zetleyebiliriz:
\n<\/b>
\nBirinci D\u00f6nem: <\/b>M.\u00d6. 1200’de Kimmeryal\u0131lar ile ba\u015flay\u0131p, 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda Rusya’n\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 ilhak\u0131 ile sona eren 3 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k i\u015fgaller d\u00f6nemidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci d\u00f6nem:<\/b> \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin 18. Y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda Rusya’ya ba\u015fkald\u0131rmas\u0131yla ba\u015flayan ve yakla\u015f\u0131k altm\u0131\u015f y\u0131l boyunca t\u00fcm Kafkasya Halklar\u0131n\u0131n kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve 1858’de \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in teslim olmas\u0131yla sona eren direni\u015f d\u00f6nemidir.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00f6nem: <\/b>1859’da Ruslarla bar\u0131\u015f\u0131n kabul edildi\u011fi tarihten g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar s\u00fcren ve kimi tarih\u00e7ilerin Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n as\u0131l ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nem olarak nitelendirdikleri zaman dilimidir.<\/p>\n

KAFKAS SAVA\u015eI
\n<\/b>
\nKafkas Sava\u015f\u0131, 1780’de ba\u015flad\u0131 ve t\u00fcm Kafkas Halklar\u0131n\u0131n ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc \u00e7aba ve kahramanl\u0131klar\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1864’de \u00c7erkeslerin ve Abhazlar\u0131n yenilmesi ile son buldu. Kafkas Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n temelinde Ruslar\u0131n, Avrupa ve Asya’y\u0131 birle\u015ftiren, stratejik \u00f6nemi b\u00fcy\u00fck olan Anadolu’ya ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6nemli ticaret yollar\u0131na yak\u0131n olmak istemeleri ve iki b\u00fcy\u00fck denize; Hint Okyanusu ve Akdeniz’e a\u00e7\u0131lma arzular\u0131 yatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Ruslar bu ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, kendilerini on y\u0131llar boyu u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131racak \u00fc\u00e7 cesur Kafkas Halk\u0131’n\u0131 bulacaklard\u0131: \u00c7erkesler, \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

\u00d6zellikle \u00c7erkesler ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n verdi\u011fi birlik olma d\u00fcrt\u00fcs\u00fcyle Gazi Molla ve \u015eeyh \u015eamil gibi \u00f6nderlerle, \u201cM\u00fcridizm\u201d diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan ideolojiyi kullanarak da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k halklar\u0131 bir araya toplamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Ruslar\u0131n korkulu r\u00fcyas\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu iki ismin yan\u0131nda \u201cNak\u015fibendi\u201d tarikat\u0131na mensup olan \u015eeyh Mansur da Tatarlar\u0131 yan\u0131nda toplamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Kafkas Halk\u0131’n\u0131 Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 aya\u011fa kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kafkaslar\u0131n bu ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc direni\u015flerine Avrupa’dan da destek gelmiyor de\u011fildi. \u00d6zellikle \u0130ngiliz David Urquhart (Portfolio adl\u0131 dergisi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla) ve James Stanislas, Frans\u0131z \u015f\u00f6valye Taitbout de Marigny gibi t\u00fcrl\u00fc mesleklerden yabanc\u0131lar konuyla yak\u0131ndan ilgiliydiler. Hatta David Urquhart, 1837’de yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cAvrupa Saraylar\u0131na Y\u00f6nelik \u00c7erkesistan Halklar\u0131 Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k Bildirgesi\u201d ile, d\u00f6nemin d\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan konsolos yard\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revinden al\u0131nmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Bu gezgin ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcrlerin \u00e7abalar\u0131, Gazi Molla ve \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in \u00f6rg\u00fctlemeyi ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kafkas ordusu Ruslar\u0131 durdurmaya yetmiyordu. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u015eamil’in \u015feriatta \u0131srar\u0131 ve \u00c7erkeslerin geleneksel hukuku olan \u201cadat\u201d \u0131 terk etmemeleri gibi ince ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar da Kafkaslara g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybettiriyordu. Nihayet 1858’de \u015eeyh \u015eamil, Rus prensi Bariatinski’ye teslim oldu ve Kafkas Sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sonu ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu olay ard\u0131ndan Ruslar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir asimilasyon politikas\u0131 uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Kafkaslara verdikleri topra\u011f\u0131n be\u015f mislini ezeli d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 Kazaklara vererek halk\u0131n Kazaklar aras\u0131nda erimesini ama\u00e7lad\u0131lar. Bunu reddedenler ise \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda gemilerle Samsun ve Trabzon’a g\u00f6\u00e7e zorland\u0131lar. T\u00fcrkiye’nin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda para yard\u0131m\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn son konuklar\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enler, \u00c7erkesler ve Abhazlard\u0131. Art\u0131k Kafkasya’n\u0131n egemenli\u011fi Rusya’dayd\u0131.<\/p>\n


