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Habip Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n Co\u011frafi konum itibariyle Kafkasya, her y\u00f6nden gelen kavimlerin bir u\u011frak yeri olmu\u015ftur. B\u00f6lgede kalan ve Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n co\u011frafi yap\u0131s\u0131na paralel, orijinal bir yerle\u015fim tarz\u0131 g\u00f6steren kavimler birbirlerine kar\u0131\u015fmaks\u0131z\u0131n ayr\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri yurt edinmi\u015flerdir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, b\u00f6lgedeki kavimler \u00f6nce do\u011fal, daha sonra da siyasi olarak birbirlerinden izole edilmi\u015f bir hale gelmi\u015flerdir. Bu durum ise, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n kendi aralar\u0131nda \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclmesini engellemi\u015f ve b\u00f6lge d\u0131\u015f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin politikalar\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00f6lgeyi istismara a\u00e7\u0131k bir zemin haline getirmi\u015ftir (Kumkale, 1995:91).<\/p>\n Etnik mozai\u011fin zenginli\u011fi b\u00f6lgede \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve sosyal zenginli\u011fe sebep olmu\u015f fakat bu durum b\u00f6lge i\u00e7i ve d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan g\u00fc\u00e7lerin m\u00fcdahalesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kafkas Topluluklar\u0131 g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanm\u0131\u015f, \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun i\u00e7ine az\u0131nl\u0131klar yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fu y\u00f6netmesi istenmi\u015f ve bu t\u00fcr olaylar b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n do\u011fmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur (Demir,2003:70). SSCB zaman\u0131nda cumhuriyetlerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 etnik Kafkasya, jeostratejik konumu ve do\u011fal zenginlikleri ile tarihin bilinen b\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00f6nemlerinde emperyal g\u00fc\u00e7lerin i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 kabartm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kafkasya, tarih boyunca en k\u00f6t\u00fc g\u00fcnlerini Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeye y\u00f6nelik i\u015fgal giri\u015fimleri ile birlikte ya\u015fam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Karayel, 2005:151). Slav milliyet\u00e7ilerinin ve Rus y\u00f6neticilerinin, \u201c\u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Roma\u201d gibi imparatorluk kurma h\u0131rslar\u0131 ve \u201cs\u0131cak denizlere ula\u015fma istekleri\u201d gibi stratejik \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Rusya, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kafkasya\u2019da katliamlar ve s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 etme eylemlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirerek b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde ihtiya\u00e7 duydu\u011fu etnik temizli\u011fi icra etmi\u015ftir (Karayel, 2005:160).<\/p>\n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 Kafkasyal\u0131lardan ar\u0131nd\u0131rma s\u00fcreci uzun sava\u015flar\u0131n ard\u0131ndan yerli halklar\u0131n Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na yenilgisiyle 1859-1864 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir s\u00fcrg\u00fcne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f, zaman i\u00e7erisinde bu yok etme plan\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 hukuk a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ancak jenosit ile tan\u0131mlanabilecek uygulamalarla bug\u00fcne kadar devam ede gelmi\u015ftir. Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya yerle\u015fme politikas\u0131n\u0131n sonucu olarak;sadece 1864\u2019te 1 milyon 500 bin Kafkasyal\u0131 yurdundan olmu\u015ftur (Tastekin ve \u00d6zkaya, 2002:3). 14 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n 1 milyona yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lara g\u00f6re bu rakam\u0131n 2 milyona ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n %50\u2019sinin yollarda a\u00e7l\u0131k, Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle Kuban ve Karadeniz b\u00f6lgelerinden yakla\u015f\u0131k 1 milyon 500 bin insan, 1858-1864 y\u0131llar\u0131 i\u00e7inde t\u00fcm ya\u015fam olanaklar\u0131 yok edilerek yurtlar\u0131ndan kovulmu\u015flar ve Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6nderilmi\u015flerdir (Berzeg, 2005:94). Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131n u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler, 1864 y\u0131l\u0131ndan sonra da durmu\u015f, h\u0131z kesmi\u015f de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Kalan halk\u0131n da toprak y\u00f6netiminin genel bask\u0131c\u0131 karakteri nedeniyle 1865\u2019te \u00c7e\u00e7enya ve Osetya\u2019dan, 1866 ve 1878 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Abhazya\u2019dan daha sonralar\u0131 Adigeler, Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar, Abhazlar ve Da\u011f\u0131stanl\u0131lardan olmak \u00fczere daha birka\u00e7 y\u00fcz bin ki\u015filik bir Kafkasyal\u0131 n\u00fcfus daha yurdunu terk ederek yabanc\u0131 topraklara g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Berzeg, 2005:95). J.Stalin\u2019in b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahalesi, hassas olan demografik yap\u0131n\u0131n iyice bozulmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015f, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n temelini te\u015fkil etmi\u015ftir. J.Stalin\u2019in iskan politikas\u0131na g\u00f6re G\u00fcney ve Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131 hi\u00e7bir zaman tamamen kendi b\u00f6lgelerinde tutulmam\u0131\u015f, bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Sovyet Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinde isk\u00e2n ettirilerek bunlar\u0131n yasad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklara ba\u015fka halklar getirilmi\u015f hatta yasad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde olu\u015fturulan idari Kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc bir \u00e7e\u015fitlilik g\u00f6steren Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n demografik yap\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ermeniler belirleyici unsurlar olmu\u015flard\u0131r (Kantarc\u0131, 2006: 33).