{"id":11971,"date":"2019-03-27T18:37:31","date_gmt":"2019-03-27T23:37:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=11971"},"modified":"2019-03-27T18:47:05","modified_gmt":"2019-03-27T23:47:05","slug":"xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-rusyanin-guney-kafkasya-politikasi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/xix-yuzyil-baslarinda-rusyanin-guney-kafkasya-politikasi\/","title":{"rendered":"XIX. Y\u00dcZYIL BA\u015eLARINDA RUSYA\u2019NIN G\u00dcNEY KAFKASYA POL\u0130T\u0130KASI"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Dr. Zekeriya T\u00fcrkmen<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/span> Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Et\u00fcd (ATASE) Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk Ara\u015ft\u0131rma ve E\u011fitim Merkezi (ATAREM) Genel Sekreter Vekili<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Giri\u015f
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Stratejik \u00f6neminden dolay\u0131 tarih boyunca pek \u00e7ok medeniyetlerin etki alan\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015f bulunan Kafkasya, her devirde bir s\u0131n\u0131r \u00fclkesi olmu\u015ftur. (1) Co\u011frafi a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00e7ok engebeli, da\u011fl\u0131k kesimlerinden biri olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (2)<\/p>\n

Kafkasya ayn\u0131 zamanda, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131cak denizlere inme politikas\u0131nda, elinde bulundurmas\u0131 gerekli \u00f6nemli co\u011frafi mekanlardan birini te\u015fkil etmektedir. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Kafkaslar, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve \u0130ran ile olan g\u00fcney s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil etmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli idi. \u00d6zellikle bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren Rusya, Kafkasya hanl\u0131klar\u0131yla temaslar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgedeki politikas\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koyarken, ilk \u00f6nce kendine \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 daha sonra da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni rakip olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc ve siyasetini bu devletlerin durumuna g\u00f6re belirledi. (3)<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar I. Petro d\u00f6neminde 1722 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hazar sahillerine inen Ruslar, \u015eirvan \u00fczerinden Kafkaslara uzand\u0131lar. (4) Rus ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda bu s\u0131rada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden yard\u0131m talebinde bulunan Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131na olumlu cevap verildi ve K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fcl\u00fc Abdullah Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda bir kuvvet g\u00f6nderilerek G\u00fcney Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ba\u011fland\u0131. (5) Belirtilen y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Osmanl\u0131-Rus ili\u015fkileri daha da gerginle\u015fti. XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndaki Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n (1768-1774) sonucu olarak, Ruslar\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nden koparmak i\u00e7in ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7abalar olumlu netice verdi.<\/p>\n

K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kuzeyden gelecek tehditlere kar\u015f\u0131 engel te\u015fkil eden bir kalesi d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f oldu. B\u00f6ylece Ruslara Kafkasya kap\u0131lar\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. (6) Ruslar, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da elde ettikleri araziyi korumak i\u00e7in Kafkaslar\u0131 takiben Hazar\u2019dan Azak\u2019a uzanan hatta kaleler in\u015fa ettiler. B\u00f6lgeye Kozaklar\u0131 yerle\u015ftiren Ruslar, Azak Denizinden Hazar Denizine uzanan 700 km.lik hatta pek \u00e7ok kale in\u015fa edip buralara asker yerle\u015ftirerek \u201cKozak Hatt\u0131<\/em>\u201d denilen hatt\u0131 olu\u015fturdular. (7) Kozaklarla birlikte b\u00f6lgeye Rus asilzadeleri de yerle\u015ftirilerek Kafkasya hakimiyeti i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir ad\u0131m at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra da demografik yap\u0131 Ruslar lehine geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Ruslar, Kafkas ana s\u0131rada\u011flar\u0131 kuzeyindeki nehir hudutlar\u0131 boyunca b\u00f6lgeye sa\u011flamca yerle\u015ferek, Kabardey ve Osetya taraflar\u0131nda ve ana<\/p>\n

s\u0131ra da\u011flar\u0131n g\u00fcneyinde Mingreli, \u0130mereti, Kartli ve Kaheti G\u00fcrc\u00fc prenslikleri \u00fczerinde de n\u00fcfuz ve k\u0131smen kontrollerini yayd\u0131lar. (8) \u00d6te Yandan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n g\u00fcney ve do\u011fu kesiminde n\u00fcfuzunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek isteyen Ka\u00e7ar hanedan\u0131na mensup \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Rusya aras\u0131nda da b\u00f6lgenin kontrol\u00fc meselesinden dolay\u0131 anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru giderek artmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. (9)<\/p>\n

1801 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 ilhak etmesi ile ba\u015flayan geli\u015fmeler, Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131n\u0131 te\u015fkil eder. Bir ba\u015fka ifadeyle Ruslar, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 kendi topraklar\u0131na katmak suretiyle Kafkasya\u2019da bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrge y\u00f6netiminin de temellerini atm\u0131\u015f oldular. Nitekim, b\u00f6lgeye geni\u015f yetkilerle tayin edilmi\u015f bulunan General Tsisianov Ruslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye yay\u0131lma politikas\u0131n\u0131n da mimar\u0131 olarak tarihe ge\u00e7ti. (10) Rusya XIX. asr\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki ve \u015eirvan hanl\u0131klar\u0131yla temaslarda bulunarak, onlar\u0131 endine ba\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6teden beri \u00c7ar I. Petro\u2019nun siyasi hedefine ula\u015fmak isteyen Ruslar, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda s\u00fcratli bir askeri harek\u00e2ta giri\u015ftiler.<\/p>\n

Kilise, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bulundu\u011fu d\u00f6nemlerde her hangi bir kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyette bulunmam\u0131\u015fken; XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Ruslarla yap\u0131lan gizli g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerle amac\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa vurmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Akdes Nimet Kurat, Ayn\u0131 eser, T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya<\/em>, Ankara 1970, s. 23. Ayr\u0131ca bk., Ali Arslan, \u201cRuslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da Yay\u0131lmalar\u0131nda Ermeni E\u00e7miyazin Katogigoslu\u011fu\u2019nun Rol\u00fc, Kafkas Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/em>, sy: II, \u0130stanbul 1996, s.19 vdd.<\/p>\n

XIX. Y\u00fczy\u0131l Ba\u015flar\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da Meydana Gelen Geli\u015fmeler
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonu, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda G\u00fcney Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi siyasi a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7ok kar\u0131\u015f\u0131k bir durumda idi. (11) Ayn\u0131 zamanda etnik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6lgenin son derece karma\u015f\u0131k bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrler mozai\u011fi sergiledi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (12) Etnik yap\u0131n\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131, siyasi birli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 da b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkilemi\u015ftir. (13)<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndaki valilerin g\u00f6nderdikleri raporlarda bu durum a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde belirtiliyordu. \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r valisi Mehmet Sait Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n (gurre R.evvel 1215\/23 Temmuz 1800) devlet merkezine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da bulunan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n birbirleriyle olan \u00e7\u0131kar kavgalar\u0131, \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgede otorite tesis etmek i\u00e7in harcad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7abalar \u00f6zetleniyordu. (14) Buna ra\u011fmen, hanl\u0131klar\u0131n zaman zaman bir araya gelerek birle\u015fme arzusunda bulunduklar\u0131 da g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte idi.<\/p>\n

Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ilk \u00f6nceleri Kuba ve \u015eeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ferek g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir olu\u015fum meydana getirmek amac\u0131yla ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7abalar bir sonu\u00e7 vermedi. Bu s\u0131rada \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesine hakim olmak i\u00e7in ba\u015flatt\u0131klar\u0131 faaliyetler, hanl\u0131klar\u0131n birle\u015fmesine engel olmu\u015ftu. Ger\u00e7i XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Hazar Denizi\u2019ni bir i\u00e7 deniz haline getirmek isteyen Rusya, hem Kafkaslardan, hem de Ortaasya b\u00f6lgesinden g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yay\u0131lma stratejisini uygulamaya koymu\u015f; ard\u0131ndan da bu b\u00f6lgeye g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ordular g\u00f6ndermeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6te yandan, Ruslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru yay\u0131lmalar\u0131 ise bu s\u0131rada Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 endi\u015felendirmekte idi. \u00d6zellikle \u0130ngiltere Rusya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girmesi \u00fczerine Sir John Malcolm\u2019u \u0130ran\u2019a el\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6nderdi ve \u015fayet Rusya ile sava\u015fa girerse silah ve para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 vaat etti. (15)<\/p>\n

Nitekim \u0130ngiltere, bu s\u0131rada \u0130ran ile bir ticaret antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalayarak aradaki yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Hatta bu antla\u015fma ile \u0130ngiltere, \u0130ran\u2019a ba\u015fka bir devlet taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lacak olan sald\u0131r\u0131larda taraf \u00fclke olarak her t\u00fcrl\u00fc askeri yard\u0131mda bulunmay\u0131 da taahh\u00fct etmi\u015fti. (16) Bu s\u0131rada \u0130ngiltere ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k olan Fransa da bu geli\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 destekleyerek bir yandan Ruslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye do\u011fru inmelerini engellemek, di\u011fer yandan da \u0130ngiliz m\u00fcstemlekesi olan Hindistan\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck elde etmek amac\u0131nda idi. Hatta Fransa bu maksatla \u0130ran\u2019a 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir el\u00e7ilik heyeti g\u00f6ndermi\u015f fakat, Tilsit ma\u011flubiyeti \u00fczerine heyet bir ba\u015far\u0131 elde edemeden geri d\u00f6nmek mecburiyetinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (17)
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkaslar\u0131n kuzey kesiminde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde otoritesini sa\u011flamla\u015ft\u0131ran Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131, ard\u0131ndan g\u00fcneye do\u011fru sarkmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Nitekim Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1801 y\u0131l\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n kuzeyini ele ge\u00e7irdi. Yine ayni tarihte Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n kuzey kesiminde yer alan Kazak ve \u015eem\u015feddil Sultanl\u0131klar\u0131 da Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra Rus ordular\u0131 istikametlerini Azerbaycan \u00fczerine y\u00f6nlendirdiler. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a hakim olan Rus \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki komutanlara g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi fermanda, etrafta bulunan hanl\u0131klarla ili\u015fkilerin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Rus idaresine ba\u011flanmalar\u0131 konusunda ropaganda yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 istemekte idi. \u00c7ar, ayr\u0131ca \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 Fethali Han\u2019\u0131n idaresine ge\u00e7memi\u015f b\u00f6lgelerdeki Rus n\u00fcfuzunun da art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekenin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131; Revan, \u015eeki, \u015eirvan, Gence ve Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck birimlerde de Rus etkisini hakim k\u0131lmak gerekti\u011fini hat\u0131rlat\u0131yordu. (18) Ruslar\u0131n bu isteklerinden endi\u015fe duyan Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 da \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131na meyletmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Di\u011fer yandan Kuba ve Lenkeran hanlar\u0131 Rus idaresine ge\u00e7tikleri takdirde, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n himayesinde varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrebilecekleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile \u00c7ar\u2019a el\u00e7i g\u00f6ndererek hakimiyetini tan\u0131d\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Bir s\u00fcre sonra Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n otoritesini kabul etti. G\u00fcrcistan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 bu s\u0131rada Rus bask\u0131s\u0131ndan son derce bunalm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Nitekim, Rus bask\u0131s\u0131ndan bunalan G\u00fcrc\u00fc krallar\u0131 \u00e7aresizlik i\u00e7erisinde \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131ndan da zaman zaman yard\u0131m iste\u011finde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler Ruslar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn bask\u0131lara ra\u011fmen, kilise papazlar\u0131n\u0131n te\u015fviki ile m\u00fccadelelerine devam etmi\u015flerdir. Ruslar da bu s\u0131rada ele ge\u00e7irdikleri G\u00fcrc\u00fc prenslerini s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6ndererek bir daha siyasi bak\u0131mdan birle\u015fmelerine engel olmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (19) Ruslar\u0131n bu politikalar\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer Kafkas hanl\u0131klar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 da uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ekti.<\/p>\n

