{"id":12010,"date":"2019-03-27T19:03:43","date_gmt":"2019-03-28T00:03:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=12010"},"modified":"2019-03-27T19:03:43","modified_gmt":"2019-03-28T00:03:43","slug":"turk-gurcu-iliskileri-ve-turkiye-gurculeri","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/turk-gurcu-iliskileri-ve-turkiye-gurculeri\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00dcRK-G\u00dcRC\u00dc \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130LER\u0130 VE T\u00dcRK\u0130YE G\u00dcRC\u00dcLER\u0130"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Yrd. Do\u00e7. Dr. Muhittin G\u00fcl <\/span> <\/span><\/strong>
\n<\/span> \u00c7ankaya \u00dcniversitesi \u00d6\u011fretim \u00dcyesi
\nSA\u00dc Fen Edebiyat Dergisi (2009-I)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Kafkas co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yerli halktan olup \u201cKartveli\u201d ad\u0131yla an\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Kartlar, Megrel-\u00c7avanlar ve Savanlar olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 kol olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. Grek ve Roma gibi antik d\u00f6nemlerde demir i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ile bilinen G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, olduk\u00e7a ileri tar\u0131m tekniklerini kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Genelde Asyal\u0131 kavimlerin siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel etkileri alt\u0131nda olan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcrecinde Kartlar belirleyici rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Kafkas dillerinin Kartveli dil grubundan olup, olduk\u00e7a zengin bir ses sistemine sahiptirler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin son derece hareketli olan Kafkas co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00f6nceleri eski Asya k\u00f6kenli kavimlerle i\u00e7 i\u00e7e veya yan yana yer alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunu izleyen d\u00f6nemlerde ise genelde Transkafkasya ve bu arada da G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, s\u0131ras\u0131yla Arap, Bizans, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Mo\u011fol \u0130\u015fgallerini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkileri ise 1578\u2019de G\u00fcneybat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ilhak\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihten itibaren G\u00fcrc\u00fcler aras\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flarken, bu ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nin de tarihi ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Bundan sonra g\u00f6\u00e7 \u015feklinde yer de\u011fi\u015ftirmeler olacakt\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine giren ve \u0130slaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin giderek ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonraki siyasal olaylar, sava\u015flar ve dinsel farkl\u0131l\u0131klar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri \u00f6tekilerden koparm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak dil ve baz\u0131 gelenekler s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ya\u015fanan Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131ndan \u00f6zellikle K\u0131r\u0131m ve 1877-78 sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131n\u0131 destekleyen G\u00fcrc\u00fclere bask\u0131 yapan Ruslar, onlar\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu tarihlerden itibaren Rus bask\u0131lar\u0131 nedeni ile Karadeniz ve Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6relerine g\u00f6\u00e7 eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fclerini olu\u015fturmu\u015flard\u0131r. 1921\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na girerken, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l T\u00fcrk-Sovyet s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin kal\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesinle\u015fmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, hi\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde etnik ayr\u0131l\u0131k pe\u015finde olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn i\u015faret etti\u011fi do\u011frultuda Anadolu T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 ile kayna\u015f\u0131p rahat bir \u015fekilde ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/p>\n

G\u0130R\u0130\u015e
\n<\/b>
\nKafkas co\u011frafyas\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi paleolitik ve neolitik \u00e7a\u011flara kadar inmektedir (K\u0131nal, 1983:24-29; \u0130nan,1956:48-49; Brosset,2003:1-8). B\u00f6lgede bu \u00e7a\u011flara ait \u00e7e\u015fitli arkeolojik bulgular bulunmaktad\u0131r. Ancak bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki orman bollu\u011fu nedeniyle her t\u00fcr yap\u0131 ve ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7 ah\u015fap a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 oldu\u011fundan uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ah\u015fap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne \u00f6zg\u00fc olan bu y\u00f6relerin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131klar\u0131, b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131 ve nemli olmas\u0131 nedeni ile sonraki bin y\u0131llara ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Asya\u2019dan gelen g\u00f6\u00e7lerin, Anadolu, Orta Do\u011fu ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de Avrupa kap\u0131s\u0131 olan Kafkas topraklar\u0131,s\u00fcrekli olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli kavimlerin sald\u0131r\u0131 alan\u0131 olmu\u015f ve pek \u00e7ok defa yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu nedenle baz\u0131 arkeolojik bulgular\u0131n \u00f6tesinde, \u00f6teki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131klar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze intikal edememi\u015ftir. Bu konuda daha \u00e7o\u011fu kom\u015fu uygarl\u0131klardan bilgiler edinilebilmektedir. Bu durum ayn\u0131 zamanda Do\u011fu Karadeniz i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli halk\u0131ndan olan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin atalar\u0131, bu co\u011frafya i\u00e7inde M.\u00d6. II.binlerden itibaren do\u011fulu halklarla ili\u015fkiler i\u00e7inde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bunlar aras\u0131nda s\u0131ras\u0131yla Hititler, Mitanniler, Asurlular ve Urartular yer al\u0131r (K\u0131nal,1962:91-93; Alpman,1988:36-39). Bu konudaki ilk bilgilere Asur \u00e7ivi yaz\u0131l\u0131 yaz\u0131tlarda rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Daha sonraki y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u0131 ya\u015fayan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin atalar\u0131, bu b\u00f6lgede tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken ilk kez demir i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011finin \u00f6nc\u00fcleri olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile metal teknolojisini tar\u0131ma ve di\u011fer alanlara uygulayan ilk topluluklardand\u0131rlar (Mansel,1971:18-19).Yunanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Tao (Taohiler) dedikleri G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Transkafkasya\u2019da yer almakla birlikte, \u00d6nasya\u2019n\u0131n siyasal, sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rol oynam\u0131\u015flar\u0131d\u0131r (Demircio\u011flu,1953:8-15; K\u0131nal,1962:19-20).M.\u00d6.9. ve 8. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Kolha ad\u0131yla Karadeniz\u2019in G\u00fcneydo\u011fusu\u2019nda olu\u015fan G\u00fcrc\u00fc birli\u011fi, b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli \u00fcretim ve ticaret etkinli\u011fi g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.
\nM.\u00d6.I.y\u00fczy\u0131lda siyasal anlamda Roma egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na giren Kafkasya\u2019da, ba\u015fta Kolha ve Kartveli olmak \u00fczere farkl\u0131 unsurlar aras\u0131nda birle\u015fme olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fcrcistan b\u00f6lgesinde I. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. IV.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda havarileri ile Aziz Nino b\u00f6lgeye gelip etkili olmu\u015f ve Kartli Kral\u0131 da H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resmi din olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n Zerd\u00fc\u015ftl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k tercih edilmi\u015f ve bu geli\u015fme de Bizans\u2019a yak\u0131nla\u015fmay\u0131 getirmi\u015ftir. Bizans, \u00f6zellikle IV.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkaslar\u2019da etkili olmu\u015f ve b\u00f6lge ile yak\u0131nla\u015fma sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Orstrogorksy,1981:96; Brosset,2003:97-100; \u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:38). Buna ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la Bizans aras\u0131nda dini, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel vb. ba\u011flar kurulmu\u015ftur. Bununla birlikte G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc b\u00f6lgede oldu\u011fu gibi, b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da sayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kadar uzanan co\u011frafyada yank\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin IV.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Poti\u2019de bir akademinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. Buraya Bizans ve \u00e7e\u015fitli yerlerden \u00f6\u011frenciler gelmi\u015ftir. Kilise ve manast\u0131rlar b\u00f6lgede geni\u015f bir co\u011frafyada yayg\u0131n oldu\u011fu gibi, felsefi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler de ayn\u0131 yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece VI. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren b\u00f6lge, siyasal anlamda da Bizans egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. VIII. y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lge de Abhaz Prensi Leon, Bizans egemenli\u011finden \u00e7\u0131kmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve Abhazya Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu krall\u0131k, I X.y\u00fczy\u0131lda da ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde dil ve yaz\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olmu\u015ftur. K\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131 ile dinde de G\u00fcrc\u00fc unsur egemen hale gelmi\u015ftir. IX. y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda ise b\u00f6lgeye Bagratl\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc Hanedan\u0131 egemen olacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bagratl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131, Kartveli (Laz veya \u00c7an) soyundan olup,II.Andernase 888\u2019de G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin kral\u0131 olarak ta\u00e7 giymi\u015ftir (K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu,1972:439-441). Bu geli\u015fme ile birlikte, Arap ve Bizansl\u0131 istilac\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele etmekte olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n birli\u011fini sa\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 ko\u015fullar olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Yerel gruplar aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar azalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da ulusal birli\u011fin yolunu a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da ulusal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel birlik canlanm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgenin bu y\u00f6ndeki merkezi olunmu\u015ftur. Bu arada G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, b\u00f6lgede daha da yayg\u0131n hale gelmi\u015flerdir. 975\u2019lerde III.Bagrat\u2019la ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z G\u00fcrcistan olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. \u00dclkeye y\u00f6nelecek sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 terkedilmi\u015f yerlerde manast\u0131rlar in\u015fa edilerek, oralara yeniden canl\u0131l\u0131k ve yerle\u015fmeler sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal prenslerin yard\u0131m\u0131 ile hem b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve hemde \u00fclkeye g\u00fc\u00e7 kazand\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde ki k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fme ile birlikte feodal yap\u0131 da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmi\u015ftir. H\u0131ristiyan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yerli G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcst\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu siyasal yap\u0131dan,yap\u0131lan manast\u0131rlar ve edebiyata kadar g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr (\u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:24-27).<\/p>\n

I. Sel\u00e7uklu-G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/p>\n

<\/b>G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da birle\u015fme, ulusla\u015fma ve g\u00fc\u00e7lenme s\u00fcrerken, 1060\u2019lardan itibaren b\u00f6lgeye Sel\u00e7uklu boylar\u0131 gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1067-68\u2019de Sultan Alpaslan, Horasan\u2019dan b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu ile Kafkasya\u2019ya girmi\u015f ve G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgal etmi\u015ftir. Abhaz ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relere \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir. Sultan Alpaslan, baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerde ormanlar\u0131 yakt\u0131r\u0131p, \u00fcsler kurmu\u015ftur. Tiflis dahil olmak \u00fczere b\u00f6lge i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. Fazlaca dayanamayan G\u00fcrc\u00fc Prensi Bagrad, \u00f6nce ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve sonra da d\u00f6n\u00fcp \u0130slaml\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015ftir. Bunun \u00fczerine b\u00f6lge Sel\u00e7uklulara ba\u011fl\u0131 ve vergi verir duruma gelmi\u015ftir (Sevim ve Y\u00fccel, 1989:55 vd.).<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde b\u00f6lgenin verimlili\u011fi Sel\u00e7uklular\u0131n ilgisini \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve i\u015fgali getirmi\u015ftir. Birli\u011fini yeni olu\u015fturmu\u015f olan G\u00fcrcistan, bu tarihlerden itibaren gelen Sel\u00e7uklu g\u00f6\u00e7ebe boylar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele vermek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle 1071\u2019de Alpaslan\u2019\u0131n, Bizans ordular\u0131n\u0131 yenmesi ile Sel\u00e7uklulara Anadolu kap\u0131lar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ise Sel\u00e7uklu boy ve ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n Anadolu ve Kafkasya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,C.1961:1-2;K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu,1953:48-51; Yinan\u00e7,1954:48-56;Turan, 1965: 76-77). Sel\u00e7uklu ak\u0131nlar\u0131, verimli alanlar\u0131 olu\u015fturan kuzeydo\u011fuya y\u00f6nelmi\u015f, b\u00f6lgede Ermenilerin bulundu\u011fu y\u00f6reler de i\u015fgal edilmi\u015f ve G\u00fcrcistan bu ak\u0131nlar\u0131n do\u011frudan hedefi haline gelmi\u015ftir. B\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7oruh boylar\u0131 ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara dayanamayan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da halk eskisi gibi da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relere \u00e7ekilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgedeki verimli alanlara yerle\u015fen Sel\u00e7uklu boylar\u0131, ya\u015famlar\u0131 gere\u011fi tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131, ba\u011flar\u0131 ve bah\u00e7eleri otlaklara \u00e7evirmi\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgeye bir miktarda da farkl\u0131 T\u00fcrkmen gruplar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir ( Sevim ve Y\u00fccel,1989:123 vd.;\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:45 vd.). Genelde Ah\u0131ska ve Batum \u00e7evreleri ile Do\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nceleri K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u0131n rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur (\u00c7\u00f6h\u00e7e,1988:482; Kurat,2002:70-78).<\/p>\n

Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00fclkede ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamayan k\u0131rala kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanmalar olmu\u015f ve G\u00fcrcistan1080\u2019lerde i\u00e7 sava\u015f ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1089\u2019da \u00e7ocuk ya\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan taht\u0131na oturan IV.David \u00f6nce yerel ayaklanmalarla m\u00fccadele etmi\u015f ve sonra da orduyu toparlay\u0131p disipline ederek Sel\u00e7uklulara kar\u015f\u0131 hareket ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halk da\u011fl\u0131k yerlerden inmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada B\u00fcy\u00fck Sel\u00e7uklu \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da zay\u0131flama ve par\u00e7alanma s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Durumu uygun bulan David, Sel\u00e7uklulara verilen vergileri kesmi\u015f ve bir \u00e7ok yeri i\u015fgalden kurtarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak Sel\u00e7uklular yeniden G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a 400 bin ki\u015filik bir ordu ile girmi\u015f, \u00c7oruh vadileri ile Tiflis\u2019e kadar olan yerleri yeniden i\u015fgal etmi\u015flerdir. Bunun \u00fczerine Kral David, i\u015fgalin de verdi\u011fi etki ile olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ordu ve kom\u015fu unsurlar\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla Sel\u00e7uklularla sava\u015fmak \u00fczere harekete ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu arada Avrupal\u0131 Ha\u00e7l\u0131 askerlerinden bir grupta G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordusuna yard\u0131ma gelmi\u015ftir. Bu \u015fekilde olu\u015fup g\u00fc\u00e7lenen G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordusu ile Sel\u00e7uklular aras\u0131nda 1121\u2019de Digori Sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sava\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler kazanm\u0131\u015f ve 1122\u2019de Tiflis geriye al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonra Sel\u00e7uklular geriye \u00e7ekilirken G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, ba\u015fkenti Kutais\u2019ten Tiflis\u2019e ta\u015f\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu ba\u015far\u0131 ile G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgalden kurtarm\u0131\u015f ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kar\u015f\u0131 kom\u015fu unsurlara da yard\u0131m etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bundan b\u00f6yle Ha\u00e7l\u0131lar, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n do\u011fudaki kalesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcrken, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Rusya ile ili\u015fkiler kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan,1184-1213 tarihleri aras\u0131nda alt\u0131n \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Giorgi ve Krali\u00e7e Tamara d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kral III.Giorgi 1162\u2019de A\u011fr\u0131 (Ararat) Da\u011f\u0131 yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki eski Ermeni ba\u015fkenti olan Divin\u2019i de alarak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 buralara kadar geni\u015fletmi\u015ftir. 1178\u2019de k\u0131z\u0131 Tamara\u2019y\u0131 varisi ilan etmi\u015ftir. 1184\u2019te Giorgi\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00fczerine K\u0131z\u0131 Tamara \u00fclkenin tek hakimi olmu\u015ftur. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir siyasi kimli\u011fe sahip olan Tamara, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a en parlak d\u00f6nemini ya\u015fatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Krali\u00e7e Tamara, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 siyasal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131lardan \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konuma getirmi\u015ftir. Baz\u0131 kaynaklarda, Krali\u00e7e Tamara\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lge bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve huzuru i\u00e7in bir mektupla S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019la evlenmek istedi\u011fi verilmektedir. Ancak S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n bunu kabul etmedi\u011fi ve b\u00f6lgeye bir sefer yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir (Sevim ve Y\u00fccel,1989:141). Rusya, \u0130ran, Suriye ve M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a kadar uzanan ticari ili\u015fkiler kurmu\u015ftur. Yeni kentler kurmu\u015f, manast\u0131rlar yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Tiflis\u2019i Transkafkasya\u2019n\u0131n merkezi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc de en y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeye \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ulusal bilin\u00e7 kuvvetlenmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcm \u00c7oruh vadilerinde etkili olunmu\u015ftur. Bu arada bir \u00e7ok T\u00fcrkmen b\u00f6lgeden uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ( K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu, 1953:418; Brosset, 2003:366-374; \u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:46 Vd.).<\/p>\n

1204\u2019te Latinlerin Konstantinopolis\u2019i i\u015fgal etmeleri \u00fczerine, Bizans\u2019\u0131n etkinli\u011fi azal\u0131nca Tamara y\u00f6netimindeki G\u00fcrcistan, Do\u011fu\u2019da ve Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de daha aktif bir politik rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tamara\u2019n\u0131n komutanlar\u0131 t\u00fcm bu b\u00f6lgeleri i\u015fgal ederken, kendilerine \u00f6zg\u00fc iskan politikas\u0131n\u0131 uygulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Trabzon (Terbizond) y\u00f6resine Lazlar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca Tamara 1204\u2019te Aleksios ve David\u2019e Trabzon merkezli bir Pontus Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fuda Kars al\u0131narak bu y\u00f6rede de yeni iskan politikalar\u0131 ile yerle\u015ftirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7oruh boylar\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 \u015feyler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Krali\u00e7e Tamara d\u00f6neminde, Anadolu Sel\u00e7uklu Devleti kurulmu\u015f bulunuyordu. Sel\u00e7uklu sultan ve komutanlar\u0131 s\u00fcrekli olarak bu verimli G\u00fcrc\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerine ak\u0131nlar yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. O nedenle o b\u00f6lgelerde k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu sava\u015flar ya\u015fan\u0131yordu. Bu askeri ili\u015fkiler, G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131n\u0131n sava\u015f bilin\u00e7 ve tekni\u011fini geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Sel\u00e7uklu Sultan\u0131 S\u00fcleyman \u015eah\u2019\u0131n Krali\u00e7e Tamara\u2019dan kendisine ba\u011flanmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen tehdit mesajlar\u0131 almas\u0131 \u00fczerine harekete ge\u00e7ilmi\u015f ve 1205\u2019te Basiani\u2019de cereyan eden sava\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bununla G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 daha da geni\u015flemi\u015f ve \u00e7evre devletleri G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 hale gelmi\u015flerdir(Sevim ve Y\u00fccel,1989:142; Ostrogorksy,1981:393; \u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993: 46-48). B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrc\u00fc Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Krali\u00e7e Tamara d\u00f6neminde Kafkas co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve ba\u011fl\u0131 halklar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Transkafkasya birli\u011fi olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Bu d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n egemenli\u011fi bat\u0131da Sinop\u2019a kadar uzanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Krali\u00e7e Tamara d\u00f6neminde geni\u015fleyen G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da, giderek \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netmede yeni sorunlar ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Eski y\u00f6netsel bi\u00e7imler yeni ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamaz olmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u00e7 sorunlar ve d\u0131\u015f sald\u0131r\u0131lar \u00fclkeyi sarsmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Krali\u00e7e Tamara\u2019dan sonra mevcut eyaletlere hakim olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Saray b\u00fcrokrasisine hakim olamayan y\u00f6netim, mevcut ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layamaz olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrcistan, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geni\u015flemi\u015f olan bu co\u011frafyay\u0131 y\u00f6netmekte zorlan\u0131rken,1220\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda \u00fclke yeni ak\u0131n ve sald\u0131r\u0131lara hedef olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

II. Mo\u011fol- G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkileri<\/p>\n

<\/b>1220\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren, verimli topraklara sahip olan Kafkasya \u00fczerine Do\u011fu\u2019nun yeni g\u00fc\u00e7leri g\u00f6z koyup ak\u0131nlara ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6nce b\u00f6lgeye Harzem\u015fahlar\u0131n ak\u0131nlar\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. 1229\u2019da Harzem\u015fah h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Celalettin 140 bin ki\u015filik bir ordu ile G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131na girmi\u015ftir. \u00c7ok sert davranarak, k\u00f6yleri ate\u015fe vererek Tiflis\u2019i ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgeyi haraca ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f ve yerli unsurlar kar\u015f\u0131 koyamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (G\u00fcr\u00fcn,1981:398-417;Sevim ve Y\u00fccel, 1989:185; \u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:51). Ancak Harzem\u015fahlar\u0131n i\u015fgali uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu verimli b\u00f6lgelerin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 onlar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Mo\u011follar \u00e7alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1235\u2019te bu kez de G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131na Mo\u011follar girmi\u015ftir. Mo\u011follar Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal ederken, Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan Krali\u00e7e Rusudan y\u00f6netiminde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rusudan Mo\u011follar\u2019dan ka\u00e7\u0131p Kutais\u2019e yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve buradan m\u00fccadele etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011follar ise b\u00f6lgede \u00e7ok tahribat yapm\u0131\u015f ve pek \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yok etmi\u015flerdir.
\nRusudan 1239\u2019da Papa\u2019ya bir el\u00e7i g\u00f6ndererek, Mo\u011follara kar\u015f\u0131 Avrupa \u015f\u00f6valyelerinden bir grubun yard\u0131m i\u00e7in g\u00f6nderilmesini istemi\u015ftir. Papa\u2019da bir \u015f\u00f6valye grubu yerine 1240\u2019ta Tiflis\u2019e, Dominiken misyonerlerini g\u00f6ndererek bir Katolik toplulu\u011funu kurdurarak bu yolla m\u00fccadele edilmesini istemi\u015fse de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011fol i\u015fgali ile yap\u0131lan ya\u011fmalar ve uygulanan \u015fiddetle G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da her \u015fey de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir. Tiflis\u2019te oturan Mo\u011fol temsilciler, endi bask\u0131l\u0131 kurallar\u0131n\u0131 uyguluyor ve halk\u0131 soyuyorlard\u0131. Krali\u00e7e Rusudan Kutais\u2019ten,Tiflis\u2019e \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015fsa da bu \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lar\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:51vd.; K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu,1953:63 vd.).<\/p>\n

Mo\u011follara boyun e\u011fmeyen Rusudan\u2019\u0131n o\u011flu Davit, 1245\u2019te Tiflis\u2019e gelip krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir. Ancak oradan al\u0131n\u0131p Batu Han\u2019\u0131n huzuruna \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmak \u00fczere Mo\u011folistan\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu arada Mo\u011fol y\u00f6neticiler, Davit Ulu\u2019ya da ta\u00e7 giydirip kral yapm\u0131\u015f ve Onu\u2019da Karakurum\u2019a g\u00f6t\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrcistan iki ba\u015fl\u0131 bir duruma gelmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na II. Dimitri ge\u00e7mi\u015f, ancak Mo\u011follar\u2019la m\u00fccadele ederken \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Dimitri, G\u00fcrc\u00fc tarihine \u015fehit (tavdadebuli) olarak ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993: 52). Mo\u011fol bask\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 zaman zaman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u2019le birlikte \u00f6teki Kafkas kavimlerinin (T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Ermeni vb.) ortak kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadeleleri de olmu\u015ftur (Sevim ve Y\u00fccel,1989:187; Kurat,2002: 86-94).<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da, Mo\u011fol bask\u0131s\u0131 azal\u0131nca, V.Giorgi (1314-1346) \u00fclkeyi yeniden toparlamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Feodal beyleri itaat alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f ve \u00fclkeyi restore etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relere \u00e7ekilen halk\u0131 eski yerlerine getirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u0131\u015f ko\u015fullar\u0131 d\u00fczeltmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mo\u011follar\u0131 \u00fclkeden \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve olduk\u00e7a disiplinli ve askeri bir y\u00f6netim olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcm kuzey Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 kendine ba\u011flamay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bizans, M\u0131s\u0131r ve Roma\u2019ya kadar siyasal ve ticari ili\u015fkiler kurarak, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a eski etkinli\u011fini kazand\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkeyi Krali\u00e7e Tamara zaman\u0131ndaki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konuma kavu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan bir s\u00fcre daha parlak d\u00f6nemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015fse de bu kez de 14.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011finde ikinci Mo\u011fol sald\u0131r\u0131 ve i\u015fgalini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1380\u2019de Do\u011fu\u2019dan gelen Timur, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n kuzeyini i\u015fgal ederek Kafkasya\u2019ya girmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Bagratl\u0131 Kral\u0131 V.Bagrat, Tiflis\u2019i Mo\u011fol ku\u015fatmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 alt\u0131 ay savunmu\u015fsa da \u00fclkesini ya\u011fma ve y\u0131k\u0131mdan kurtarmak ko\u015fulu ile teslim olmu\u015ftur. Ancak t\u00fcm Transkafkasya\u2019y\u0131 kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak i\u015fgal etmek isteyen Timur, s\u00f6z\u00fcnde durmayarak, G\u00fcrc\u00fc direni\u015flerini t\u00fcmden k\u0131rmak \u00fczere \u015fiddet uygulam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Do\u011fu eyaletlerinden ba\u015flamak \u00fczere korkun\u00e7 bir \u015fiddet ve katliam uygulayan Timur\u2019un bask\u0131s\u0131ndan kurtulan halk yeniden da\u011flara ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve Bat\u0131 kesimlere s\u0131\u011f\u0131nm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. 700 kadar k\u00f6y ve kasabay\u0131 yak\u0131p y\u0131kan Mo\u011follar, yerle\u015fim yerlerini pe\u015f pe\u015fe ya\u011fmalam\u0131\u015f ve bu verimli b\u00f6lgelerin kaderi olan bask\u0131n\u0131n en a\u011f\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. (Sevim ve Y\u00fccel,1989:154-156; G\u00fcr\u00fcn, 1981:428; Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,C.II, 1964:52;\u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:55).<\/p>\n

Kral Bagrat 1393\u2019te \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f ve yerine o\u011flu VII.Giorgi ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Timur,bu y\u00f6relerle yetinmeyip Ba\u011fdat ve sonra da Anadolu\u2019yu i\u015fgal etmeyi planlad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan g\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelere y\u00f6nelmi\u015ftir. Bundan yararlanan Giorgi,1400\u2019de o y\u00f6redeki Mo\u011follar\u0131 yenerek, Tiflis\u2019i kurtarm\u0131\u015f ve yeniden ba\u015fkent yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu duyan Timur k\u0131zm\u0131\u015f ve Giorgi\u2019nin kendisine itaat etmesini istemi\u015fse de red cevab\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine Timur, G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerine 1401 ve 1402\u2019de \u00fcst \u00fcste komutanlar\u0131 ile ordular g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan sava\u015flarda Mo\u011fol komutanlar \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 sava\u015flarla yine \u015fiddet uygulam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak t\u00fcm bu bask\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131n Mo\u011follar d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri gibi kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fekilde G\u00fcrc\u00fc direni\u015fini k\u0131ramam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.(\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993: 53vd.). Bu arada Timur 1405\u2019te \u00f6l\u00fcnce as\u0131l u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 alan\u0131 olan G\u00fcney b\u00f6lgelerdeki m\u00fccadelelerle u\u011fra\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in Kafkasya ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019dan \u00e7ekilmi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrcistan \u00e7ok zor ve yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fcz y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcren Mo\u011fol bask\u0131lar\u0131ndan kurtulmu\u015ftur. \u00c7ok a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 o tahribatlardan sonra Kral Giorgi yeniden \u00fclkenin imar ve restoresini ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Halktan geriye kalanlar eski yerlerine d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Bundan sonraki krallar, yeniden toparlanma, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel de\u011ferleri ve tarihi miraslar\u0131 koruma politikalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Yeni sald\u0131r\u0131lar i\u00e7in ulusal bilinci kuvvetlendirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Halk \u00fczerinde de \u00f6nceki tahribat ve y\u0131k\u0131mlar\u0131n olumsuz etkileri bu y\u00f6ndeki bilin\u00e7lenmeyi h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Karakoyunlular\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 giri\u015fimleri uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

