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Dr. Nazan \u00c7i\u00e7ek \u00d6zet<\/p>\n <\/b>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Rusya\u2019n\u0131n on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkaslardaki ilerleyi\u015finin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve 1864-1865 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes\u2019i Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine savuran \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc, konuya ili\u015fkin \u0130ngiliz ar\u015fiv belgelerine dayanarak ve \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesine yerle\u015ftirerek ele almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin ifadesini buldu\u011fu alanlardan biridir ve \u0130ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de hegemonya kurma m\u00fccadelesi i\u00e7inde birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri rekabetin dinamiklerini yans\u0131tan bir niteli\u011fe sahiptir. Tam da ayn\u0131 nedenle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc dolay\u0131m\u0131yla ifadesini bulan finansal, y\u00f6netsel ve hatta diplomatik yetersizlikleri asl\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fun 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Bat\u0131l\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletlerin n\u00fcfuz m\u00fccadelesine konu olmas\u0131na yani \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin nesnesi ve eylem alan\u0131 haline gelmesine neden olan yap\u0131sal problemlerinin de bir ifadesidir. Bu ba\u011flamda elinizdeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir yandan bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn trajik hikayesine \u00f6te yandan da bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin reel-politi\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ne anlama geldi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir anlat\u0131 olarak okunmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Giri\u015f Yine \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d \u00f6zelinde \u0130ngiltere (ve onun on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fcz m\u00fcttefiki Fransa) ile Rusya taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilmekte olan Bat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d, en \u00f6zet ifadeyle, \u201c\u015fu T\u00fcrkleri (ya da \u015fu T\u00fcrklerle) ne yapmal\u0131?\u201d sorusuna aranan cevapt\u0131. (3) T\u00fcrkler reformlar yoluyla Bat\u0131l\u0131la\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)mal\u0131, \u201cuygarla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)mal\u0131\u201d ve hatta m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse H\u0131ristiyanla\u015f(t\u0131r\u0131l)mal\u0131 m\u0131yd\u0131lar yoksa mevcut \u201cbarbarl\u0131klar\u0131\u201d, \u201cgeri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131\u201d ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanl\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olan bir yok olu\u015fa s\u00fcr\u00fcklenmelerine seyirci mi kal\u0131nmal\u0131yd\u0131?<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu desteklenmeli, korunup kollanmal\u0131, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcl\u00fcp da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 en az\u0131ndan belli bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine engellenmeli miydi yoksa kaderine mi terk edilmeliydi? Bu sorular asl\u0131nda \u0130ngiltere ve Rusya\u2019daki politik karar vericilerin kafalar\u0131n\u0131 me\u015fgul eden daha makro d\u00fczeydeki sorular\u0131n t\u00fcrevi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131lar: Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun her an ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00f6lgede yarataca\u011f\u0131 iktidar bo\u015flu\u011funu kim dolduracak, Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019de kim hegemonik g\u00fc\u00e7 haline gelecek, Viyana Kongresi sonras\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan k\u0131r\u0131lgan Avrupa G\u00fc\u00e7ler Dengesi ve Avrupa Uyumu kimin lehine ve kimlerin aleyhine bozulacakt\u0131?<\/p>\n Merkantilizmin rehberli\u011finde giderek daha hegemonik hale gelen \u0130ngiliz kapitalizminin, Hindistan ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019den eri\u015fim sa\u011flanabilecek s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerini kaybetmeyi ya da daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir deyi\u015fle Rusya\u2019ya kapt\u0131rmay\u0131 asla g\u00f6ze alamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir tarihsel konjonkt\u00fcrde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n devam\u0131 \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in yeni bir anlam kazand\u0131. \u00dcstelik Roma-Bizans uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan miras ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 provizyonist ekonomi anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, \u201cd\u00fcnyan\u0131n at\u00f6lyesi, tersanesi ve bankas\u0131\u201d (Briggs, 1955: 10). haline gelmi\u015f olan \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in, kitlesel \u00fcretim mallar\u0131n\u0131, koruyucu g\u00fcmr\u00fck duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n engellemesi olmaks\u0131z\u0131n satabilece\u011fi, gerekti\u011finde finans-kapital transferinde bulunabilece\u011fi bu bak\u0131mdan da kontrol alt\u0131nda tutulmas\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck fayda bulunan bir cazibe merkezi olu\u015fturuyordu.<\/p>\n Fakat \u0130ngiltere\u2019yi Do\u011fu Akdeniz ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu konusunda k\u0131skan\u00e7 davranmaya iten b\u00fct\u00fcn sebepler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeye ili\u015fkin planlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan Rusya i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde k\u0131skan\u00e7l\u0131k sebebiydi ve en yal\u0131n ifadeyle bu iki imparatorlu\u011fun b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 en az\u0131ndan on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00e7eyre\u011fine de\u011fin antagonist bir nitelik arz etmekteydi. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede \u0130ngiltere, \u201cevrensel bir Rus krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d kurma motivasyonu ile hareket etti\u011fine (Kohn, 1955: 17) ve Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k bir tehdit olu\u015fturdu\u011funa inand\u0131\u011f\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 egemenlik alan\u0131na y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu tahkim etme stratejisini bir devlet politikas\u0131 olarak benimsedi.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylece \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131\u201d bi\u00e7iminde ifadesini bulan ve daha sonralar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dne dair geleneksel politikas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak olan Palmerstonizm, \u0130ngiliz d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7izgilerinden biri olarak hem Toryler hem de Whigler taraf\u0131ndan bir y\u00fczy\u0131la yak\u0131n uyguland\u0131. \u0130ngiltere, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun hayatta kalmas\u0131 konusundaki kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 ile birlikte sava\u015farak ispatlad\u0131. Sava\u015f\u0131n \u00f6nlenebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc durumlarda ise bask\u0131, tehdit ve psikolojik \u015fiddet de dahil olmak \u00fczere her t\u00fcrl\u00fc diplomatik ve siyasi y\u00f6ntemi kullanarak Osmanl\u0131 ile Rusya\u2019y\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren sorunun yuvarlak masada \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclebilmesi i\u00e7in m\u00fcdahalede bulundu.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan etnik, dinsel, dilsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak son derece par\u00e7al\u0131 bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm arz eden Osmanl\u0131 tebas\u0131n\u0131n en az\u0131ndan belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde i\u00e7 b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruyabilmesi i\u00e7in geleneksel Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netim ve siyaset felsefesinde bir liberalle\u015fme sa\u011flamak, gerek Sultan\u2019\u0131n tebas\u0131yla olan ili\u015fkilerinde gerekse Saray ve Bab-\u0131 Ali aras\u0131 ili\u015fkilerde modern devlet (4) normlar\u0131n\u0131 asgari d\u00fczeyde uygulan\u0131r k\u0131lmak, yani Osmanl\u0131 devletinin altyap\u0131sal iktidar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netici elitler ile zaman zaman bask\u0131c\u0131 formlara da b\u00fcr\u00fcnen bir \u201ci\u015fbirli\u011fi\u201dne gitti.<\/p>\n Palmerstonizmin kurucusu ve zaman\u0131n \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Palmerston\u2019un dedi\u011fi gibi \u201cbir imparatorluk, bir a\u011fa\u00e7 ya da bina de\u011fildi(r) ki hi\u00e7 bir par\u00e7as\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fmeden kals\u0131n ve \u00f6mr\u00fcn\u00fc tamamlad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u0131k\u0131l\u0131p gitsin. Kurumlar\u0131n\u0131n ve kurallar\u0131n\u0131n de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fcnya ko\u015fullar\u0131na (ab\u00e7) uyum sa\u011flamas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla bir imparatorlu\u011fu sonsuza de\u011fin sa\u011flam ve din\u00e7 tutmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc(r).\u201d (5) D\u00f6nemin \u0130ngiliz bas\u0131n\u0131nda Palmerstonizmle e\u015f anlaml\u0131 olarak kullan\u0131lan bir ifadeye ba\u015fvurarak s\u00f6yleyecek olursa, \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin T\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fc kurtarma (saving the Turk) projesi i\u015fte bu ana hatlar \u00fczerinde i\u015fliyordu ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019y\u0131 serbest ticarete a\u00e7maktan gayrim\u00fcslimlerin memuriyete al\u0131nma ve askere gitme haklar\u0131na kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131na, asi M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019ya g\u00f6zda\u011f\u0131 vermekten Slav-Ortodoks Eflak ve Bo\u011fdan\u2019\u0131n birle\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmaya, Osmanl\u0131 devletini Avrupa para piyasalar\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 Girit isyan\u0131ndan deste\u011fini \u00e7ekmeye \u201cikna\u201d etmeye, K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019nda sava\u015fmaktan Ayestefanos Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 bozmaya kadar bir dizi olay\u0131 i\u00e7ine al\u0131yordu. Bir \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d tarih\u00e7isinin s\u00f6yledi\u011fi gibi \u201c\u015eark Meselesi bir dans ise dans edilecek m\u00fczi\u011fi \u00e7alan \u0130ngiltere idi\u201d (Rautsi, 1993: 12).<\/p>\n Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma Rusya\u2019n\u0131n on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kafkaslardaki ilerleyi\u015finin bir sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve 1864-1866 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes’i Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine savuran \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc\u201dn\u00fc yukar\u0131da ana hatlar\u0131 \u00e7izilen \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesine yerle\u015ftirerek ele almaktad\u0131r. Bu ba\u011flamda bir yandan, 1864 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n \u015eubat ay\u0131ndan itibaren s\u00f6z konusu g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Karadeniz sahillerindeki yerle\u015fim birimlerine s\u00fcr\u00fckledi\u011fi \u00c7erkeslerin, geldikleri bu yeni \u201cvatanda\u201d yani M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n Halifesi\u2019nin \u00fclkesinde nas\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131klar\u0131 ve nelerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ayn\u0131 zamanda Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde nas\u0131l yaln\u0131z ve yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin son ana kadar insani yard\u0131m bile yapmaktan imtina etti\u011fi \u00c7erkesleri yak\u0131n gelecekte Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya s\u0131\u00e7ramas\u0131n\u0131 muhtemel g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Rus sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019deki stratejik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 koruyacak bir bariyer olarak nas\u0131l i\u015flevselle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Bir di\u011fer deyi\u015fle bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma bir yandan bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn trajik hikayesine, \u00f6te yandan da bu s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcn \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin reel-politi\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ne anlama geldi\u011fine ili\u015fkin bir anlat\u0131d\u0131r ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Trabzon, Samsun, Bursa, Larnaka ve Ker\u00e7 gibi \u015fehirlerdeki konsolosluklar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u0130stanbul ve St.Petersburg\u2019daki el\u00e7iliklerinin \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile \u015eubat 1864 – May\u0131s 1865 tarihleri aras\u0131nda yapt\u0131klar\u0131 orijinal yaz\u0131\u015fma belgelerinin analizine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Anlat\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc \u00f6zelinde yan yana ya da kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya getiren durumlar \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin dinamiklerine referanslarla a\u00e7\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkesler, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Rusya ve \u0130ngiltere Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in \u0130ran\u2019la olan m\u00fccadelesinde her zaman stratejik \u00f6nemi haiz olmu\u015f olan G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n aksine, Kuzey Kafkasya, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca (1774) Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na gelinceye kadar Osmanl\u0131lar i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da ilerleyi\u015finin ve bu ilerleyi\u015f kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u00c7erkes direni\u015finin ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 1830\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu da uzun zamandan beri olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kadar \u00e7ok sorunla bo\u011fu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. 1804\u2019deki S\u0131rp isyan\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131lan, 1812\u2019deki Rus sava\u015f\u0131, 1821\u2019deki Mora isyan\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 ve M\u0131s\u0131r donanmalar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz, Frans\u0131z ve Rus birle\u015fik kuvvetlerince 1827\u2019de Navarin\u2019de yak\u0131lmas\u0131 ile devam eden 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayd\u0131nl\u0131k g\u00fcnler vaat etmekten uzakt\u0131. Navarin bask\u0131n\u0131ndan sadece bir y\u0131l \u00f6nce Sultan II. Mahmud, Yunan isyan\u0131n\u0131 be\u015f y\u0131l boyunca bast\u0131ramam\u0131\u015f olan Yeni\u00e7eri ordusunu k\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011fratm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6ylece d\u00fczenli ve iyi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015f bir kara ordusundan mahrum kalan Osmanl\u0131 devleti Navarin olay\u0131 ile de donanmas\u0131z ve t\u00fcm\u00fcyle savunmas\u0131z bir hale d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. G\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrdeki gerek\u00e7esi Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 devleti taraf\u0131ndan resmen tan\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 olan fakat asl\u0131nda Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Balkanlardaki n\u00fcfuz artt\u0131rma m\u00fccadelesinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak hayata ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f bulunan 1828-1829 Rus sava\u015f\u0131na Osmanl\u0131 devleti ordusuz ve donanmas\u0131z, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla umutsuz bir \u015fekilde dahil olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Ba\u015fka bir deyi\u015fle sava\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n Yunan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmenin imparatorluk i\u00e7indeki di\u011fer ulusal-etnik gruplar\u0131n ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 e\u011filimlerini k\u00f6r\u00fckleyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden hen\u00fcz ba\u015flamadan kaybedilmi\u015f bir sava\u015fa girilmi\u015fti. 1828-1829 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan gelen Edirne Bar\u0131\u015f\u0131 (1829) Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun toprak ve prestij kayb\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015fsa da Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rusya ile olan ili\u015fkilerinde son derece temkinli davranmas\u0131na neden olacak as\u0131l olay bir i\u00e7 meseleden kaynaklanacakt\u0131. 1832\u2019de ba\u015flayan M\u0131s\u0131r Valisi Mehmed Ali Pa\u015fa isyan\u0131n\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alamayan Sultan II. Mahmud\u2019un Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yard\u0131m teklifini kabul edip ard\u0131ndan yard\u0131m\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak H\u00fcnkar \u0130skelesi Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 (1833) imzalamas\u0131 tarihinde ilk defa \u0130stanbul\u2019a hem de Osmanl\u0131 sultan\u0131n\u0131n davetiyle giren Rusya\u2019y\u0131 imparatorluk \u00fczerindeki en prestijli g\u00fc\u00e7 haline getirdi. Zaten bu antla\u015fman\u0131n \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri\u2019nde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bomba etkisi k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin yeni bir d\u00f6nemece girmesine yol a\u00e7acak ve Osmanl\u0131 tarihinde Tanzimat d\u00f6nemi olarak bilinen reorganizasyon s\u00fcrecinin ba\u015flamas\u0131nda bir kataliz\u00f6r olarak devreye girecektir.<\/p>\n B\u00f6ylesi bir konjonkt\u00fcrde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus ilerleyi\u015fi ve \u00c7erkeslerle girilen \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Rusya\u2019y\u0131 protesto ya da tehdit edip uyaracak ve \u00c7erkes davas\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131kacak \u015fekilde aktif bir politika izlemesini beklemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnm\u00fcyordu. Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin \u00e7izdi\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7evede ad\u0131m ad\u0131m Avrupal\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck devletlerin \u00fczerinde rekabet edip g\u00fc\u00e7lerini deneyebilecekleri bir m\u00fcdahale ve m\u00fccadele alan\u0131 haline gelirken kendi i\u00e7ine kapanmakta ve \u00f6zellikle Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u201cdostane ili\u015fkiler\u201d \u00e7er\u00e7evesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na ta\u015fabilecek herhangi bir tav\u0131r i\u00e7ine girmemeye \u00f6zen g\u00f6stermekteydi.<\/p>\n Rusya, Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n yerli halk\u0131 olan \u00c7erkesleri dize getirilmesi ve bir an \u00f6nce Rus egemenli\u011fine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken ba\u015f\u0131bo\u015f ve ilkel bir topluluk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcyor ve \u00c7erkeslere kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclen sava\u015f\u0131n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bir i\u00e7 meselesi oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Ruslar\u0131n Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 \u201cdize getirme\u201d politikas\u0131n\u0131n aktif olarak ya\u015fama ge\u00e7irilmeye ba\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde \u0130ngiltere, Viyana Kongresi\u2019nde (1815) ana hatlar\u0131 \u00e7izilmi\u015f olan ve \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin bayraktarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 serbest ticaret ile Metternich\u2019in \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n ihlal edilmemesine ili\u015fkin ilkelerinin uzla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc olan Avrupa Uyumu ve Avrupa\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7 dengesinin korunmas\u0131 siyasas\u0131n\u0131n Rusya taraf\u0131ndan pek de isteklice y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmeyece\u011fini \u00e7oktan anlam\u0131\u015f bulunmaktayd\u0131. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Yak\u0131n Do\u011fu\u2019da hegemonya kurma \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130ngiliz ticari ve siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit etti\u011fine inanan \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri, daha sonralar\u0131 \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dne dair geleneksel politikas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lacak olan Palmerstonizm\u2019i yani \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funun siyasi ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruma ve Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funu tahkim etme\u201d stratejisini izliyorsa da; ne \u00c7erkesler ne de Kuzey Kafkasya Bo\u011fazlar\u0131n egemenli\u011fini ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e ve Hindistan s\u00f6m\u00fcrgelerine a\u00e7\u0131lan kap\u0131lar\u0131n anahtar\u0131n\u0131 elinde tutan T\u00fcrkler ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kadar \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri\u2019nin \u00f6ncelikli g\u00fcndemi haline gelemeyeceklerdi.<\/p>\n Her ne kadar \u0130ngiliz diplomatik servisinin kimi \u201cRusofobik\u201d mensuplar\u0131 ve bir grup entelijansiya \u00c7erkes davas\u0131na sahip \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f, \u0130ngiliz kamuoyunu \u00c7erkeslere destek vermeye ikna etmek i\u00e7in u\u011fra\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015flarsa da Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz devleti hep mesafeli bir duru\u015f sergileyecek ve Rusya ile bu konuda a\u00e7\u0131ktan bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma i\u00e7ine girmekten ka\u00e7\u0131nacakt\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00c7erkes meselesine do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahil olmas\u0131 ancak b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaos ve g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019da Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 bir tampon \u015feridi olu\u015fturacak \u015fekilde koloniler halinde iskan edilmesi ba\u011flamlar\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kabilecektir.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkesler ise yakla\u015f\u0131k 35 y\u0131l s\u00fcrecek olan direni\u015fleri boyunca hep Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ama \u00f6zellikle de \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin ba\u015f akt\u00f6r\u00fc konumundaki \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin duruma kendileri lehine do\u011frudan m\u00fcdahalede bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131 \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131maya \u201cikna\u201d etmesini bekleyecekler fakat beklenilen aktif destek K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6nemi hari\u00e7te tutulmak \u00fczere hi\u00e7 bir zaman gelmeyecektir. Burada ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girilemeyecek olan ve on y\u0131llar s\u00fcren \u00c7erkes direni\u015fi, Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesya halklar\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadelede belli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclerde birle\u015ftirmi\u015f olan M\u00fcridizm hareketinin ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7eken efsanevi lider \u0130mam \u015eamil\u2019in 1859\u2019da Rus kuvvetlerince yakalanmas\u0131yla dramatik \u015fekilde zay\u0131flat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1861\u2019de \u00c7erkes Meclisi\u2019nden bir delegasyon Rus yetkilileriyle ve \u00c7ar II. Alexander ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde bulunmu\u015f ve \u00c7ar bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerde da\u011flarda ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkeslere bir ay i\u00e7erisinde ya daha kolay kontrol edilebilir olan Kuban b\u00f6lgesindeki d\u00fczl\u00fcklere yerle\u015fmeyi kabul etmek ya da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na do\u011fru geri d\u00f6nmemek \u00fczere yola \u00e7\u0131kmak \u015feklinde iki se\u00e7enek sunmu\u015ftur. Aradan ge\u00e7en \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca \u00c7erkesler bu dayatmay\u0131 diplomatik ve askeri yollardan a\u015fman\u0131n yollar\u0131n\u0131 aram\u0131\u015flarsa da sonu\u00e7ta Ruslar \u00c7erkes direni\u015fini k\u0131rmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015f ve \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n karde\u015fi Grand Duke Mikhail 21 May\u0131s 1864\u2019de \u00c7ar\u2019\u0131n taleplerini tekrarlayarak \u00c7erkeslere e\u011fer bir ay i\u00e7inde da\u011flardaki yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131n\u0131 terk edip g\u00f6sterilen mevkilerde yerle\u015fmezlerse Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda olduklar\u0131n\u0131, bu ultimatoma uymayanlar\u0131n sava\u015f esiri muamelesi g\u00f6receklerini bildirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130\u015fte \u00c7erkeslerin y\u00fcz binlerce ki\u015filik b\u00fcy\u00fck kafileler halinde kara ve deniz yoluyla aylar s\u00fcrecek bir yolculuk sonunda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 etmesi ser\u00fcveni b\u00f6ylece ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (8) Yeni Vatanda \u0130lk Duraklar: Trabzon ve Samsun Trabzon\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz Konsolosu Stevens, \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord John Russell\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 19 \u015eubat 1864 tarihli raporda (9) Trabzon\u2019a \u201cak\u0131n ak\u0131n gelmekte olan \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin\u201d halk sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan son derece ciddi bir sorun arz etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ve Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye duruma derhal el koymas\u0131 i\u00e7in telkinde bulunulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini yal\u0131n ama \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc bir \u00fcslupla bildiriyordu: \u201cGe\u00e7ti\u011fimiz \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn boyunca \u00fc\u00e7 bin civar\u0131nda \u00c7erkes \u015fehrimize varm\u0131\u015f bulunuyor. Bunlar\u0131n y\u00fczlercesi hastal\u0131ktan ve a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmek \u00fczere\u2026Trabzon Valisi Emin Pa\u015fa bu talihsiz insanlar\u0131n i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 iyile\u015ftirebilmek i\u00e7in elinden geleni yap\u0131yorsa da onun elindeki imkanlar\u0131n da son derece k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcyor.\u201d<\/p>\n Stevens salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n \u00f6zellikle de tifonun hem \u00c7erkesler hem de Trabzon\u2019un yerli halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda korkun\u00e7 bir h\u0131zla yay\u0131lmakta oldu\u011funu, \u015fehirdeki \u00fc\u00e7 Avrupal\u0131 doktordan Frans\u0131z olan\u0131n\u0131n o g\u00fcn tifodan \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve Emin Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n maiyetinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan pek \u00e7ok g\u00f6revlinin \u00c7erkeslerle temasta bulunduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ya a\u011f\u0131r hasta ya da hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f bulundu\u011funu anlatt\u0131ktan sonra \u201cOsmanl\u0131 idari memurlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda s\u0131kl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclmekte olan yiyicilik ve sahtecili\u011fin\u201d \u00c7erkes meselesinin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de zora soktu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcyordu. Buna g\u00f6re Bab-\u0131 Ali bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Trabzon\u2019a \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menlere verilmek \u00fczere eski askeri k\u0131yafetler ve bir k\u0131s\u0131m ila\u00e7lar yollam\u0131\u015f, bunlardan ilki epey i\u015fe yaram\u0131\u015fsa da ikincisinin hi\u00e7 bir faydas\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015fti. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u201cila\u00e7lar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u015fini yapanlar her zaman oldu\u011fu gibi h\u00fck\u00fcmetin de\u011fil kendilerinin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nde tuttuklar\u0131ndan o s\u0131rada en \u00e7ok gereksinim duyulan ucuz ve basit ila\u00e7lar yerine komisyon bedeli elbette h\u00fck\u00fcmet b\u00fct\u00e7esinden kar\u015f\u0131lanmak \u00fczere son derece pahal\u0131 ve Avrupa\u2019dan ithal ama mevcut salg\u0131nla m\u00fccadelede i\u015flevsiz ila\u00e7lar g\u00f6ndermi\u015fler\u201ddi. Stevens\u2019in raporu Trabzon \u015fehrinin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7leri sonras\u0131 ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcme dair son derece karanl\u0131k bir tablo \u00e7izmekteydi. Mezarl\u0131klarda \u00f6l\u00fcleri defnedecek yer bulunam\u0131yor, \u015fehrin i\u00e7me suyu ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan ana su kayna\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fczen \u00c7erkes cesetleri bulundu\u011fu i\u00e7in temiz su bulmakta g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck \u00e7ekiliyor, sokaklar pislikten ge\u00e7ilmiyor, erzak ve yak\u0131t giderek t\u00fckeniyor, t\u00fcm bunlar da salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klar\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli rol oynuyordu.<\/p>\n Stevens, \u201cula\u015f\u0131labilecek en g\u00fcvenilir ve sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 bilgilere g\u00f6re\u201d ibaresini eklemeyi ihmal etmeyerek Aral\u0131k 1863\u2019den raporun yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 19 \u015eubat 1864\u2019e de\u011fin Trabzon\u2019da \u00f6lenlerin say\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n 3 bin 500\u2019\u00fc buldu\u011funu endi\u015feli ifadelerle bildirmekteydi. Bunlardan \u201c3 bini \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7meni, 470\u2019i T\u00fcrk, 36\u2019s\u0131 Rum, 17\u2019si Ermeni, 9\u2019u Katolik ve 6\u2019s\u0131 Avrupa\u2019l\u0131\u201d idi.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Bulwer\u2019in D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Lord John Russell\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 12 Nisan 1864 tarihli rapor, (10) Konsolos Stevens\u2019\u0131n yazd\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinden iki ay ge\u00e7mi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde hemen hi\u00e7 yol katedilemeyip tersine daha Bulwer bir yandan \u201c\u00c7erkeslerin Ruslardan ka\u00e7mak i\u00e7in giri\u015ftikleri tehlikeli yolculu\u011fun insanl\u0131k i\u00e7in utan\u00e7 verici bir manzara olu\u015fturdu\u011fu\u201dna i\u015faret ederken \u00f6te yandan da \u201ckentsel bir ya\u015fam tarz\u0131na al\u0131\u015fk\u0131n olmayan bu insan kitlelerinin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn vard\u0131klar\u0131 yerdeki kamu sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve huzuru ciddi \u015fekilde tehdit etmekte\u201d oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmekteydi. Bulwer, \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015fkentteki h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve saray \u00e7evrelerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kayg\u0131 ve tedirginli\u011fi de yans\u0131tan sat\u0131rlar\u0131nda \u201cBab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin bir yandan \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Trabzon\u2019dan al\u0131p imparatorlu\u011fun farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u015fehre gemiler g\u00f6ndermeye haz\u0131rland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, di\u011fer yandan da \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rus el\u00e7isiyle m\u00fczakerelerde bulunarak \u201cRus h\u00fck\u00fcmetini, do\u011fduklar\u0131 topraklar\u0131 kahramanca savunmu\u015f olan \u00c7erkeslerin vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 daha insani ko\u015fullarda terk edebilmeleri i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirleri almaya ikna etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d haber vermekteydi. Bulwer\u2019in s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en raporuna \u201c\u00c7erkeslerin Krali\u00e7e Victoria\u2019ya iletilmek \u00fczere verdikleri 29 \u015eevval 1280\/9 Nisan 1864 tarihli dilek\u00e7edir\u201d ibaresini ta\u015f\u0131yan bir de not ili\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Kimler taraf\u0131ndan imzaland\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7ili\u011fine nas\u0131l sunuldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin herhangi bir bilgi verilmeyen bu dilek\u00e7e \u015f\u00f6yle demekteydi: \u201cRusya 80 y\u0131l\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir d\u00fcnya yarat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan beri bizim evimiz ve yurdumuz olan \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgal etmek ve bizleri kendisine tabi k\u0131lmak i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc gayrime\u015fru yola ba\u015fvurmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n O Rusya’d\u0131r ki, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131, \u00e7aresiz kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve ya\u015fl\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 mezbahal\u0131k koyunlar gibi kesmekte, kafalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcng\u00fclerle kavun do\u011frar gibi do\u011framaktad\u0131r. \u0130nsanl\u0131k ve medeniyet tarihinde \u00c7erkeslere reva g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu zulm\u00fcn ve bask\u0131n\u0131n bir e\u015fine daha rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Bu y\u00fczden bizler, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n vah\u015fetine son verebilmek, vatan\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 ve halk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 kurtarabilmek i\u00e7in insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ve adaletin y\u0131lmaz savunucusu olan \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ve halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok de\u011ferli yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 ve arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 talep ediyoruz. E\u011fer bu t\u00fcrden bir yard\u0131m m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayacaksa o zaman da Rus mezalimi alt\u0131nda inleyen \u00e7ocuklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n ve kad\u0131nlar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n g\u00fcvenli bir yere g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in yard\u0131m eli uzat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istiyoruz ama bu taleplerimizden hi\u00e7 birisi dikkate al\u0131nmaz ve biz \u00c7erkesler d\u00fcnya y\u00fczeyinden silinirsek bilinsin ki kainat\u0131n yarat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n huzurunda dahi biz gaspedilen haklar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 aramaktan vazge\u00e7meye\u011fiz.