Bu arada belirtmek gerekirse, Do\u011fu Anadolu s\u0131n\u0131r boyunda g\u00f6revli sivil ve askeri memurlar\u0131 vas\u0131tas\u0131yla Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesindeki geli\u015fmelerden Osmanl\u0131 idarecileri zaman\u0131nda haberdar oluyorlard\u0131. Nitekim, Sohum muhaf\u0131z\u0131 Kele\u015f Ahmet taraf\u0131ndan 23 A\u011fustos 1803 tarihinde devlet merkezine g\u00f6nderilen bir yaz\u0131da Tiflis han\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131ndan al\u0131nan bir mektuptan \u00e7\u0131kan sonuca g\u00f6re, Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye hakim olmak i\u00e7in yo\u011fun bir faaliyet i\u00e7erisine girdikleri belirtiliyor; Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131 belirlenirken yeni geli\u015fmelere g\u00f6re hareket edilmesi gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131l\u0131yor, ayr\u0131ca Ruslar\u0131n Kabardey ve G\u00fcrcistan b\u00f6lgesindeki faaliyetleri izah ediliyordu. (20) Ger\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131r boyundaki valilerden aksat\u0131lmadan bu raporlar g\u00f6nderilmesine ra\u011fmen, \u00fclkenin bat\u0131 kesiminde (Balkanlar\u2019da) ba\u015f g\u00f6steren kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar, i\u00e7 sorunlar\u0131n artmas\u0131na ve buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak yeni bunal\u0131mlar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesine yeterince ilgi g\u00f6sterilmesini engelliyordu.<\/p>\n

\u00d6teden beri Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemini kavram\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00c7ar I. Aleksandr b\u00f6lgeye b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem veriyordu. Nitekim \u00c7ar, General Tsitsianov\u2019u \u015eubat 1803 tarihinde G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik olarak ba\u015flat\u0131lacak olan sefer i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirdi. (21) \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 irili ufakl\u0131 hanl\u0131klar\u0131 kendi taraf\u0131na \u00e7ekmek ve himayesi alt\u0131na almak amac\u0131yla i\u015fgal etti\u011fi yerlerdeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n kuvvetlerinden de istifade yoluna gitti. Tsitsianov, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan do\u011fuya do\u011fru ilerleyerek yolunun \u00fczerinde bulunan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 da kuvvet kullanarak Rus \u00e7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011flad\u0131. General Tsitsianov, bu s\u0131rada \u00c7ar\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi raporda, Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinin stratejik \u00f6nemine dikkat \u00e7ekmi\u015f; b\u00f6lgenin Azerbaycan\u2019a, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya ve \u0130ran\u2019a hakimiyet i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli bir m\u00fcstahkem mevki oldu\u011fu kadar, \u00f6nemli bir kilit noktas\u0131 konumunda bulundu\u011funu da belirtmi\u015ftir. (22) Bu arada do\u011fuya do\u011fru ilerleyen Rus kuvvetlerinin \u00f6n\u00fcnde en b\u00fcy\u00fck engel, \u00c7ar-Balaken toplulu\u011fu idi. 1803 y\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131nda Rus kuvvetleri Alazan (Kan\u0131k) \u00e7ay\u0131<\/p>\n

ge\u00e7idinde \u00c7ar-Balaken toplulu\u011funu ma\u011flup ettiler. \u00c7ar-Balaken toplulu\u011funun \u00f6nde gelen y\u00f6neticileri Tiflis\u2019te bir araya gelerek Rusya\u2019n\u0131n idaresi alt\u0131na girdiklerini belirten mukaveleyi imzalad\u0131lar. Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re \u00c7ar-Balakenliler her y\u0131l Rus hazinesine 220 Pud (23) ipek vermeyi taahh\u00fct etmekte idiler. (24)<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da bulunan Rus generali Tsitsianov, stratejik a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemli olan Gence \u015fehrini ele ge\u00e7irmek niyetinde idi. \u0130lk \u00f6nce Tsitsianov taraf\u0131ndan, Gence Han\u0131 Cevat Han\u2019a Rus idaresini tan\u0131mas\u0131 ve Gence\u2019yi teslim etmesi teklif edildi. Red cevab\u0131 al\u0131n\u0131nca, 1803 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Tsitsianov, kuvvetlerini Gence\u2019ye y\u00f6neltti. Gence \u00f6nlerinde yap\u0131lan \u00e7arp\u0131\u015fmalarda say\u0131ca \u00e7ok \u00fcst\u00fcn durumda bulunan Rus kuvvetleri galip geldi. Cevat Han Gence kalesine \u00e7ekildi. Gence kalesini ku\u015fatan Rus kuvvetleri 2-3 Ocak 1804 gecesi kaleye girdiler. Cevat Han ve o\u011flu Rus ordusu ile yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fc. Gence hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 arazisi ile birlikte Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7ti. (25) Gence\u2019nin ad\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirildi. \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n e\u015fi Elizabeth\u2019e istinaden Yelizavetpol olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u015eehrin eski ad\u0131ndan, yani Gence isminden bahs edenlere bir manat ceza \u00f6deyecekleri ilan olundu. B\u00f6ylece Ruslar, Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015firken, \u015fehir ve yerle\u015fim birimlerinin adlar\u0131n\u0131 da de\u011fi\u015ftirerek, kal\u0131c\u0131 olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ilan ediyorlard\u0131. Gence ile birlikte hanl\u0131\u011fa tabi olan Samih Sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Rus idaresine ge\u00e7mi\u015f oldu. (26) B\u00f6ylece Ruslar G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki hakimiyetini olduk\u00e7a geni\u015fletmi\u015fler; Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 hari\u00e7 olmak \u00fczere Karadeniz\u2019den Hazar Denizi\u2019ne kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi kontrolleri alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. (27)<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nemli merkezlerini ele ge\u00e7irmesi hem Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni, hem de \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 endi\u015feye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc. Ger\u00e7i bu s\u0131rada Fransa ile M\u0131s\u0131r meselesinden dolay\u0131 aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da kontrol alan\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletmek isteyen Rusya ile m\u00fccadele edecek g\u00fcc\u00fc ve durumu da bulunmuyordu. Bundan ba\u015fka 1804 y\u0131l\u0131nda patlak veren ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de Rusya\u2019n\u0131n k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmas\u0131n\u0131n etkisi bulunan S\u0131rp \u0131syan\u0131 da \u00fclkede i\u00e7 huzurun zedelenmesine neden olmu\u015ftu. Belirtilen bu nedenlerden dolay\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131nda Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 geri plana atm\u0131\u015f olmakla birlikte s\u0131n\u0131r boyunda bulunan valiler arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki faaliyetlerinden haberdar edilmekte idi. (28)<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da b\u00fcy\u00fck bir h\u0131zla ilerlemeleri, \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa taraf\u0131ndan da ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131yordu. Nitekim, Ruslar\u0131 G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019dan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak amac\u0131yla ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en devletler, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kullanmak istiyorlard\u0131. M\u0131s\u0131r sorunundan dolay\u0131 Fransa ile aras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu arada \u0130ngiltere ile m\u00fcnasebetlerini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtmalar\u0131 amac\u0131na ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f olup, siyasi ve askeri a\u00e7\u0131dan gerekli deste\u011fi sa\u011flayan \u0130ran\u00a0 \u015eahl\u0131\u011f\u0131, 1804 y\u0131l\u0131 ortalar\u0131na do\u011fru Rusya\u2019ya sava\u015f ilan etmi\u015fti. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Ermenistan co\u011frafyas\u0131 \u00fczerinde iki devlet aras\u0131nda m\u00fccadele ba\u015flad\u0131. Belirtilen tarihte Erivan kalesini ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7en Rus Generali Tsitsianov ile \u0130ran kuvvetleri kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131; Rus birlikleri \u0130ran s\u00fcvarileri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda yenilince geri \u00e7ekildiler. Fakat, olduk\u00e7a y\u0131pranan \u0130ran kuvvetleri bunlar\u0131 takibe cesaret edemedi. Rusya-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flay\u0131nca \u0130ran kuvvetlerinin Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na girmesinden endi\u015feye kap\u0131lan Karaba\u011f han\u0131 \u0130brahim Halil Han, Tsitsianov\u2019a m\u00fcracaat edip ondan yard\u0131m istedi. \u0130brahim Halil Han \u015fayet yard\u0131m edilirse, Rusya\u2019ya sad\u0131k kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da a\u00e7\u0131klad\u0131. General Tsitsianov da Rus hakimiyetini kabul etmesi durumunda kendilerini yine hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda tutacaklar\u0131n\u0131 vaad etti. \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00fclkesini istila edece\u011fi endi\u015fesi \u0130brahim Halil Han\u2019\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya yakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat yine de Rus idaresine ba\u011flanmak y\u00f6n\u00fcnde endi\u015feleri vard\u0131. Bu durumdan haberdar olan \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Karaba\u011f\u2019a kuvvet g\u00f6nderdi. Ger\u00e7i bu kuvvetleri \u0130brahim Halil Han ma\u011flup etmi\u015fse de, \u0130ran\u2019dan endi\u015fesi oldu\u011fundan Tsisianov ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi kabul etmi\u015ftir. 14 May\u0131s 1805 tarihinde Gence\u2019de K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay\u2019\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda General Tsitsianov ile bir araya gelen \u0130brahim Halil Han, Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n Rus idaresine ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti. (29) Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi \u015eeki hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da Rus idaresini kabul etmek durumunda kald\u0131. Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanma konusunda imzalanan antla\u015fmalara g\u00f6re, hanl\u0131klar\u0131n her y\u0131l \u00c7ar hazinesine 7-8 bin Manat vermesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rus kuvvetleri taraf\u0131ndan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n korunmas\u0131 taahh\u00fct edilmi\u015f oldu. Di\u011fer taraftan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n dahili i\u015flerinde serbest olan hanlar, harici i\u015flerde ise Ruslara tabi olmay\u0131 taahh\u00fct ettiler. Bu s\u0131rada iki tarafl\u0131 bir politika takip eden Tiflis han\u0131 \u0130rakl\u0131 Han (30) ise, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir mektupta ba\u011fl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek; Rus ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 muhafaza edebilmek i\u00e7in bir destek sa\u011flayabilece\u011fini \u00fcmid ediyordu. (31)<\/p>\n

K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan sonra, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 Karaba\u011f\u2019da hakimiyetini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in H\u0131ristiyan unsurlar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle Ermenileri b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirme politikas\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015ftir. Nitekim, 1805 Y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra yap\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131-Rus, \u0130ran-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Anadolu\u2019dan ve \u0130ran\u2019dan Rus topraklar\u0131na ka\u00e7an veya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Ermenilerin b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Karaba\u011f\u2019a iskan edilmi\u015flerdir. (32) Nitekim, son y\u0131llarda g\u00fcndemde bulunan Azerbaycan ile Ermenistan aras\u0131ndaki Karaba\u011f meselesinin tarihi k\u00f6kenlerinde Ruslar\u0131n Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanla\u015ft\u0131rmak gayesiyle, b\u00f6lgeye d\u0131\u015fardan getirtti\u011fi Ermenilerin iskan\u0131 yatmaktad\u0131r.
\n Kafkaslarda Rus-\u0130ran \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Tutumu
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya tabi olmas\u0131ndan bir ay sonra \u0130ran kuvvetleri Karaba\u011f\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Lakin burada ve Gence\u2019de bir ba\u015far\u0131 kazanamay\u0131p Tiflis\u2019e y\u00f6neldiler. \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu s\u0131rada yol \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunan ve \u0130ran tabiiyetini ret eden Kazak toplulu\u011fu \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcler. \u0130ran \u015fehzadesi Abbas Mirza idaresindeki kuvvetler Kazaklar\u0131n h\u00fccumu \u00fczerine da\u011f\u0131l\u0131p geri \u00e7ekildi. (33)<\/p>\n