III. Osmanl\u0131 \u2013 G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkileri
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\nOsmanl\u0131lar 1453\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019u al\u0131nca,,G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n Karadeniz \u00fczerinden Avrupa ile olan ba\u011flar\u0131 sona ermi\u015ftir.Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile G\u00fcrcistan bu kez de T\u00fcrk ve \u0130sl\u00e2m g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin tehdidi ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Art\u0131k H\u0131ristiyan k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn temsilcili\u011fini oldu\u011fu kadar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumada da yaln\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclke i\u00e7indeki feodal prensler, Mo\u011fol d\u00f6neminde ya\u015fanan \u015fiddetin de etki ve deneyiminden sonra daha \u00e7ok birlikten yana olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu arada G\u00fcrc\u00fc Kral\u0131 VIII.Giorgi,Papa II.Paus\u2019a mektup yazarak b\u00fct\u00fcn G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin, Osmanl\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131 ortak m\u00fccadele i\u00e7in haz\u0131r olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca Ermeniler, Trabzon Pontus Devleti ve b\u00f6lgedeki di\u011fer H\u0131ristiyan unsurlarla da i\u015fbirli\u011fine y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir. Zaten Papa\u2019n\u0131n en \u00f6nemli iste\u011fi, \u0130stanbul\u2019u almak \u00fczere bir Ha\u00e7l\u0131 seferi d\u00fczenlemekti. O nedenle bu \u00f6neri \u00fczerine Papa, H\u0131ristiyan prenslerle Mantova\u2019da bir toplant\u0131 yaparak, Ha\u00e7l\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fc olu\u015fturmay\u0131 denemi\u015f ama ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1964:52; \u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:55).<\/p>\n

G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la Bat\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu temas ve geli\u015fmeler ya\u015fan\u0131rken, Osmanl\u0131lar 1461\u2019de Trabzon\u2019u al\u0131p Pontus Devleti\u2019ne son vermi\u015flerdir. Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in bu devleti ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131p b\u00f6lgeye Osmanl\u0131 etkinli\u011fini getirmesi ile G\u00fcrcistan b\u00f6lgesel desteklerini de kaybetmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonra Bat\u0131\u2019dan Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, Do\u011fu\u2019dan da \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131 ve ak\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kalan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n durumu zorla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletler,\u0130stanbul\u2019un al\u0131n\u0131\u015f\u0131na tepki g\u00f6sterirlerken,Papa II.Paus\u2019da,Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferi d\u00fczenlemek i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bunun Do\u011fu\u2019daki deste\u011fini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in 1458\u2019de el\u00e7ilikle G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a g\u00f6ndermi\u015f oldu\u011fu Lodoviko\u2019nun \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ile T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 o b\u00f6lgelerde G\u00fcrcistan – \u0130ran ittifak\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,1964:23). Bu d\u00f6nemde ya\u015fanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu sava\u015flar 15.y\u00fczy\u0131l sonuna kadar s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Kafkasya olarak bat\u0131 ve g\u00fcneye ge\u00e7i\u015fler i\u00e7in kap\u0131 olan G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131 eskisi gibi hedef olmu\u015f ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 korumada yine zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yine a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131plar verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fgaller, bask\u0131lar ve a\u011f\u0131r vergilerle \u00fclke zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00dclkede halk ikide bir kom\u015fu b\u00f6lgelere ve da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relere \u00e7ekilerek zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fam s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 15.y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda T\u00fcrk ve \u0130ran ak\u0131nlar\u0131na dayanamayan G\u00fcrcistan, ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, do\u011fu b\u00f6lgeler \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n, bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeler ise Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n egemenli\u011fini kabul etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in Do\u011fu Seferi s\u0131ras\u0131nda cereyan eden Otlukbeli Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda (1473),ordusunun bir kolunda G\u00fcrc\u00fcler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Hatta bu G\u00fcrc\u00fc kolunun komutan\u0131 sava\u015fta \u00f6lenler aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Karal,1964:101).<\/p>\n

Yavuz Selim\u2019in Trabzon valili\u011fi (1481-1512) s\u0131ras\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131n\u0131n fethi i\u00e7in seferler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yavuz Selim, karadan ve denizden G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerine seferler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrcistan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile Transkafkasya \u00fczerinde uzun m\u00fccadeleler olmu\u015ftur (Tansel,1966:50; Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,1964: 226 vd.;Artvin \u0130l Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131,1973:28). Yavuz Selim,1508\u2019de K\u00fctayis (\u0130meret) b\u00f6lgesine kadar olan yerleri Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Nitekim bu g\u00fcn Hopa\u2019n\u0131n Abuisla k\u00f6y\u00fc yan\u0131ndaki Yavuz Selim Tepesi, Yavuz\u2019un G\u00fcrcistan ak\u0131nlar\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda verilmi\u015f olan ad olarak devam etmektedir. (\u00d6zdemir,2002:85). Bu s\u0131ralarda \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Atabekleri\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u015eav\u015fat, \u0130merkev, Ma\u00e7akhel ve Acara kesimlerinin beyleri, kendi istekleri ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederek Osmanl\u0131 himayesine girmi\u015flerdir. Daha sonra K\u0131p\u00e7ak Atabekleri\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olan \u015eav\u015fat K\u00f6pr\u00fcl\u00fc K\u00f6y\u00fc\u2019nden Zor Tuna, Yavuz Selim\u2019e s\u0131\u011f\u0131narak, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve beylik alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yavuz Selim, G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerine yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferle Arhavi, Hopa ve Bor\u00e7ka kesimlerini alm\u0131\u015f ve G\u00f6nye (Maradit) Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Yavuz Selim 1508\u2019e kadar yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 seferlerle, Canet (Laz eli) ile Kutayis (\u0130meret) b\u00f6lgelerini Trabzon Eyaleti\u2019ne katarak, Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fine almay\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Safevilerin bu b\u00f6lgelere gelmesini engellemi\u015ftir. Kartli (Tiflis) \u00fczerine yap\u0131lan seferle de Bagratl\u0131 Hanedan\u0131\u2019na, Osmanl\u0131 himayesi kabul ettirilmi\u015ftir. Yavuz Selim ayr\u0131ca Do\u011fu\u2019da \u015eah \u0130smail\u2019in katliam\u0131ndan yo\u011fun olarak ka\u00e7an S\u00fcnn\u00ee halk\u0131, 1501-1502 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 Trabzon, Rize ve Artvin y\u00f6relerine yerle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir (K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu,1953:508). Bu arada Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerdeki baz\u0131 beylikler de Yavuz\u2019un \u00c7ald\u0131ran Seferi\u2019nden sonra Osmanl\u0131 himayesine girmi\u015flerdir. Bu arada \u00c7ald\u0131ran Seferi d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u00e7ekilen g\u0131da s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131na baz\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc beyleri yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.B\u00f6ylece Yavuz Selim bir bak\u0131ma Transkafkasya\u2019y\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f oluyordu (G\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, 2000:137; Tansel,1966:70 vd.;D\u00fcndar,1998:38-47; Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,1964: 274 vd.). Yavuz Selim d\u00f6neminde Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine tabi olan bu do\u011fu ellerinin as\u0131l do\u011frudan fethi ise Kanuni S\u00fcleyman d\u00f6neminde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Zamanla G\u00fcrc\u00fc egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda olan bu b\u00f6lgelerde kal\u0131c\u0131 fetihler yap\u0131ld\u0131k\u00e7a yeni sancaklar kurulmu\u015ftur. Bunlar aras\u0131nda; Ardanu\u00e7 Sanca\u011f\u0131 1551\u2019de, Livane Sanca\u011f\u0131 1553\u2019te,\u015eav\u015fat Sanca\u011f\u0131 1553\u2019te,\u0130merkhev Sanca\u011f\u0131 1553\u2019te,Acara Sanca\u011f\u0131 1561\u2019de, Batum Sanca\u011f\u0131 1565\u2019te,Tavuskar Sanca\u011f\u0131 1574\u2019te, Macakhel Sanca\u011f\u0131,1576\u2019da kurulmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu sancaklar aras\u0131nda \u015eav\u015fat Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na Mehmet Bey, \u0130merkhev Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na Mahmut Bey ve Macakhel Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na da Ahmet Bey getirilmi\u015flerdir. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fc karde\u015f olan bu G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 beyler,kendi istekleri ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve isim de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Osmanl\u0131 idaresine giren ilk sancak beyleri olmu\u015flard\u0131r (Lamb, 1966:266\u2013271; Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1964:360 vd.; \u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:76 vd.; Artvin \u0130l Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131 ,1973:28).<\/p>\n

Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile \u0130ran aras\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011fu G\u00fcrc\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerinde olmak \u00fczere 50 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcren sava\u015flar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n iste\u011fi \u00fczerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 sa\u011flayacak, G\u00fcrc\u00fc topraklar\u0131n\u0131n iki devlet aras\u0131nda payla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 29 May\u0131s 1555 Amasya Antla\u015fmas\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re Kartli, Kaheti ve Do\u011fu Samshe \u0130ran\u2019a, \u0130mereti, Samegrelo, Guria ve Bat\u0131 Samshe Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada Ardahan, \u015eav\u015fat ve \u0130merkhev\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne verilmi\u015ftir. Bu arada Do\u011fu ellerinin savunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in 1556\u2019da Ardahan Kalesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerindeki m\u00fccadeleler s\u00fcr\u00fcp giderken, b\u00f6lgelerin asayi\u015fini sa\u011flamak, idari d\u00fczenlemelerini yapmak ve \u0130ran seferi ad\u0131yla yeni fetihlerde bulunmak \u00fczere Padi\u015fah iradesi ile Sokullu Mehmet Pa\u015fa, Erzurum Beylerbeyi L\u00e2la Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6revlendirmi\u015ftir. 12 y\u0131l s\u00fcreyle \u00fc\u00e7 a\u015fama \u015feklinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fecek olan bu seferlerin ilkine, A\u011fustos 1578\u2019de \u00e7\u0131kan L.Mustafa Pa\u015fa, Ardahan \u00fczerinden G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girmi\u015ftir (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,C.III,1973:58 vd.). Bu seferde \u0130ran ordular\u0131 yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f,A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan (Ah\u0131ska ve Ah\u0131lkelk) b\u00f6lgeleri \u0130ran egemenli\u011finden al\u0131narak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgelerden \u00e7\u0131kararak, merkezi Ah\u0131ska olan \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Eyaleti\u2019ni kuran L.Mustafa Pa\u015fa, orada g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u00f6rg\u00fctleme yaparak b\u00f6lge sancaklar\u0131n\u0131 buraya ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sancaklar\u0131n gelirlerinin bir miktar\u0131n\u0131 Erzurum\u2019daki vakfa ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensleri aralar\u0131nda s\u00fcren m\u00fccadelelerden b\u0131km\u0131\u015flard\u0131. O nedenle buralara Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n geli\u015fi bir t\u00fcr kurtar\u0131c\u0131 gibi kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nce A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan beylerinden Minu\u00e7ehr M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve Mustafa ad\u0131n\u0131 alarak Osmanl\u0131 h\u00e2kimiyetine girmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra karde\u015fi Greguvar ve Ah\u0131ska \u00e7evresindeki \u00f6teki Atabeyler M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ve benimseyerek Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimini tan\u0131m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (\u00d6zder, 1971:47; \u00d6zdemir,2002:69-71;Ayd\u0131n,1998:284-295).
\nBundan sonra Tiflis \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcyen L.Mustafa Pa\u015fa, kenti alm\u0131\u015f ve H\u00fck\u00fcmdar David ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6teki G\u00fcrc\u00fc beyleri itaat etmi\u015flerdir. Tiflis derhal eyalet haline getirilerek, beylerbeyli\u011fi Mehmet Pa\u015fa\u2019ya verilmi\u015ftir. Daha sonra \u015eirvan taraflar\u0131na d\u00f6nen L.Mustafa Pa\u015fa, buralar\u0131n idari d\u00fczenlemesini yapt\u0131ktan sonra Erzurum\u2019a d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bunun ard\u0131ndan \u0130ranl\u0131lar Tiflis\u2019e sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015flarsa da ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1973:59 vd.).<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fcney b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa da, buralar\u0131n elde tutulmas\u0131 \u00e7ok zordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00f6zellikle Tiflis \u00fczerine \u0130ran ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc bask\u0131s\u0131 oluyordu. Onun i\u00e7in Kars\u2019ta bir kale yap\u0131larak b\u00f6lge takviye edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6lgenin elde tutulmas\u0131n\u0131 ve asayi\u015fini sa\u011flamak \u00fczere ikinci olarak 1582\u2019de Sinan Pa\u015fa, \u0130ran Seferi ad\u0131yla Tiflis\u2019e kadar gelmi\u015ftir. Tiflis beylerbeyini de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015f, G\u00fcrcistan beylerinden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olup ad\u0131n\u0131 Yusuf olarak de\u011fi\u015ftiren Giorgi\u2019yi Tiflis Beylerbeyi yaparak asayi\u015fi yeniden d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,1973:61; Ayd\u0131n,1998:264 ; \u00d6zdemir, 2002:107).
\nKafkasya\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan b\u00f6lgesinde yine de kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar eksik olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu biraz da co\u011frafyadan kaynaklanmaktayd\u0131. Mustafa ad\u0131yla M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olmu\u015f olan Minucehr, bu s\u0131ralarda tekrar H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f ve bir tak\u0131m giri\u015fimlere ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun ve b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan \u00f6teki sorunlar \u00fczerine, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc bir \u0130ran seferi i\u00e7in 1583\u2019te Ferhat Pa\u015fa g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131,1973:61 vd.;\u00d6zdemir,2002:69).Ferhat Pa\u015fa, Ardahan ve Kars kalelerini tahkim ettikten sonra,G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerine gitmi\u015f, Lori ve G\u00fcri kalelerini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca \u00f6teki b\u00f6lgelere de ak\u0131nlar yap\u0131larak b\u00f6lgedeki egemenlik alan\u0131 geni\u015fletilmi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca b\u00f6lgede etkili bir egemenlik kurabilmek i\u00e7in Tiflis\u2019e asker ve malzeme takviyesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi kuvvetlendirilirken, vergiye ba\u011flanan b\u00f6lge ve beylerin say\u0131s\u0131 da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede etkili olan Kartli Beyi Aleksandr da vergiye ba\u011flananlar aras\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Uzun\u00e7ar\u015f\u0131l\u0131, 1973:62 ; \u00d6zdemir, 2002: 70).<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fte buradan itibaren G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan\u2019daki baz\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc prensleri de varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 koruyabilmek i\u00e7in \u0130ran egemenli\u011fi i\u00e7inde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederek varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 o \u015fekilde koruyabilmi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece bu tarihlerden itibaren ayn\u0131 zamanda T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nin tarihi ba\u015flayacakt\u0131r. 1578\u2019de itibaren Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneybat\u0131 kesimine kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak girmesi ile T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkileri tarihsel ve siyasal anlamda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buradan itibaren bu kesimlerin M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmesi ile giderek H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerle olan ya\u015fam b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde farkl\u0131la\u015fmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu do\u011fal olarak \u0130sl\u00e2mi kurallar\u0131n benimsenmesinin ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece gelecek geli\u015fmeler bu b\u00f6lgedeki H\u0131ristiyan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri birbirinden koparm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ilerideki y\u0131llarda ya\u015fanan Rus ve benzeri bask\u0131lar da bu b\u00f6lgedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin, Karadeniz ve Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6relerine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine neden olmu\u015ftur. Uzun tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, dili ya\u015fatman\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda,T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gelenekleri ile kar\u0131\u015f\u0131p kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