\u201d (11)<\/p>\n \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Bulwer yukar\u0131daki raporunu Londra\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdikten k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra Trabzon konsolosu Stevens\u2019tan yeni ve \u00f6ncekilerden daha fazla endi\u015fe verici bir rapor alacakt\u0131. (12) 15 Nisan 1864 tarihinde kaleme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan raporda Stevens, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki amirine Trabzon\u2019da i\u015flerin h\u0131zla k\u00f6t\u00fcye gitti\u011fini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131 kestirilemeyecek kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck bir felaketin kap\u0131da oldu\u011funu bildirmekteydi. Stevens\u2019a g\u00f6re Ruslar\u0131n nisan ay\u0131n\u0131n d\u00f6rd\u00fcnde Vardan\u2019a girmesinin ve oradaki \u00c7erkes kabilelerine mensup 100 bin civar\u0131nda insan\u0131 sahil \u015feridine do\u011fru s\u00fcrmesinin ard\u0131ndan \u00c7erkes sorunu yeni bir boyut kazanmak \u00fczereydi. \u0130ngiliz konsolosu, Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek i\u00e7in kar\u015f\u0131 sahilde bekle\u015fmekte olan bu insanlar\u0131n da Trabzon\u2019a intikali halinde (Trabzon\u2019da 127 bin civar\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7men toplanm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131ndan) \u015fehrin \u201ciflas etmesi\u201dnden korkmaktayd\u0131. Stevens Trabzon\u2019un n\u00fcfuzlu ailelerinin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc ba\u015flad\u0131ktan sonra \u015fehri terkettiklerinden, halen evlerinde kalmaya devam eden yerli halk\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn salg\u0131n hastal\u0131ktan k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ve \u015fehrin temizlenmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde aylard\u0131r bir giri\u015fimde bulunulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmekteydi. \u015eehirde kalan tek doktor olan Doktor Banozzi salg\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fcn al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in yetersiz kalmaktayd\u0131. G\u00f6\u00e7menlerden hastal\u0131k bula\u015faca\u011f\u0131 korkusu \u015fehirde ticareti felce u\u011fratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi bu\u011fday ambarlar\u0131 da h\u0131zla bo\u015fal\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n \u201cAld\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z duyumlara g\u00f6re\u201d diyordu Stevens, \u201c\u015fehrin sadece yirmi g\u00fcnl\u00fck ekmek ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layacak kadar un stoku kalm\u0131\u015f.\u201d Konsolos raporunu s\u00f6zkonusu 100 bin ki\u015filik yeni \u00c7erkes grubu gelirse Trabzon\u2019un k\u0131tl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin bir an \u00f6nce radikal tedbirler almak zorunda oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek bitiriyordu.<\/p>\n 1864 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n May\u0131s ay\u0131na gelindi\u011finde \u00c7erkes meselesinin art\u0131k akut bir hal ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 sorunlarla ba\u015f etmekte yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn a\u00e7\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Bulwer\u2019in 3 May\u0131s 1864\u2019de D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Russell\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 rapor (13) bir yandan Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin \u00e7aresizli\u011finin \u00f6te yandan da \u00c7erkeslerin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u201cinsanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d durumun betimlemesini yapmaktayd\u0131. Bu raporda Bulwer\u2019in \u00c7erkeslerden bahsederken adeta \u00c7erkeslerin \u00fcnl\u00fc \u0130ngiliz hamisi ve \u00c7erkes ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tutkulu savunucusu David Urquhart (14) konu\u015fuyormu\u015f izlenimini veren ve \u0130ngiliz diplomatik belgelerinin mesafeli \u00fcslubuyla ba\u011fda\u015fmayan ifadelere yer verdi\u011fi dikkat \u00e7ekiyordu: \u201cRus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, o cesur ve sava\u015fkan \u0131rk\u0131n topraklar\u0131n\u0131 tamamen ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f bulunuyor. \u00c7erkeslerin bug\u00fcne de\u011fin u\u011frunda m\u00fccadele ettikleri tek bir \u015fey vard\u0131: vatanlar\u0131nda \u00f6zg\u00fcrce ya\u015famak! \u015eimdi ise on y\u0131llard\u0131r kahramanca savunduklar\u0131 sahillerde kom\u015fu bir imparatorlu\u011fa g\u00f6\u00e7 edebilmek i\u00e7in bekliyorlar. Evet, \u00c7erkesya elden gitti ama en az\u0131ndan \u00c7erkesler kurtar\u0131lamaz m\u0131?\u201d Bu sorunun ard\u0131ndan Bulwer, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00c7erkeslere kucak a\u00e7mas\u0131n\u0131n meselenin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesi anlam\u0131na gelmedi\u011fini, \u201c\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin de \u00e7ok iyi bildi\u011fi gibi\u201d Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ekonomik g\u00fcc\u00fc ve olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n son derece s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 oldu\u011funu, Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin o g\u00fcne de\u011fin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 harcamalar\u0131n 200 bin Sterlin\u2019i a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 hazinesi i\u00e7in \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck fedakarl\u0131k gerektiren bu mebla\u011f\u0131n dahi maalesef \u00c7erkeslerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamakta yetersiz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlatmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n Bulwer\u2019e g\u00f6re Rusya g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7erkeslerin masraflar\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunmak i\u00e7in Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye maddi yard\u0131m yapmal\u0131yd\u0131. Ger\u00e7ekten de hem Bulwer hem de Lord John Russell Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun nas\u0131l bir mal\u00ee bunal\u0131m i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funu \u00e7ok yak\u0131ndan Bulwer, ekonomik kriz y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u0130stanbul\u2019da da L\u00fcbnan\u2019dakine benzer bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n an meselesi oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyerek dolayl\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden Fuad Pa\u015fa\u2019ya bor\u00e7 bulma aray\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yard\u0131m edilmesini istemi\u015f, bunun Osmanl\u0131 devleti ve onun m\u00fcttefikleri i\u00e7in en az\u0131ndan \u015fimdilik hay\u0131rl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ima etmi\u015fti. (19) \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ise \u201ci\u015fin sonunu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeksizin\u201d s\u00fcrekli bor\u00e7lanan Osmanl\u0131 devletine art\u0131k bu konuda yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirmi\u015fti. (20) K\u0131sacas\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7erkesya\u2019da b\u0131rakarak paras\u0131z, a\u00e7, \u00e7\u0131plak ve hasta bir halde Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes acil insani yard\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7indeyken Osmanl\u0131 maliyesi artan bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc ve azalan devlet gelirleri y\u00fcz\u00fcnden idarenin en ola\u011fan harcamalar\u0131n\u0131 bile kar\u015f\u0131lamaktan aciz bir durumdayd\u0131 ve Bab-\u0131 Ali \u00fclkenin en verimli vergi kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131 teminat \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin St. Petersburg\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Napier\u2019in Russell\u2019a g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi 1 Haziran 1864 tarihli rapordan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye y\u00fckledi\u011fi mal\u00ee k\u00fclfetin Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetince payla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi konusunda Fransa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi M. de Moustier de \u0130ngiliz \u00c7erkeslerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc herhangi bir zorlama sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemekte, kendi arzular\u0131yla g\u00f6\u00e7 eden bu insanlar\u0131 \u00fclkeye kabul etme ve onlara yeni bir ya\u015fam sa\u011flama konusunda Bab-\u0131 Ali son derece istekli davranmakta, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla Rusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin masraflar\u0131na kat\u0131lma ya da tazminat \u00f6deme gibi bir y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmamaktayd\u0131. Gortchakoff\u2019a g\u00f6re \u201cT\u00fcrkler \u015fu anda belli bir masraf yapmak zorunda kalsalar bile \u00c7erkesler sayesinde imparatorlu\u011fun M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusunu dikkate de\u011fer bir \u015fekilde artt\u0131racaklar\u201dd\u0131. Bu da \u201c\u015f\u00fcphesiz Osmanl\u0131 ordusuna taze kan sa\u011flayaca\u011f\u0131ndan bu i\u015ften as\u0131l karl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan Bab-\u0131 Ali olacakt\u0131.\u201d (21) G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya, \u00c7erkeslere yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 masraf\u0131 ileriye d\u00f6n\u00fck karl\u0131 bir yat\u0131r\u0131m olarak g\u00f6rmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yleyerek bir de iktisat dersi vermeyi ihmal etmiyordu.<\/p>\n En az Ruslar kadar iktisat bilen \u0130ngilizler ise Gortchakoff\u2019un aksine, \u201cneredeyse hi\u00e7 bir s\u0131nai ve zirai \u00fcretkenli\u011fi olmayan 150 bin kadar da\u011fl\u0131\u201dn\u0131n bak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00fcstlenen Osmanl\u0131 devletinin bu i\u015ften k\u0131sa vadede muhakkak zararl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131na, uzun vadeli kar ihtimalinin son derece d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck oldu\u011funa, as\u0131l kar edenin ise \u00c7erkesleri da\u011flardan s\u00f6k\u00fcp att\u0131ktan sonra Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlayarak hem son derece inat\u00e7\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fmandan hem de onlar\u0131 vadilere yerle\u015ftirmenin getirece\u011fi masraftan kurtulmay\u0131 ba\u015faran Ruslar oldu\u011funa inan\u0131yorlard\u0131. (22) \u015eark Meselesinin dayatmalar\u0131 sonucunda Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fcz m\u00fcttefiki ve hamisi konumunu benimsemek durumunda kalan \u0130ngiltere ile \u015eark Meselesi sahnesine Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ezeli d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 rol\u00fcnde \u00e7\u0131kan Rusya, \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne dairkar-zarar hesaplar\u0131 yaparken \u00c7erkeslerin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine ak\u0131n\u0131 aral\u0131ks\u0131z devam etmekteydi.<\/p>\n Trabzon\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz Konsolosu Stevens\u2019in 19 May\u0131s 1864 tarihli raporundan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Ak\u00e7akale ve Sar\u0131dere\u2019de yeni kamplar kurulmu\u015f ve buralara 25 bin civar\u0131nda g\u00f6\u00e7men yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015fti. Ayn\u0131 s\u0131ralarda Samsun\u2019a da 40 bin kadar g\u00f6\u00e7men intikal etmi\u015f ve bu iki liman \u015fehrinde g\u00fcnde ortalama meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcm say\u0131s\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz\u00fc bulmu\u015ftu. Trabzon\u2019da f\u0131r\u0131nc\u0131lar korkular\u0131ndan d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n\u0131 kapat\u0131p \u015fehri terk ettiklerinden a\u00e7l\u0131k tehlikesi ba\u015f g\u00f6stermi\u015fti. Stevens\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00c7erkeslerin hepsi \u201c\u00e7ok fakir, tembel ve temizlik al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131 geli\u015fmemi\u015f\u201d insanlar olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 kamplarda salg\u0131n hastal\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fc al\u0131namamaktayd\u0131. \u201c\u00c7ad\u0131rlara bal\u0131k istifi d\u00fczeninde yerle\u015ftirildikleri i\u00e7in birbirlerine hastal\u0131k bula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p duruyorlar, kendilerine Osmanl\u0131 idaresince da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan tay\u0131n\u0131 ve giysileri hatta kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 bile bir ka\u00e7 kuru\u015fa sat\u0131yorlar, geceleri \u00f6l\u00fclerini g\u00f6m\u00fcld\u00fckleri yerden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p \u00fczerlerindeki kefen bezini \u00e7al\u0131yor, sonra da cesetleri tarlalara at\u0131p gidiyorlar\u201dd\u0131. Stevens, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin geli\u015ftirdi\u011fi hayatta kalma stratejilerine ili\u015fkin korkun\u00e7 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara yer verdi\u011fi raporunda \u00e7ad\u0131r ba\u015f\u0131na da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lan tay\u0131nda eksilme olmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in yetkililere rapor edilmeyen ve bu y\u00fczden g\u00fcnlerce \u00e7ad\u0131rlarda tutulup kokan E\u011fer Bab-\u0131 Ali bir an \u00f6nce durumu iyile\u015ftirecek tedbirler almazsa ticari a\u00e7\u0131dan son derece \u00f6nemli iki liman \u015fehri olan Trabzon ve Samsun\u2019u kaybetme tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalacakt\u0131. (23) \u0130ngiltere\u2019den \u00c7erkeslere Peksimet \u0130anesi Daha \u00f6nceki zamanlarda yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclen ya da ka\u00e7mak zorunda b\u0131rak\u0131lan ve i\u00e7lerinde Yahudilerin ve Polonyal\u0131lar\u0131n da bulundu\u011fu \u00e7e\u015fitli etnik ve dinsel gruplara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan atalar\u0131n\u0131n izinden giden Sultan Abd\u00fclaziz, Ruslar\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7erkes M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlara kucak a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131 a\u00e7mas\u0131na ama Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Sultan\u2019\u0131n c\u00f6mert vaadinin gereklerini yerine getirecek finansal olanaklara sahip olmaktan uzakt\u0131. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi \u00fczere Bab-\u0131 Ali, \u0130ngiliz b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Bulwer arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinden g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ula\u015f\u0131m, bar\u0131nma ve ia\u015fe masraflar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine bor\u00e7 para verilmesi talebinde bulunmu\u015f ancak bu giri\u015fimleri sonu\u00e7suz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Trabzon\u2019da \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u00f6l\u00fclerinin kefenlerini satarak hayatta kalmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken Bab-\u0131 Ali de Karadeniz\u2019in her iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Bulwer, Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n s\u00f6zlerini al\u0131nt\u0131layarak \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Bab-\u0131 Ali h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Karadeniz\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda birikmi\u015f ve g\u00f6\u00e7 etmeyi bekleyen insan y\u0131\u011f\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00fcvenli \u015fekilde ta\u015f\u0131mak i\u00e7in gerekli ula\u015f\u0131m ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 temin etmeyi ba\u015faramad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d rapor etmekteydi. Sadrazam, \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in bor\u00e7 verece\u011fini umut ediyordu ama e\u011fer bu ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmezse \u0130ngilizler hi\u00e7 de\u011filse iki ya da \u00fcc \u0130ngiliz yolcu ya da ticaret gemisini ge\u00e7ici bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7in Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ninemrine tahsis edemezler miydi? B\u00f6yle bir yard\u0131m\u0131n gelmemesi halinde Bab-\u0131 Ali bulabildi\u011fi her t\u00fcrl\u00fc deniz arac\u0131na olabildi\u011fince \u00e7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6\u00e7meni doldurarak ve elbette yanlar\u0131nda bulunan ve hayatta kalmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in elzem olan hayvanlar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131da b\u0131rakmak zorunda kalarak transfer i\u015fini kendi olanaklar\u0131yla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirecekti. B\u00f6yle bir yolculu\u011fun sonucunda g\u00f6\u00e7menler \u0130ngiliz Hazinesi, Majesteleri h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00c7erkeslerin transferine sponsor olamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ait gemilerin Karadeniz\u2019e g\u00f6nderilmesinin hi\u00e7 bir me\u015fruiyetinin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ama Bab-\u0131 \u0130ngiliz Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da konuyla ilgili g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f bildiren raporunda S\u00f6z konusu raporunda sa\u011fl\u0131k m\u00fcfetti\u015fi Samsun\u2019da kendisini kar\u015f\u0131layan \u201ct\u00fcyler \u00fcrpertici manzaray\u0131 tarif edecek s\u00f6z bulamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirttikten sonra binlerce insan\u0131n a\u00e7l\u0131ktan k\u0131vrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, \u015fehirde yeterli miktarda un olmu\u015f olsayd\u0131 bile yeterli f\u0131r\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in a\u00e7l\u0131k tehlikesinin yine \u00f6nlenemeyece\u011fini, anlat\u0131yor ve \u201cbelkibu insanlar i\u00e7in peksimet (\u0130ngilizce metinlerde biscuit-bisk\u00fcvi) g\u00f6nderilmesi sorunu bir nebze de olsa \u00e7\u00f6zebilir\u201d (29) diyordu. Bu peksimet \u00f6nerisi, y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan beri uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n en \u00fcst\u00fcn temsilcisi ve insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hamisi rol\u00fcne soyunmu\u015f olan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 insanl\u0131k trajedisine kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in arad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201crisksiz\u201d y\u00f6ntemi sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir.<\/p>\n Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle, a\u00e7l\u0131ktan \u00f6lmek \u00fczere olan \u201cbu masum ve talihsiz\u201d insanlara peksimet g\u00f6nderilmesi, \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc sorununun etkin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olmaktan gerek finansal gerekse de siyasi-diplomatik saiklerle ka\u00e7\u0131nan \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u201cs\u00fcper g\u00fcc\u00fc\u201d olarak \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen insani yard\u0131m misyonunu ucuz ve me\u015fru \u015fekilde yerine getirebilmesinin bir arac\u0131 olarak g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin gemi yard\u0131m\u0131 talebinin reddedilmesinin \u00fcst\u00fcnden hen\u00fcz bir ka\u00e7 g\u00fcn ge\u00e7mi\u015fken \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, pay-i tahttaki el\u00e7isi Bulwer\u2019e be\u015f bin Sterlin tutar\u0131ndaki peksimetin Malta \u00fczerinden \u0130stanbul\u2019a en k\u0131sa zamanda g\u00f6nderilmesi i\u00e7in gerekli d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 talimat\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. G\u00f6nderilen talimatta yanl\u0131\u015f anlamaya mahal vermemek i\u00e7in \u0130ngiliz yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n sadece peksimetleri kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin peksimetlerin ula\u015f\u0131m bedelini kendi cebinden \u00f6demesinin beklendi\u011fi de \u00f6zellikle vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (30) Benzer \u015fekilde \u0130ngiliz Hazine\u2019sinin konuya ili\u015fkin yaz\u0131s\u0131nda da Bulwer\u2019e \u201cT\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin peksimetlerin yerine ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lacak gemilerin paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demeye yana\u015f\u0131p yana\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 iyice ara\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d g\u00f6revi verilmi\u015ftir. (31)<\/p>\n G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00c7erkes meselesindeki dahlini sadece be\u015f bin Sterlin tutar\u0131ndaki peksimet ile s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 tutmakta kararl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u0130\u015fte Vak\u2019an\u00fcvis Ahmet L\u00fctfi Efendi\u2019nin Tarih\u2019inde \u201cO esnada peyderpey memalik-i mahrusaya hicret etmekte olan \u00c7erkes muhacirlerin ianeten Londra\u2019dan \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz k\u0131yye mikdar\u0131 peksimet itas\u0131na karar verildi\u011fi alem-i \u0130slamiyetce memnuniyeti mucip oldu\u201d (Aktepe, 1988: 123) s\u00f6zleriyle anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz yard\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n arkaplan\u0131 budur. Peksimetlerin g\u00f6nderilmesi karar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan sonra \u0130ngilizlerin son derece h\u0131zl\u0131 ve etkin \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak Malta\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a sevkiyata ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetine ton ba\u015f\u0131na yirmi \u015filine mal olan otuz ton civar\u0131ndaki ilk parti peksimeti ta\u015f\u0131yan La Plata adl\u0131 kuru y\u00fck gemisi 22 Haziran \u0130ngiliz peksimetlerinin \u00c7erkeslere hangi \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fctlere g\u00f6re ve ne \u015fekilde Bab-\u0131 Ali ancak 1864 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz ve sonbahar aylar\u0131nda yani kitlesel \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan uzunca bir s\u00fcre sonra g\u00f6\u00e7menleri Trabzon ve Samsun\u2019dan al\u0131p imparatorlu\u011fun \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015ftirmeyi ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kurulu\u2019nda g\u00f6rev yapan \u0130ngiliz doktor Dickson\u2019\u0131n \u0130stanbul\u2019daki el\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revini Bulwer\u2019den teslim alm\u0131\u015f bulunan Stuart\u2019a ekim ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir rapora g\u00f6re Erzurum, Batum ve Anadolu i\u00e7lerindeki \u00e7e\u015fitli \u015fehirlere yerle\u015ftirilen g\u00f6\u00e7menler hari\u00e7 tutulmak \u00fczere, 20 Eyl\u00fcl 1864 tarihine gelindi\u011finde Trabzon ve Samsun\u2019daki kamplarda aylard\u0131r ya\u015fam m\u00fccadelesi vermekte olan 74 bin 206 \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7men nihai yerle\u015fim mevkilerine gitmek \u00fczere Bo\u011fazlardan ge\u00e7mi\u015ftir. Bu say\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7erisinde \u0130stanbul\u2019da yerle\u015ftirilen 3 bin 494 k\u00f6le, 449 \u00f6ks\u00fcz \u2013yetim ve 1568 asker de bulunmaktad\u0131r. Son dura\u011f\u0131 \u0130stanbul olan bu 5 bin 511 ki\u015finin 1, 393\u2019u yolculuk s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130stanbul\u2019da kalanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndakilerin g\u00f6nderildikleri yerler ve kafileleri olu\u015fturan g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131lar\u0131na ili\u015fkin Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kuruluna ula\u015fan veriler \u015f\u00f6yledir: Pandirma (Band\u0131rma): 13 bin 630 ki\u015fi; Mudania (Mudanya) : 10 bin 498 ki\u015fi; Gallipoli (Gelibolu): 4 bin 463 ki\u015fi; Gemlik: 2, 377 ki\u015fi; Rodosto (Rodos): 13, 188 ki\u015fi; Chanderli (\u00c7andarl\u0131); 2 bin 881 ki\u015fi; Salonica (Selanik): 2 bin 134 ki\u015fi; Silivria (Silivri): bin 600 ki\u015fi; Chai-aghzy (\u00c7aya\u011fz\u0131): 3 bin 981 ki\u015fi; Ismid (\u0130zmit): 6 bin 034 ki\u015fi; Smyrna (\u0130zmir): 4 bin 895 ki\u015fi; Dardanelles (\u00c7anakkale): bin 300 ki\u015fi olmak \u00fczere toplam 66 bin 981 ki\u015fi. Bunlara \u0130stanbul\u2019da kalan 5 bin 511 ki\u015fi ile yolda \u00f6len bin 393 ki\u015fi ve bir de kay\u0131tlardaki tutars\u0131zl\u0131klardan do\u011fan 321 ki\u015filik grup eklendi\u011finde 74 bin 206 g\u00f6\u00e7menin 1864 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n yaz aylar\u0131nda \u0130stanbul\u2019a ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu\u2019ya transfer edildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 rapora g\u00f6re bu transferler s\u0131ras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen \u00f6l\u00fcmlerin toplam g\u00f6\u00e7men n\u00fcfusunun y\u00fczde ikisini kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin H\u00fcdaverdi adl\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 band\u0131ral\u0131 gemiyle Samsun\u2019dan Selanik\u2019e giden 600 ki\u015filik g\u00f6\u00e7men kafilesinin 180\u2019i gemide \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u0130stanbul Handan Pa\u015fa\u2019da \u00c7erkeslerin \u00f6ks\u00fcz-yetim ve k\u00f6leleri i\u00e7in kurulmu\u015f ve yaz boyunca faaliyet g\u00f6steren kamp k\u0131\u015f\u0131n yakla\u015fmas\u0131yla birlikte da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve kimsesiz \u00e7ocuklar Kilithane\u2019de bir binaya ta\u015f\u0131n\u0131rken k\u00f6lelerin de bundan b\u00f6yle kamplarda tutulmaks\u0131z\u0131n gemiden iner inmez do\u011frudan al\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na teslim edilmesi uygulamas\u0131na ge\u00e7ilmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n \u0130stanbul ve Bat\u0131 Anadolu b\u00f6lgesine yerle\u015ftirilen bu g\u00f6\u00e7menlerden ba\u015fka Edirne, Silistre, Vidin, Ni\u015f, Sofya, Dobruca ve Pri\u015ftina gibi \u00e7e\u015fitli Rumeli vilayetlerine de yakla\u015f\u0131k 42 bin ailelik bir g\u00f6\u00e7men n\u00fcfusunun g\u00f6nderildi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklarca Osmanl\u0131 resmi belgelerine dayan\u0131larak ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. (36)<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7 Yerine<\/p>\n <\/b>\u00c7erkeslerin Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesindeki nihai yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgelerinde neler Bu t\u00fcrden bir g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiltere gibi d\u00f6nemin altyap\u0131sal iktidar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc modern devletleri i\u00e7in bile y\u00f6netilmesi zor bir durum arz edece\u011fi bellidir ve g\u00f6\u00e7 ve yerle\u015ftirme s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan aksakl\u0131klar\u0131n sadece Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye \u00f6zg\u00fc bir yetersizli\u011fe ba\u011flanmas\u0131 kan\u0131mca do\u011fru de\u011fildir. Yine de modern bir devletin, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine, gelecek g\u00f6\u00e7men say\u0131s\u0131, her bir g\u00f6\u00e7menin devlet eve \u00fclke n\u00fcfusuna k\u0131sa ve uzun d\u00f6nemli maliyeti, transfer ve iskan s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde kullan\u0131lacak ara\u00e7 ve personelin say\u0131s\u0131, g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin ilk dura\u011f\u0131 olacak liman \u015fehirlerinin ia\u015fe ve su kaynaklar\u0131 vs. gibi konulara ili\u015fkin verileri de\u011ferlendirmeksizin g\u00f6\u00e7men kabul etme karar\u0131 almayaca\u011f\u0131 ortadad\u0131r. Zaten b\u00f6yle bir modern devletin Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcrden bir g\u00f6\u00e7 emr-i vakisiyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak durumunda kalmayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131,kendisine y\u00f6neltilen dayatmalar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc direnme ve pazarl\u0131k mekanizmalar\u0131 geli\u015ftirebilece\u011fini ve bir ba\u015fka devletin el\u00e7ili\u011finden g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn koordinasyon i\u015flerini y\u00fcr\u00fctmesini istemeyece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek de m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Daha a\u00e7\u0131k bir deyi\u015fle Osmanl\u0131 devletinin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc dolay\u0131m\u0131yla ifadesini Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131rgan giri\u015fimlerinin b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130ngiliz \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkileyece\u011fi \u00f6n kabul\u00fcne dayanan Bulwer, \u00c7erkeslerin \u201csava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 ruhlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrecek olan\u201d bu da\u011f\u0131tma esasl\u0131 iskan politikas\u0131n\u0131n son derece zararl\u0131 oldu\u011funu savunmakta, hem Osmanl\u0131 devleti hem de onun Avrupal\u0131 m\u00fcttefikleri i\u00e7in yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenin \u00c7erkesleri bir t\u00fcr askeri koloni halinde yerle\u015ftirmek oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. \u201cCo\u011frafi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel a\u00e7\u0131lardan kendi anayurtlar\u0131yla benzerlikler ta\u015f\u0131yan ve Karadeniz sahillerinden ba\u015flay\u0131p Erzurum\u2019a do\u011fru uzanan b\u00f6lgede yerle\u015ftirilmeleri halinde \u00c7erkesler hem ge\u00e7mi\u015fin yaralar\u0131n\u0131 sarabilecek hem de kendilerine [Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan] yap\u0131lan k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckleri unutmay\u0131p haf\u0131zalar\u0131n\u0131 taze tutabileceklerdir. \u00dcstelik en \u00e7ok gereksinilen yerde yani muhtemel bir Rus ilerleyi\u015fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda sava\u015fmaya haz\u0131r din\u00e7 bir kuvvet olu\u015fturacaklard\u0131r.\u201d (38)<\/p>\n Benzer \u015fekilde \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Ker\u00e7 konsolosu Chisserton da geni\u015f bir \u00c7erkes n\u00fcfusunun Bab-\u0131 Ali taraf\u0131ndan Varna\u2019ya g\u00f6nderilmesini ele\u015ftiren raporunda \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7menlerin imparatorlu\u011fun uzak mevkilerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetini son derece memnun etti\u011fini, Osmanl\u0131 devletinin \u00c7erkesleri da\u011f\u0131tman\u0131n ve Rus s\u0131n\u0131r b\u00f6lgesi yerine Balkanlara yerle\u015ftirmenin kendi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na ters d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc anlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d ileri s\u00fcrmektedir. Chisserton\u2019a g\u00f6re \u00c7erkesler Karadeniz sahilinden ba\u015flay\u0131p Do\u011fu Anadolu\u2019ya do\u011fru uzanan b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015ftirilmeleri halinde Rusya\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 son derece etkin ve sa\u011flam bir savunma \u015feridi olu\u015fturacaklard\u0131 ve Rusya kendisinden nefret eden bu \u00c7erkes g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc kolay kolay bertaraf edip Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine giremeyecekti. (39) G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u0130ngiliz diplomatlar\u0131 giderek daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir olas\u0131l\u0131k haline gelen Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu \u00fczerinden Do\u011fu Akdeniz\u2019e inme giri\u015fimini 93 Harbi\u2019nden y\u0131llar \u00f6nce \u00f6ng\u00f6rmekte ve b\u00f6lgede kurulacak bir \u00c7erkes kolonisinin bu giri\u015fimin ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir f\u0131rsat oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmektedirler. (40) Bununla birlikte \u0130ngilizlerin bu y\u00f6ndeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinin Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin iskan planlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde pek de etkili olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Berje\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u00c7erkesler Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131lar hen\u00fcz g\u00f6\u00e7menleri imparatorlu\u011fun yerel n\u00fcfusu i\u00e7ine da\u011f\u0131tmak m\u0131 yoksa Rusya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda \u00f6zel askeri kolonilere d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek mi gerekti\u011fi konusunda karar vermemi\u015flerdi. Bunlar\u0131n ikisi de ayn\u0131 derecede m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fc. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn \u00e7ok b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlara ula\u015fmas\u0131ndan \u00f6nce Bab-\u0131 Ali taraf\u0131ndan iskan konusunda neredeyse hi\u00e7 bir plan yap\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f ya da yap\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (41)<\/p>\n B\u00fcy\u00fck \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne ili\u015fkin \u0130ngiliz ar\u015fiv belgelerinin genel bir incelemesi bu belgelere \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d ba\u011flam\u0131nda \u0130ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n antagonist \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 gere\u011fi do\u011fal say\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken Rus kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 ve \u00c7erkes sempatizan\u0131 bir ruhun egemen oldu\u011funu ortaya koymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ancak d\u00f6nemin reel politik gereklerinin bir sonucu olarak ifadesini bulan bu Yani meseleye Rus-\u00c7erkes \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olarak de\u011fil uygar bir devletin barbar ve kontrols\u00fcz bir kabile kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki zorunluluklar\u0131 temelinde yakla\u015fmak EK 1: \u201c\u00c7ERKES MUHAC\u0130RLER\u0130\u201d, \u0130MZASIZ, H\u00dcRR\u0130YET, <\/b>Trabzon ve Samsun ve Amasya ve Sivas havalisinde \u00c7erkes muhacirleri Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin tuttu\u011fu tarik icab\u0131nca \u015fifa deyu ittihaz olunan bir tedbir Bir \u00e7o\u011fu bittabi icras\u0131z kald\u0131 ve m\u00fcmk\u00fcn-\u00fc icra olanlar dahi mahalli Fakat ahalinin eline en k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir para ge\u00e7medi. Mahsus olan talimat Muhacirlerin kimisi baba ve anas\u0131n\u0131 ve kimi zevc ve zevcesini ve evlad\u0131n\u0131 Muhacirlerden yaln\u0131z \u00c7ar\u015famba kazas\u0131na k\u0131rk bin kadar n\u00fcfus kondurulup Ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 paran\u0131n senedat\u0131 muvahiren maliye hazinesine gelip mahsub-u icra Vakkas aleyh-el baki. \u015eimdi Bab-\u0131 Ali buna ne yaps\u0131n? \u0130\u015fte elinden geleni D\u0130PNOTLAR KAYNAK\u00c7A: Dr. Nazan Çiçek Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Özet Bu çalışma Rusya’nın on dokuzuncu yüzyılda Kafkaslardaki ilerleyişinin bir sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan ve 1864-1865 yılları arasında yüz binlerce Çerkes’i Osmanlı ülkesine savuran “Büyük Çerkes Göçü”nü, konuya ilişkin İngiliz arşiv belgelerine dayanarak ve “Şark Meselesi” çerçevesine yerleştirerek ele almaktadır. Büyük Çerkes Göçü “Şark Meselesi”nin ifadesini bulduğu 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\n<\/b><\/span>Ankara \u00dcniversitesi
\nSiyasal Bilgiler Fak\u00fcltesi<\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nBat\u0131l\u0131 literat\u00fcrde \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d olarak an\u0131lan ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131ndan yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011fine kadar olan d\u00f6nemde \u00e7e\u015fitli bi\u00e7imlerde ifadesini bulan olgu, Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131n\u0131n binlerce diplomatik belgede adlar\u0131n\u0131n yan yana zikredilmesine, onlarca bar\u0131\u015f ve uzla\u015ft\u0131rma konferans\u0131nda ayn\u0131 m\u00fczakere masas\u0131na oturmas\u0131na ve bir \u00e7ok sava\u015fta ayn\u0131 ya da kar\u015f\u0131t cephelerde vuru\u015fmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7t\u0131. Her ne kadar \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dne Fransa, Avusturya-Macaristan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Prusya (daha sonra Almanya), Piemonte (daha sonra \u0130talya) gibi di\u011fer baz\u0131 bat\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7ler ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019ndan ayr\u0131larak kurulan Yunanistan, S\u0131rbistan gibi ulus devletler de\u011fi\u015fen d\u00fczeylerde etkinlik g\u00f6steren \u00f6zneler olarak dahil olmu\u015flarsa da; Viktorya \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 \u0130ngiliz entelekt\u00fcellerinin zihinsel s\u00fcre\u00e7lerine damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran Radikalizm\u2019in \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck Komplo\u201d (Great Conspiracy) tezlerinden beslenen ve on dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00e7ok pop\u00fcler olmu\u015f bir ifadeyle s\u00f6yleyecek olursak, asl\u0131nda \u201cDo\u011fuda Oynanan B\u00fcy\u00fck Oyun\u201dda (Great Game in the East) ba\u015frolleri Osmanl\u0131, \u0130ngiliz ve Rus imparatorluklar\u0131 payla\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. (1) \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d tamlamas\u0131n\u0131n bizatihi kendisinden \u00e7\u0131karsanabilece\u011fi gibi, \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d \u00f6zelinde Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan temsil edilen Do\u011fu\u2019yu, bir sorun olarak adland\u0131ran, tan\u0131mlayan ve s\u00f6ylemsel olarak \u201csorunsalla\u015ft\u0131ran\u201d (2) Bat\u0131 idi.<\/p>\n