General Tsitsianov da bu s\u0131rada bir kuvvet haz\u0131rlayarak \u0130ran birliklerine kar\u015f\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7meyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyordu. Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan da s\u00fcvari deste\u011fini temin etmi\u015fti. \u0130ran\u2019la sava\u015fa giri\u015fmekle birlikte \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131 ayn\u0131 zamanda Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n di\u011fer hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 da kendine ba\u011flamak arzusunda idi. General Tsitsianov, ileri harekata ge\u00e7erek ilk elden \u015eemah\u0131, Bak\u00fc ve Kuba hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flamak fikrinde idi. Asl\u0131nda General Tsitsianov\u2019un bu s\u0131radaki amac\u0131 Karadeniz ile Hazar Denizi aras\u0131ndaki arazisi Rus idaresi alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirerek G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flamak \u015feklinde idi.<\/p>\n

\u015eemah\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyen Tsitsianov ile \u015eemah\u0131 han\u0131 Mustafa Han aras\u0131nda Karaba\u011f ve \u015eeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n imzalad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi bir antla\u015fma imzalanmas\u0131 g\u00fcndemde iken son anda Mustafa Han b\u00f6yle bir antla\u015fmay\u0131 imzalamaktan vaz ge\u00e7ti. Tsitsianov g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ordu ile \u015eemah\u0131\u2019ya y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fcnce Mustafa Han teslim olmak zorunda kald\u0131. Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131nda en geni\u015f s\u0131n\u0131rlara sahip olan \u015eemah\u0131 hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan hem ticari, hem de stratejik \u00f6nemi bulunuyordu. Tsitsianov oradan Bak\u00fc hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fc. Hazar Denizinde bulunan Rus donanmas\u0131 da Bak\u00fc \u00f6nlerine geldi. Rus donanmas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan topa tutulan Bak\u00fc \u015fehri zor durumda kald\u0131. Bak\u00fc han\u0131 H\u00fcseyinkulu Han teslim olmak i\u00e7in Tsitsianov\u2019la g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi kabul eder. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme s\u0131ras\u0131nda Tsitsianov \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bir rivayete g\u00f6re Tsitsianov, Bak\u00fc han\u0131 H\u00fcseyinkulu Han taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tsitsianov\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesi Rus kuvvetlerinin Bak\u00fc \u00f6nlerinden \u00e7ekilmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. (34)<\/p>\n

General Tsitsianov\u2019un \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesini f\u0131rsat bilen \u0130ran kuvvetleri de Karaba\u011f\u2019a yakla\u015f\u0131r ve \u015eu\u015fa kalesini ku\u015fat\u0131rlar. Karaba\u011f Han\u0131 \u0130brahim Halil Han da bu s\u0131rada ailesini al\u0131p \u015eu\u015fa yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Hankenti\u2019ne yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Onun buraya yerle\u015fmesinden \u015f\u00fcpheye d\u00fc\u015fen Rus kuvvetleri komutan\u0131 Binba\u015f\u0131 Lisanevi\u00e7ki bir gece bask\u0131n\u0131 ile \u0130brahim Halil han\u0131 be\u015fikteki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na var\u0131ncaya kadar vah\u015fice katlettirdi. (35)<\/p>\n

\u0130brahim Halil Han\u2019\u0131n yerine tesad\u00fcfen sa\u011f kurtulan Mehdi Kulu Han ge\u00e7ti. Bu olay b\u00f6lgeye yak\u0131n bulunan \u015eeki hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 halk\u0131n isyan etmesine neden oldu. \u015eeki han\u0131 bu olay \u00fczerine \u00e7abucak Rus kuvvetlerini arazisinden kovmu\u015ftur. Bir s\u00fcre sonra yeni takviye kuvvet alan Rus birlikleri tekrar ilerlemi\u015f; \u0130ran kuvvetlerini de geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrterek b\u00f6lgedeki otoritelerini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kabul ettirmi\u015flerdir. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra da 1806 y\u0131l\u0131 Ekim ay\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus kuvvetleri Bak\u00fc \u00f6nlerine gelerek kaleyi ku\u015fatma alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bak\u00fc kalesi 1807 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslara teslim olmu\u015ftu. Rusya 1809 y\u0131l\u0131nda da Tali\u015f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 himayesine ald\u0131. (36) Bu arada, Ruslar\u0131n idaresi alt\u0131ndaki yerlerde \u00e7\u0131kan isyanlar, onlar\u0131 endi\u015feye sevk etti\u011fi gibi b\u00f6lgedeki durumlar\u0131na yeniden \u00e7eki d\u00fczen vermelerini gerekli k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ruslar\u0131n Kafkaslara hakim olmak i\u00e7in ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 askeri ve siyasi faaliyetler devam ederken, bir taraftan Napolyon idaresindeki Fransa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya\u2019y\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Avrupa\u2019ya hakim olmak isteyen Napolyon, Rusya\u2019ya bir sefer de d\u00fczenlemek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinde idi. Nitekim 1806 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Rusya ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti yeni bir sava\u015fa giri\u015fti. Sava\u015f hem Balkanlar, hem de Kafkas cephelerinde cereyan etti.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019e a\u00e7\u0131lan Fa\u015f ve Anakara aras\u0131ndaki Kemhal Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan zapt edilmesi Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00f6lgedeki G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensliklerini yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 lojistik deste\u011fin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcndeme getirdi. Trabzon valisi \u015eerif Mustafa Pa\u015fa bir miktar askerle G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girmi\u015f, Rize Ayan\u0131 Tuzcuo\u011flu da kendi askeriyle Fa\u015f b\u00f6lgesine giderek Ruslar\u0131n geri \u00e7ekilmesini sa\u011flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Fakat bu s\u0131rada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin s\u0131n\u0131r boyu valileri aras\u0131ndaki anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar, cephede Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte olan ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 harekat\u0131 \u00f6nlemi\u015f; Ruslar tekrar Fa\u015f\u2019\u0131 geri alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (37)<\/p>\n

Nitekim, Fa\u015f\u2019\u0131n Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesi, Trabzon, Batum ve Sohum limanlar\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir donanma bulundurmas\u0131 gere\u011fini ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Anapa muhaf\u0131z\u0131 H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fan\u0131n gayretleri sonunda Da\u011f\u0131stan hanlar\u0131 Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00f6nlendirilmi\u015f; b\u00f6ylece Rus kuvvetlerinin b\u00f6lgede ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesi sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (38) Yakla\u015f\u0131k alt\u0131 y\u0131l s\u00fcren yorucu sava\u015flar Ruslar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ile sonu\u00e7lan\u0131nca, Kafkaslarda Rus hakimiyeti de per\u00e7inlenmi\u015f oldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan<\/p>\n

antla\u015fma ile Kafkaslarda zapt etti\u011fi yerlerin Rusya\u2019ya ait oldu\u011fu ilkesi kabul edildi. (39) B\u00f6ylece Ruslar, Abhazya b\u00f6lgesini b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kontrolleri alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f oldular. Poti ve Anapa kaleleri T\u00fcrklerin denetiminde kald\u0131. (40) Bu arada \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 Abbas Mirza, 1810 y\u0131l\u0131nda Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile birlikte bir ittifak kurmay\u0131 teklif etti. \u0130ran\u2019a giden Osmanl\u0131 el\u00e7isinin de gayretleri ile ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen ve Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 ortak hareket<\/p>\n

etmeyi ama\u00e7layan bu ittifak, s\u0131n\u0131r boyundaki \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 ordu komutanlar\u0131n\u0131n aras\u0131n\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile hedefine varamad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bunun \u00fczerine Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesindeki Abaza ve \u00c7erkes topluluklar\u0131 ile di\u011fer kabilelere lojistik destek sa\u011flayarak b\u00f6lgedeki etkinli\u011fini devam ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (41) Bu yard\u0131mlar sayesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkaslar\u0131n, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan kesiminde kalan Fa\u015f, Kemhal ve Sohum<\/p>\n

b\u00f6lgesindeki topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvenli\u011fini temin etmi\u015f oldu. 1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus askerlerinin tekrar ileri harekata ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte G\u00fcrc\u00fcler buna dayanamayarak isyan ettiler. G\u00fcrc\u00fc kraliyet ailesinden Prens Grigol, bir k\u0131s\u0131m halk\u0131 yan\u0131na toplayarak m\u00fccadeleye giri\u015fmi\u015fse de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Rus ordular\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pek ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ekim 1812\u2019de Rus ordular\u0131na yenilen G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda oldu\u011fu gibi, yer yer kilise papazlar\u0131n\u0131n etraf\u0131nda birle\u015ferek m\u00fccadelelerine devam etmi\u015flerdir. XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren G\u00fcrcistan ve Abhazya b\u00f6lgesinde \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n otoritesi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde hissedilir olmu\u015ftu. (42) \u00d6te yandan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile Rusya aras\u0131nda cereyan eden yeni bir sava\u015f b\u00f6lgedeki n\u00fcfuz m\u00fccadelesinde de hissedilir derecede etkili oldu. Nitekim, Ruslarla s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclen sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan 1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan B\u00fckre\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Ruslar, i\u015fgal ettikleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131ndan<\/p>\n

\u00e7ekilmeyi kabul ettiler. (43) Ancak Ruslar b\u00f6yle yapmakla Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile olan s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fmesini sona erdirmeyi, Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ve \u0130ran ile m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. (44)<\/p>\n

1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda Rus ordular\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da Fransa ile m\u00fccadele ederken \u0130ran kuvvetleri de Kafkaslardan kuzeye do\u011fru h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7ti. Fakat Lenkeran yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Asland\u00fcz Sava\u015f\u0131nda Rus kuvvetleri \u0130ran kuvvetlerini ma\u011flup etti. Tebriz\u2019e do\u011fru \u0130ran kuvvetleri takip edilince \u015eah, Rusya ile antla\u015fma imzalamay\u0131 kabul etti. 13 Ekim 1813 tarihinde Karaba\u011f\u2019\u0131n G\u00fclistan kentinde bar\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzaland\u0131. Bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re, Erivan ve Nah\u00e7ivan hanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan ba\u015fka Aras \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n kuzeyinde olan Azerbaycan arazisindeki b\u00fct\u00fcn hanl\u0131klar\u0131n (Gence, Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki, Lenkeran, \u015eemah\u0131, Bak\u00fc, Kuba, Derbent) Rusya\u2019ya ait oldu\u011fu kabul edildi. Yine bu antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Hazar Denizinde yaln\u0131z Rusya\u2019n\u0131n donanmas\u0131 bulunacak, \u0130ran\u2019da ticaret yapan Rus t\u00fcccarlar\u0131ndan g\u00fcmr\u00fck vergisi al\u0131nmayacakt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fclistan antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya hakim olmas\u0131 hususu kabul edilmi\u015f oluyordu. (45) Ruslar, G\u00fclistan antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Lenkeran hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kadar uzanan Hazar Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131; fakat, \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Akstafa vadileri ve Bor\u00e7al\u0131 nehirleri \u00fczerinden s\u00fcratle Tiflis\u2019e ve orta Kura vadisine kar\u015f\u0131 ilerleye bilecekleri Erivan ve Nah\u00e7ivan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduruyordu. Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinde \u00c7erkesya da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131 ile Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019\u0131n do\u011fusunda bulunan kabileler Rus idaresine al\u0131namad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kendi otoritelerini Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Da\u011f\u0131stan b\u00f6lgesi bu tarihten sonra devam edecek 50 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre zarf\u0131nda Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir askeri meselesi olarak kalacakt\u0131. (46)<\/p>\n