IV. T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri
\n<\/b>
\nBu g\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de b\u00f6yle bir ba\u015fl\u0131k kullanman\u0131n ne \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde do\u011fru oldu\u011fu tart\u0131\u015f\u0131labilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00f6kenli vatanda\u015flar, ge\u00e7en y\u00fczy\u0131llar i\u00e7erisinde T\u00fcrkl\u00fck ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee de\u011ferlerle b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Onlar\u0131n herhangi bir \u015fekilde etnik sorunlar\u0131 yoktur. Ancak yine de dil ve baz\u0131 geleneklerini ya\u015fatt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu isimle an\u0131lmalar\u0131nda bir sak\u0131nca olmasa gerekir.
\nT\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkileri yukar\u0131da da anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 1461\u2019de Trabzon\u2019un al\u0131nmas\u0131 ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve Fatih Sultan Mehmet\u2019in Karadeniz sahillerini Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na almas\u0131 ile G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a kom\u015fu olunmu\u015ftu. Daha sonra Yavuz Selim\u2019in Trabzon valili\u011fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda Do\u011fu Karadeniz ve G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerine seferler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde bir \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck boyutlu sava\u015flar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgedeki baz\u0131 prensler M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ederek Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131na girmi\u015flerdir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:76). Ancak b\u00f6lgedeki as\u0131l kal\u0131c\u0131 yerle\u015fmeyi ve idari \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeyi ise 1578\u2019deki Do\u011fu Seferi ile Erzurum Beylerbeyi Lala Mustafa Pa\u015fa ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 desteklemesine ra\u011fmen, 5 A\u011fustos 1578\u2019de yola \u00e7\u0131kan L.Mustafa Pa\u015fa,10 A\u011fustos\u2019ta \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r\u2019\u0131 ve 24 A\u011fustos\u2019ta da Tiflis\u2019i alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n G\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan Samtse, Saatabago, \u00c7avaheti, \u015eav\u015feti, Klarceti,Tao vb. b\u00f6lgeleri de al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve buralar\u0131n ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Eyaleti olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. \u0130\u015fte T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nin tarihi ve varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 1578 olarak buradan ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bazan \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r ve bazen de Ah\u0131ska merkezli olarak y\u00f6netilen Transkafkasya olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu b\u00f6lgelerde Osmanl\u0131 Devleti kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesini yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla birlikte de bu b\u00f6lgelerde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k kabul edilmeye ve yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6nce Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fini kabul etmi\u015f olan prenslerin baz\u0131lar\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f ve sonra da halk aras\u0131nda benimsenmi\u015ftir. Ancak bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etme s\u00fcreci yakla\u015f\u0131k 100 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir zaman dilimini alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu, 1993:275-277; \u00d6zdemir, 2002:139-140).<\/p>\n

1590\u2019da \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Eyaleti ve Ah\u0131ska Pa\u015fal\u0131\u011f\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 1160 k\u00f6y\u00fcn oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar 1639 itibar\u0131 ile do\u011fuda Kars\u2019\u0131, bat\u0131da ise Batum Artvin ve Rize\u2019yi i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r. Bu arada M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k da bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar i\u00e7inde h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmakta idi. 1694-1732 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki kay\u0131tlardan, b\u00f6lgedeki Osmanl\u0131 egemenlik alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde; Ah\u0131ska, Ah\u0131lkelk, Acara, \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r, Oltu, Poshov, Ardahan, Ma\u00e7hakel, \u0130menkhev, \u015eav\u015fat, Ardanu\u00e7, Livane, Aspinza, Peterek, Mamervan, Cacarak, Hertis ve Kala vb.sancaklar\u0131n bulundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki dirlik say\u0131s\u0131 ise 882 dir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:76). Bu b\u00f6lgeler, Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmi\u015f olan \u00e7o\u011fu yerel G\u00fcrc\u00fc beyler taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilmi\u015ftir. Bu beylere yurtluk ve ocakl\u0131k haslar verilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Rusya kuzeyden 1801\u2019den itibaren G\u00fcrcistan topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fgale ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin, \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Eyaleti\u2019nin yerel g\u00fcc\u00fc sars\u0131lmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Merkezden gerekli yard\u0131m\u0131 alamayan \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Eyaleti g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kaybedince, Ah\u0131ska Pa\u015fas\u0131 olan G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 Selim Pa\u015fa (Him\u015fia\u015fvili) 1803\u2019te, Ruslarla anla\u015farak b\u00f6lgesinde M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fc y\u00f6netimini kurmak \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019ne kar\u015f\u0131 isyan etmi\u015ftir. Selim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n hareketi 1815\u2019te bast\u0131r\u0131larak kendisi ast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yerine Ahmet Pa\u015fa (Himsia\u015fvili) getirilmi\u015ftir. Ahmet Pa\u015fa\u2019da bir s\u00fcre sonra, 1828-29 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 arifesindeki olaylarda Rusya\u2019ya yakla\u015fma giri\u015fiminde bulunmu\u015fsa da, sonra vazge\u00e7mi\u015f ve bu sava\u015flarda Devleti\u2019nin yan\u0131nda yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00d6zder,1971:3-17). Bu sava\u015flarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Poti ile Ah\u0131ska ve Ah\u0131lkelk\u2019in bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a devretmi\u015ftir. Bundan sonraki y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin elinde olan Acara b\u00f6lgelerinde ayaklanmalar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu ayaklanmalar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1832\u2019de bast\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Te\u015fvik\u00e7iler cezaland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f veya uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak bundan bir s\u00fcre sonra Selim Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n (Him\u015fia\u015fvili) o\u011flu K\u00f6r H\u00fcseyin yeniden Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine kar\u015f\u0131 bir hareket ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu tarihlerde Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 sadrazamlar olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin,1812-1814 tarihlerinde Hur\u015fit Pa\u015fa ve 1828-1832 tarihlerinde de Re\u015fit Mehmet Pa\u015fa G\u00fcrc\u00fc as\u0131ll\u0131 sadrazamlar olmu\u015flard\u0131r (\u00d6zdemir, 2002:151-161).
\nO y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, M\u0131s\u0131r valisi\u2019nin isyan\u0131 ile u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yor ve II.Mahmut zor g\u00fcnler ya\u015f\u0131yordu. Ya\u015fanan o olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Trabzon ve Erzurum beylerbeyleri de K\u00f6r H\u00fcseyin\u2019le birlikte Mehmet Ali Pa\u015fa ile ili\u015fkiler kurumu\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak M\u0131s\u0131r sorununun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnden sonra Padi\u015fah Abd\u00fclmecid b\u00f6lgeye a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k vermi\u015f, beylerbeyleri de\u011fi\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve 1844\u2019te b\u00f6lgedeki ayaklanmalar bast\u0131r\u0131larak, yeni idari d\u00fczenlemeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Acara, yukar\u0131 ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olmak \u00fczere ikiye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.1851\u2019de de her iki Acara ve Guria, Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131 \u015feklinde birle\u015ftirilerek te\u015fkil\u00e2tland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Y\u00f6netimi ise Batum kaymakaml\u0131\u011f\u0131na verilmi\u015ftir.
\nBu d\u00fczenlemelerden k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra 1853\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve yine G\u00fcrc\u00fc b\u00f6lgeler hareketlenmi\u015ftir. Ruslar, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fc b\u00f6lgelere baz\u0131 vaatlerde bulunup, hem asker yard\u0131m\u0131 almaya ve hem de lojistik olarak yararlanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00f6lge komutanlar\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgeye gelen \u0130ngiliz komutanlar da kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlemlere y\u00f6nelmi\u015flerdir (\u00d6zdemir,2002:163). Ancak b\u00f6lgede bir tak\u0131m zorluklarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya olunmu\u015ftur. Bu arada Batum, Livane,Kars ve Ardahan b\u00f6lgelerinden,dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile b\u00f6lge G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nden yard\u0131m istenmi\u015ftir. Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrerken, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen b\u00f6lgelerden Lazistan birlikleri olu\u015fturulmu\u015f ve Kars\u2019a kadar uzanan b\u00f6lgelerde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Acara G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri de, Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015flerdir (\u00d6zder, 1971:22; \u00d6zdemir, 2002:163). Ayr\u0131ca bu arada Do\u011fu Bayezid ve G\u00fcmr\u00fc \u00fczerinden, Da\u011fistan T\u00fcrkleri\u2019nin lideri \u015eeyh \u015eamil, Tiflis \u00fczerine y\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f, Rus ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc birliklerine \u00f6nemli kay\u0131plar verdirilmi\u015f ancak Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131 ile ba\u011flant\u0131 kurulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00d6zdemir, 2002:164). Osmanl\u0131 Devleti 1855\u2019te, Acara\u2019dan yeniden asker isteyince, Ruslar\u2019\u0131n etkisi ile G\u00fcrc\u00fc beylerden tepki olmu\u015f ve yeni ayaklanmalar ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bundan sonraki y\u0131llarda da Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin b\u00f6lgede etkinli\u011finin azalmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00fczerine G\u00fcrc\u00fc ayaklanmalar\u0131 artarak s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu ayaklanmalar\u0131n \u00f6nemlileri 1858,1859 ve 1875\u2019te olmu\u015ftur. Ancak G\u00fcrc\u00fc beyler aras\u0131nda kendi i\u00e7 \u00e7eki\u015fmeleri oldu\u011fundan davran\u0131\u015f birli\u011fini sa\u011flayam\u0131yorlard\u0131. \u0130\u015fte 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcnlerine gelindi\u011finde, b\u00f6lgedeki ortam bu durumdayd\u0131 (Karal,1961 C.V:218-245; \u00d6zder, 1971:29-30).<\/p>\n

Bu tarihlerde art\u0131k M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerle H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f durumdayd\u0131lar. Ruslar, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ermeniler aras\u0131nda muhtariyet kazanma propagandalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekteydiler. Bu yolla genelde G\u00fcrc\u00fc ordular\u0131ndan yararlanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda bir Rus Kafkas kolunun komutan\u0131 General \u00c7av\u00e7azade olmu\u015ftur. Ancak G\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u00fck propagandas\u0131, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler \u00fczerinde fazlaca bir etki yapmam\u0131\u015f ve bu b\u00f6lgeler genelde Osmanl\u0131 ordular\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Batum merkezli olarak \u00f6nemli yard\u0131mlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Batum, Artvin, Rize, Ardahan ve Kars b\u00f6lgelerinde, T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olan birliklerle birlikte Ruslar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli m\u00fccadeleler verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak 93 (1293) Harbi ad\u0131 da verilen 1877-78 Sava\u015f\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin yenilgisi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda 3 Mart 1878\u2019de ki Ye\u015filk\u00f6y Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019nda 1.4 milyar ve sonra da Berlin Konferans\u0131\u2019nda azalt\u0131larak 410 milyon ruble kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, Elviye-i Sel\u00e2se olarak,Kars ve Ardahan\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131nda Batum ile bu co\u011frafya\u2019da yer alan Artvin, Bor\u00e7ka, Macahel,Meydanc\u0131k,\u015eav\u015fat,Ardanu\u00e7,\u00c7\u00fcr\u00fcksu,Hopa ve Kemalpa\u015fa b\u00f6lgeleri Rusya\u2019ya verilmi\u015ftir (Karal, 1962,C. VIII:4-67; \u00d6zder, 1971:29; \u00d6zdemir, 2002:163-186).<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece 1878-1921 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda t\u00fcm bu b\u00f6lgeler, buralardaki T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri olarak adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z halklar, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la birle\u015ftirilerek Ruslara verilmi\u015ftir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, t\u00fcm bu do\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerini kaybetmi\u015f oluyordu. Bu i\u015fgal d\u00f6neminde Ruslar, G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri kazanmak \u00fczere bu \u00fc\u00e7 sancakta (Batum, Kars, Ardahan ) ve \u00f6teki y\u00f6relerde kendilerine sad\u0131k y\u00f6neticileri kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a siyasal ak\u0131mlar\u0131 sokmu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7e\u015fitli siyasal ak\u0131mlar faaliyet g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. 1.2.ve 3. gruplar \u015feklinde adland\u0131r\u0131lan faaliyetler olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n