\nneredeyse hi\u00e7 bir d\u00f6nemde ilgi oda\u011f\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kuban\u2019\u0131n bu antla\u015fmayla Rusya\u2019ya verilmesi (6) Kuzey Kafkasya yani Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesya olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgeyi Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki birincil savunma hatt\u0131na, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da ilgilenilmesi gereken bir co\u011frafyaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Bu do\u011frultuda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00f6lgedeki savunma mevzilerini g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmeye ve \u00c7erkesler (7) aras\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 sempatisi ve taraftarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131raca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc propaganda faaliyetleri y\u00fcr\u00fctmeye giri\u015fti. Di\u011fer yandan da \u00c7erkeslerle yap\u0131lan ticaretin daha etkin ve kesintisiz bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in gerekli tedbirler al\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nkeskin bir d\u00f6nemece girildi\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koymaktayd\u0131. Bulwer\u2019e g\u00f6re Ruslar\u0131n \u00c7erkesya\u2019da devam eden ilerleyi\u015fi ve \u00c7erkeslerin maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc muamele nedeniyle neredeyse b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7erkes \u00fclkesi bo\u015falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ge\u00e7en zaman i\u00e7inde 25 bin \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7men Trabzon\u2019a ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131, halen kar\u015f\u0131 k\u0131y\u0131da kalanlar ise k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck teknelerle hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 riske atarak Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na varmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
\nbilmekteydiler. Osmanl\u0131 devleti uzun zaman sad\u0131k kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yabanc\u0131 para piyasalar\u0131ndan bor\u00e7lanmama ilkesini (15) K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n zor g\u00fcnlerinde, \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z m\u00fcttefiklerinin de te\u015fvikiyle terk etmi\u015f ve 1854\u2019de al\u0131nan 75 milyon Frankl\u0131k ilk d\u0131\u015f borcu (16) bir dizi yeni bor\u00e7lanma izlemi\u015fti. Yeni ve y\u00fcksek faiz getirecek pazarlar aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7inde olan Avrupa finans kapitali (17) Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun, beklentisinden bile daha karl\u0131 bir yat\u0131r\u0131m alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu fark etmekte gecikmemi\u015f ve Bab-\u0131 Ali bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine de olsa fazla sorun ya\u015famadan d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan bor\u00e7lanmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ancak \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bu bor\u00e7lar\u0131 ola\u011fan vergi gelirleriyle kar\u015f\u0131lanamayacak b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fckte bir tak\u0131m uzun vadeli yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 finanse etmek i\u00e7in de\u011fil ama k\u0131sa vadeli b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kapatmak ve verimsiz kimi yat\u0131r\u0131mlarla baz\u0131 ihtiya\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131 t\u00fcketimi ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in almakta oldu\u011fu ve daha \u00f6nce al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lar\u0131n anapara ve faizlerini \u00f6demek i\u00e7in de yeni bor\u00e7 alma yoluna gitti\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131. (18) Osmanl\u0131 maliyesinin i\u00e7ine d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bu k\u0131s\u0131r d\u00f6ng\u00fc hem Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin Avrupa para piyasalar\u0131nda bor\u00e7 verecek yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131 bulmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f hem de giderek y\u00fckselen oranlarda faiz ve komisyon bedeli \u00f6demeye raz\u0131 olmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sadece bir ka\u00e7 y\u0131l \u00f6nce, 1860\u2019da L\u00fcbnan krizi patlak verdi\u011finde, Fuad Pa\u015fa Osmanl\u0131 hazinesinin ertelenemez hale gelmi\u015f olan nakit ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in Londra ve Paris\u2019te Avrupal\u0131 bankerlerin kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131p bor\u00e7 istemi\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya bor\u00e7 vermekte isteksiz davranan bankerleri ikna etmek i\u00e7in \u201ceski dostlar\u201d\u0131ndan garant\u00f6rl\u00fck yapmalar\u0131n\u0131 bo\u015f yere beklemi\u015fti. \u0130\u015fte \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Bulwer o g\u00fcnlerde \u0130ngiliz D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Russell\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir raporda Sadrazam Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n bir s\u00fcredir kendisine dert yand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve e\u011fer acilen bor\u00e7 al\u0131namazsa memur maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n bile \u00f6denemeyece\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fini bildirmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6sterip fahi\u015f miktarlarda faiz oranlar\u0131yla Avrupal\u0131 bankerlerden bor\u00e7lanmaya devam etmekteydi. Bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle Osmanl\u0131 devleti ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 kendi ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7aresine bile bakamazken \u015fimdi bir de \u00c7erkes m\u00fcltecilerin yaralar\u0131n\u0131 sarmak durumunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.
\nBulwer ayn\u0131 raporda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin \u00c7erkeslerin bir an \u00f6nce kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n doyurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in buldu\u011fu \u201cen ucuz yol\u201dun onlar\u0131 \u00e7e\u015fitli T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yleri aras\u0131nda her d\u00f6rt T\u00fcrk ailesine bir \u00c7erkes aile d\u00fc\u015fecek \u015fekilde taksim etmek oldu\u011funu ama \u201czaten ac\u0131nacak halde olan T\u00fcrk k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri\u201dnin t\u00fcm misafirperverliklerine ra\u011fmen bir de \u00c7erkeslere bakmas\u0131n\u0131 beklemenin pek ak\u0131ll\u0131ca olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da s\u00f6zlerine eklemekteydi.<\/p>\n
\nmeslekta\u015flar\u0131yla ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc payla\u015fmaktayd\u0131. M. de Moustier ile \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Rus B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi aras\u0131nda ge\u00e7en bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmede Frans\u0131z diplomat Rus otoritelerinin y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes’in Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmesi s\u00fcrecinde Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019yi son derece zora sokan bir tutum i\u00e7inde bulunmas\u0131ndan \u015fikayet etmi\u015f ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetine bir t\u00fcr tazminat \u00f6demesi ya da para yard\u0131m\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n \u015fart oldu\u011funu s\u00f6zlerine eklemi\u015fti. Ancak Rusya h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc nedeniyle y\u00fcklenmek durumunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 mali k\u00fclfete ili\u015fkin yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z diplomatlar\u0131n\u0131nkinden bir hayli farkl\u0131yd\u0131. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u0130stanbul b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isinin M. de Moustier\u2019e verdi\u011fi cevap benzer talepleri St. Petersburg\u2019da Prens Gortchakoff\u2019a ileten Napier\u2019in ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 cevapla ayn\u0131yd\u0131: Buna g\u00f6re Rus h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin masraflar\u0131na ortak olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin hi\u00e7 bir mesnedi yoktu.<\/p>\n
\ncesetlerden bahsediyordu.<\/p>\n
\ng\u00f6\u00e7menlerin karn\u0131n\u0131 doyurmak ve nihai yerle\u015fim alanlar\u0131na transferlerini
\nger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullanabilece\u011fi bir kaynak aray\u0131\u015f\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi. Sadrazam Ali Pa\u015fa 25 May\u0131s 1864\u2019de Bulwer ile bir araya gelerek yard\u0131m \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tekrarlad\u0131.<\/p>\n
\naras\u0131nda \u00f6l\u00fcm oran\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7ok y\u00fcksek olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tahmin etmek g\u00fc\u00e7 olmasa
\ngerekti. (24) Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin h\u00fcmanistik duygular\u0131na seslenerek para ya da ayni yard\u0131m sa\u011flama \u00e7abas\u0131 kat\u0131 \u0130ngiliz merkantilizminin so\u011fuk duvar\u0131na \u00e7arparak geri d\u00f6nd\u00fc.<\/p>\n
\nAli\u2019nin \u0130ngiliz band\u0131ral\u0131 ticari gemilerle \u00fccreti kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda anla\u015fma yapmas\u0131na bir engel bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildirdi. (25) Hazine\u2019ye g\u00f6re \u0130ngiliz band\u0131ral\u0131 ticari gemilerin bu i\u015f i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 \u201ctamam\u0131yle bir para sorunu(ydu) ve T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin paras\u0131 \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin paras\u0131ndan daha az ge\u00e7erli de\u011fil\u201ddi. (26)<\/p>\n
\n\u201cT\u00fcrklerin gemi kiralamak i\u00e7in paralar\u0131 varsa bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z kendilerine her t\u00fcrl\u00fc tavsiyede bulunmaya haz\u0131rd\u0131r\u201d demekteydi. (27) Bu \u201ctavsiye\u201dlerle bezeli nazik geri \u00e7evrili\u015fin ard\u0131ndan Bab-\u0131 Ali \u0130ngiliz yard\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fcmidi kesmi\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Bulwer, 8 Haziran\u2019da kaleme ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporunda Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin kendisiyle yeniden temasa ge\u00e7ti\u011fini ve acilen be\u015f ya da alt\u0131 b\u00fcy\u00fck gemiye ihtiyac\u0131 oldu\u011funu, bunlar\u0131n paras\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6deyece\u011fini ve gerek kiralama i\u015fleri gerekse ta\u015f\u0131ma bedelinin \u00f6denmesi konular\u0131yla ilgilenmek \u00fczere \u0130ngiliz El\u00e7ili\u011fi b\u00fcnyesinde bir komisyon kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti\u011fini bildiriyordu. (28)\u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menlere yard\u0131m i\u00e7in gemi tahsisine yana\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama Karadeniz\u2019in her iki k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki \u0130ngiliz mercilerinden Londra\u2019ya akan haberler \u00e7ok yak\u0131nda a\u00e7l\u0131ktan kaynaklanan toplu \u00c7erkes \u00f6l\u00fcmlerinin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fece\u011fini kesin ve endi\u015feli bir dille ifade etmekteydi. Ali Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n muhtemelen \u00e7ok masrafl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131 ve \u00fcstelik diplomatik komplikasyon yaratabilece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen talebini geri \u00e7eviren \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin h\u00fcmanistikduygular\u0131n\u0131 Samsun\u2019daki Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kurulunda g\u00f6rev yapan bir \u0130ngiliz sa\u011fl\u0131k m\u00fcfetti\u015finin a\u00e7l\u0131k tehlikesine dikkat \u00e7eken raporu harekete ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n
\n1864\u2019de ak\u015fam saat alt\u0131da Malta\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (32) Onu 23 Haziran\u2019da her biri yirmi be\u015f ton peksimet ta\u015f\u0131yan di\u011fer iki \u0130ngiliz band\u0131ral\u0131 y\u00fck gemisi, Milan ve Arcadia takip etmi\u015ftir. La Plata\u2019n\u0131n ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 210 \u00e7uval peksimet 28 Haziran 1864\u2019e \u0130stanbul\u2019a varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bulwer\u2019in raporuna g\u00f6re peksimetler Sepet\u00e7i Kasr\u0131\u2019nda bir depoya konulmu\u015f ve Bab-\u0131 Ali hi\u00e7 vakit kaybetmeden peksimetlerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 Trabzon\u2019a do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kan ve oradan alaca\u011f\u0131 \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menleri K\u00f6stence\u2019ye transfer edecek olan gemiye y\u00fckletmi\u015ftir. (33) Be\u015f bin Sterlin de\u011ferindeki peksimetlerin t\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Malta\u2019dan \u0130stanbul\u2019a sevkiyat\u0131n\u0131n a\u011fustos ay\u0131 ba\u015flar\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Buna g\u00f6re La Plata adl\u0131 gemi ile 210 \u00e7uval, Arcadia ile 500 \u00e7uval, Milan ile 500 \u00e7uval, Baltic ile 140 \u00e7uval, Breuda ile 450 \u00e7uval, Rhore ile 1700 \u00e7uval, Egyptian ile 560 \u00e7uval ve Bel\u00e7ika band\u0131ral\u0131 Gustavo Past\u00f6r ile 900 \u00e7uval olmak \u00fczere toplam 4,960 \u00e7uval peksimet \u00c7erkeslere da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmak \u00fczere \u0130stanbul\u2019a ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f (34), \u00e7uvallar i\u00e7in harcanan 620 Sterlin ile ula\u015f\u0131m bedeli olarak \u00f6denen 664 Sterlin \u00f6nce \u0130ngiliz h\u00fck\u00fcmeti taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6denip daha sonra Londra\u2019daki Osmanl\u0131 el\u00e7ili\u011fi arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019den tahsil edilmi\u015ftir. (35)<\/p>\n
\nda\u011f\u0131t\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair, muhtemelen bu i\u015f Osmanl\u0131 makamlar\u0131nca yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan,
\n\u0130ngiliz ar\u015fiv belgelerinde bir bilgiye rastlanmamaktad\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde
\npeksimetlerin \u00c7erkeslerin ya\u015fam kalitesini ne d\u00fczeyde iyile\u015ftirdi\u011fini ve ka\u00e7 \u00c7erkesin hayat\u0131n\u0131 kurtard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu belgelere dayanarak anlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z olan tek \u015fey ise Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin Samsun ve Trabzon\u2019da y\u0131\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin kar\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 doyurabilecek finansal kayna\u011fa ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme d\u00fczeyine sahip olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131da da de\u011finildi\u011fi gibi Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti sorunu \u00c7erkes aileleri imparatorlu\u011fun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman T\u00fcrk k\u00f6ylerine da\u011f\u0131tarak \u00e7\u00f6zmeyi planlam\u0131\u015f ancak ayn\u0131 kaynak ve organizasyon yetersizli\u011fi y\u00fcz\u00fcnden g\u00f6\u00e7menlerin Karadeniz sahillerinden transferi gecikmi\u015f, binlerce g\u00f6\u00e7men kendileri i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen nihai yerle\u015fim b\u00f6lgesine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131kamadan a\u00e7l\u0131k, so\u011fuk ve salg\u0131n hastal\u0131klardan hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131, takip eden entegrasyon s\u00fcrecinde b\u00f6lgenin yerli halk\u0131 ile yeni gelen g\u00f6\u00e7menler aras\u0131nda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ya da dayan\u0131\u015fma pratiklerinin neler oldu\u011fu, Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin yerle\u015ftirme sonras\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7menlere y\u00f6nelik nas\u0131l bir siyaset izledi\u011fi gibi konular ayr\u0131 bir tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n konusu olup bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r. (37) Ancak, g\u00f6\u00e7 ve yerle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecinde ya\u015fanan karga\u015fan\u0131n uzun d\u00f6nemli sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve entegrasyon a\u015famas\u0131 \u00fczerinde de olumsuz etkileri bulundu\u011fu a\u015fikard\u0131r. \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 ve Rus kaynaklar\u0131na dayanarak incelemi\u015f olan Pinson\u2019\u0131n da ifade etti\u011fi gibi \u201cb\u00fct\u00fcnkan\u0131tlar [Bab-\u0131 Ali cephesinde g\u00f6\u00e7e ili\u015fkin olarak] geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7ekli bir plan\u0131n ve haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrecinin k\u00f6t\u00fc y\u00f6netildi\u011fini\u201d (Pinson, 1972:
\n84) g\u00f6stermektedir. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemi \u0130ngiliz ar\u015fiv belgelerine dayanarak analiz
\neden bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma da s\u00f6z konusu iddiay\u0131 destekler y\u00f6ndedir. 1860\u2019da patlak veren L\u00fcbnan krizi, ayn\u0131 y\u0131l ba\u015flayan Bosna-Hersek isyan\u0131 ve 1864\u2019de ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen Memleketeyn meseleleriyle y\u0131pranm\u0131\u015f olan ve halen K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n izlerini silmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bab-\u0131 Ali bir yandan da giderek b\u00fcy\u00fcyen b\u00fct\u00e7e a\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131, bor\u00e7 y\u00fck\u00fc ve nakit ihtiyac\u0131 sorunlar\u0131yla bo\u011fu\u015fmaktan yorgun d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Memur maa\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 bile \u00f6deyecek para bulamayan ve altyap\u0131sal iktidar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan son derece zay\u0131f bir profil \u00e7izen Osmanl\u0131 devleti\u2019nin y\u00fcz binlerce \u00c7erkes’in bu kadar k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede ve acil yard\u0131m ihtiyac\u0131 i\u00e7inde Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fc iyi y\u00f6netebilecek ne g\u00fcc\u00fc ne de kapasitesi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nbulan finansal, y\u00f6netsel ve hatta diplomatik yetersizlikleri asl\u0131nda imparatorlu\u011fun 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca Bat\u0131l\u0131 B\u00fcy\u00fck Devletlerin n\u00fcfuz
\nm\u00fccadelesine konu olmas\u0131na yani \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin nesnesi ve eylem alan\u0131 haline gelmesine neden olan yap\u0131sal problemlerinin de bir ifadesidir.