G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019daki hakimiyeti sona erdirmi\u015f; Da\u011f\u0131stan b\u00f6lgesinin Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan abluka alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rusya bu s\u0131rada Kafkas Ordular\u0131 komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na General Yermolof\u2019u getirerek, Kafkaslar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 almay\u0131 hedeflemi\u015fti. Yermolof\u2019un fikrine g\u00f6re bu s\u0131rada Kafkaslar\u0131n tamam\u0131 Ruslar\u0131n denetimine ge\u00e7meli idi. Bu hedefe ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in Yermolof b\u00f6lgede geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir harekata giri\u015fti. (47) Nitekim \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n, Rus idaresine boyun e\u011fmek istemeyen Kafkas topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irilmesi yolundaki direktifine Yermolof b\u00fcy\u00fck bir sadakat g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Yermolof sistemi diye an\u0131lan stratejiye g\u00f6re; Kafkasya\u2019da ba\u015fkald\u0131ranlara kar\u015f\u0131 en zalimce yollarla m\u00fccadele etmek ve yerli halk\u0131 da\u011flara s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmak, onlar\u0131 bereketli topraklardan uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmak, b\u00f6ylece silahl\u0131 m\u00fccadeleden vazge\u00e7irmek gerekiyordu. (48) Kafkaslarda Rus tazyik ve bask\u0131lar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a, buradaki topluluklar\u0131n da m\u00fccadeleci karakteri daha belirgin bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yordu. Kafkas topluluklar\u0131 Ruslara yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bask\u0131n tarz\u0131 taarruzlarla daha fazla ilerlemelerini engellemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (49) Fakat bu plans\u0131z yap\u0131lan ak\u0131nlar, Kafkaslara kesin olarak hakim olmak isteyen Ruslar\u0131n ilerleyi\u015fi biraz geciktirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131ndan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131na Ge\u00e7en S\u00fcrede <\/strong> Ruslar\u0131n Kafkas Siyaseti
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki hakimiyetini tan\u0131mak zorunda kalan \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu durumdan hi\u00e7 memnun kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130ran, bu s\u0131rada f\u0131rsat kollamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131; ayr\u0131ca Avrupa devletlerinden \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin de deste\u011fini sa\u011flayarak 1814 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir ittifak antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalad\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma ile \u0130ran ordusunun \u0130ngilizler taraf\u0131ndan yeniden d\u00fczenlenmesi kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ran ordusunu \u0131slah i\u00e7in \u0130ngiltere\u2019den subaylar g\u00f6nderildi. Ba\u015fta Tebriz olmak \u00fczere di\u011fer \u015fehirlerde yeni sisteme g\u00f6re ordunun te\u015fkiline ba\u015fland\u0131. \u015eah h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ordunun modernizasyonunu tamamlad\u0131ktan sonra, G\u00fclistan antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 yeniden g\u00fcndeme getirerek Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ile bu konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yapmay\u0131 teklif etti. Fakat bu tekliflerden bir sonu\u00e7 \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131. \u015eah h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ni de Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 sevk etmek, giri\u015fimlerde bulundu. \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131, kendine s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan Azerbaycan hanlar\u0131n\u0131 da yan\u0131na alarak t\u00fcm Azerbaycan ahalisini Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131rmak amac\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00fcd\u00fcyordu. (50)<\/p>\n

1826 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Petersburg\u2019da bir isyan \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f; \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu isyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn Rusya\u2019y\u0131 kaplayaca\u011f\u0131 bilgisini ald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 tekrar geri almak i\u00e7in harekete ge\u00e7ti. \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 harekete ge\u00e7iren nedenlerden birisi de \u00c7ar I. Aleksandr\u2019\u0131n Aral\u0131k 1825 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc idi. (51) \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 Abbas Mirza G\u00fclistan antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bozarak, 16 Temmuz 1826 tarihinde ordusuyla Kuzey Azerbaycan arazisine girerek 60 mil kadar ilerledi. Bu arada Karaba\u011f ve Lenkeran ahalisi de Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etti. K\u0131sa bir zaman sonra Rusya da b\u00f6lgeye asker sevk edince sava\u015f ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131 eskiden oldu\u011fu gibi, ilk \u00f6nce Karaba\u011f\u2019a sald\u0131rd\u0131. \u015eah\u2019\u0131n kuvvetleri 48 g\u00fcn kadar \u015eu\u015fa kalesini ku\u015fatt\u0131larsa da Rus kuvvetleriyle birlikte kale halk\u0131n\u0131n gayretleri sonunda geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131. (52) Bu s\u0131rada bir k\u0131s\u0131m \u0130ran kuvvetleri Lenkeran ve Salyan\u2019\u0131 al\u0131p halk\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 esir ettiler. Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya inmesinden sonra \u0130ran\u2019a s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan ve bu seferde \u015eah kuvvetleri yan\u0131nda harekata kat\u0131lan Gence, \u015eemah\u0131, \u015eeki ve di\u011fer hanl\u0131klar\u0131n eski hanlar\u0131 kendi \u015fehirlerini ele ge\u00e7irebilmek i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgedeki ahaliye ac\u0131mas\u0131zca sald\u0131r\u0131larda bulundular. Bu sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015eirvan eyaletinin tamam\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011fmaland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemin kaynaklar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan belirtilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Rus-\u0130ran sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan bir s\u00fcre sonra Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lgeye g\u00f6nderilen taze kuvvetler sava\u015f\u0131n kaderini de de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1826 y\u0131l\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl ba\u015flar\u0131nda b\u00f6lgeye gelen yeni kuvvetler, Ruslar\u0131n yeniden h\u00fccuma ge\u00e7mesine imkan vermi\u015ftir. \u015eemkir yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelen Rus ve \u0130ran kuvvetleri son derece \u00e7etin bir m\u00fccadele yapm\u0131\u015flar; \u0130ran kuvvetleri yenilmi\u015f ve geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rus kuvvetlerinin h\u00fccumu Abbas Mirza\u2019n\u0131n ku\u015fatma alt\u0131nda tuttu\u011fu \u015eu\u015fa kalesinden \u00e7ekilmesine ve \u015eemkir taraf\u0131na do\u011fru hareket etmesine sebep olmu\u015ftur. Abbas Mirza kuvvetleri ile Rus kuvvetleri Gence yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya gelmi\u015fler; yap\u0131lan sava\u015fta Rus kuvvetleri \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonra \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir daha G\u00fcney Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesine harekatta bulunmamak \u00fczere geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede, Revan ve Nah\u00e7ivan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 da Rus egemenli\u011fine girmi\u015f oldu. \u00d6te yandan G\u00fcrcistan ve A\u00e7\u0131kba\u015f hakimi olan Vahtik Han 1243\/1827-1828 tarihinde g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi bir mektupta Rus ordusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn \u0130ran ile muharebede bulundu\u011fundan, \u015fimdiki durumda \u00fclkesinde pek Rus askeri kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirterek, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a askeri yard\u0131mda bulunulmas\u0131n\u0131 teklif ediyor; \u015fayet bu yard\u0131m yap\u0131l\u0131rsa Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin sad\u0131k bir bendesi olarak kalaca\u011f\u0131na s\u00f6z veriyordu. Vahtik Han, mektubunda ayr\u0131ca, halk\u0131n\u0131n da Osmanl\u0131 hakimiyetinden yana oldu\u011funu belirtiyordu. (53) Bu t\u00fcr istekler zaman zaman Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerini umutland\u0131rm\u0131\u015fsa da, b\u00f6lgedeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n zaman zaman Rusya ve \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n otoritesine meyl etmelerinden dolay\u0131 -\u015fimdilik- tedbirli bir politika izlemesini gerekli k\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00d6te yandan Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinin ehemmiyetinden dolay\u0131 da b\u00f6lgenin tamamen Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ilgi alan\u0131n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131 da uygun g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fcyordu. Nitekim II. Mahmut\u2019a hitaben yaz\u0131lan bir mektupta (R.1243\/1827-1828) G\u00fcrcistan b\u00f6lgesindeki Acaral\u0131lar\u0131n desteklenmesi gerekti\u011fi hat\u0131rlat\u0131larak, b\u00f6lgenin b\u00fcsb\u00fct\u00fcn Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n da ho\u015f olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ifade ediliyordu. Padi\u015fah bu s\u0131rada G\u00fcril han\u0131 David Han\u2019a alt\u0131n kabzal\u0131 bir k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 hediye edilerek, isteklerinin dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 ve uygun bir emir g\u00f6nderilmesini de istemekte idi. (54) Nitekim, II. Mahmut\u2019un bu istekleri yerine getirilmi\u015f; David Han\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmak \u00fczere g\u00f6nderilen 1.000 t\u00fcfek ve 500 adet k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Trabzon vilayetinde saklanmak \u00fczere depolanm\u0131\u015f; vakti geldi\u011finde bunun G\u00fcrc\u00fclere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 Trabzon vilayetinden 8 Ekim 1828 tarihinde g\u00f6nderilen yaz\u0131da belirtilmi\u015ftir. (55) II. Muhmut\u2019un Kafkaslarda muhtemel bir Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00c7abalar (56), asl\u0131nda ince d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f bir politikan\u0131n sonucu idi.<\/p>\n

1827 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda General Paskevich idaresindeki Rus ordusu s\u00fcratli bir \u015fekilde ilerleyerek G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da kontrol\u00fc sa\u011flad\u0131. Haziran ay\u0131nda Ruslar Erivan\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131. Rus kuvvetleri oradan da Ermenilerin kutsal \u015fehri E\u00e7miyazin\u2019i ile ge\u00e7irdi. (57) Osmanl\u0131 Devleti bu kilisenin ruhani reislerinin belirlenmesi hakk\u0131n\u0131 Kanuni d\u00f6neminden bu yana elinde bulundurmakta iken bu olayla birlikte yitirmi\u015f oldu. Bundan b\u00f6yle Ruslar, E\u00e7miyazin Kilisesi vas\u0131tas\u0131 ile Ermenileri kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 do\u011frultusunda kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1827 y\u0131l\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Rus kuvvetleri G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019a ge\u00e7ip \u0130ran topraklar\u0131na girdiler. (58) Rus kuvvetleri Hoy ve Tebriz \u00f6nlerine geldiler. Rus kuvvetlerinin b\u00f6lgeye geli\u015fi halk taraf\u0131ndan \u0130ran bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulu\u015f olarak yorumland\u0131. Gerekli yard\u0131mlar da yap\u0131ld\u0131. Rus kuvvetleri Tebriz yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda halk ve Mir Fettah taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131. Mir Fettah, iktidarda bulunan Ka\u00e7ar hanedan\u0131n\u0131n bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulmak amac\u0131yla halk\u0131 Rus ordusunun yan\u0131na \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rd\u0131. 12 bin ki\u015filik bir kuvvetle Mir Fettah, Rus birliklerine kat\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n