Bunlar aras\u0131nda 2.grubu olu\u015fturan Marksist Sosyal Demokrat Parti\u2019de as\u0131l ad\u0131 Cuga\u015fvili olan Stalin\u2019de yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:64).
\n\u0130\u015fte 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, bu b\u00f6lgelerin T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 ile M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ( genelde Acaral\u0131 ) ,Rus bask\u0131s\u0131na u\u011frama korkusu ve Rus \u0130\u015fgalini kabul etmeme u\u011fruna \u00e7ok zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir (Erkan, 1996:59-79). Kara ve deniz yollar\u0131 ile b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde kay\u0131plar verilerek Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6relerine yap\u0131lan bu g\u00f6\u00e7lere \u201cI.Ka\u00e7ka\u00e7\u201d, ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131lda b\u00f6lgeden 120 bin ki\u015fi g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015ftir. Bu say\u0131 Acara, Batum, Artvin, Bor\u00e7ka, \u015eav\u015fat ve Ardanu\u00e7\u2019dan yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7lerin say\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Bu i\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131 ,\u201dkara g\u00fcnler\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. O y\u0131llarda b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler dayan\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7inde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019da bu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nB\u00f6ylece olduk\u00e7a uzun bir zaman dilimini olu\u015fturan bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te,H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikler kazanm\u0131\u015f olan Acaral\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler,b\u00f6lgede ve T\u00fcrkiye genelinde bir T\u00fcrk-T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri kayna\u015fmas\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunu M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k daha da peki\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Ruslar ise Elviye-i Sel\u00e2se denen \u00fc\u00e7 sancakta M\u00fcsl\u00fcman olan T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc halk\u0131n\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in bu b\u00f6lgelere Rum ve Ermenileri yerle\u015ftirmeyi planlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak Artvin, Bor\u00e7ka, Macahel ve \u0130merhev\u2019deki G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, T\u00fcrklerle i\u015fbirli\u011fi i\u00e7inde silahlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rakmam\u0131\u015f, Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 ortak bir \u015fekilde m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir (\u00d6zkan, 1968:121; \u00d6zdemir, 2002:190-192).<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015fgal b\u00f6lgelerinden Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek \u00fczere yo\u011fun bir istek olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u015eav\u015fat\u2019tan 10 k\u00f6y halk\u0131 t\u00fcmden g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek \u00fczere Nahiye M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Behl\u00fcl Bey\u2019e vek\u00e2let vererek isteklerini \u0130stanbul\u2019a iletmi\u015flerdir. Bu y\u00f6ndeki g\u00f6\u00e7 isteklerine M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerde kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak bu b\u00f6lgelerin bo\u015falt\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yanl\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6ren b\u00f6lge ileri gelenleri, halk\u0131 ikna etmeye ve g\u00f6\u00e7leri \u00f6nlemeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Tavuk-civciv parolas\u0131 ile halk\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle gen\u00e7leri bilin\u00e7lendirmeyi ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunun i\u00e7in milli ve dini duygular\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Halk\u0131, bu i\u015fgallerin ge\u00e7ici olaca\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu konuda her y\u00f6rede T\u00fcrk ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc n\u00fcfuzlu ve ayd\u0131n ki\u015filer \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck etmi\u015flerdir Bu konuda \u00f6nc\u00fcl\u00fck eden T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fc ileri gelenleri; Artvin\u2019den Remzi (\u00c7a\u011fal) Efendi, \u015eav\u015fat\u2019tan, H\u00fcseyin, Vehbi, Recai ve S\u00fcleyman (\u00d6zbek) efendiler, \u0130merhev\u2019den Mevl\u00fct Efendi, Ardanu\u00e7\u2019tan Abit Efendi, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Acara\u2019dan, Davut,Abdullah,\u0130skender ve Numan efendiler, Yukar\u0131 Acara\u2019dan, \u0130sa,Temur ve Cemal karde\u015fler ve Kula\u2019dan Osman Efendi olmu\u015flard\u0131r (\u00d6zdemir, 2002:212-214). Fakat yine de 93 Muhacirleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu g\u00f6\u00e7ler \u00f6nlenememi\u015f ve y\u0131llarca s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Ruslar, bu b\u00f6lgelerde Tiflis Genel Valili\u011fi\u2019ne ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, Kars ve Batum asker\u00ee valillikleri \u015feklinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleme yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Artvin Bor\u00e7ka, Ardanu\u00e7 ve \u015eav\u015fat\u2019\u0131 kaza \u015feklinde ve \u00e7o\u011fu G\u00fcrc\u00fc olan y\u00f6neticilerle y\u00f6nettirmi\u015flerdir. Baz\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde de muhtarl\u0131klar\u0131 T\u00fcrklere vermi\u015flerdir. Ruslar, kalan halka Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131 izlerken, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ayd\u0131n-m\u00fcft\u00fc gibi ileri gelenler de halk\u0131 M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131k dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnde y\u00f6nlendirmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Mehmet As\u0131m Bey, Batum ve \u00e7evresinde \u00e7ok etkili olmu\u015ftur (\u00d6zkan,1968:122 vd.).<\/p>\n

Ruslar, 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k o i\u015fgal y\u0131llar\u0131nda baz\u0131 k\u00f6y ve kasabalarda Rus okullar\u0131 a\u00e7m\u0131\u015flarsa da T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden ilgi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin, \u015eav\u015fat Satlel ve Bal\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00f6y\u00fcnde Rus okullar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak ilgi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bir y\u0131l sonra kapanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 (\u00d6zdemir,2002:207). Halk \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 medreselere g\u00f6ndermi\u015f ve Rus asimile politikas\u0131na alet olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Buna M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerde ayn\u0131 duyarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. \u0130\u015fte I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131na gelindi\u011finde o b\u00f6lgeler bu ko\u015fullar\u0131 ya\u015famakta idi. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden bo\u015falan yerlere Ermeni ve Rumlar yerle\u015ftirilerek yeni b\u00f6lge dengeleri olu\u015fturulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. Bu da yeni yerel \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara neden oluyordu. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bu b\u00f6lgelerde Te\u015fkil\u00e2t-\u0131 Mahsusa\u2019dan gelen baz\u0131 yurtsever subaylar, yerli ayd\u0131nlarla ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde kar\u015f\u0131 faaliyetlerde bulunuyorlard\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131nda Yakup Cemil, Halit, Bahattin \u015eakir ve Filibeli Hilmi beyler vard\u0131 (\u00d6zdemir,2002: 231,234 ve 272; \u00d6zder,1971:106).<\/p>\n

O g\u00fcnlerde Transkafkasya\u2019da, bir birlik olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere Tiflis merkezli \u201dTranskafkasya Federasyonu\u201d kurulmu\u015ftu. Bu kapsamda b\u00f6lgenin sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ve s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmek \u00fczere 14 Mart\u201314 Nisan 1918 tarihlerinde Trabzon Konferans\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrmeli,2001:70 vd.; Sar\u0131kaya,2004:118). Bu Konferans\u2019ta, bir tak\u0131m kararlar al\u0131nm\u0131\u015fsa da genelde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Daha sonra yine Transkafkasya Federasyonu\u2019nun giri\u015fimi ile ayn\u0131 ama\u00e7l\u0131 ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak 11 May\u0131s-4 Haziran 1918 tarihlerinde Batum Konferans\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu konferansa Almanlar, Kafkas politikalar\u0131 gere\u011fi olarak ilgi g\u00f6stermi\u015fler ve G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olarak, kendilerine \u00e7\u0131karlar sa\u011flamay\u0131 planlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Hatta bu politika, Berlin\u2019de toplanan bir uzmanlar komitesinde belirlenmi\u015ftir (\u00c7olak,2006:243-253).<\/p>\n

Batum Konferans\u0131 ile Ruslarda yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmi\u015flerdir. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019de Almanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda Konferans\u2019a Halit Bey Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir heyetle kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgedeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklar\u0131n haklar\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar savunulmu\u015ftur. Bu arada M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fc temsilciler de Osmanl\u0131 heyeti ile birlikte hareket etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

Batum Konferans\u0131 ile Alman-G\u00fcrc\u00fc yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na giden yol a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Almanlar bu yard\u0131m kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda b\u00f6lgede, bir tak\u0131m avantajlar elde etmi\u015flerdir. Bu arada baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nde kalmas\u0131 sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bundan sonra Transkafkasya Birli\u011fi da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve b\u00f6lgede T\u00fcrk-Alman etkinlik m\u00fccadelesi ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu geli\u015fmelerin ard\u0131ndan Almanlar, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girmi\u015f ve 28 May\u0131s 1918\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrmeli, 2001:103 vd.).<\/p>\n

Bu s\u0131rada Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, da\u011f\u0131lan Kafkasya Birli\u011fi\u2019nin \u00fc\u00e7 devleti olan G\u00fcrcistan, Ermenistan ve Azerbaycan\u2019la birer antla\u015fma imzalam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.4 Haziran 1918\u2019de imzalanan T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ad\u0131na Vehip Pa\u015fa ve Halil Bey, G\u00fcrcistan ad\u0131na da Gavazava ve Ritkilazade imzalam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmalarla o b\u00f6lgelerdeki T\u00fcrk varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve haklar teyit edilmi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrmeli, 2001:148 vd.).Ayr\u0131ca o g\u00fcnlerde b\u00f6lgede bir farkl\u0131 geli\u015fme olarak \u201c\u0130sl\u00e2m G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131\u201d kurma \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz. Trabzon\u2019da kurulmu\u015f olan G\u00fcrc\u00fc Milli Komitesi ile Osmanl\u0131 temsilcileri aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerden sonra 18 Haziran 1918\u2019de, Ruslar\u2019dan gizli olarak bir antla\u015fma daha imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00d6zder, 1971:181). Bu G\u00fcrc\u00fc Milli Komitesi,\u201d\u00dc\u00e7 Sancak\u201d haklar\u0131n\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ad\u0131na, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti lehine kabul etmi\u015ftir. Yap\u0131lan protokolde, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyordu. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda da G\u00fcrc\u00fc Komitesi, s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve b\u00f6lgede ki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bir tak\u0131m g\u00fcvenceler veriyordu. Bu antla\u015fma ile s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 haklar, Sami \u0130lter\u2019in hat\u0131ralar\u0131ndan al\u0131n\u0131p Vakit Gazetesi\u2019nin 31 Ocak 1946\u2019da yay\u0131nland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Adil \u00d6zder naklen vermektedir(\u00d6zder, 1971:182-184). Ancak buna ra\u011fmen b\u00f6lgede bir\u00e7ok sorun ask\u0131da olmu\u015ftur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Ermeni-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkileri ve sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcms\u00fcz halde idi.<\/p>\n

Bu \u015fekilde ki Osmanl\u0131-G\u00fcrc\u00fc yak\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 ile bir \u0130sl\u00e2m G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131 ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Artvin ve \u00e7evresinde yo\u011fun propagandalar yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yerli baz\u0131 s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en kimseler ikna edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artvin\u2019de Kadir A\u011fa\u2019y\u0131 bunu sa\u011flamak \u00fczere kurulacak alay\u0131n komutanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve Ardanu\u00e7 M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Mehmet Remzi (\u00c7a\u011fal) Efendiyi de bu alay\u0131n m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne getirmek \u00fczere Tiflis ve Batum\u2019a \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rlar. Hatta Kadir A\u011fa\u2019ya madalya vererek iknaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlarsa da kabul etmedikleri i\u00e7in bu planda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olunamaz(\u00d6zder,1971:101-104). Ayr\u0131ca bunu sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in Ermeni bask\u0131 ve katliamlar\u0131 kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fc Komitesi bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yaparken, Batum\u2019da Mehmet Bey liderli\u011finde bir \u201c\u0130sl\u00e2m G\u00fcrcistan Cemiyeti\u201d kurulmu\u015f ve o da bu y\u00f6nde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bir yandan bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yap\u0131l\u0131rken, \u00f6te yandan bu b\u00f6lgelerde Nuri Pa\u015fa , Filibeli Hilmi Bey ve Halit Bey bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 g\u00f6zleyip kontrol alt\u0131nda tutmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu y\u00f6ndeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve propagandalar\u0131n, bu b\u00f6lgeleri G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la birle\u015ftirmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tesbit eden bu ki\u015filer durumu K\u00e2zim (Karabekir) Pa\u015fa\u2019ya iletmi\u015flerdir. Bu arada Batum\u2019a \u0130ngilizler \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve Nuri, Halit ve Hilmi beyleri yakalamak \u00fczere takibe ge\u00e7tiklerinden bu ilgili ki\u015filer, \u015eav\u015fat-Oltu \u00fczerinden Erzurum\u2019a ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece \u0130sl\u00e2m G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131 plan\u0131n\u0131n, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131n\u0131 ikna ederek, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la birle\u015fmeyi ama\u00e7lad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenen K\u00e2zim (Karabekir) Pa\u015fa,durumu 11 Mart 1920\u2019de Harbiye Nezareti\u2019ne ve ilgili kolordulara bildirerek \u00f6nlem al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir (\u00d6zder,1971:195-197; \u00d6zdemir,2002: 273 vd.).<\/p>\n

Almanya ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, \u00f6teden beri Transkafkasya\u2019da G\u00fcrc\u00fc komitesi ile de i\u015fbirli\u011fi yaparak, G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri ayakland\u0131rma politikas\u0131n\u0131 izliyorlard\u0131. Bu konuda Enver Pa\u015fa ile Almanya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wangenheim birle\u015fiyorlard\u0131. Ancak Wangenheim ve b\u00f6lge ile ilgilenen askeri temsilcileri, Almanya ad\u0131na Kafkasya\u2019daki petroller ve \u00f6teki yeralt\u0131 zenginliklerini \u00f6nemsiyorlard\u0131. Enver ve Talat pa\u015falar ise \u00f6ncelikle Kars, Ardahan, Artvin ve Batum\u2019u kurtarmak istiyorlard\u0131. Bununla Devlet\u2019in o b\u00f6lgelerdeki prestiji artacak ve daha ilerisi i\u00e7in de yol a\u00e7\u0131lacakt\u0131. O nedenle Almanlara, Kafkasya ve ilerisi i\u00e7in \u00f6neriler yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca bu politikalar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Transkafkasya\u2019da bir M\u00fcsl\u00fcman devletin de olu\u015fturulabilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Bu \u00f6nerilere Alman makamlar\u0131 sempati ile bakmakla birlikte, Enver Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n daha ileriye y\u00f6nelmesine pek s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yor ve oyalama politikas\u0131n\u0131 izliyorlard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bu b\u00f6lgelerde faaliyet g\u00f6steren Halil, Nuri ve Vehip pa\u015falarla, Alman generali Von Lossew ve K\u00fchlman vb.temsilcileri aras\u0131nda farkl\u0131 tavsiyeler yap\u0131lmakta idi. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin faaliyetlerinin daha \u00e7o\u011fu G\u00fcney Kafkasya ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmas\u0131 istenmekteydi. Nitekim 1918\u2019de Alman-Rus Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile b\u00f6lgedeki Alman politikas\u0131 sona erdi\u011finde, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi sava\u015f s\u00fcresince devletler, \u00fcst ve ileri politikalar pe\u015finde ko\u015farken, b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bask\u0131lar alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece de b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etme ya da o b\u00f6lgelerde kal\u0131p m\u00fccadele etme gibi se\u00e7enekler aras\u0131nda ki zorluklar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nElviye-i Sel\u00e2se olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Batum, Artvin Ardahan ve Kars\u2019ta 16 A\u011fustos 1918\u2019de yap\u0131lan halk oylamas\u0131nda, Batum\u2019da oy kullanma durumunda olan 4.312 ki\u015fiden 2.669\u2019u T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi istemi\u015f,160 ki\u015fi hay\u0131r demi\u015f ve 1483 ki\u015fi de \u00e7ekimser kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Artvin\u2019de, oy kullanma durumunda olan 16.317 ki\u015fiden 16.309\u2019u T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi istemi\u015f ve 3 ki\u015fi red oyu vermi\u015ftir. \u00dc\u00e7 sancak genelinde ise 87.048 ki\u015fiden 85.129\u2019u T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi istemi\u015f,441 hay\u0131r oyu vermi\u015f ve 1693 ki\u015fi de \u00e7ekimser oy kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131rk y\u0131l Rus ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc i\u015fgalinde olan bu b\u00f6lgelerdeki durum b\u00f6yledir (Kurat, 1990:491-492; S\u00fcrmeli, 2001:229).<\/p>\n