\n\u0130ngiliz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcne ba\u015fka ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda ortaya
\n\u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmeyen ilgisi de bu ba\u011flamda anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. Yak\u0131n
\nDo\u011fu\u2019daki ticari ve siyasi \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun Rusya\u2019n\u0131n yay\u0131lmac\u0131 giri\u015fimlerine etkin \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131 koyabilmesi aras\u0131nda bir rezonans bulundu\u011funa inanan \u0130ngiltere i\u00e7in, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7inde ya da Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na dair ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen herhangi bir olay mutlaka b\u00f6lgedeki \u0130ngiliz ve Rus \u00e7\u0131kar dengelerini ne y\u00f6nde etkileyece\u011fi ve Rusya kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131n\u0131n elini zay\u0131flat\u0131p zay\u0131flatmayaca\u011f\u0131 perspektifinden de\u011ferlendirilmekteydi. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine g\u00f6\u00e7 eden \u00c7erkeslerin \u0130ngiliz-Rus \u00e7\u0131kar m\u00fccadelesinde ne t\u00fcrden bir rol oynayabilece\u011finin \u0130ngiliz diplomatik \u00e7evrelerinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131nda ve \u00c7erkeslerin iskan\u0131nda izlenecek
\ny\u00f6nteme dair \u00f6neriler geli\u015ftirilmesinde bir gariplik yoktur. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Bulwer, \u00c7erkeslerin imparatorlu\u011fun d\u00f6rt bir yan\u0131ndaki M\u00fcsl\u00fcman k\u00f6ylerine da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yarataca\u011f\u0131 sak\u0131ncalara i\u015faret ederken devletinin geleneksel Palmerstoncu politikas\u0131n\u0131n rehberli\u011finde konu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\ns\u00f6ylemi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 nitelikteki daha derinden i\u015fleyen bir ba\u015fka s\u00f6ylemin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da g\u00f6zden ka\u00e7\u0131rmamak gerekmektedir. \u0130ngiliz diplomatlar\u0131 her ne kadar \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesi \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 kaotik ortamdan, g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn k\u0131sa ve uzun vadeli maliyetinden, Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da kurdu\u011fu egemenli\u011fin \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dne muhtemel etkilerinden endi\u015felenmekte ve y\u00fcz binlerce insan\u0131n g\u00f6\u00e7 nedeniyle ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 travmay\u0131 insani nedenlerle ele\u015ftirmekte iseler de, incelenen belgelerde sorunun asl\u0131nda \u201cg\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir devletin ve uygar bir ulusun fetih ve kolonizasyon s\u00fcre\u00e7leri s\u0131ras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi\u011fi yar\u0131 barbar, vah\u015fi, pastoralya da tar\u0131msal kabilelerin haklar\u0131n\u0131 mecburen gasp etmek durumunda kalmas\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrtecek ifadelere de rastlanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin Moskova el\u00e7isi Napier\u2019in Lord John Russell\u2019a yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir raporda kristalize olan bu s\u00f6yleme g\u00f6re \u201cIngiliz \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kendi tarihi ve eylemleri \u0130ngilizleri \u00c7erkes meselesinde Ruslara nutuk \u00e7ekmekten al\u0131koyacak niteliktedir. Kuzey Amerika yerlilerinin avlanma sahalar\u0131n\u0131n ya da Maorilerin ekili tar\u0131m alanlar\u0131n\u0131n \u0130ngiliz kolonicileri taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesi, Hindistan
\ns\u00f6m\u00fcrgesinde karga\u015fa yaratt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcvenlik gerek\u00e7esiyle pek \u00e7ok Hint
\nkabilesinin yerlerinden s\u00fcr\u00fclmesi Ruslar\u0131n \u00c7erkesya\u2019da yapt\u0131klar\u0131ndan \u00e7ok
\nda farkl\u0131 de\u011fildir.\u201d (42) K\u0131sacas\u0131 Napier \u00c7erkeslerle sava\u015fan\u0131n \u0130ngiltere ya da Fransa olmas\u0131 halinde de durumun pek fazla de\u011fi\u015fmeyece\u011fine inanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\ngerekmektedir ve tarih boyunca uygar olan\u0131n barbar olanla ba\u015fa \u00e7\u0131kmak i\u00e7in izleyece\u011fi yol konusunda fazla se\u00e7ene\u011fi olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (43) Ger\u00e7ekten de d\u00fcnyaya uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayma misyonuyla hareket eden \u0130ngiliz emperyalizminin benzer ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda Ruslardan farkl\u0131 davranaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek i\u00e7in bir neden yoktur ve zaten \u0130ngiliz belgelerinde Ruslar esas olarak \u00c7erkesya’y\u0131 i\u015fgal edip^\u00c7erkesleri s\u00fcrg\u00fcne zorlad\u0131klar\u0131 i\u00e7in de\u011fil g\u00f6\u00e7 s\u00fcrecini iyi y\u00f6netemedikleri ve \u201cH\u0131ristiyan bir devletten beklenece\u011fi \u015fekilde g\u00f6\u00e7 edenlere gerekli insani yard\u0131m\u0131 ve \u015fefkati g\u00f6stermedikleri\u201d i\u00e7in ele\u015ftirilmektedirler. \u00c7erkes meselesi,aralar\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u201cBat\u0131l\u0131, uygar ve H\u0131ristiyan\u201d iki imparatorlu\u011fun \u201cM\u00fcsl\u00fcman ve barbar\u201d bir \u00f6teki kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kendilerini ortakla\u015ft\u0131ran temel de\u011ferleri \u201cyeniden ke\u015ffetmelerine\u201d arac\u0131l\u0131k etmekte ve Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fczy\u0131llar boyu ikinci kategoride de\u011ferlendirilen Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201d s\u00fcrecinde s\u0131kl\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015faca\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck Bat\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 Rusya ile en b\u00fcy\u00fck Bat\u0131l\u0131 m\u00fcttefiki \u0130ngiltere pek \u00e7ok konuda oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7erkes meselesinde de birbirlerine gizleme gere\u011fi duyulmayan bir empati ile yakla\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. (44) Bilindi\u011fi gibi bu empati 1860\u2019larda \u00c7erkesleri yurtlar\u0131ndan s\u00fcren Rusya ile onlara peksimet yollayan \u0130ngiltere\u2019nin \u00c7erkeslerin yeni ev sahibi Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n yurduna ili\u015fkin projelerinin y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n devam\u0131nda giderek \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmac\u0131 de\u011fil uzla\u015fmac\u0131 zeminlere do\u011fru kaymas\u0131nda da ifadesini bulacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n2 RECEB 1285, 19 EK\u0130M 1868, No: 17.<\/p>\n
\nf\u0131rka f\u0131rka toplan\u0131p isyana y\u00fcz tuttuklar\u0131 ve katl ve gaspa c\u00fcret ettikleri ve Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin buna kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fimdiye kadar ittihaz etti\u011fi tedbir, mahalli valilere hakimane suretle def-i gaileye himmet olunmas\u0131 ve sayas\u0131ndan ibaret oldu\u011fundan zikir olunan f\u0131rkalar m\u00fcdahale yoklu\u011fundan bir kat daha c\u00fcretlenip alt\u0131 yedi bin kadar m\u00fcsellah \u00c7erkes \u00fc\u00e7 koldan ahali-i mukaddeman\u0131n k\u00f6ylerini basarakmallar\u0131n\u0131 ya\u011fma ve arazilerini pamal ve ziraatlerini harab ettikleri ve bunlar\u0131n def-i mazarratlar\u0131na y\u00fcz otuz Kuru\u015f maa\u015fl\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fck \u00e7ar\u0131k be\u015f on zabtiye kifayet etmeyece\u011finden bu hareketler mahalli h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin g\u00f6zleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde vukua geldi\u011fi halde m\u00fcsamahadan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve binaberin ahali bu belaya takat getirmeyerek binlerce haneler Rusya hududundan i\u00e7eri girip terk-ivatan etmekte olduklar\u0131 bu defa Trabzon ve Sivas ve Samsun caniblerinde bulunan muhabirlerimiz taraf\u0131ndan varid olan i\u015f\u2019arattan anla\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nneticede zehr-i katl tesiri vermek adet oldu\u011fundan \u015fu muhacirler hakk\u0131nda
\nDevlet-i Aliyyenin ihtiyar etti\u011fi bunca f\u00fct\u00fcvvetler ve fedakarl\u0131klar ak\u0131bet i\u015fte
\nbu hali m\u00fcstelzim oldu. Maslahat\u0131n zahirine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa Devlet-i Aliyyeye nevale,sefine ve harc\u0131rah ve yevmiye ve hane ve tarla ve tohum ve edavat-\u0131 ziraiye i\u00e7in \u015fu darl\u0131k zamanda iki y\u00fcz bin keseden m\u00fctecaviz ak\u00e7e ile memleketi ya\u011fma ve ahalisini Moskof topra\u011f\u0131na mecbur-i iltica edecek ve belki ileride bir \u00e7ok masraflar d\u00f6kerek def-i mazarratlar\u0131na ihtiya\u00e7 has\u0131l olacak bir ka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin haydudu yine o ahalinin mal\u0131yla sat\u0131n ald\u0131 zannolunur. Hakikati d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcr sevatan ve emlak\u0131n\u0131 din ve hamiyyet u\u011fruna feda ve merkuz-u hilafet-i \u0130slamiyyeolmak itikadiyle zir-i cinnah saltanat-\u0131 seniyyeye iltica etmi\u015f bunca muhacirin-i\u0130slam, Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin sekamet tedbiri ile \u015f\u00f6yle bir vasia m\u00fclke birle\u015ftirilemeyip a\u00e7l\u0131ktan ve sefaletten ve anas\u0131z babas\u0131z kalan \u00f6ks\u00fczler cariye gibi sat\u0131larak,kalanlar dahi h\u00fcsn-\u00fc iskan olunamama\u011fla bu hakaretlere dayanamay\u0131p nihayet silaha m\u00fcracaat ettiler demek olur. C\u00fcnk\u00fc bu muhacirler apans\u0131z gelmedi. Daha memleketlerinden harekete ba\u015flamazdan evvel gerek kendilerinin g\u00f6nderdikleri vekiller -ki aylarca Bab-\u0131 Ali odalar\u0131nda s\u00fcr\u00fcnd\u00fcler, onlar vas\u0131tas\u0131yla- ve gerek Rusya devletinin sefareti taraf\u0131ndan resmen tebli\u011f olunan takrirler ile ka\u00e7 kabile ve ne kadar n\u00fcfus ne zamanlarda hareket edecekler hepsi Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye bildirilmi\u015f idi. Bab-\u0131 Ali evvel emirde Anadolu ve Rumeli taraflar\u0131nda baz\u0131 valilere talimat g\u00f6nderip muhacirlerin yevmiyeleri ve harc\u0131rahlar\u0131 ve nevalelerive emr-i iskan ve ia\u015feleri hakk\u0131nda nas\u0131l muamele edilece\u011fini bildirdi ve hatta ge\u00e7ici olarak iskan memurlar\u0131 bile tayin olundu. Lakin talimat \u00f6mr\u00fcnde \u0130stanbul haricini g\u00f6rmemi\u015f bir tak\u0131m h\u00fcsn-\u00fc selika ashab\u0131n\u0131n kaleminden \u00e7\u0131kma oldu\u011fundan havi oldu\u011fu evamir muktezeyat-\u0131 mahalliyeye asla tevafuk etmedi.<\/p>\n
\nmemurlar\u0131n ya irtikab veyahud ehliyetsizlikleri cihetiyle bin t\u00fcrl\u00fc nekais ve suiistimalat i\u00e7inde fiile getirildi. Hatta nakil ve iskana memur olan mahallerde vali ve mutasarr\u0131f ve meclis azas\u0131ndan tayin olunan memurlar bu hidmeti bir daha t\u00f6vbe yoksullu\u011fa diyecek surette istiamel ettiler. Bi\u00e7are ahali \u00e7iftlerini \u00e7ubuklar\u0131n\u0131 tarlalarda b\u0131rak\u0131p \u00f6k\u00fcz ve araba ve beygirlerle be\u015f g\u00fcn on g\u00fcn muhacir naklinde bulundular. Saat ba\u015f\u0131na mesarif-i nakliyenin itas\u0131 muktezay-\u0131talimattan iken k\u00f6yl\u00fclere makbuz senedi ve muhtarlardan al\u0131nan elmuhabirler \u00fczerine sand\u0131k\u00e7a muamelat-\u0131 kalemiye y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcp tekmil masraf hazineden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nyevmiyeden dirhemce verilen noksanlar ve vefayatin hesab\u0131 muntazam
\ntutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 cihetle kalan mahlulattan terak\u00fcm edenler bunlara memur olan
\nzevata bais-i servet oldu. Hatta \u00f6len muhacirlerin kefenlerine ve mezarl\u0131klar\u0131na kullan\u0131lacak olan tahtalardan dahi ak\u0131l almaz ak\u00e7eler \u00e7al\u0131nd\u0131. Bu hareketler kefen soymaktan daha a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 oldu\u011fundan bunlar\u0131 yapanlara lay\u0131k bir isim bulunamaz. Bu i\u015flere memur olanlar \u015fu menfaatlerden ba\u015fka \u015fey d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmediklerinden hastalar\u0131 ve hatunlar\u0131 yollara tek ve tenha b\u0131rak\u0131p savu\u015fmak ve hastalar da\u011flar ba\u015f\u0131nda yaln\u0131zca inleyerek can vermek gibi \u015feylerde kesret \u00fczere vukua geldi. Bunlardan Samsun cihetini numune alarak beyan edelim. G\u00f6renlerin malumudur ki Samsun sahil-i \u015fark\u0131yesi kumluk olup tefti\u015f memuriyetinin tedbiriyle h\u00fck\u00fcmet kona\u011f\u0131 ve karantina orada ve \u015fehre bir \u00e7eyrek ve yar\u0131m saat uzak hali mahallerde yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Muhacirler gelme\u011fe ba\u015flay\u0131nca sefinelerde \u00e7ektikleri a\u00e7l\u0131k ve susuzluk ve hastal\u0131k cihetleriyle denizde telef olanlar\u0131ndan maadas\u0131 bu sahile geldiklerinde koyun s\u00fcr\u00fcs\u00fc gibi i\u015fbu kumlu\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131lar ve orada vefat edenler hemen bir ar\u015f\u0131n kadar kum e\u015filerek defin edilmekle has\u0131l olan tufandan nice insanlar telef oldu.<\/p>\n