15 Ekim 1827\u2019de Rus birlikleri Tebriz\u2019e girdi. Bu s\u0131rada \u0130ran taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan sulh g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri bir sonu\u00e7 vermedi. \u00d6te yandan b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131n deste\u011fini sa\u011flayan Rus kuvvetleri k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede Urmiye ve Erdebil\u2019e ula\u015ft\u0131. Tahran yolu Ruslar\u2019a a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. \u0130ran \u015fah\u0131, Rus ordusu kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha fazla tutunamayarak anla\u015fma yapmak mecburiyetinde kald\u0131. \u0130ran ile Rusya aras\u0131nda 10 \u015eubat 1828 tarihinde (59) T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 imzaland\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay antla\u015fmas\u0131na Rus yazarlar\u0131ndan A. S. Griboyedov ile Azerbaycanl\u0131 tarih\u00e7i A. A. Bak\u00fchanov da i\u015ftirak etmi\u015flerdir. Yap\u0131lan antla\u015fmaya g\u00f6re Rus kuvvetleri G\u00fcney Azerbaycan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilecek; Erivan ve Nah\u00e7ivan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacak; \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kuzey Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 kabul edecekti. Yine bu antla\u015fma ile G\u00fclistan Antla\u015fmas\u0131nda Rus t\u00fcccarlar\u0131na tan\u0131nan haklar, Hazar Denizi\u2019nde sadece Rus donanmas\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 hususlar\u0131 tekrar kabul edildi. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay antla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya ayr\u0131ca, 30 milyon Ruble harp tazminat\u0131 vermeyi kabul ediyordu. Bir di\u011fer antla\u015fma maddesine g\u00f6re de, \u0130ran, tazminat\u0131 \u00f6deyene kadar Rus kuvvetleri G\u00fcney Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde bulunacakt\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca, Rusya\u2019ya gitmek isteyen Ermenilere izin verecekti. (60) General Paskevi\u00e7, Ermenilerin g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesi hususunda Albay Lazarev\u2019i g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir. Ruslar, Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 Lazarev\u2019i kullanarak \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131 arazisindeki Ermenilerin tampon b\u00f6lge olarak olu\u015fturmay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri co\u011frafyaya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirme i\u015fini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmak istiyorlard\u0131. Nitekim, Lazarev, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn organize edilmesinde Ermeni ruhban kesiminden b\u00fcy\u00fck destek bulmu\u015ftu. Ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 bu g\u00f6\u00e7 olay\u0131na kutsal bir hava da vermi\u015ftir. (61)<\/p>\n

Rusya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda imzalanan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Ruslar, G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki hakimiyetlerini takviye etmi\u015f oldular. Nitekim 1722 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri siyasi ve askeri stratejilerini Kafkaslar\u0131n g\u00fcneyine inerek b\u00f6lgenin stratejik noktalar\u0131n\u0131 ve hammadde kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek s\u0131cak denizlere ula\u015fma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesini safha safha uygulamaya koyan Ruslar, y\u00fcz y\u0131ll\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde hedeflerinin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f oluyorlard\u0131. Ruslar her ne kadar 1828 tarihinde Aras nehrine kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flarsa da Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek b\u00f6lgelerinde otoritelerini tam olarak sa\u011flayamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kafkas da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131 daha uzun y\u0131llar Rusya\u2019y\u0131 b\u00f6lgede u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131racaklard\u0131. Bu antla\u015fma Kafkaslar da\u011flar\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile olan direkt temas\u0131n\u0131 da koparm\u0131\u015f oldu. \u0130ran yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak iki bin sene boyunca siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel bak\u0131mlardan Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 daima etkisi alt\u0131nda bulundurmu\u015ftu. Bundan sonra Kafkasya\u2019daki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar yard\u0131m i\u00e7in yaln\u0131z T\u00fcrklere ba\u015fvurmak durumunda kalacaklard\u0131. (62) Fakat, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131ndan itibaren Kafkas da\u011fl\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yard\u0131m isteklerine Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan pek de yerine getirilemeyecek; b\u00f6lgede Rus bask\u0131s\u0131ndan bunalan topluluklar kurtulu\u015fu Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7mekte bulacaklard\u0131. Nitekim, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren pek \u00e7ok Kafkasl\u0131 topluluk Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f; Osmanl\u0131 padi\u015fahlar\u0131 da Kafkas k\u0131zlar\u0131yla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 evliliklerle han\u0131mlar\u0131 yoluyla akraba olduklar\u0131 bu topluluklar\u0131 imparatorlu\u011fun ba\u015fkentine yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirmi\u015fler; \u00f6nemli mevki ve makamlara getirmi\u015flerdi. Bu arada belirtmek gerekirse, 1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra, Ruslar\u0131n i\u015fgal etti\u011fi Do\u011fu Anadolu b\u00f6lgesindeki Ermeni halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc (100 bin civar\u0131nda) Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirildi. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc ba\u015fkent Erivan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere \u0130ran ve T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen Ermenilerle Rusya taraf\u0131ndan tampon bir Ermenistan olu\u015fturulmu\u015f oldu. Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen bu reaya, daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devletine y\u00f6nelik olarak yap\u0131lacak sava\u015flarda \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 olarak kullan\u0131lacakt\u0131. (63) Nitekim, bu Ermeni n\u00fcfusunun Rusya denetiminde bulunan b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirilmesinde E\u00e7miyazin Katogigoslu\u011fu\u2019nun da \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc olmu\u015f (64), E\u00e7miyazin Katogigoslu\u011fu her zaman Rusya\u2019dan yana bir tav\u0131r sergileyerek b\u00f6lgedeki Rus n\u00fcfuzunun artmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. (65)
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7<\/strong><\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmesi ile, XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren b\u00f6lgedeki insanlar h\u0131zl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Nitekim, bu y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren yap\u0131lacak olan her T\u00fcrk-Rus sava\u015f\u0131, Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019daki Ermenilerin Rusya\u2019n\u0131n te\u015fviki ile Kafkaslar\u0131n i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeleriyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ruslar, bu seferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik iskan politikas\u0131n\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck bir incelikle uygulam\u0131\u015flar; Kafkas k\u00f6kenli generaller sayesinde (Tsitsianov gibi) hakimiyetlerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmi\u015fler; di\u011fer taraftan da Kafkaslar\u0131n kozmopolit yap\u0131s\u0131na uygun tarzda yerle\u015fimlerin olu\u015fumuna \u00f6nem vermi\u015flerdir. \u00d6zellikle Karaba\u011f \u00f6rne\u011fi bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc en iyi bi\u00e7imde do\u011frulayan konuma sahiptir. (66) XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Ermeniler, Erivan\u2019dan sonra h\u0131zla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen Tiflis ve Bak\u00fc\u2019de de \u00f6nemli bir n\u00fcfusa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (67) Ermenilerin b\u00f6lgede etkinliklerinin artmas\u0131nda Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ise i\u00e7 sorunlarla u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan S\u0131rp ve Yunan isyanlar\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r sorunu nedeniyle Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesine yeterince \u00f6nem verememi\u015f, b\u00f6lge ile gerekti\u011fi \u015fekilde ilgilenememi\u015f, Kafkasya\u2019daki k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck hanl\u0131klar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r valileri yoluyla kendi yan\u0131na \u00e7ekmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, hanl\u0131klara Ruslarla yapt\u0131klar\u0131 m\u00fccadelelerde zaman zaman lojistik destek yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmu\u015f; fakat bu yard\u0131mlar son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten b\u00f6lgedeki hanl\u0131klar\u0131n da g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olan\u0131n yan\u0131nda yer almaya meyilli olduklar\u0131 bilgilerinin de s\u0131n\u0131r boyu valilerinden gelmesi \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki etkinli\u011fi pamuk ipli\u011fine ba\u011fl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Kafkasya\u2019ya \u00f6zel bir \u00f6nem vermesi ise K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n elden \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 olay\u0131ndan sonrad\u0131r. Ruslar\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye geli\u015fi \u00fczerine, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin, Kafkasl\u0131 topluluklar\u0131 Rusya ve \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 te\u015fvik ederken, gerekli yard\u0131mlarda bulunmay\u0131\u015f\u0131 o topluluklar\u0131n kendisine olan\u00a0 \u00f6zg\u00fcvenlerinin de sars\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir \u015fekilde belirtmek gerekirse, Rus bask\u0131s\u0131 nedeniyle Kafkasya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik g\u00f6\u00e7ler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti b\u00f6lgeyle olan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 devam ettirmi\u015ftir. (68)<\/p>\n

XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ortado\u011fu ve Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinde etkinli\u011fini art\u0131rmak isteyen Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerinden \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa ise \u0130ran\u2019\u0131 kendi ama\u00e7lar\u0131 etraf\u0131ndan kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ruslar\u0131n, Kafkaslar\u0131n g\u00fcneye inmelerini engellemek isteyen \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa, \u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131na az da olsa askeri yard\u0131mlarda bulunmu\u015f; Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Avrupa cephesinden Ruslar\u0131 uzakla\u015ft\u0131rarak bir yerde \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere ve Fransa\u2019n\u0131n XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Rus tehdidi ve<\/p>\n

yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek amac\u0131yla \u0130ran\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 politika, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131nda Almanlar taraf\u0131ndan T\u00fcrklere y\u00f6nelik olarak uygulamaya konulacak politikayla b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir.<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7 olarak belirtmek gerekirse, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da kabul ettirmi\u015f oldu. T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ise, bu varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 per\u00e7inleyen en \u00f6nemli mukavele olmu\u015ftur. Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n sonunda imzalanan 14 Eyl\u00fcl 1829 tarihli Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan, Rusya ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda imzalanan T\u00fcrkmen\u00e7ay bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler de kabul edilmi\u015f oldu. (69) B\u00f6ylece Kafkasya, Rus siyasi ve askeri hakimiyetinin bat\u0131da Anadolu \u00fczerinden Akdeniz\u2019e, g\u00fcneyde \u0130ran \u00fczerinden Hint Okyanusuna ve do\u011fuda Hazar Denizi \u00fczerinden Asya\u2019n\u0131n kalbine \u00e7evrildi\u011fi bir \u00fcs haline gelmi\u015ftir. \u00d6te yandan, Rus i\u015fgaliyle birlikte G\u00fcney Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrklerle birlikte di\u011fer M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar, her t\u00fcrl\u00fc politik, sosyal, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve ekonomik haklardan mahrum edilmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015f; G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermenilere ise fazla dokunulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (70).<\/p>\n

Rusya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya hakimiyeti bir s\u00fcre sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile yap\u0131lan 1829 Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile de tekrar g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f ve b\u00f6lgedeki Rus hakimiyeti, \u00f6teden beri Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinde etkin bir g\u00fc\u00e7 konumunda bulunan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti taraf\u0131ndan da kabul edilmi\u015f oldu. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ise bu tarihten y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcrede Kafkasya\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menlere her zaman kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rakarak b\u00f6lgeyle olan ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7menleri kabul eden \u00fclke rol\u00fcn\u00fc \u00fcstlenerek devam ettirmi\u015ftir. Kafkasya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden aileler ise genellikler ba\u015fkentin civar\u0131ndaki vilayetlere yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdi. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Kafkaslar b\u00f6lgesinde uzun y\u0131llar s\u00fcrecek olan savunma ve geri \u00e7ekilme d\u00f6neminden sonra, ancak Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Kafkasya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik askeri bir harek\u00e2ta giri\u015fecekti. Her ne kadar, zamanlama hatas\u0131, lojistik destek yetersizlikleri ve di\u011fer eksiklikler olsa da, bu te\u015febb\u00fcste b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flayarak k\u0131sa s\u00fcreli de olsa G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da geli\u015fmeleri kendi lehine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmeyi ba\u015faracakt\u0131.<\/p>\n

EKLER<\/strong><\/p>\n

EK-1) <\/strong> \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Valisi\u2019nin Kafkaslardaki geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda 23 Temmuz 1800 tarihinde devlet merkezine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi rapor. (\u0130ran \u015fahl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kafkaslardaki Azerbaycan ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc hanl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00fczerinde n\u00fcfuz m\u00fccadelesini art\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilmektedir.)<\/p>\n