I.D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 (1914-1918) boyunca Rus ve Ermeni sava\u015f ve bask\u0131lar\u0131 alt\u0131nda bu b\u00f6lgelerin halk\u0131 \u00e7ok zor ko\u015fullar\u0131 ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u00e7l\u0131k ve sefalet i\u00e7inde kalan halk, tekrar b\u00f6lgeden g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Karal, C.XI,1999:525-529;\u00d6zdemir,2002:247). Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerin i\u00e7inde, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak 1917\u2019de Rusya\u2019da Bol\u015fevik \u0130htilali olmu\u015f ve Ruslar sava\u015ftan \u00e7ekilme durumunda kald\u0131klar\u0131ndan, b\u00f6lgedeki bask\u0131lar\u0131 da yava\u015flatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu arada G\u00fcrcistan, Almanya\u2019ya yakla\u015fm\u0131\u015f, 28 May\u0131s 1918\u2019de Almanya ile ve 4 Haziran 1918\u2019de de Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ile antla\u015fmalar yaparak s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 belirlemi\u015ftir. Bu antla\u015fmalar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan Tiflis\u2019te Noe Jordania ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet kurularak ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan eden G\u00fcrcistan, Paris Konferans\u0131\u2019nda 22 \u00fclke taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (S\u00fcrmeli,2001:137ve 616; \u00c7olak, 2006:94-106; Kurat,1990:468 ve 491). Daha sonra 7 Ocak 1920\u2019de de Sovyetlerle bir antla\u015fma yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u0131sa s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Stalin ve Orkonikidze y\u00f6netimindeki K\u0131z\u0131l Ordu, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a girerek Me\u015fvenek H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019ni y\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve 25 \u015eubat 1921\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na son vermi\u015ftir.B\u00f6ylece G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da Sovyet y\u00f6netimi kurulmu\u015ftur (S\u00fcrmeli,2001:694-696).<\/p>\n

Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa Anadolu\u2019ya ge\u00e7ti\u011finde Havza\u2019da ve Erzurum\u2019da Sovyet temsilcileri ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (G\u00fcr\u00fcn, 1991:11 vd.).O g\u00fcnlerde bir T\u00fcrk heyeti Tiflis\u2019e gitmi\u015ftir (Tengir\u015fek,1981:197).Bu arada 1920\u2019de bir T\u00fcrk birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan Batum i\u015fgal edilmi\u015ftir (Artvin Y\u0131ll\u0131\u011f\u0131,1973:37-38). Sivas Kongresi g\u00fcnlerinde Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, Halil Pa\u015fa\u2019y\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in batum \u00fczerinden Moskova\u2019ya g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir(Taylan,1972:24 vd.). Bu s\u0131ralarda Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de, Rize-Batum aras\u0131nda da b\u00f6lge i\u00e7in m\u00fccadeleler verilmekteydi (G\u00f6kbilgin,1959:77 vd.). Yine o g\u00fcnlerde Ermeni D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Okancanyan,\u00c7i\u00e7erin\u2019e bir mektup yazarak, T\u00fcrklere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fbirli\u011fini \u00f6nermi\u015ftir.Daha sonra da bu kanuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Cebesoy,1955:93-94 ve 181-182; Tengir\u015fek,1981:162).<\/p>\n

Aral\u0131k 1920 ortalar\u0131nda Ankara H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Bekir Sami Bey Moskova ziyareti d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde Tiflis\u2019e gelmi\u015ftir. Tiflis\u2019te, G\u00fcrcistan yetkilileri ile resmi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeler yapm\u0131\u015f ve Ankara\u2019da el\u00e7ilik a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin izni ile 31 Aral\u0131k 1920\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan El\u00e7isi olarak Simon Mdivani Ankara\u2019ya gelmi\u015ftir. Mdivani,8 \u015eubat 1921\u2019de Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmi\u015f ve g\u00fcven mektubunu sunmu\u015ftur. Mustafa Kemal\u2019le Mdivani aras\u0131nda samimi bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fme yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nman\u0131n \u00f6nemi \u00fczerinde durulmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lgede s\u0131n\u0131r kom\u015fulu\u011funu ve bunun \u00f6nemini vurgulayan Mustafa Kemal Pa\u015fa, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak dostluk ve dayan\u0131\u015fman\u0131n gereklili\u011fini ifade etmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece Ankara\u2019da ilk el\u00e7ilik kuran G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la yak\u0131n ba\u011flar\u0131n kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 isteyen Mustafa Kemal, bu dostluk ve kom\u015fulu\u011fa vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu \u00f6nemi \u015fu s\u00f6zlerle dile getirmi\u015ftir ; \u201c Bizi G\u00fcrcistan ile birle\u015ftiren yaln\u0131z sempati de\u011fil,ayn\u0131 zamanda hedeflerimizin de bir olmas\u0131d\u0131r.G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir do\u011fuya ihtiya\u00e7 var.\u00d6zellikle g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir Kafkasya\u2019ya.Kafkasya\u2019da ise en \u00f6nemlisi ulus olan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin,g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmas\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 var.Bize,g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir G\u00fcrcistan laz\u0131m.Biz Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer \u00fclkelerinin de ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olabilmeleri i\u00e7in G\u00fcrcistan ile birlikte \u00e7aba sarfetmeliyiz\u201d diyor (Nutuk,1989:327; Aral,1968:7; Bayur, 1938:69; Kocat\u00fcrk, 1988:236;S\u00fcrmeli, 2001:620 vd.).<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019da T\u00fcrk Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 verilirken, \u00f6nce 16 Mart 1921\u2019de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi ile Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (TBMMZC,1958, C.XI:332-333). Bunun \u00fczerine Artvin ve Ardahan bizde kalacak ve Batum G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131lacakt\u0131r (TBMMZC C.IX, 1954: 66; Aralov,1967:30; Karabekir,1988:385-386;Harp Tarihi Dergisi,1964:26). Bunun ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la ili\u015fkiler kurulmu\u015ftur (Karabekir,1988:504-508). Daha sonra Sakarya Zaferi\u2019nin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Kars\u2019ta, Kafkas Cumhuriyetleri Konferans\u0131 toplanm\u0131\u015f ve 13 Ekim 1921\u2019de Kars Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bununla, Moskova Antla\u015fmas\u0131 daha da geni\u015fletilmi\u015f, Sovyet y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki cumhuriyetler ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re Batum G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da, Artvin, Kars ve Ardahan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (B\u0131y\u0131ko\u011flu, 1958:21, 22, 31; Soysal, 1983:41-47). Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7te T\u00fcrk ordular\u0131 Acara ve Batum\u2019dan \u00e7ekilirken, o y\u00f6relerdeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u2019de T\u00fcrk b\u00f6lgelere g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. B\u00f6ylece b\u00f6lge 40 y\u0131ll\u0131k kara g\u00fcnlerden kurtulmu\u015ftur. Ayn\u0131 zamanda da T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nin, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la olan ba\u011flar\u0131 tamamen sona ermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece Atat\u00fcrk,1920-21\u2019lerde giderek Sovyet kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131na girmekte olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve siyasal birli\u011fine \u00f6nem verdi\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Bu arada TBMM H\u00fck\u00fcmeti, K\u00e2zim (Dirik) Bey\u2019i Tiflis\u2019e el\u00e7i olarak g\u00f6ndermi\u015ftir (S\u00fcrmeli,2001:712). Bu iyi ili\u015fkilere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak 1921\u2019de s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7izilirken de bu iyi niyet kendini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Zorlu\u011fu ve TBMM\u2019deki b\u00f6lge milletvekillerinin muhalefetine kar\u015f\u0131n Batum G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a verilmi\u015ftir. Halk\u0131 T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden olu\u015fan Artvin ise bizde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Batum ve \u00e7evresindeki T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclere de, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 imkan\u0131 tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O g\u00fcnlerde T\u00fcrkiye bir dizi sava\u015flar\u0131 kazanm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc konuma gelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ermeni sorununu G\u00fcmr\u00fc Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile halletmi\u015fti. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile bu konumun b\u00f6lgede ki etkileri g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr hale gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye o y\u0131llarda ayn\u0131 zamanda Transkafkasya\u2019da ki geli\u015fmeler kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerindeki Sovyet-Bol\u015fevik tehdidi ile G\u00fcrcistan-Ermeni dayan\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek istemi\u015ftir. Bu bak\u0131mdan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye i\u00e7in \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yordu. \u0130\u015fte bunun i\u00e7in b\u00f6lge ko\u015fullar\u0131 gere\u011fi olarak T\u00fcrkiye-G\u00fcrcistan aras\u0131ndaki iyi niyet ve iyi ili\u015fkiler iki taraf i\u00e7in de \u00f6nemli idi. Ancak ne var ki bunun ard\u0131ndan G\u00fcrcistan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilecek ve bundan sonraki ili\u015fkiler T\u00fcrk-Sovyet ili\u015fkilerinin g\u00f6lgesi alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclecektir.<\/p>\n

V. T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nde Sosyal ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Ya\u015fam<\/p>\n

<\/b>T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri\u2019nin sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015famlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde k\u0131saca duracak olursak :
\n17. ve 18. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 benimseyen G\u00fcneybat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, H\u0131ristiyan G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden giderek kopmu\u015flard\u0131. Zira din fakt\u00f6r\u00fc, etnik \u00f6zelli\u011fin \u00f6n\u00fcne ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. O nedenle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, T\u00fcrklerle daha \u00e7ok kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bunu Hanefi Mezhebinde olma daha da h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bunun bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde Osmanl\u0131 devlet politikas\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131. Daha sonra T\u00fcrkiye, cumhuriyet y\u00f6netimi i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 etnik gruplar\u0131 bir pota alt\u0131nda birle\u015ftirirken, \u00f6teki Kafkas k\u00f6kenli unsurlar gibi G\u00fcrc\u00fclerle de b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri de, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn \u201cT\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti kimli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131yan ve kendisini T\u00fcrk olarak g\u00f6ren herkes T\u00fcrk’t\u00fcr\u201d slogan\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmi\u015flerdir. Hi\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde etnik bir farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6zetmeden T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne ve \u0130sl\u00e2m\u00ee de\u011ferlere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6relerinde ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler.
\nOsmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminden beri Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclere yerle\u015fme, vergi, askerlik vb. kolayl\u0131klar sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak o y\u0131llardaki yol, ula\u015f\u0131m ve sa\u011fl\u0131k gibi sorunlar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda baz\u0131 zorluklar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve kay\u0131plar vermi\u015flerdir. Daha \u00e7o\u011fu Karadeniz ve Anadolu\u2019nun y\u00fcksek yerlerine yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Zamanla da o y\u00f6relerin ko\u015fullar\u0131na intibak etmi\u015flerdir (\u00d6zder,1971:148; \u00d6zdemir,2002:246;\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:82). Bu y\u00f6relerde etnik farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6zetmeksizin, dil, giyim, yemekler vb. konularda T\u00fcrk-M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gelenekleri ile uzla\u015fmac\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Baz\u0131 geleneklerini, M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla uyu\u015facak \u015fekilde ya\u015fatmaya \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Bu \u015fekildeki uyum daha \u00f6nceki y\u0131llarda genelde Acara b\u00f6lgesinde ya da Batum ve \u00e7evresindeki ya\u015fant\u0131da kazan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6ylenebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o b\u00f6lgelerde y\u00fczy\u0131llara varan birliktelik olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gelenekleri de o y\u00f6relerde etkiler yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zaten M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n benimsenip yayg\u0131nl\u0131k kazanmas\u0131n\u0131n nedeni de bu olsa gerekir. O nedenle o b\u00f6lgelerden Anadolu\u2019ya yap\u0131lan g\u00f6\u00e7ler, T\u00fcrk, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u015feklinde olmu\u015ftur. Bundan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcd\u00fcr ki, tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Anadolu\u2019ya ne kadar G\u00fcrc\u00fc ailesinin g\u00f6\u00e7etti\u011fi kesin olarak bilinememektedir. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemimizde, T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri daha rahat ve hi\u00e7 bir ay\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6rmeksizin Anadolu T\u00fcrk siyasal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131 ile daha \u00e7ok kayna\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131ndan bu say\u0131y\u0131 belirlemek zordur. Bu g\u00fcn i\u00e7in, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da, yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri verirken bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde say\u0131lar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecektir. Bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de ya\u015fatt\u0131klar\u0131 sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6r\u00fclebilecektir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:81 vd.).<\/p>\n

Genelde tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, kom\u015fu uygarl\u0131klardan ve i\u015fgale u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131 uluslardan etkilenmi\u015flerdir. \u00c7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fc ve s\u00fcrekli ak\u0131n ile i\u015fgaller alt\u0131nda kalan Kafkas co\u011frafyas\u0131nda bu etkilenme do\u011fald\u0131r. O nedenle bir\u00e7ok do\u011frultuda oldu\u011fu gibi dil \u00fczerinde de etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim baz\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fckler de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerle benzerlikler g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu etkile\u015fim daha \u00e7o\u011fu Kafkasya \u00fczerinde etkili olan T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli kavimlerle olmu\u015ftur. M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul\u00fc ve Osmanl\u0131 egemenli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde bu etkile\u015fim daha da artm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemimizde ise T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmi\u015f ya\u015fant\u0131 ile orant\u0131l\u0131 olarak benzer motifler daha da azalm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fckler benimsenmi\u015ftir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:81 vd.).Bu, \u015fah\u0131s isimlerinden yer adlar\u0131na kadar her alanda g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.<\/p>\n

Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 eden G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, son derece dindar idiler. Belki de g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerinin ana nedeni bu olmu\u015ftur. Bir daha geriye d\u00f6nmemek \u00fczere kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak geldiklerinden, kurduklar\u0131 k\u00f6ylerde olduk\u00e7a m\u00fckemmel cami ve okullar yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Cami ve okullarda k\u0131z ve erkek \u00e7ocuklar birlikte e\u011fitiliyorlard\u0131. Evlerini ve \u00f6teki yap\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 Kafkas k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc gere\u011fi olarak ah\u015faptan yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130nce ustal\u0131k \u00f6rnekleri ile kendi k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri ve yerle\u015ftikleri da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relerin \u00f6zelliklerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015flerdir. Evlerin yan\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin sakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 serenler yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:81-89).
\nT\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, \u00f6nceleri genelde tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131r olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ara\u00e7-gereci kendileri yapm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u0130pek, kendir, keten \u00fcreterek ip, iplik ve elbise ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kendileri kar\u015f\u0131lam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. M\u0131s\u0131r ana \u00fcretim olarak yerini korumu\u015ftur. Ekme\u011fi pileki i\u00e7inde pi\u015firmekte idiler. T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, \u00f6zellikle tar\u0131m ve hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Birbirlerine ba\u011fl\u0131 ve kalabal\u0131k aileler bi\u00e7iminde ya\u015fam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015flerde meci ve ya imece \u015feklinde birbirleriyle yard\u0131mla\u015fma gelene\u011fini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015flerdir. Kafkaslar\u2019dan getirdikleri baz\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnleri hala \u00fcretmekte ve ya\u015fatmaktad\u0131rlar. F\u0131nd\u0131k da ana u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri olmu\u015ftur. Bu g\u00fcn de ayn\u0131 u\u011fra\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7oktur. F\u0131nd\u0131k a\u011fac\u0131 kabuklar\u0131ndan ve \u00e7al\u0131lardan sepet yapmaktad\u0131rlar. Ayr\u0131ca ar\u0131c\u0131l\u0131kla u\u011fra\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

B\u00fcy\u00fck kentlerde okuyan gen\u00e7ler, b\u00f6lgeleri ve bu u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131ndan kopmamaktad\u0131rlar (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:85).<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda y\u00fcksek k\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fayan kad\u0131nlar, eski giyim ve geleneklerini s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler. \u015eehirle\u015fme s\u00fcreci i\u00e7inde ise gerek evlenme, gerek giyim vb. hi\u00e7 bir ay\u0131r\u0131m i\u00e7inde olmam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993:85). Genelde kent ya\u015fant\u0131s\u0131 i\u00e7inde olanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu, yaln\u0131zca ailelerinin G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u00f6kenli oldu\u011funu an\u0131msarlar. Onun \u00f6tesinde her hangi bir ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmezler. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile toplumda tam bir kayna\u015fma i\u00e7inde olarak her kesimle k\u0131z al\u0131p verirler. Bu konuda hi\u00e7 bir ay\u0131r\u0131m g\u00f6zetmezler. Tam anlam\u0131 ile Anadolu T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu, hi\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde asimile edilmi\u015flikten kaynaklanmamaktad\u0131r. Onlar, Anadolu\u2019yu yurt ve kimliklerini Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn istedi\u011fi gibi T\u00fcrk olarak kabul etmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri aras\u0131nda T\u00fcrk\u00e7e yan\u0131nda, kendi aralar\u0131nda ikinci dil olarak G\u00fcrc\u00fcce de ya\u015fat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yine kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00f6zel aile ad ve lakaplar\u0131 da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin; Pan\u00e7ize, kurdikize, meshaze, soykaze, kurikize, obnize vb. eski \u00f6zel aile tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 da ya\u015fat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yine mahalli olarak baz\u0131 y\u00f6relerde G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olarak verilmi\u015f olan yer adlar\u0131na da rastlanmaktad\u0131r. Ancak \u015fehirle\u015fme s\u00fcrecinde ve evlenmeler dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile bu etkiler giderek azalmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya tarihinde G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, \u00e7e\u015fitli kavimler aras\u0131nda en \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli (Hun, O\u011fuz, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, Malkar, Azeri ve Osmanl\u0131) kavimlerin etkisinde olmu\u015flard\u0131r. O nedenle bir\u00e7ok s\u00f6zc\u00fck benzerlikleri, k\u0131r\u0131lmalarla ka\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerde yer alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinde a,e,i,o,u gibi sesler varken, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019deki \u0131,\u00f6,\u00fc gibi sesler yoktur. Bu bak\u0131mdan, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e veya ba\u015fka dillerden G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019ye ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerdeki \u0131,\u00f6,\u00fc,sesleri i,o,u seslerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Genelde G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019ye ge\u00e7en s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin sonuna i sesi eklenmektedir. Bu yakla\u015f\u0131mla, bu g\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinde ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk\u00e7e s\u00f6zc\u00fcklere \u00f6rnek olarak \u015funlar\u0131 verebiliriz; Aslan (aslani), bayrak (bayragi), ark (arkhi), t\u00fct\u00fcn (t\u00fct\u00fcni), ocak (ocahi) vb. Bu tip \u00f6rnekler do\u011fal olarak daha da \u00e7o\u011falt\u0131labilir. Yine T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin \u00e7e\u015fitli e\u015fya adlar\u0131 da G\u00fcrc\u00fc dili ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bunlarla ilgili baz\u0131 \u00f6rnekler olarak; tabanca (tamba\u00e7a-damba\u00e7a), d\u00fc\u011fme (dukme-tokma), kalpak (papak), d\u00fcd\u00fck (duduki) vb. verebiliriz. Genelde t\u00fcm bu etkile\u015fimde O\u011fuz, Arap, \u0130ran ve Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel izlerini bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Bu etkile\u015fimde T\u00fcrk izleri daha da \u00e7oktur. Ancak bunda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 2500-3000 y\u0131l gerilere kadar gidilecek olan Orta Asyal\u0131 T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin etkile\u015fimi s\u00f6z konusudur. Bunu 12 hayvanl\u0131 t\u00fcrk takviminden, al\u0131nan \u00e7e\u015fitli adlara kadar g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile bu uzun tarihi s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde ki etkile\u015fimin net bir \u015fekilde ortaya konulmas\u0131 da zordur. Bunu b\u00f6lgedeki tarihi kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n azl\u0131\u011f\u0131 daha da zorla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde G\u00fcrcistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye, ABD, Fransa, \u0130ran, Azerbaycan, \u0130srail, Avusturya, Rusya Federasyonu ve \u0130sve\u00e7 gibi \u00fclkelerde \u00e7ok say\u0131da G\u00fcrc\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7ilo\u011flu, 1993: 95). Ancak bu g\u00fcn bu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin en \u00e7ok bulunduklar\u0131 \u00fclke T\u00fcrkiye\u2019dir. G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye geli\u015fi yukar\u0131da da anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 ile h\u0131zlanm\u0131\u015f ve 1921\u2019de s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n \u00e7izilmesi ile sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemimiz boyunca, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin say\u0131s\u0131 tam olarak belirlenmemi\u015ftir. Buna gerek de bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca verilen baz\u0131 abart\u0131l\u0131 rakamlar da do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Yap\u0131lan n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda anadili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yledir; 1950\u2019de 72 bin 604, 1955\u2019te 51 bin 982, 1960\u2019ta 32 bin 944 ve 1965\u2019te 34 bin 330 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (T\u0130K.1965). Ancak 1965 say\u0131m\u0131nda,48.976 ki\u015fi de ikinci dil olarak G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019yi bildi\u011fini belirtmi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re en y\u00fcksek rakam olarak 83.306 olarak kabul edilebilir (Cumhuriyet 18 Mart 1969). 1965 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re baz\u0131 illerdeki G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin say\u0131lar\u0131: Artvin\u2019de 7 bin 698, Ordu\u2019da 4 bin 815, Samsun\u2019da 2 bin 350, Giresun\u2019da 2 bin 029, Amasya\u2019da 1 bin 378, Bolu\u2019da 1 bin 543, Sakarya\u2019da 4 bin 535, Bursa\u2019da 2 bin 938, Kocaeli\u2019de 2 bin 755, Bal\u0131kesir\u2019de bin 281, Sinop\u2019ta bin 144, \u0130stanbul\u2019da 849 ve Tokat\u2019ta 412 olarak verilmi\u015ftir. Ancak 1965 n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 1969\u2019da yay\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu g\u00fcn i\u00e7in bu say\u0131lar haliyle ge\u00e7erli olamayacakt\u0131r. Ancak daha sonraki y\u0131llarda bu y\u00f6nde say\u0131lar\u0131 belirleyen ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcn itibar\u0131 ile G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki gibidir (\u00c7ilo\u011flu,1993:106).<\/p>\n

Amasya;<\/b> Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y, Ta\u015fova merkez ve 3 k\u00f6y
\nArtvin;<\/b> Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 1 k\u00f6y, Bor\u00e7ka merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 13 k\u00f6y, Camili (Ma\u00e7ahel) merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 5 k\u00f6y, G\u00f6kta\u015f (Murgul) ve ba\u011fl\u0131 9 k\u00f6y, Muratl\u0131 merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y,\u015eav\u015fat merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y,Meydanc\u0131k ba\u011fl\u0131 14 k\u00f6y,Yusufeli merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y. Bal\u0131kesir; Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y, G\u00f6nen merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y, Manyas ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y, Susurluk merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y.
\nBolu; <\/b>Bolu merkez, D\u00fczce merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y.
\nBursa; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y, Gemlik ve merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 8 k\u00f6y, \u0130neg\u00f6l merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 34 k\u00f6y, \u0130znik ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y,Orhangazi merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y.
\n\u00c7anakkale;<\/b> merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 4 k\u00f6y.
\nD\u00fczce; <\/b>Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y.
\nGiresun; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y.
\n\u0130stanbul;<\/b> Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 5 k\u00f6y, \u015eile ve ba\u011fl\u0131 5 k\u00f6y.
\nKocaeli; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 8 k\u00f6y, G\u00f6lc\u00fck merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 5 k\u00f6y, Kand\u0131ra ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y, Karam\u00fcrsel merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y.
\nOrdu; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 10 k\u00f6y, Fatsa merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 5 k\u00f6y, \u00dcnye merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y, \u00c7ayba\u015f\u0131 8 k\u00f6y, G\u00f6lk\u00f6y,8 k\u00f6y ve Yenikent 6 k\u00f6y.
\nRize; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y.
\nSakarya;<\/b> Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 1 k\u00f6y, Akyaz\u0131 merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y, Geyve ve ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y, Karasu ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y, Sapanca ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y.
\nSamsun; <\/b>Merkez, \u00c7ar\u015famba merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y, Havza merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y, Ladik merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y, Terme merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y.
\nSinop; <\/b>Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 6 k\u00f6y, Erfelek 5 k\u00f6y.
\nTokat; <\/b>Merkeze ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y, Niksar merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 7 k\u00f6y, Turhal merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 1 k\u00f6y,Re\u015fadiye merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 2 k\u00f6y.
\nYalova; <\/b>Merkez ve ba\u011fl\u0131 3 k\u00f6y.<\/p>\n

B\u00f6ylece g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, Anadolu\u2019nun bir\u00e7ok yerine da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak belli b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fant\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmektedirler. Yukar\u0131da da ifade edildi\u011fi gibi, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 eden M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler daha \u00e7o\u011fu da\u011fl\u0131k y\u00f6relere yerle\u015fmi\u015f ve kendi geleneklerine g\u00f6re yerle\u015fim yerleri (k\u00f6yler) kurmu\u015flard\u0131r. K\u00f6ylerde ya\u015fayanlarda dil, giyim, ara\u00e7-gere\u00e7 ve yeti\u015ftirdikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler hala Kafkas \u00f6zelli\u011fi g\u00f6stermektedir. Bursa Oylat\u2019ta konu\u015ftu\u011fum ya\u015fl\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Batum \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini \u00fcretmeyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fcklerini ifade ederek g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Nitekim satt\u0131klar\u0131 tezg\u00e2hlarda o y\u00f6relerin \u00fcr\u00fcnleri bulunmaktayd\u0131. Kentlerde ise bu birliktelik ve gelenekler zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nT\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri,1877-78 Osmanl\u0131- Rus Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019ndan itibaren Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 ederlerken, kal\u0131c\u0131 olarak gelmi\u015flerdir. O nedenle her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6zellikleri ile gelmi\u015flerdir. Hi\u00e7 bir bask\u0131 g\u00f6rmeksizin, iyi bir ilgi ile kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131p yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir. Hatta o sava\u015f y\u0131llar\u0131nda, b\u00f6lgede bulunan T\u00fcrk unsurlarla birlikte g\u00f6\u00e7 etmi\u015flerdir. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Acara, Batum, Artvin vb. y\u00f6relerden T\u00fcrk ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc gruplar, I.ve II.Ka\u00e7ka\u00e7 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan gruplar olarak, 93 Muhaciri gibi ortak bir adla Anadolu\u2019ya gelmi\u015flerdir. Karadeniz ve Anadolu T\u00fcrk halk\u0131 onlara kucak a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f ve her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yard\u0131m\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kurutulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131nda bile Anadolu\u2019ya gelen G\u00fcrc\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131mc\u0131 olundu\u011fu gibi, Sovyet i\u015fgali alt\u0131na girmi\u015f olan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la da yukar\u0131da anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi yak\u0131n ili\u015fkiler kurulmu\u015ftur (S\u00fcrmeli 2001:612; \u00d6zdemir,2002:312-316).<\/p>\n