\nkaybederek canlar\u0131 ac\u0131s\u0131yla mecnunlar gibi ne yapacaklar\u0131n\u0131 bilmezlerken
\nh\u00fck\u00fcmet kona\u011f\u0131 nezdinde ba\u015fka bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc tema\u015fa olurdu. Yani orada bir esir pazar\u0131 kurulup \u00f6ks\u00fcz ve kimsesiz kalm\u0131\u015f k\u0131z ve o\u011flanlar ve kocas\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015f avratlar kah h\u0131s\u0131m ve akrabas\u0131 ve kah ba\u015fkalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan m\u00fczayedeye verilip ve cariyeler iki y\u00fcz Kuru\u015f’tan \u00fc\u00e7 bin Kuru\u015f’a kadar sat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bu hal \u0130stanbul\u2019da duyuldu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet dairelerine cariyeler k\u00f6leler i\u015ftiras\u0131na mahsus memurlar\u0131 esircilere refik olarak Samsun\u2019a y\u0131\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dcseran\u0131n k\u0131ymeti hayli tezyid etti.<\/p>\n
\nahaliy-i kadime ise yirmi be\u015f bin n\u00fcfustan ibaret oldu\u011fundan bu kadar
\nmuhacirin orada icray-\u0131 iskan\u0131 gayr-i kabil oldu\u011fu halde gariptir ki muhacirin
\ntamamen yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bunlar ziraat ve ticarete ba\u015flay\u0131p memleket\u00e7e
\nmenfaatleri g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fundan m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olursa bir miktar daha muhacir
\ng\u00f6nderilmesini isteyen kaza meclisinden kaleme ald\u0131r\u0131lan mazbata evvel vakit tefti\u015f memuriyetiyle Samsun\u2019da bulunan R\u0131za Efendi taraf\u0131ndan Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019yetakdim olundu ve bu hidmetlerde sebkat eden imkana mukabil mutasarr\u0131f bulunan Ata Bey\u2019in r\u00fctbesi terfi edildi. Halbuki muhacirler g\u00f6nderildikleri mahallerde ne hane, ne yiyecek hi\u00e7 bir \u015fey bulamay\u0131p k\u0131rlara da\u011f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan oralarda dahi telef olma\u011fa ve o cihetle h\u0131fz-\u0131 hayat i\u00e7in \u00e7aresiz h\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Yaln\u0131z bir sene zarf\u0131nda \u00c7arsamba kazas\u0131 ahalisinin yimi be\u015f bin kadar \u00f6k\u00fcz\u00fc ve inek ve beygirleri zayi oldu. Harmanlar\u0131 ya\u011fma etmek, hanelere girip e\u015fya \u00e7almak ve k\u0131\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fcnde yakacak odun bulamad\u0131k\u00e7a meyve fidanlar\u0131n\u0131 kesmek gibi zayiat ise hesaptan hari\u00e7tir. Has\u0131l\u0131 muhacirler Rusya\u2019n\u0131n teklif etti\u011fi itaati kabule tenezz\u00fcl etmeyip Devlet-i Aliyye topra\u011f\u0131nda ve din kar\u0131nda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n memleketlerinde bulacaklar\u0131n\u0131 tasavvur ettikleri huzur ve asayi\u015fe bedel \u015fu muamelat\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce neye u\u011frad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bilemeyerek art\u0131k can cana ba\u015f ba\u015fa tahlis-i nefsin \u00e7aresini bulma\u011fa te\u015febb\u00fcs ettiler ve her nereye sevk olunmak istenirse y\u00fcz, iki y\u00fcz, \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz hane birden tak\u0131mca iskan olunmak
\nve bu ve\u00e7hile toplu bulunup zulm\u00fcn elinden yakalar\u0131n\u0131 kurtarmak tasavvurunda bulundular. Memalikde ise o miktar n\u00fcfus-u m\u00fccteman\u0131n iskan\u0131na kabil arazi bulmak m\u00fc\u015fk\u00fcl oldu\u011fundan h\u00fck\u00fcmet-i mahalliyeden bu surete bittabi muvafakat g\u00f6sterilmek istenilmedi ise de muhacirler oralara bakmad\u0131lar,kendiliklerinden baz\u0131 da\u011f ve ormanlar i\u00e7inde yerler buldular oturdular ve bu mahaller ziraate gayr-\u0131 kabil oldu\u011fundan hayatta kalman\u0131n \u00e7aresini haydutluktan ba\u015fka \u015feyde bulamad\u0131lar ve mahalli h\u00fck\u00fcmetleri \u00e7etesiz idare ile memur olduklar\u0131ndan baz\u0131 mahallerde bu ve\u00e7hile m\u00fcctena-\u0131 iskana muvafakat ettiler. Sonraki mahzuru d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmediler. Bu suretle yerle\u015ftikten sonra yevmiyeve \u00f6k\u00fcz ve tohum ve tarla ve edavat itas\u0131na ba\u015fland\u0131, bunda dahi nice fenal\u0131klar zuhura geldi. Mesela her kabilede bir temata yani bey tayin edip yevmiyelervesaire onun senedi \u00fczerine ita olundu. Bey ise mehuzat\u0131n\u0131 muhacire verece\u011fi yerde faizle ahali-i kadimeye ikraz etti. Muhacirin k\u0131zlar\u0131n\u0131 akrabas\u0131yla ortakolup satarak o y\u00fczden dahi ticaret etti. Bunlardan sirkat ve belki katl-i nefsedenlere dahi h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin aczi cihetiyle m\u00fccazat olunamad\u0131. Binaanaleyhahaliy-i kadime can ve malca bunlar\u0131n tasallutundan emin olamay\u0131p tak\u0131m tak\u0131m Rusya\u2019ya muhacerete ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Ahaliy-i \u0130slam’\u0131n din ve millet ve vatan ve devletine muhabbeti ve Rusya\u2019dan nefreti onun bir muhacemesine kar\u015f\u0131c\u00fcmlesini feday-\u0131 can meydan\u0131na \u00e7\u0131karacak derecede iken \u00fczerlerine \u00f6l\u00fcmden beter bir tak\u0131m belalar musallat olmu\u015f ki mecburen vatanlar\u0131n\u0131 b\u0131rak\u0131p Rusya gibi bir d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131n topra\u011f\u0131na iltica ediyorlar. Bu esnada bir de \u0130stanbul\u2019da muhacir komisyonu yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve her tarafa iskan memurlar\u0131 g\u00f6nderilmi\u015ftir ama g\u00fcya Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019de dahi bir esir pazar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve v\u00fckela haremlerine laz\u0131m olan cariyeleri ehven baha ile veyahud hediye suretiyle almak i\u00e7in m\u00fcba\u015firler irsalolunmu\u015f, bunlardan birisi Sivas ve Samsun cihetlerine memur olan yaver efendidir ki memur oldu\u011fu mahaller muhacirinin iskani yerine tak\u0131m tak\u0131m \u0130stanbul\u2019a cariyeler g\u00f6nderdi ve muhacirlerden fiil-i katl ile m\u00fcttehim olan Osman nam\u0131nda bir habisi terc\u00fcman olarak maiyetinde ta\u015f\u0131y\u0131p alet-i temettuetti. Rumeli taraf\u0131na dahi bu memuriyetle Mirliva Nusret Pa\u015fa g\u00f6nderildi. Buzat muhacirin nakil ve iskan\u0131 i\u00e7in yedindeki ruhsatname mucibince mahalle sand\u0131klar\u0131ndan yirmi bir bin kese ak\u00e7e kabzetti ve \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc kendisi asker zabiti oldu\u011fundan ve \u00c7erkeslerin Tuna boyunda Rusya\u2019ya sed olabilecek bir halde iskan olunmas\u0131 arzu edildi\u011finden pa\u015fa yaln\u0131z bu arzuya ittiba ederek ve muhacirinin taayy\u00fc\u015f cihetini b\u00fct\u00fcn b\u00fct\u00fcn unutarak her birini yemez i\u00e7mez bir istihkam ta\u015f\u0131 itibariyle kendi zann\u0131nca bir kale yap\u0131lmak laz\u0131m gelen mevkilere birer \u00c7erkes k\u00f6y\u00fc in\u015fas\u0131na kalk\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu bi\u00e7areler biz burada ne yeriz ve nerede ekin ekeriz gibi feryada ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Bu hallere tafsili laz\u0131m olmayan bir \u00e7ok \u015feyler daha manzum oldu. Nihayet Midhat Pa\u015fa kendisini oradan def etti.<\/p>\n
\nolunmak istenilince \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc hazinenin muktezay-\u0131 nizam\u0131 \u00fczere ak\u00e7enin sarf
\nolundu\u011fu mahallere dair bir defter-i mesarif ile mahallerinden ahz olunacak
\nsenedat-\u0131 makbuzan\u0131n birle\u015ftirilmesi laz\u0131m gelece\u011finden ve bu suretle kabz vesarf olunmak yedindeki talimatta dahi m\u00fcnderi\u00e7 bulundu\u011fundan kendinden b\u00f6yle bir defter ile senedat istenildi. Nusret Pa\u015fa cevab\u0131nda Tuna valisi MidhatPa\u015fa kendisini tard etti\u011fi vakit o evrak\u0131n\u0131 cebren zaptetti\u011fini ve bundan dolay\u0131 m\u00fc\u015farileyhe muhakeme olmas\u0131n\u0131 talep etti. Halbuki kendinin hin-imemuriyetinde maiyetinde bulunan memurlar Nusret Pa\u015fa \u00f6yle bir defter vesened tutma\u011fa tenezz\u00fcl eder zevattan olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan \u0130stanbul\u2019a hin-i azimetinde evrak aras\u0131nda \u00f6yle \u015fey bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan ettiler. Onun \u00fczerine maslahat-\u0131 maliyeden Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019ye ve Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019den Tuna vilayetine yaz\u0131l\u0131p ve cevaplar gelip ona m\u00fcteferri bir torba dolusu evrak Meclis-i Vala kalemlerinde kald\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n aras\u0131nda Nusret Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n Rus\u00e7uk\u2019ta ve Varna\u2019da yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 kagir bina ve akar\u0131n ve ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7iftliklerin miktar\u0131yla kimseye bir para verilmemi\u015f oldu\u011funun tahakkuk eyledi\u011fi Tuna vilayetinden yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Bunlar\u0131n \u00fczerine yaln\u0131z Nusret Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n baz\u0131 zevata olan mensubiyeti maslahat\u0131 daha ileri g\u00f6t\u00fcrmeye m\u00fcsait olmay\u0131p yirmi bin bu kadar kese hazinenin mal\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kta durmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nyapm\u0131\u015f, muhacirlere tahsisat vermi\u015f, mahallerine memurlar g\u00f6ndermi\u015f, e\u011feronlar suiistimal etmi\u015fler ise Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin bundan kabahati nedir deyu bir sualvarid olursa onun cevab\u0131nda denir ki Bab-\u0131 Ali memur intihab ederken taraf ve mensubiyet ve hat\u0131r arayaca\u011f\u0131na insan aras\u0131n ve b\u00f6yle bir vazda bulunan memuru mensubiyeti hat\u0131r\u0131 i\u00e7in cezay-\u0131 kanuniyeden muhafaza etmesin, i\u015fte ozaman bu fenal\u0131klar\u0131n hi\u00e7 biri olmaz ve \u015fimdi devletin ba\u015f\u0131na bela olan muhacirler gailesi \u00e7\u0131kmaz idi. S\u00f6z mah\u00fbd kocakar\u0131n\u0131n Harun El Re\u015fid\u2019es\u00f6yledi\u011fi s\u00f6zd\u00fcr. Ta Sivas k\u00f6ylerinin birinde bir acuzenin ine\u011fini bir muhacir sirkat etse o kabahat tamamiyle Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin \u00fczerine mesuliyet olarak yaz\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b><\/span>1) <\/b> On dokuzuncu y\u00fczy\u0131l \u0130ngiliz Radikalizminin \u201cd\u0131\u015f politikay\u0131 y\u00f6netici elitlerin b\u00fcy\u00fck
\nkomplolar\u0131\u201d olarak g\u00f6ren nosyonlar\u0131 ve entelelekt\u00fcel \u00e7evrelerde bu nosyonlar\u0131n \u201c\u015eark
\nMeselesi\u201dnin dinamiklerinin ve Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ngiltere kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki
\npozisyonunun a\u00e7\u0131klanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin bkz. (Newsome, 1997: 104-
\n105).
\n2) <\/b>Burada \u201csorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 Foucault\u2019cu anlamda yani bir davran\u0131\u015f ya da
\nvarolu\u015f bi\u00e7iminin belli bir s\u00f6ylemle eklemlendirilmesi, o s\u00f6ylem taraf\u0131ndan \u00fcretilen
\nkavramlar evreni i\u00e7inde kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve do\u011fru ve yanl\u0131\u015f oyununa sokularak
\nbir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce nesnesi olarak kurulmas\u0131 anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131yorum. Elbette Edward
\nSaid\u2019in Foucault\u2019nun \u201csorunsalla\u015ft\u0131rma\u201d kavram\u0131ndan beslenen Oryantalizm tezleri de
\nbu ba\u011flamda ak\u0131lda tutulmal\u0131d\u0131r.
\n3) <\/b>1850\u2019de yay\u0131nlanan ve \u201c\u015eark Meselesi\u201dnin d\u00f6nemin Bat\u0131 d\u00fcnyas\u0131nda kurgulan\u0131\u015f\u0131na ve
\nalg\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131na ayna tutan anonim bir eser \u201cWhat to do with the Turk?\u201d (Bu T\u00fcrkleri Ne
\nYapmal\u0131?) sorusuyla a\u00e7\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Bkz. (Anonymous, 1850).
\n4) <\/b>Burada s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7en \u201caltyap\u0131sal iktidar\u201d ve \u201cmodern devlet\u201d kavramlar\u0131 Michael
\nMann\u2019in \u201cThe Autonomous Power of the State, Its Origins, Mechanisms and
\nResults\u201d, Archives Europ\u00e9ennes de Sociologie, 25 (1984), s. 185-213\u2019te kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131
\nanlamda anla\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. En \u00f6zet ifadeyle Mann modern devleti altyap\u0131sal iktidar\u0131 olan
\ndevlet olarak tan\u0131mlamakta ve altyap\u0131sal iktidar\u0131n devletin sivil topluma n\u00fcfuz
\nedebilme kapasitesi anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrmektedir.