\nKAFKASYA HALKLARININ RUHU
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkesler: \u00c7erkesler Kafkas Sava\u015flar\u0131ndan \u00f6nceki zamanlarda Adigeler denilen ve ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015fan kabileler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fayan, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belli bir grubu ifade etmeyen da\u011fl\u0131lard\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131yla birlikte diplomatik raporlarda ve tarihi kay\u0131tlarda \u00c7erkesler ve \u00c7erkesistan adlar\u0131 ge\u00e7meye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Etnograflar \u00c7erkesleri iki gruba ay\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r:<\/p>\n

S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131n kuzey eteklerinde, Terek Irma\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n do\u011fusunda bulunan Kabartay kabilesi. Ve Adige Halk\u0131 (Abazalar, \u015eaps\u0131\u011flar, Natuhaylar, Bjedu\u011flar ve Ub\u0131hlar).<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerin k\u00f6keniyle ilgili \u00e7e\u015fitli savlar ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir olas\u0131l\u0131k Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Abhazlarla birlikte oturan en eski halk olan Yunanl\u0131lardan geldikleridir. Di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler aras\u0131nda baz\u0131 \u00c7erkes ailelerinin Sarmallardan, baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da \u0130skandinavya’dan gelen Gotlar\u0131n etkisinde kald\u0131klar\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

D\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel \u0131rklar\u0131ndan biri olarak nitelendirilen \u00c7erkesler i\u00e7in atlar\u0131 ve silahlar\u0131, \u00e7ok de\u011fer verdikleri kad\u0131nlar\u0131ndan daima daha \u00f6nemli olmu\u015ftur. Kincal denilen k\u0131sa k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7lar\u0131na, g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f ya da \u00e7elikten z\u0131rhlar\u0131na ve \u00e7ift tabancalar\u0131na her zaman \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. M\u00fckemmel bindikleri atlar\u0131n\u0131 daima \u00f6zel cins olarak \u00fcretir ve yeti\u015ftirirlerdi.<\/p>\n

Di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok Kafkas Halk\u0131’nda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7erkesler de \u00f6nce H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ard\u0131ndan \u015eeyh Mansur ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimsemi\u015f ancak gelenek ve g\u00f6reneklerinin etkisiyle bu dini tam anlam\u0131yla ya\u015fatamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Abhazlar ve Svanlar: Abhazlar Karadeniz’in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan halklar\u0131n en eskilerindendir. \u0130ki bin y\u0131ldan fazla bir zamand\u0131r Kafkas S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n g\u00fcneydeki dar sahil \u015feridinde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Abhazlar\u0131n k\u00f6keniyle ilgili \u00e7ok ilgin\u00e7 savlar ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Abhaz dili olan Adigece ile, Bask dili aras\u0131nda \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 benzerlikler tespit edilmi\u015ftir. Ama yine de en s\u0131k sunulan teori, bu halk\u0131n k\u00f6keninin M\u0131s\u0131r’la ilgili oldu\u011fudur. Heredot’a g\u00f6re, Firavun Fatih Seostris \u0130skitlere olan seferinden d\u00f6nerken bir k\u0131s\u0131m M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131 Elbruz da\u011f\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p Karadeniz’e d\u00f6k\u00fclen Rion yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yerle\u015fmi\u015fler. Abhazlar\u0131n dili ve baz\u0131 adetleri M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131larla hatta Etiyopyal\u0131larla benzerlikler g\u00f6sterir.<\/p>\n

Svanlar, Abhazlar\u0131n \u00c7erkeslerden de daha tehlikeli olan d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131yd\u0131lar. Suhumi’nin art \u00fclkesindeki da\u011flarda ya\u015fayan sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ve a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 derecede k\u0131y\u0131c\u0131 bir kavimdir.<\/p>\n

Osetler: Hint-Avrupa \u0131rk\u0131ndan olan Osetler, t\u0131pk\u0131 Germenler gibi sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fcd\u00fcrler. \u0130ron ve Digor dillerini konu\u015furlar. K\u00f6kenlerinin Medlere dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirten etnograflara g\u00f6re Osetler kuzeyden g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek \u0130ranl\u0131larla kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Daha sonra Osetler’in en yak\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ran-Ari k\u00f6kenli Alanlar oldu\u011fu kan\u0131tlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osetler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler gibi M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131ktan \u00e7ok \u00f6nce Bizansl\u0131lar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktan etkilenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u00e7enler: Rus etnograflar\u0131, \u00c7e\u00e7en Halk\u0131’n\u0131n M.\u00d6. 8. ve 9. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermenistan’\u0131n, do\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’nin ve \u0130ran Azerbaycan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k kesimlerine yay\u0131lan Urartu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler vas\u0131tas\u0131yla H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktan etkilendikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015fse de \u015eeyh Mansur ve \u015eamil’in etkisiyle yay\u0131lan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k inanc\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