Sonu\u00e7
\n<\/b>
\nT\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkileri, Orta Asyal\u0131 T\u00fcrk kavimleri ile ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olup, bundan yakla\u015f\u0131k 2500 y\u0131l \u00f6ncelerine kadar inecek derinli\u011fe sahiptir. Transkafkasya ve bu co\u011frafya i\u00e7inde yer alan G\u00fcrcistan, tarihi boyunca bir\u00e7ok kereler \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk kavimlerinin egemenli\u011fi ve etkisi alt\u0131nda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Hun, Hazar, K\u0131p\u00e7ak, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 gibi. Bu ve di\u011fer kavimlerle olan ili\u015fkiler, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n siyasal, sosyal, ekonomik ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde rol oynam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle kuzeyli T\u00fcrk boylar\u0131n\u0131n, t\u00fcm Transkafkasya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi, G\u00fcrcistan \u00fczerinde de bir\u00e7ok y\u00f6nden etkileri olmu\u015ftur. Nitekim G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle O\u011fuz T\u00fcrklerinin k\u00fclt\u00fcrel motiflerinden pek \u00e7ok izler vard\u0131r. Bu izlerin, Sel\u00e7uklu ve Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6nemlerinde daha da artarak devam etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Ancak b\u00f6lgenin \u00f6zelli\u011fi nedeni ile bu izleri bulmak \u00e7ok zordur.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya tarihi, tarihin \u00e7ok eski d\u00f6nemlerine gitmekle birlikte, b\u00f6lge hakk\u0131nda fazlaca bilgi toplanamamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00f6lgede orman bollu\u011fu oldu\u011fundan, ah\u015fap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc yayg\u0131n olmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcm yap\u0131lar ah\u015fap ve b\u00f6lge \u00e7ok ya\u011f\u0131\u015fl\u0131, karl\u0131 ve nemli oldu\u011fundan b\u00f6lge tarihini ayd\u0131nlatacak olan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015famam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile ah\u015fap k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne dayal\u0131 olan kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n \u00f6mr\u00fc bir ka\u00e7 y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 \u00f6teye ge\u00e7ememektedir. Ayr\u0131ca Kafkasya \u00e7ok verimli topraklara sahip oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, o \u00e7a\u011flarda \u00e7ok\u00e7a sald\u0131r\u0131lara u\u011frayarak yak\u0131l\u0131p y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan b\u00f6lgede fazlaca arkeolojik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar da yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. O nedenle t\u00fcm Transkafkasya\u2019daki kavimlerin oldu\u011fu gibi, T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin eski d\u00f6nemleri de tarihin derinliklerinde kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Konumuz olan T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc ili\u015fkilerinin tarihi, Lala Mustafa Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Transkafkasya olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan G\u00fcneybat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131n fethedilmesi ile 1578\u2019de ba\u015flar. Ancak as\u0131l M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin yak\u0131n tarihi ise Yavuz d\u00f6nemi ile ba\u015flamaktad\u0131r. Bilindi\u011fi gibi \u00f6nceleri kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, zamanla b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n etkisi ile Anadolu\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak yine de Batum ve \u00e7evresi uzun s\u00fcre M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fclere merkezlik yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019yla ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7, 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 ile t\u00fcm Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi, G\u00fcrc\u00fc b\u00f6lgelerde de mevcut dengeyi bozmu\u015ftur. Bu tarihlerde b\u00f6lge Rus i\u015fgali alt\u0131na girdi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Acara, Batum ve Artvin b\u00f6lgelerinden I.ve II. Ka\u00e7ka\u00e7 gibi adlarla Anadolu y\u00f6n\u00fcnde \u00e7ok zor ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7 olaylar\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile b\u00f6lge 40 y\u0131l s\u00fcren ve \u201ckara g\u00fcnler\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Rus i\u015fgalini ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde b\u00f6lgede Rus, Ermeni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc m\u00fccadeleleri yan\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve \u0130talyan i\u015fgal giri\u015fimleri ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 ile ba\u015flayan s\u00fcre\u00e7le b\u00f6lge kurtar\u0131l\u0131p 1921\u2019de s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izilince, Artvin \u00e7evresinde kalarak direnen T\u00fcrk ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler rahata kavu\u015fmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu tarihten itibaren G\u00fcrcistan\u2019la tamamen kopan T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, Anadolu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli yer ve y\u00f6relerine yerle\u015ferek yeni hayat ve yeni co\u011frafya\u2019ya intibak etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu g\u00fcn Artvin b\u00f6lgesindeki yerli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ile Karadeniz ve Anadolu\u2019ya yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda (k\u00f6ylerde) yer adlar\u0131, yeti\u015ftirdikleri \u00fcr\u00fcnler, giyim, kulland\u0131klar\u0131 ara\u00e7lar, baz\u0131 gelenekler vb. ya\u015fat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ancak kent ya\u015fam\u0131nda ve b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlukta bu izler kaybolmu\u015ftur. Evlenmeler, i\u015f hayat\u0131 ve ya\u015famakta olduklar\u0131 da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k co\u011frafya da bu eski izleri azaltmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, evlenmeler ve benzeri durumlarda ayr\u0131cal\u0131k d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmediklerinden, Anadolu T\u00fcrk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcne tam anlamda entegre olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Zaman i\u00e7inde yeni ku\u015faklar da bu b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fme daha h\u0131zl\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Zaten Atat\u00fcrk \u00f6nderli\u011finde Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131, de\u011fi\u015fik k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri birle\u015ftirerek, T\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti olgusunu olu\u015fturmu\u015f ve \u00fcniter devletini yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\nK\u0131saca; Bu g\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn i\u015faret etti\u011fi do\u011frultuda T\u00fcrkl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc tam anlam\u0131 ile benimsemi\u015f ve Anadolu co\u011frafyas\u0131na intibak ederek rahat bir ya\u015fant\u0131 s\u00fcrmektedirler. Bu bir \u015fekilde zoraki asimilasyon de\u011fildir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile T\u00fcrkiye G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri, bir etnik d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce pe\u015finde olmadan, T\u00fcrkl\u00fck ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131kla \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Ayr\u0131ca bu \u00fczerlerinde hi\u00e7 bir bask\u0131 olmaks\u0131z\u0131n olu\u015fmu\u015ftur. Sonsuza kadar da bu \u015fekilde gidecektir.<\/p>\n

<\/span>KAYNAK\u00c7A
\nALPMAN<\/b>, Adil (1988), Eski \u00d6nasya Hukukunda Adoption,Gazi \u00dcniversitesi yay\u0131n\u0131,Ankara.
\nARALOV<\/b>, S.\u0130.(1967) Bir Sovyet Diplomat\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Hat\u0131ralar\u0131 1922-1923,\u00c7ev. Hasan Ali Ediz,\u0130stanbul.
\nAYDIN<\/b>, D\u00fcndar (1998),Erzurum Beylerbeyli\u011fi ve Te\u015fkilat\u0131, Kurulu\u015f ve Geli\u015fme Devri, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nBAYUR<\/b>, Yusuf Hikmet (1995),T\u00fcrk Devleti\u2019nin D\u0131\u015f Siyasas\u0131,2.Bask\u0131 TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nBIYIKO\u011eLU<\/b>, Tevfik Osman (1958),Osmanl\u0131 ve T\u00fcrk Do\u011fu Hudut Politikas\u0131, Harb Akademisi yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.
\nBROSSET<\/b>, M.(2003), G\u00fcrcistan Tarihi, \u00c7ev.Hrand D.Adreasyan,Yay\u0131na Haz\u0131rlayan Erdo\u011fan Mer\u00e7il,TTK yay\u0131n\u0131 Ankara.
\nCEBESO<\/b>, Ali Fuat (1955),Moskova Hat\u0131ralar\u0131, Vatan Ne\u015friyat yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.
\n\u00c7\u0130LO\u011eLU<\/b>, Fahrettin (1993), G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Tarihi, Ant yay\u0131n\u0131 \u0130stanbul.
\n\u00c7OLAK<\/b>, Mustafa (2006), Alman \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Do\u011fu Siyaseti \u00c7er\u00e7evesinde Kafkasya Politikas\u0131, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\n\u00c7\u00d6H\u00c7E<\/b>, Salim (1988),Do\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesinde K\u0131p\u00e7aklar\u2019\u0131n rol\u00fc,\u201dTarih Boyunca Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u201dbildirileri, Samsun.
\nDEM\u0130RC\u0130O\u011eLU<\/b>, Halil (1953), Roma Tarihi C.I, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nDI\u015e\u0130\u015eLER\u0130 BAKANLI\u011eI YILLI\u011eI <\/b>(1968), Yay\u0131na Haz\u0131rlayan Hamid Aral, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nERKAN<\/b>, S\u00fcleyman (1996), K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya G\u00f6\u00e7leri, KT\u00dc yay\u0131n\u0131, Trabzon.
\nG\u00d6KB\u0130LG\u0130N<\/b>, Tayip (1959),Milli M\u00fccadele Ba\u015flarken, I.Kitap, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131 Ankara.
\nG\u00dcM\u00dc\u015e<\/b>, Nebi,(2000), XVI.As\u0131r,Osmanl\u0131-G\u00fcrcistan \u0130li\u015fkileri, Yay\u0131mlan-mam\u0131\u015f doktora tezi, Marmara \u00dcniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstit\u00fcs\u00fc, \u0130stanbul. SA\u00dc Fen Edebiyat Dergisi (2009-I) M.G\u00dcL 107
\nG\u00dcR\u00dcN<\/b>, K\u00e2muran (1981), T\u00fcrkler ve T\u00fcrk Devletleri Tarihi, Bilgi yay\u0131nlar\u0131, Ankara.
\nG\u00dcR\u00dcN<\/b>, K\u00e2muran (1991), T\u00fcrk-Sovyet \u0130li\u015fkileri(1920-1953), TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nHAL\u0130L<\/b> Pa\u015fa, (1972), \u0130ttihat Terakki\u2019den Cumhuriyete, Bitmeyen Sava\u015f, Yay\u0131na haz\u0131rlayan M.Taylan Sorgun, Yedig\u00fcn yay\u0131nlar\u0131.
\nHARP TAR\u0130H\u0130 VES\u0130KALARI DERG\u0130S\u0130<\/b> (1964), \u201dArdahan ve Artvin\u2019in Kurtulu\u015fu\u201d, Say\u0131, 49.
\n\u0130NAN<\/b>, Afet (1956), Eski M\u0131s\u0131r Tarihi ve Medeniyeti, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKARABEK\u0130R<\/b>, K\u00e2zim (1988), \u0130stikl\u00e2l Harbimiz, Merk yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul.
\nKARAL<\/b>, Enver Ziya; (1961), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi C.V, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKARAL<\/b>, Enver Ziya; (1962), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi C:VIII, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKARAL<\/b>, Enver Ziya; (1999), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi C.IX,TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKINAL<\/b>, F\u00fcruzan (1962), Eski Anadolu Tarihi, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKINAL<\/b>, F\u00fcruzan (1983), Eski Mezopotamya Tarihi, 2.Bask\u0131 DTCF yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKIRZIO\u011eLU<\/b>, Fahrettin ( 1953), Kars Tarihi, \u0130stanbul.
\nKIRZIO\u011eLU<\/b>, Fahrettin ( 1972), \u201dLazlar-\u00c7anlar\u201d, VII.T\u00fcrk Tarih Kongresi Bildirileri, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKIRZIO\u011eLU<\/b>, Fahrettin ( 1998), Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Kafkas Ellerini Fethi, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKOCAT\u00dcRK<\/b>, Utkan (1988), Atat\u00fcrk ve T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyeti Tarihi Kronolojisi, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKURAT<\/b>, Akdes Nimet (1948), Rusya Tarihi, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKURAT<\/b>, Akdes Nimet (1990), T\u00fcrkiye ve Rusya, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nKURAT<\/b>, Akdes Nimet (2002), IV-XIII. Y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Karadeniz\u2019in Kuzeyindeki T\u00fcrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Murat Kitabevi yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nLAMB<\/b>, Harold (1966), Muhte\u015fem S\u00fcleyman, Nebio\u011flu Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.
\nMANSEL<\/b>, Arif M\u00fcfit (1971), Ege ve Yunan Tarihi TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nOSTROGORSKY<\/b>, George (1981), Bizans Devleti Tarihi, \u00c7ev.Fikret I\u015f\u0131ltan, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\n\u00d6ZDEM\u0130R<\/b>, Halit (2002), Artvin Tarihi, Egem yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, Artvin.
\n\u00d6ZDER<\/b>, Adil ( 1971), Tarihte \u00c7\u0131ld\u0131r Atabeyleri ve Torunlar\u0131, Erzurum.
\n\u00d6ZDER<\/b>, Adil ( 1971), Artvin ve \u00c7evresi, Ay Matbaas\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nSEV\u0130M<\/b>, Ali, Y\u00dcCEL, Ya\u015far (1989), T\u00fcrkiye Tarihi, Fetih Sel\u00e7uklu ve Beylikler D\u00f6nemi, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara. M.G\u00dcL SA\u00dc Fen Edebiyat Dergisi (2009-I) 108
\nSOYSAL<\/b>, \u0130smail (1983),Siyasal Andla\u015fmalar, C.I,TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nS\u00dcRMEL\u0130<\/b>, Serpil (2001),T\u00fcrk-G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u0130li\u015fkileri (1918-1921), Atat\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dil ve Tarih Y\u00fcksek Kurumu yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nTANSEL<\/b>, Sel\u00e2hattin (1969), Yavuz Sultan Selim, Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.
\nTENG\u0130R\u015eEK<\/b>, Yusuf Kemal (1981), Vatan Hizmetinde, K\u00fclt\u00fcr Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nTURAN<\/b>, Osman (1965) Sel\u00e7uklular Tarihi ve T\u00fcrk \u0130slam Medeniyeti, TKA yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nUZUN\u00c7AR\u015eILI<\/b>, \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 (1961), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, C.I, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nUZUN\u00c7AR\u015eILI<\/b>, \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 (1964), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, C.II, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nUZUN\u00c7AR\u015eILI<\/b>, \u0130smail Hakk\u0131 (1973), Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, C.III, TTK yay\u0131n\u0131, Ankara.
\nY\u0130NAN\u00c7<\/b>, Mukrimin Halil, (1944), Anadolu\u2019nun Fethi, \u0130.\u00dc.Edebiyat Fak\u00fcltesi yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Yrd. Doç. Dr. Muhittin Gül Çankaya Üniversitesi Öğretim Üyesi SAÜ Fen Edebiyat Dergisi (2009-I) Gürcüler, Kafkas coğrafyası içinde yerli halktan olup “Kartveli” adıyla anılmışlardır. Tarihsel süreç içinde Kartlar, Megrel-Çavanlar ve Savanlar olmak üzere üç kol oluşturmuşlardır. Grek ve Roma gibi antik dönemlerde demir işçiliği ile bilinen Gürcüler, oldukça ileri tarım tekniklerini kullanmışlardır. 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