BOA. HH. nr: 6721-F<\/strong><\/p>\n

Saadetl\u00fc, devletl\u00fc, m\u00fcr\u00fcvvetl\u00fc, atufetl\u00fc, re\u2019fetl\u00fc, daver-i val\u00e2\u015fan\u0131m sultan\u0131m, a\u011fay\u0131 celil\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015fan hazretleri, Canib-i \u0130ran\u2019da serzede-i saha-i zuhur olan keyfiyat bundan \u00e7end r\u00fbz mukaddem hak-pay-\u0131 kaimmakam-\u0131 \u00e2li makam-\u0131 rikab-\u0131 h\u00fcmayuna ve cenab-\u0131 m\u00fcr\u00fcvvetnisablar\u0131na tatar\u0131m\u0131z kullar\u0131yla arz olundu\u011fu \u00fczre yine keyfiyet canib-i mezk\u00fbre asl \u00fc esas\u0131yla istiknah ve tecess\u00fcs daiyesiyle bir\u00fbn agavat\u0131m\u0131zdan emin-i \u015fairimiz bendeleri Karaba\u011f ve Tebriz canibine irsal ve Devlet-i Aliyye daim\u00fc\u2019l-karar ile Devlet-i \u0130ran beyninde m\u00fcn\u2019akid olan esas sulh \u00fc salah\u0131n esbab-\u0131 resaneti ale\u2019d-devam matlub-\u0131 kat\u2019iyye-i \u015fahane idig\u00fcnden bahisle Tebriz\u2019e v\u00fcrud eden \u015eehzade Abbas Mirza ve S\u00fcleyman serdar\u0131n sefa-\u00e2medi civariyeti havi ve evan-\u0131 mezkurede canib-i ordu-yu h\u00fcmayundan \u015feref-ara-y\u0131 v\u00fcrud olan be\u015faret-i feth-i Kahire-yi mutazamm\u0131n emr-i celil\u00fc\u2019\u015f-\u015fan\u0131m teb\u015firini muhtevi mek\u00e2tib-i dostane-i halisanemiz tesyir olunmu\u015f idi. Merkum bendeleri Abbas Mirza ve S\u00fcleyman serdar\u0131yla Tebriz\u2019de m\u00fclakat ve mek\u00e2tib-i halisanemizi isal eyledi\u011finde bais-i in\u015firah ve huzuz-\u0131 derunlar\u0131 oldu\u011fundan nezdinde meks ve 69 BOA., Name-i H\u00fcmayun Defteri<\/em>, nr: 10, s. 409-414. 70 Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermenilere fazla dokunmamas\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda, Rus ordusunda bulunan bu milletlere ait generallerin olmas\u0131d\u0131r. Ermeni as\u0131ll\u0131 Lazarev, G\u00fcrc\u00fc Tsitsianov gibi pek \u00e7ok Kafkasl\u0131 hristiyan toplumlara mensup subay Rus ordusunda g\u00f6rev yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Mumaileyhimaya olan mek\u00e2tibimizi der-akab \u015fahlar\u0131 rikab\u0131na irsal ve takdim ve haber-izuhuruna nazaran ademimizi nezdinde meks ve \u015fah\u0131n bir k\u0131t\u2019a namesiyle H\u00fcseyin Beynam\u0131nda bir sefiri mahall-i mezkura zuhur etmek hasebiyle name-i \u015fahi vemumaileyhiman\u0131n nameleriyle ve sair v\u00fckelas\u0131n\u0131n ve \u015eu\u015fi ve Gence hanlar\u0131n\u0131n ve sairhan\u00e2n-\u0131 Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131n mek\u00e2tibiyle mumaileyhe terfikan mezkur H\u00fcseyin Bey ve asl-\u0131nezd-i hul\u00fbs-veri olmagla \u015fahl\u0131k namesi ve Abbas Mirza ve S\u00fcleyman serdar\u0131nmektuplar\u0131 ayniyle kaimmakam-\u0131 \u00e2li makam-\u0131 rik\u00e2b-\u0131 h\u00fcmayuna takdim olunmak i\u00e7\u00fcnKap\u0131 Keth\u00fcdam\u0131z saadetl\u00fc a\u011fa-y\u0131 semak\u00e2rlar\u0131na irsal olunmagla isticlab-\u0131 hadisat-\u0131cevanibe muvaffak oldu\u011fumuz mecd ve hidemat-\u0131 Devlet-i Aliyye\u2019de s\u0131dk-\u0131taviyyetimizden iktiza etmi\u015f id\u00fc\u011f\u00fc mutekad ve meczum-\u0131 halisanem olup \u015fah\u0131n Kabil veKandehar\u2019a dahi malik oldu\u011fu ve Farzendin\u2019i otuz bin asakir ile G\u00fcrcistan ve \u015eirvan veDa\u011f\u0131stan nizam\u0131na memur k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve devleteyn beyninde cay-gir-i istihkam olanb\u00fcnyan-\u0131 muvalat\u0131n te\u015fyid-i lazime-i zimmet sal\u00e2h-endi\u015f-i canibeyn id\u00fc\u011f\u00fc namelerindenm\u00fcsteban ve \u015fair eminimiz bendelerinin takrir eyledi\u011fi ihbar-\u0131 \u015fehzade Abbas Mirza veS\u00fcleyman serdar maiyyetlerinde olan asakir-i salif\u00fc\u2019l-beyan\u0131yla Mak\u00fb \u00fczerine gelipCafer Kulu Han\u2019\u0131 be\u015f on g\u00fcn mahsur ve ba\u2019dehu Cafer Kulu Han\u2019\u0131n k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 \u015fahzadekend\u00fcye tezvic edip beyinleri musalaha ve han-\u0131 mumaileyhi kemag\u00e2n Hoy hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ylaBekam ve Revan \u00fczerine hareket ettiklerinden na\u015fi Revan\u2019\u0131n il ve ahalisinin ekseriArpa\u00e7ay ve Kars hududu olan Alaca nam mahalle g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcp firar ve Revan han\u0131n\u0131n\u015fahzadeye ve serdar-\u0131 mumaileyhe ba-hedaya giden sefirinin avdet ve haberine nazaranRevan han\u0131 ve ahalisi ikamet \u00fczre olduklar\u0131 ve niyaz eyledikleri am\u00e2nlar\u0131 kabulolmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n haberi zuhur eyledi\u011fi surette herbiri bir canibe firar etmek kayd\u0131ndaolduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve el-halet\u00fc-hazihi \u015fahzade ve serdar-\u0131 mumaileyhin maiyyetinde otuz binasakir mevcud id\u00fc\u011f\u00fc beynlerinde \u015f\u00f6hret-y\u00e2b ise de hakikati elyevm yirmi bin miktar\u0131asakir ancak mevcut olup mugayeretinde olan hanihi ibtida-i esalib ile telif kayd\u0131ndaolduklar\u0131 ve sarahaten isyanlar\u0131n\u0131 anlamad\u0131k\u00e7a pe\u015fin k\u00fclliyetli asakir ile Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131tazyikten tehazzur olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve etrafta m\u00fcrettep asakir-i sairesini canib-i vahiddenkemal-i mugayeret vuku\u2019una m\u00fcterabbisen yer-be-yer h\u0131fz eylediklerini ve Revan\u2019\u0131 birsurete rabt ettikten sonra G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n tedbirine \u015f\u00fcru\u2019 edeceklerini ve Tiflis han\u0131n\u0131nbiraderi Aleksandr\u2019a dahi mumaileyhimay\u0131 esna-y\u0131 rahda istikbal edip islam\u0131 kabuletmek \u015fart\u0131yla Tiflis hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iltimas ve c\u00fcz\u2019i asakir ile G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 teshir edece\u011finitaahh\u00fcd ve iltizam ve el-halet\u00fc-hazihi mersum ve nezd-i mumaileyhimada oldu\u011fu vesair hadisat-\u0131 salif\u00fclbeyan\u0131n vech-i m\u00fccerred \u00fczre oldu\u011funu s\u0131rrane istiknah ve tahkikeyledi\u011fini sahihen takrir etmekle el-halet\u00fc-hazihi canib-i mezkurenin keyfiyeti bu suret\u00fczre olup bundan b\u00f6yle dahi her ne hey\u2019et kesb eder ise tashih-gerde-i halisanem oldu\u011fuvechile arz ve ifade olunaca\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015fbu hususat bir k\u0131t\u2019a ariza-i bendeganem ile hak-pay-\u0131veliyy\u00fc\u2019n-ni\u2019amiye arz \u00fc takdim k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 inba ve tab-\u0131 me\u2019ali-nihadlar\u0131n\u0131 istiksas\u0131yak\u0131nda hakime-i hul\u00fbs-\u00e2l\u00e2me tahririne ibtidar ve tatar hazret-i kaimmakam\u0131 ilefiristade-i nadi-i m\u00fcr\u00fcvvet mesirleri k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130n\u015faallahu Te\u00e2l\u00e2 leda-es\u2019ad\u00fc\u2019l-v\u00fcsulmalum-\u0131 m\u00fcr\u00fcvvet-meczumlar\u0131 buyruldukta canib-i mahlas-\u0131 la-rabylerin fuad-\u0131mekarim nihadlar\u0131ndan d\u00fbr u ib\u2019ad buyurmalar\u0131 me\u2019mul-\u0131 halisanemizdir.Fi Gurre-i Rebi\u00fc\u2019l-evvel 215\/(23Temmuz 1800)<\/p>\n

M\u00fch\u00fcrMehmet Sabit
\n(\u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Valisi)<\/p>\n

EK-2) <\/strong> Sohum Muhaf\u0131z\u0131 Kele\u015f Ahmet taraf\u0131ndan devlet merkezine yaz\u0131lan 5 Cemaziyelevvel 1218\/23 A\u011fustos 1803 tarihli tezkire.<\/p>\n

BOA. Hariciye nr: 4193<\/strong><\/p>\n

Devletl\u00fc, inayetl\u00fc, merhametl\u00fc, at\u00fbfetl\u00fc, veliyy\u00fc\u2019n-ni\u2019am menba\u2019ul-c\u00fbd ve\u2019l-kerem efendim, sultan\u0131m hazretleri, Devlet-i ikbal-i ebedi ve mecd-\u00fc icl\u00e2l-i sermedi ile sa\u011f olsun. Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 beravende-i makas\u0131d-\u0131 k\u00e2inat celle \u015fan\u00fch\u00fb hazretleri, m\u00fcbarek v\u00fccud-\u0131 \u015feriflerin ekdar-\u0131 kevniyyeden mas\u00fbn vee mahf\u00fbz eyley\u00fcp s\u00e2ye-i inayet-nemvaye-i m\u00fcr\u00fcvvetlerin fur\u00fbk-\u0131 \u00e7\u00e2keranemde benabet-n\u00fcm\u00fbn eyleye, Amin. Bi-h\u00fcrmeti T\u00e2h\u00e2 ve Y\u00e2sin. Efendim, bu def\u2019a Tiflis han\u0131 o\u011fullar\u0131ndan v\u00fcrud eden mektuplar\u0131n\u0131 ademimiz Hasan Efendi kullar\u0131yla h\u00e2k-p\u00e2y-\u0131 veliyy\u00fc\u2019n-ni\u2019amanelerine g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir ki, Rusya mel\u2019unun bu havalide ne g\u00fbne hareketleri oldu\u011fu efendimizin mal\u00fbm-\u0131 devletleri buyurula. Zira, bu senelerde Tiflis hanlar\u0131 memleketlerini bi\u2019l-k\u00fclliye zabp ed\u00fcp ve Kabartay\u2019\u0131n i\u00e7ine bu senede m\u00fcceddeden bir kale ihdas eyledikte, ahali-yi Kabartay c\u00fcmlesi da\u011flara \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. Encam\u0131 bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc mukavemet edemeyip teslim olurlar; veyahut, hicret ed\u00fcp memleketlerimize gelirler ise halimiz neye m\u00fcncer olur? Tiflis hanlar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 zayi ed\u00fcp ve baz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kayd \u00fc bend edip i\u00e7eriye g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Ve A\u00e7\u0131kba\u015f hanlar\u0131 dahi Kutayis ve \u015eurban ve Ba\u011fdat\u00e7\u0131k kal\u2019alar\u0131n\u0131 matlup etmededir ve A\u00e7\u0131kba\u015f-\u0131 mel\u2019un dahi Dadyan\u2019\u0131n memleketini zabt etmek kayd\u0131nda idi. Bendeniz tesah\u00fcp edip zapt ettirmedik.<\/p>\n