\n5)<\/b> Palmerston\u2019dan Beauvale\u2019ye (Private-\u00d6zel Yaz\u0131\u015fma), 25 A\u011fustos 1839, F. S. Rodkey,
\n\u201cLord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey 1830-41, Part II\u201d, The Journal of
\nModern History, II(2), 1930 i\u00e7inde, s. 202.
\n6) <\/b>\u00c7erkeslere g\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu bu antla\u015fmayla asl\u0131nda hi\u00e7 bir zaman kendi
\negemenli\u011fi alt\u0131nda olmam\u0131\u015f yani kendisine ait olmayan topraklar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya vermi\u015fti
\nve b\u00f6yle bir d\u00fczenlemenin hi\u00e7 bir me\u015fruiyeti olamayaca\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.
\n7)<\/b> Burada \u00c7erkes s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n yerli halk\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan kabilelerin ve
\nklanlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funu i\u00e7ine alan bir insan grubunu tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in bir t\u00fcr \u015femsiye terim
\nolarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.
\n8)<\/b> Asl\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc 1829 Edirne Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan sonra ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f
\nve 1860\u2019larda ivme kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat say\u0131lar\u0131 y\u00fczbinlerle ifade edilen \u00c7erkes
\nkafilelerinin toplu g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn ba\u015flamas\u0131 1864 y\u0131l\u0131na denk d\u00fc\u015fmektedir.
\n9) <\/b>Public Record Office (Bundan sonra PRO) [\u0130ngiliz Devlet Ar\u015fivleri], Foreign Office
\n(Bundan sonra FO) [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131] 97\/ 424, Stevens\u2019dan Russell\u2019a, \u015eubat 19,
\n1864.
\n10) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, Nisan 12, 1864.
\n11)<\/b> Her ne kadar dilek\u00e7enin sahipleri belirtilmemi\u015fse de bunun 1830\u2019lardan ba\u015flay\u0131p
\nRus-\u00c7erkes sava\u015f\u0131 sona erinceye de\u011fin Osmanl\u0131 ve \u0130ngiliz makamlar\u0131na
\nm\u00fctemadiyen dilek\u00e7eler yazm\u0131\u015f olan \u00c7erkes delegasyonlar\u0131n\u0131n ve \u0130stanbul\u2019da
\n\u00c7erkesler lehine lobicilik yapmakta olan Polonyal\u0131 ve \u00c7erkes s\u00fcrg\u00fcnlerin i\u015fi
\noldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. Bu delegasyonlar ve lobicilik
\nfaaliyetlerine ili\u015fkin daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: \u0130brahim K\u00f6remezli, The Place of
\nthe Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830-1864),Yay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f
\nY\u00fckseklisans Tezi, Bilkent \u00dcniversitesi, Ankara, 2004, s. 21-22.
\n12) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Stevens\u2019dan Bulwer\u2019e, Nisan 15, 1864.
\n13) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 3, 1864.
\n14)<\/b> David Urquhart hakk\u0131nda biyografik bilgi i\u00e7in bkz. Gertrude Robinson, David
\nUrquhart. Some Chapters in the Life of a Victorian Knight-Errant of Justice and
\nLiberty (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1920) ve \u201cBiographic Sketch of Mr. Urquhart
\nfrom the Conversations-Lexicon\u201d, The Portfolio, II, VI, (1844.) Urquhart\u2019\u0131n \u00c7erkes
\nmeselesi de dahil olmak \u00fczere Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ve Rusya\u2019ya dair faaliyetleri
\ni\u00e7in bkz. (Taylor, 1969) ve (Gleason, 1950.)
\n15)<\/b> Bu ilkenin terkedilmesi icin u\u011fra\u015fan ve \u0130ngiliz el\u00e7isi Stratford Canning\u2019in de
\ndeste\u011fiyle biri 1840\u2019da di\u011feri de 1851\u2019de olmak \u00fczere iki kez d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7lanma
\nyapmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunan Mustafa Re\u015fid Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frayan bu
\nfaaliyetleri i\u00e7in bkz: (Anderson, 1964: 47-63, burada s.47 ve (Raccagni, 1980: 339-
\n376), burada s. 343. Bu ilkenin s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclmesinde \u0131srar eden \u201cgelenek\u00e7i\u201d Pa\u015falar\u0131n
\ntavr\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir anekdot icin bkz: Ahmed Cevdet Pa\u015fa, Tezakir, Yay\u0131na Hazrlayan
\nC. Baysun, Cilt I, Ankara, TTK Bas\u0131mevi, 1986, s. 22-23.
\n16)<\/b> 1854 tarihli ilk d\u0131\u015f borcun tahsil edilme ve geri \u00f6denme ko\u015fullar\u0131na ili\u015fkin belge i\u00e7in
\nbkz: Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Osmanl\u0131 Ar\u015fivleri (BOA) HR. MKT 77\/78, 28 \u015eevval 1270\/26
\nMay\u0131s 1854.
\n17) <\/b>Bu konuda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: (Thornton, 1965): 99 ve (Raccagni, 1980:
\n340).
\n18) <\/b>Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin bor\u00e7lanma ser\u00fcvenine ili\u015fkin ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz: (Clay,
\n2000.)
\n19)<\/b> PRO, FO 881\/2703, Memorandum by Valmisley (Valmisley Raporu), s. 23.
\n20)<\/b> PRO, FO 881\/956, Papers Relating to the Financial Condition of the Turkish
\nEmpire, Printed for the Use of the Foreign Office, April 20, 1861, Document No: 4,
\nRussell\u2019dan Bulwer\u2019e, Eyl\u00fcl 11, 1860. [Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Mali Durumuna
\n\u0130li\u015fkin Belgeler, D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kullan\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in Bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, 20 Nisan 1861,
\nBelge No: 4, Russell\u2019dan Bulwer\u2019e, 11 Eyl\u00fcl 1860.]
\n21) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Napier\u2019den Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 17, 1864 ve Napier\u2019den Russell\u2019a,
\nHaziran 1, 1864. Bkz. Ek II.
\n22)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424, Napier\u2019den Russell\u2019a, Haziran 1, 1864.
\n23) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Stevens\u2019dan Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 19, 1864.
\n24)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 25, 1864.
\n25)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Foreign Office [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan Treasury [Hazine]\u2019ye,
\nHaziran 3, 1864.
\n26)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Treasury Chambers [Hazine]\u2019den Foreign Office [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri
\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019na, Haziran 4, 1864.
\n27) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Admiralty [Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan Undersecretary of State for
\nForeign Affairs [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019na, Haziran 11, 1864.
\n28) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424, Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, Haziran 8, 1864.
\n29)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Letter by the Sanitary Inspector on Service to the Board of Health
\nof the Ottoman Empire, Samsoon, to Lord Kinnaird [ Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun
\nSamsun\u2019daki Sa\u011fl\u0131k Kurulunda G\u00f6revli Sa\u011fl\u0131k M\u00fcfetti\u015finin Mektubu], May\u0131s 20,
\n1864. Bkz. Ek III.
\n30) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Foreign Office [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019 ndan Bulwer\u2019e, Haziran 15,
\n1864.
\n31) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Treasury Chambers [Hazine]\u2019den Bulwer\u2019e, Haziran 16, 1864.
\n32) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Smart (Vice Admiral)\u2019\u0131n Marlborough off Malta [Malta
\nYak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Marlborough\u2019da G\u00f6revli Amiral Smart]\u2019dan the Secretary of the
\nAdmiralty [Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 Sekreterli\u011fi]\u2019ne, Haziran 21, 1864 ve Admiralty
\n[Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan Under Secretary of State Foreign Affairs [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri
\nBakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019na, Haziran 22, 1864.
\n33)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, Haziran 28, 1864.
\n34) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Admiralty [Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan the Under Secretary of State
\nfor Foreign Affairs [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019na, A\u011fustos 8, 1864.
\n35) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Admiralty [Donanma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan the Under Secretary of State
\nfor Foreign Affairs [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 M\u00fcste\u015farl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019na, A\u011fustos 13, 1864, PRO,
\nFO 97\/424 Foreign Office [D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131]\u2019ndan Treasury [Hazine]\u2019ye, A\u011fustos
\n18, 1864 ve PRO, FO 97\/424 Stuart\u2019dan Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 1, 1865.
\n36) <\/b>(Pinson, 1972: 71-85), burada s. 85 (N. Mikhoff, Bulgarien und die Bulgaren im
\nUrteil des Auslandes, II, Sofya, 1929 ve N. V. Mikhov, Naselenieto na Turtsiaa prez
\nXVIII I XIX, v. I, Sofya, 1915\u2019den aktararak.)
\n37)<\/b> \u00c7erkes g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn gerek Osmanl\u0131 ar\u015fiv belgelerine gerekse de d\u00f6nemin Osmanl\u0131
\nbas\u0131n\u0131na nas\u0131l yans\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ele al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken bir konudur ve \u0130ngiliz ar\u015fiv belgelerinin analizine dayanan bu cal\u0131\u015fman\u0131n ilgi alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Yine de
\nd\u00f6nemin \u00fcnl\u00fc muhalefet grubu Gen\u00e7 Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131n organ\u0131 olan H\u00fcrriyet
\ngazetesinde \u00e7\u0131kan imzas\u0131z bir makalenin transkripsiyonunu Bab-\u0131 Ali\u2019nin g\u00f6\u00e7
\ns\u00fcrecindeki yetersizliklerini ve iskan sonras\u0131 ya\u015fanan sorunlar\u0131 muhtemelen biraz
\nabart\u0131l\u0131 ama ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde tasvir etmesi nedeniyle ekte sunuyorum.
\nMakalenin \u00fcslubundan yazar\u0131n\u0131n Nam\u0131k Kemal olmas\u0131 ihtimalinin y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fu
\ns\u00f6ylenebilir. Orijinal metinden transkripsiyon taraf\u0131mdan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.Bkz. Ek 1.
\n38)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Bulwer\u2019den Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 3, 1864.
\n39) <\/b>PRO, FO 97\/424 Chisserton\u2019dan Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 10, 1864.
\n40) <\/b>Bilindi\u011fi gibi \u0130ngilizler 93 Harbi ile belirginle\u015fen Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Do\u011fu Anadolu
\n\u00fczerindeki n\u00fcfuz faaliyetlerini frenlemek i\u00e7in Berlin Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019na b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan
\nErmenilerin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnde bir madde koydurtacak ve b\u00f6ylece
\nbir zamanlar kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 arzu ettikleri \u00c7erkes kolonisinin \u00fcstlenece\u011fini
\nd\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fckleri i\u015flevi Ermeniler\u2019in hamili\u011fi rol\u00fcne talip olarak Ermeniler\u2019e havale
\netmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015facaklard\u0131r.
\n41) <\/b>(Pinson, 1972: 71-85), burada s. 84 (A. P. Berje, Viselenie Gortsev s Kavkaza,
\nRusskaya Starina, PC, Subat 1882, s. 360-361\u2019den aktararak).
\n42)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Napier\u2019den Russell\u2019a, May\u0131s 19, 1864.
\n43)<\/b> PRO, FO 97\/424 Napier\u2019den Russell\u2019a, Haziran 6, 1864.
\n44)<\/b> Bkz. Ek IV.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>AHMED CEVDET PA\u015eA (1986), Tezakir Cilt I (Ankara: T\u00fcrk Tarih Kurumu Yay\u0131nlar\u0131) (Yay\u0131na
\nHaz\u0131rlayan: C. Baysun).
\nANDERSON, O. (1964), \u201cGreat Britain and the Beginnings of the Ottoman Public Debt, 1854-55,\u201d
\nThe Historical Journal, 7\/I: 47-63.
\nANONYMOUS (1850) What is to be Done with Turkey?, or Turkey, Its Present and Future ( London:
\nHenry Colburn)
\nBRIGGS, A. (1955), Victorian People Reassesment of Persons and Themes 1851-1867 (Londra:
\nPenguin Boks).
\nBROCK, P. (1950), \u201cThe Fall of Circassia: A Study in Private Diplomacy,\u201d The English Historical
\nReview, 71\/280: 401-427.
\nCLAY, C. (2000), Gold For the Sultan. Western Bankers and Ottoman Finances 1856-1881 (New
\nYork: I. B. Tauris).
\nGAMMER, M. (2005), Muslim Resistance to the Tsar: Shamil and the Conquest of Chechnia and
\nDaghestan (Abingdon: Frank Cass).
\nGLEASON, J. H. (1950), The Genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: A Study of the Interaction
\nof Policy and Opinion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
\n\u0130MZASIZ (1844), \u201cBiographic Sketch of Mr. Urquhart from the Conversations-Lexicon,\u201d The
\nPortfolio, 2\/6: 75-98.
\nKAYA, A. (2004), \u201cPolitical Participation Strategies of the Circassian Diaspora in Turkey,\u201d
\nMediterranean Politics, 9\/2: 221-239.
\nKOHN, H. (1955) The Mind of Modern Russia: Historical and Political Thought of Russia\u2019s Great
\nAge (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press).
\nMANN, M. (1984), \u201cThe Autonomous Power of the State, Its Origins, Mechanisms and Results,\u201d
\nArchives Europ\u00e9ennes de Sociologie, 25: 185-213.
\nNEWSOME, D. (1997), The Victorian World Picture: Perceptions and Introspections in an Age of
\nChange (London: John Murray).
\nPINSON, M. (1972), \u201cOttoman Colonisation of the Circassians in Rumili After the Crimean War,\u201d
\nEtudes Balkaniques, 3: 71-85.
\nRACCAGNI, M. (1980), \u201cThe French Interests in the Ottoman Empire,\u201d International Journal of
\nMiddle East Studies, 2: 339-376.
\nRAUTSI, I. (1993), The Eastern Question Revisited. Case Studies in Ottoman Balance of Power
\n(Helsinki:Helsinki University Printing House)
\nROBINSON, G. (1920), David Urquhart. Some Chapters in the Life of a Victorian Knight-Errant of
\nJustice and Liberty (Oxford: Basil Blackwell).
\nSHAMI, S. (1998), \u201cCircassian Encounters: The Self as Other and the Production of the Homeland
\nin the North Caucasus,\u201d Development and Change, 29: 617-646.
\nTAYLOR, A. J. P. (1969), The Trouble Makers. Dissent Over Foreign Policy 1792-1939 (London:
\nPanther).
\nTHONTON, A.P. (1965), Doctrines of Imperialism (London: John Wiley & Sons).
\nVAKAN\u00dcV\u0130S AHMET L\u00dcTF\u0130 EFEND\u0130 (1988), Vakan\u00fcvis Ahmet L\u00fctfi Efendi Tarihi (Cilt X, Der. M\u00fcnir
\nAktepe) (Ankara: TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131).
\nYay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Kaynaklar:
\nK\u00d6REMEZL\u0130, \u0130. (2004), The Place of the Ottoman Empire in the Russo-Circassian War (1830-1864),
\nYay\u0131nlanmam\u0131\u015f Y\u00fckseklisans Tezi (Ankara: Bilkent \u00dcniversitesi).
\n\u0130NG\u0130L\u0130Z DEVLET AR\u015e\u0130VLER\u0130 (PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE) DOSYALARI:
\nFO 97\/424
\nFO 881\/2703
\nFO 881\/956
\nBA\u015eBAKANLIK OSMANLI AR\u015e\u0130VLER\u0130 (BOA) DOSYASI:
\nHR. MKT 77\/78, 28 \u015eevval 1270\/26 May\u0131s 1854.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"