\u0130ngu\u015flar: \u0130ngu\u015f topraklar\u0131, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabardey ile \u00c7e\u00e7enistan aras\u0131nda Terek’in iki kolu olan Sunja ve Asse’nin kaynaklar\u0131na yak\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k bir b\u00f6lgede bulunur. \u0130ngu\u015flar, Kafkas Halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130slamiyet’i en ge\u00e7 (1860-70) benimseyenlerden olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130slamiyet’e inanmalar\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan’dan gelen \u201cKadiriyye\u201d mezhebinden sufi misyonerler sayesinde olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan Halklar\u0131: Kafkas S\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131’n\u0131n do\u011fu ve kuzeydo\u011fusunu kapsayan bu da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan halklar: Lezgiler (Laklar), Avarlar ve Gazi Kumuklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lezgiler: Do\u011fu Kafkasya’da, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n g\u00fcneyi say\u0131lan Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu olu\u015fturan halkt\u0131r. Lezgiler ya\u011fma yaparak ge\u00e7inen, a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7etin iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs gerebilen ve d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131na deh\u015fet sa\u00e7an sald\u0131rganl\u0131klar\u0131yla tan\u0131n\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

Avarlar \u00fclkesi: Kuzeyden g\u00fcneye t\u00fcm Da\u011f\u0131stan da\u011flar\u0131 aras\u0131ndan, kuzey eteklerinde Sulak k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u00c7ir-Yurk’tan 160 kilometre daha g\u00fcneyde G\u00fcrcistan s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na kadar uzan\u0131r. Efsanelerin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Avarlar da bir zamanlar baz\u0131 Kafkas Halklar\u0131 gibi kuzeydeki ovalarda g\u00f6\u00e7ebe ya\u015fam\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. T\u00fcm Avarlar aras\u0131nda en etkili kabile Hunzallar kabilesiydi. Bu kabile Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki stratejik yerleriyle ve sava\u015ftaki maharetleriyle Avarlar aras\u0131nda dikkati \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Gazi Kumuklar Hazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Terek’in denize d\u00f6k\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yerle Derbent kenti aras\u0131ndan, Hunzallar \u00fclkesinin g\u00fcneydo\u011fusunda Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n ortas\u0131ndaki Kumuk’a hakim olan 3 bin metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki tepelere kadar yay\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bat\u0131daki kom\u015fular\u0131 Avarlar ve \u00c7e\u00e7enlerdi. Gazi Kumuklar, Da\u011f\u0131stan’da M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 se\u00e7en ilk gruptular ve Lak dilini konu\u015furlard\u0131.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan: 1801’de Rus ilhak\u0131ndan \u00f6nce G\u00fcrcistan, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 hi\u00e7 bir zaman tam olarak \u00e7izilemeyen bir \u00fclkeydi. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n buyru\u011fundan \u00e7\u0131karak Rus hakimiyetini kabul ettiklerinde H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n serbest\u00e7e yay\u0131lmas\u0131na da izin vermi\u015flerdir. Kuzeyinde Osetler, g\u00fcneyinde Ermenistan, do\u011fusunda Da\u011f\u0131stan ve bat\u0131s\u0131nda da \u0130ran ile kom\u015fu olan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, tarih boyunca \u0130ranl\u0131lar, M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar, Yunanl\u0131lar, Hazarlar, Ermeniler, Araplar, T\u00fcrkler, Bizansl\u0131lar, Alanlar ve son olarak da Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmi\u015flerdir. <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Alexandre Grigoriantz – Doğan Yurdakul Kafkas Halklarının yaşadığı Kafkasya diye adlandırılan bölge, Kafkas Sıradağları doğrultu-sunda (kuzeybatı-güneydoğu), kuzeybatıda bir Karadeniz liman şehri olan Anapa’dan, Hazar Denizi kıyısındaki Bakü ve Lenkoran’a kadar uzanır. Kafkas Halkları yüzyıllar boyunca gerek ataları sayılan İskitler, Alanlar ve Sar-matlar; gerekse işgalci Hunlar, Moğollar, Tatarlar ve Araplardan (hatta Yunanlı ve Roma-lılardan) etnografik olarak 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