Ancak, han ve Dadyan ittifak etseler dahi Rusya-y\u0131 mel\u2019un ile mukavemet edemezler. El-iyazen-bill\u00e2hi Te\u2019ala anlar\u0131 dahi zapt eder ise ba\u2019dehu Ah\u0131sha ve Batum ve Sohum \u00fczerlerine \u00fc\u00e7 koldan h\u00fccum edece\u011fi z\u00e2hirdir. Devlet-i Aliyye ile bar\u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131m diyerek her meram\u0131n\u0131 ve her hilesini bi\u2019t-tamam r\u00fc\u2019yet edip ve kenar yerlerini muhkemleyip ba\u2019dehu bu havalilere h\u00fccum eyledikte mukavemet eden kim ola ne g\u00fbne olacakt\u0131r deyu leyl \u00fc nehar fikr \u00fc endi\u015fede havf ve ha\u015fyette kalm\u0131\u015f\u0131zd\u0131r. Rusya-y\u0131 mel\u2019unun bu havalilere hareketlerini \u00e7end defa Devlet-i Aliyye ebediyy\u00fcl karara arz \u00fc il\u00e2m edip ve muhafazas\u0131na memur oldu\u011fum kal\u2019a-i Sohum\u2019un iktiza eden m\u00fchimmat ve edev\u00e2t-\u0131 muharebe ve zahire niyaz olunmu\u015f idi. Bir eser-i zuhur etmedi. Hin-i iktizada mesafe-i baidede bulundu\u011fumuz hasebiyle Der-Aliyye\u2019ye halimizi ifade edip malzemelerimiz ne vakitte ula\u015f\u0131r. Rusya-y\u0131 mel\u2019un ise gerek Kabartay taraf\u0131 ve gerek G\u00fcrcistan taraf\u0131 iki\u015fer \u00fc\u00e7er konak karib mesafemizdedir. Efendim, Tiflis han-o\u011fullar\u0131 taraf-\u0131 bendelerine tahrir ve niyaz eylediler ki, Sohum\u2019a gelelim bizim ahval-i peri\u015fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 Devlet-i Aliyyeye arz eyle dey\u00fc, ancak anlar\u0131 efendimize mi g\u00f6nderelim, ne cevap edelim? Emriniz ne g\u00fbne ise, taraf-\u0131 kullar\u0131na i\u015f\u2019ar buyrulup bu maddeleri ve bu havaliler keyfiyetlerini m\u00fcnasip \u00fczre Devlet-i Aliye-i ebediyy\u00fc\u2019l-karara tahririyle muhaf\u0131z oldu\u011fum kal\u2019a-i merkumenin malzemesini vaktiyle acileten ula\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131 hasbeten lillahi teala himem-i \u00e2s\u00e2faneleri mebzul buyrulmas\u0131 niyaz\u0131yla arz-\u0131 hal-i rakiyyet-mealim tahririne ictisar k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Olbabda emr \u00fc ferman l\u00fctf u ihsan devletl\u00fc, inayetl\u00fc, merhametl\u00fc, atufetl\u00fc, veliyy\u00fc\u2019nniam menba\u2019\u00fcl-c\u00fbd ve\u2019l-kerem efendim sultan\u0131m\u00a0 hazretlerinindir.<\/p>\n

Bende<\/p>\n

(m\u00fch\u00fcr)<\/p>\n

Kele\u015f Ahmet Mir-i Muhaf\u0131z-\u0131 Sohum<\/p>\n

Fi: 5 Cemaziyelevvel 1218\/23 A\u011fustos 1803.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

D\u0130PNOTLAR<\/b><\/p>\n

1)<\/strong> Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fusundaki Taman yar\u0131madas\u0131ndan Hazar Denizi\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki Ap\u015feron yar\u0131madas\u0131na kadar uzanan da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lge Kafkasya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n do\u011fusu (Circaucasie) Asya k\u0131tas\u0131nda, bat\u0131s\u0131 (Transcaucasie) Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. Bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Cemal G\u00f6k\u00e7e, Kafkasya ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Kafkasya Siyaseti<\/em>, \u0130stanbul 1979, s. 5 vd.<\/p>\n

2) <\/strong>Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1.200 km. uzunlu\u011fundaki Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131, Karadeniz\u2019in Novorossisk k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndan ba\u015flar, Hazar Denizi\u2019nin bat\u0131s\u0131nda yer alan Bak\u00fc\u2019ye kadar uzan\u0131r. Bu silsilenin 650 km.lik b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc tamamen da\u011flarla kapl\u0131 olup, bunlar\u0131n y\u00fcksekli\u011fi de 4.000-5.000 m. aras\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fmektedir. Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n kuzey taraflar\u0131 tatl\u0131 bir e\u011fimle y\u00fckselirken, g\u00fcney taraflar\u0131 dik ve sert yama\u00e7larla \u00e7evrilidir. Derbent veya Demirkap\u0131, Daryal, Mamison ve Klukhor gibi ge\u00e7itler da\u011flardan ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flayan \u00f6nemli noktalard\u0131r. Kafkaslar\u0131n co\u011frafi konumu hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Jan K. Lagutt, Kafkas M\u00fccadelesi <\/em>(\u00c7ev. Yzb. Faz\u0131l G\u00fcne\u015f), Askeri Matbaa, \u0130stanbul 1945, s. 6-7; Ahmet Suat Ener, S\u00fcel Co\u011frafya<\/em>, Harp Akademileri Yay., \u0130stanbul 1951, s. 341 vdd. Abdullah Saydam, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkas G\u00f6\u00e7leri (1856-1876)<\/em>, Ankara 1997, s. 14-15. Ansiklopedik bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Meydan Larousse<\/em>, \u201cKafkasya\u201d, c. VI, s. 768-769; T\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi<\/em>, \u201cKafkasya\u201d, c. XXI, s. 109-110.<\/p>\n

3)<\/strong> W. E. D. Allen-Paul Muratoff, Kafkas Harek\u00e2t\u0131, 1828-1921 T\u00fcrk-Kafkas S\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndaki <\/em> Harplerin Tarihi, <\/em> (\u00c7ev. Yok), Gnkur. Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara 1966, s. 3-17.<\/p>\n

4)<\/strong> Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya inmelerinde \u00c7ar I. Petro\u2019nun XVIII. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde Ermeni kilisesine geni\u015f yetkiler vermesinin \u00f6nemli etkisinin oldu\u011funu burada belirtmek gerekir. Kanuni D\u00f6neminde b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 idaresine giren G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da E\u00e7miyazin kilisesi
\n5) <\/strong>Zekeriya T\u00fcrkmen, \u201cKaraba\u011f Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rus \u0130daresine Ba\u011flanmas\u0131 Meselesi\u201d, Avrasya <\/em> Et\u00fcdleri<\/em>, T\u0130KA \u0130lkbahar 1996, s. 114-115.<\/p>\n

6)<\/strong> Hatta baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler bu s\u0131rada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015feni yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Ruslar\u2019\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdiklerini belirtirler. Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin ileriyi g\u00f6remedi\u011fini eserinde dile getirir ve \u015f\u00f6yle der: \u201c…Ruslar\u2019\u0131n bu kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir devlet te\u015fkil edip <\/em> de d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na bela olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 kim hat\u0131ra getirirdi…\u201d<\/em>, Bk., Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Tezakir <\/em>, c. I, (Yay. Hz. M. Cavit Baysun), Ankara 1986, s. 91. Ayr\u0131ca bk., Cemal G\u00f6k\u00e7e, Ayn\u0131 eser, <\/em>s. 63. T\u00fcrk-Rus ili\u015fkileri hakk\u0131nda detayl\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Akdes Nimet Kurat, Ayn\u0131 eser.<\/em><\/p>\n

7) <\/strong>Ali Arslan, \u201cDon-Kuban-Terek; Birle\u015fik Kozak Devleti\u2019nin Kurulu\u015fu ve Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tan\u0131nmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne M\u00fcracaat\u0131 (1917-1921)\u201d, Kafkas Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131, <\/em>Sy: IV, \u0130stanbul 1998, s. 132.<\/p>\n

8) <\/strong>Abdullah Saydam, Ayn\u0131 eser, <\/em>s. 33-34.<\/p>\n

9)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 18.<\/p>\n

10) <\/strong>Tadeusz Swietochowski, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Cemaatten Ulusal Kimli\u011fe Rus Azerbaycan\u2019\u0131 1905- <\/em> 1920, <\/em> (Trc: Nuray Mert), \u0130stanbul 1988,s. 22-23.<\/p>\n

11)<\/strong> Burada k\u0131saca belirtmek gerekirse, Safevi h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Nadir \u015eah\u2019\u0131n 1747 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmesiyle birlikte Kafkasya ve Azerbaycan b\u00f6lgesinde merkezi otorite zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f; b\u00f6lgede \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk hanl\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu hanl\u0131klar Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye geli\u015fine kadar ge\u00e7en s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde Safevi Devleti ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda denge politikas\u0131 ile varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. T\u00fcrkler bu hanl\u0131klar d\u00f6neminde huzurlu bir hayat bulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Azerbaycan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n belli ba\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131r: Bak\u00fc, Gence, Erivan, Nah\u00e7\u0131van, Karaba\u011f, \u015eeki, \u015eirvan, Tali\u015f ve Kuba hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131. Hanl\u0131klar Rus istilas\u0131 d\u00f6nemine kadar i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f i\u015flerinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z hareket etmi\u015flerdi. Bk., Timu\u00e7in Kodaman, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ve Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f Olaylar\u0131\u201d, SD\u00dc., Fen-Edebiyat<\/em> Fak\u00fcltesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi<\/em>, sy:5, Isparta 2000, s. 118.<\/p>\n

12) <\/strong>Nazmi, Kafkasya ve T\u00fcrkistan<\/em>, \u0130stanbul Matbaa-i Askeri 1334, s. 9-11; ayr\u0131ca bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Cemal G\u00f6k\u00e7e, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 6-9. Abdullah Saydam, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 17-24.<\/p>\n

13) <\/strong>Kafkaslardaki etnik yap\u0131 hakk\u0131nda kendisi de bir Kafkas k\u00f6kenli olan \u0130smail Berkok\u2019un tespitleri hakk\u0131nda bk., \u0130smail Berkok, Tarihte Kafkasya, <\/em>\u0130stanbul 1958, s. 130-159.<\/p>\n

14)<\/strong> Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivi (BOA)<\/em>, Hatt-\u0131 H\u00fcmay\u00fbn Tasnifi (HH)<\/em>, nr: 6721-F.<\/p>\n

15) <\/strong>Standford J. Shaw-Ezel Kural Shaw, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Modern T\u00fcrkiye<\/em>, c. II, \u0130stanbul 1983, s. 43.<\/p>\n

16)<\/strong> Mahmut Ismayil, Azerbaycan Tarihi<\/em>, Bak\u00fc 1993, s. 206-207. (Kril Alfabesi ile bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r)<\/p>\n

17)<\/strong> Standford J. Sha\u015f, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 43.<\/p>\n

18) <\/strong>Mahmut \u0130smayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 207.<\/p>\n

19)<\/strong> Mehmet Saray, \u201cG\u00fcrcistan ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u201d, Kafkas Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/em>, sy: III, \u0130stanbul 1997, s.<\/p>\n

17-18.<\/p>\n

20) <\/strong>BOA., Cevdet Hariciye<\/em>, nr: 4193.<\/p>\n

21) <\/strong>General Tsitsianov, G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 idi. Ruslar\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerinden G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019ya<\/p>\n

inme politikas\u0131n\u0131, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin sempatisini kazanarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

22) <\/strong>Mirza Cevan\u015fir Karaba\u011fl\u0131, Karaba\u011f Tarihi<\/em>, Ankara 1990, (\u00c7ev. Tahir S\u00fcnb\u00fcl), s. 12-23.<\/p>\n

23)<\/strong> Pud, Rus a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc birimidir. 1 pud 16 kg.d\u0131r. 220 pud: 3.520 kg. ipektir.<\/p>\n

24) <\/strong>Mahmut Ismayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 207.<\/p>\n

25) <\/strong>Mustafa Budak, \u201cOsmanl\u0131-Rus \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Kafkasya\u201d, Avrasya Et\u00fcdleri<\/em>, sy: 4, K\u0131\u015f 1995, s. 111; ayr\u0131ca bk., Timu\u00e7in Kodaman, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 118.<\/p>\n

26)<\/strong> Mahmut Ismayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 208.<\/p>\n

27) <\/strong>John F. Baddeley, Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 \u0130stilas\u0131 ve \u015eeyh \u015eamil<\/em>, (\u00c7ev. Sedat \u00d6zden),<\/p>\n

\u0130stanbul 1989, s. 88 vd.<\/p>\n

28)<\/strong> Mustafa Budak, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 111.<\/p>\n

29)<\/strong> Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Karaba\u011f hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kendine ba\u011flamas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda yap\u0131lan K\u00fcrek\u00e7ay Antla\u015fmas\u0131 metni i\u00e7in bk., Zekeriya T\u00fcrkmen, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 117-120; bu antla\u015fman\u0131n \u0130ngilizce metni i\u00e7in de bk. Zekeriya T\u00fcrkmen, \u201cA Sad Episode From Azerbaijan History: The Problem of Joining Karabakh Khanate to the Russian Administration\u201d, Aurasian Studies<\/em>, TICA, Spring 1996, s. 114- 120. Ayr\u0131ca bk., Mirza Cevan\u015fir Karaba\u011fl\u0131, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 26.<\/p>\n

30) <\/strong>G\u00fcrc\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131nda Heraklius olarak ge\u00e7mesine ra\u011fmen Osmanl\u0131 kaynaklar\u0131nda \u0130rakli Han olarak kay\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

31)<\/strong> BOA., Cevdet Hariciye<\/em>, nr: 7552\/4.<\/p>\n

32)<\/strong> \u0130grar Aliyev, Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f<\/em>, Bak\u00fc 1989, s. 86; ayr\u0131ca bk., Yasin Aslan, Karaba\u011f\u2019da <\/em> Talan Var<\/em>, Ankara 1990, s. 51. Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f b\u00f6lgesinde tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde meydana gelen n\u00fcfus hareketleri ve di\u011fer geli\u015fmeler hakk\u0131nda bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Nesrin Sar\u0131ahmeto\u011flu, Azeri-Ermeni<\/em> M\u00fcnasebetleri ve Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f Olaylar\u0131, <\/em> (Marmara \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc Bas\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fcksek Lisans Tezi), \u0130stanbul 1989.<\/p>\n

33) <\/strong>Mahmut \u0130smayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 209.<\/p>\n

34) <\/strong>Mahmut Ismayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 210.<\/p>\n

35)<\/strong> Timu\u00e7in Kodaman, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 120.<\/p>\n

36) <\/strong>Mustafa Budak, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 113.<\/p>\n

37) <\/strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Tarih-i Cevdet<\/em>, c. IX, \u0130stanbul 1309, s. 146-147. Ayr\u0131ca bk., Cemal G\u00f6k\u00e7e, Ayn\u0131 eser, <\/em>s. 200-202.<\/p>\n

38) <\/strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 172.<\/p>\n

39) <\/strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 220 vd.<\/p>\n

40) <\/strong>Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 19.<\/p>\n

41) <\/strong>Ahmet Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 223-224.<\/p>\n

42) <\/strong>Mehmet Saray, \u201cG\u00fcrcistan ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u201d, Ayn\u0131 dergi<\/em>, s. 17-18.<\/p>\n

43)<\/strong> BOA., HH<\/em>., nr: 34665, 50329, 42056 numaral\u0131 belgelerde B\u00fckre\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131na g\u00f6re Ruslar\u0131n Kafkaslarda i\u015fgal ettikleri b\u00f6lgelerden 1813 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u00e7ekilmesi ile ilgili bilgiler yer almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

44)<\/strong> B\u00fckre\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla ilgili bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Nihat Erim, Devletleraras\u0131 Hukuk ve Siyasi <\/em> Tarih Metinleri<\/em>, c.I, Ankara 1953, s. 250-251; Baddeley, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 106-107.<\/p>\n

45) <\/strong>Sir Percy Sykes, A History of Persia<\/em>, c.II, London, 1921, s. 314; Baddeley, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s.Ayr\u0131ca bk., Mahmut \u0130smayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 211-212.<\/p>\n

46)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 19.<\/p>\n

47)<\/strong> Mustafa Budak, \u201cOsmanl\u0131-Rus \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Kafkasya\u201d, Avrasya Et\u00fcdleri<\/em>, sy: 4, K\u0131\u015f 1995, s. 114\u2019de Yermalof\u2019un \u015fu ifadelerine yer verilmektedir: \u201cBen istiyorum ki, ad\u0131m\u0131n sebep olaca\u011f\u0131<\/em> korku, s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kalelerimizden daha iyi korusun. Benim s\u00f6z\u00fcm (Kafkasl\u0131) Da\u011fl\u0131lar i\u00e7in \u00f6l\u00fcmden daha ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz bir ferman olmal\u0131d\u0131r…Bir da\u011fl\u0131n\u0131n idam\u0131 y\u00fczlerce Rus askerinin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtar\u0131rken binlerce M\u00fcsl\u00fcman’\u0131n bize ihanet etmesini \u00f6nler!\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

48) <\/strong>Abdullah Saydam, Ayn\u0131 eser, <\/em>s. 43.<\/p>\n

49)<\/strong> Anapa Muhaf\u0131z\u0131 Seyit Ahmet Pa\u015fan\u0131n bu konuda g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 19 Cemaziyelahir 1234\/25 Nisan 1819 tarihli raporu. Bk., BOA., HH<\/em>., nr: 49325.<\/p>\n

50) <\/strong>Mahmut Ismayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 212.<\/p>\n

51)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 20.<\/p>\n

52)<\/strong> Mahmut Ismayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 212.<\/p>\n

53) <\/strong>BOA., HH., nr: 42796.<\/em><\/p>\n

54) <\/strong>BOA., HH.<\/em>, nr: 43435.<\/p>\n

55) <\/strong>BOA., HH. <\/em>nr: 44613, fi selh-i Cemaziyelevvel 1244\/8 Ekim 1828.<\/p>\n

56)<\/strong> BOA., HH.<\/em>, nr: 44106, fi 19 Cemaziyelevvel 1244\/27 Kas\u0131m 1828 tarihli Trabzon valisi Esseyyid Osman\u2019\u0131n devlet merkezine g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi yaz\u0131da, G\u00fcrc\u00fclere gerekli deste\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 konusu\u00a0 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

57)<\/strong> Ali Arslan, \u201cE\u00e7miyazin Ermeni Katogigoslu\u011fu\u2019nun Osmanl\u0131 Denetiminde ve Rus Kontrol\u00fcndeki Stat\u00fcs\u00fc\u201d, Kafkas Ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131<\/em>, sy: 2, \u0130stanbul 1996, s. 39-49.<\/p>\n

58)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 20.<\/p>\n

59)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, antla\u015fman\u0131n 18 \u015eubat\u2019ta imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtir. Bk., Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 20.<\/p>\n

60)<\/strong> Sir Percy Sykes, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, c.II, s. 315-321; ayr\u0131ca bk., Mahmut \u0130smayil, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 213-214.<\/p>\n

61) <\/strong>1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 esnas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinden pek \u00e7ok Ermeni Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Rusya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen bu Ermeniler daha sonra Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne y\u00f6nelik politikalarda son derece etkili olacaklard\u0131. Rusyaya g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilen Ermeniler hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Kemal Beydilli, \u201c1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131nda Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019dan Rusya\u2019ya G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcr\u00fclen Ermeniler\u201d, T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Belgeler Dergisi<\/em>, c. XIII, sy: 17\u2019den ayr\u0131 bas\u0131m. Ankara 1988, s. 374-380.<\/p>\n

62)<\/strong> Allen-Muratoff, Ayn\u0131 eser<\/em>, s. 21.<\/p>\n

63) <\/strong>Kemal Beydilli, Ayn\u0131 makale<\/em>, s. 370-407.<\/p>\n

64)<\/strong> Ali Arslan, \u201cRuslar\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019da Yay\u0131lmalar\u0131nda Ermeni E\u00e7miyazin<\/p>\n

Katogigoslu\u011fu\u2019nun Rol\u00fc\u201d, Ayn\u0131 Dergi<\/em>, s. 32.<\/p>\n

65)<\/strong> Bu konuda Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivinde pek \u00e7ok belge bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bk., Erzurum<\/p>\n

valisi Galip Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n yaz\u0131s\u0131, 27 May\u0131s 1827, BOA., HH., <\/em> nr: 36207-D; Kars muhaf\u0131z\u0131n\u0131n Erzurum valisine yaz\u0131s\u0131, 30 Nisan 1827, BOA., HH<\/em>., nr: 36207, BOA., HH<\/em>, nr: 36645; 36667.C<\/p>\n

66)<\/strong> XIX. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgeye iyice yerle\u015fen Ruslar; etnik yap\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na hatta daha da<\/p>\n

g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesine b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem vererek; ayni millete mensup topluluklar\u0131n i\u00e7erisine di\u011fer uluslar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirerek ileriye y\u00f6nelik sistemli bir iskan siyaseti takip etmi\u015flerdir. Karaba\u011f sorununun bug\u00fcnlere uzanmas\u0131n\u0131n arka plan\u0131nda bu sistemli iskan siyasetinin izleri bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Cemalettin Ta\u015fk\u0131ran, Ge\u00e7mi\u015ften G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze Karaba\u011f Meselesi<\/em>, Ankara 1995.<\/p>\n

67) <\/strong>Paul Henze, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye ve Ermenistan: Eski Sorunlar Yeni Beklentiler\u201d, Avrasya Dosyas\u0131<\/em>, T\u0130KA \u0130lkbahar 1996, s. 45.<\/p>\n

68)<\/strong> Kafkasya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgi i\u00e7in bk., Abdullah Saydam, Ayn\u0131 eser, <\/em> s. 63 vdd.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dr. Zekeriya Türkmen Genelkurmay Askeri Tarih ve Stratejik Etüd (ATASE) Başkanlığı, Atatürk Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi (ATAREM) Genel Sekreter Vekili Giriş Stratejik öneminden dolayı tarih boyunca pek çok medeniyetlerin etki alanında kalmış bulunan Kafkasya, her devirde bir sınır ülkesi olmuştur. (1) Coğrafi açıdan bakıldığından dünyanın en çok engebeli, dağlık kesimlerinden biri olarak görülür. (2) Kafkasya […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11971","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11971","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11971"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11971\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11975,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11971\/revisions\/11975"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11971"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11971"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11971"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}