<\/p>\n Kafkasya n\u00fcfusunun, yakla\u015f\u0131k %35.2\u2019sini \u201cyerli olanlar\u201d, %64.8\u2019ini ise \u201cyerli Habip Yıldırım Coğrafi konum itibariyle Kafkasya, her yönden gelen kavimlerin bir uğrak yeri olmuştur. Bölgede kalan ve Kafkasya’nın coğrafi yapısına paralel, orijinal bir yerleşim tarzı gösteren kavimler birbirlerine karışmaksızın ayrı bölgeleri yurt edinmişlerdir. Dolayısıyla, bölgedeki kavimler önce doğal, daha sonra da siyasi olarak birbirlerinden izole edilmiş bir hale gelmişlerdir. Bu durum ise, bölge halklarının sorunlarının 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\ntopluluklar aras\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m sorunlar b\u0131rakacak \u015fekilde \u00e7izilmi\u015f, tarihi, do\u011fal ve etnik \u015fartlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu da SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra eski d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131klar\u0131n, menfaat \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na ve kanl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir (Devlet,1998:279). Kafkasya\u2019daki etnik gruplar\u0131n n\u00fcfuslar\u0131, da\u011f\u0131l\u0131mlar\u0131 ve \u00f6nemleri de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar de\u011fi\u015fmeyen tek \u00f6zellik b\u00f6lgedeki etnik mozai\u011fin s\u00fcrmesidir (Demir,2003:70).<\/p>\n
\nhastal\u0131k, so\u011fuk ve deniz tutmas\u0131 sebebi ile hayatlar\u0131n\u0131 kaybettikleri belirilmektedir (G\u00fcng\u00f6r, 2005:18).<\/p>\n
\nKafkasya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgelerinden, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019dan 19. yy. boyunca \u00e7e\u015fitli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluklar Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015ftir. S\u00fcr\u00fclenlerin topraklar\u0131, evleri ve sahip oldu\u011fu di\u011fer t\u00fcm mal varl\u0131klar\u0131 Kafkasya\u2019ya ikame ettirilen Rus ve Kazaklara verilmi\u015ftir (Tastekin ve \u00d6zkaya, 2002:3). Bunun neticesinde Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfusunda yar\u0131 yar\u0131ya azalmalar meydana gelmi\u015ftir (Bice,1991:51).
\n1864 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcne maruz kalan Kafkasyal\u0131lara tekrar anavatanlar\u0131nda toparlanma f\u0131rsat\u0131 verilmemi\u015f, Kafkasyal\u0131lar tekrar 1943 ve 1944 y\u0131llar\u0131nda J. Stalin’in taraf\u0131ndan geni\u015f \u00e7apl\u0131 bir soyk\u0131r\u0131ma maruz b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kafkas halklar\u0131, as\u0131ls\u0131z bir \u015fekilde II. D\u00fcnya Savas\u0131\u2019nda Almanlarla i\u015fbirli\u011fi yapmakla su\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 23 \u015eubat 1944 g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7e\u00e7en ve ayn\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kene sahip olan \u0130ngu\u015flar binlerce insan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc pahas\u0131na Sibirya\u2019ya
\ns\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, bunlar\u0131 2 Kas\u0131m 1943\u2019te Kara\u00e7ayl\u0131lar, 8 Mart 1944\u2019te de Balkarlar\u0131n Sibirya ve Kazakistan’a s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri takip etmi\u015ftir. K\u0131r\u0131m Tatarlar\u0131 ve Ah\u0131ska T\u00fcrkleri de s\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilmi\u015flerdir (Ta\u015ftekin ve \u00d6zkaya, 2002:4). \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131’n\u0131n sonlar\u0131na do\u011fru Stalin’in Ah\u0131ska T\u00fcrklerini s\u00fcrmesinden sonra, Ah\u0131skal\u0131lar\u0131n y\u00fczy\u0131llarca ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 k\u00f6y ve
\nkasabalara G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermeniler yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir (Tasdemir, 2005: 34)
\nSSCB, s\u00fcrg\u00fcnleri b\u00fcy\u00fck bir gizlilik i\u00e7erisinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015f, kamuoyu 26 Haziran 1946’da “\u0130zvestiya” gazetesi taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir haber vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ya\u015fananlardan haberdar olabilmi\u015ftir (Tastekin ve \u00d6zkaya, 2002:4).<\/p>\n
\ns\u0131n\u0131rlarla etnik b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcl\u00fck par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu sayede b\u00f6lgelerin eski ve yeni sahipleri aras\u0131nda ihtilaflar ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kalafat, 1999: 97; Kantarc\u0131, 2006: 35; Yanar, 2002: 32). Bu g\u00f6\u00e7lerden sadece G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ermeniler ayr\u0131 tutulmu\u015ftur (Bice, 1991: 101; Yanar,2002:31).<\/p>\n
\nolmayanlar\u201d olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u201cYerli n\u00fcfus\u201d i\u00e7erisinde G\u00fcrc\u00fcler %46.5 ve \u00c7e\u00e7enler %11.9 ile ilk s\u0131rada yer al\u0131rlar. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve b\u00f6lgenin yerlisi olan unsurlar ise, %41.6\u2019lik bir paya sahiptir. Yerli olmayanlar\u0131n %56.6\u2019s\u0131 ise T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrk n\u00fcfusunun ise %82,7\u2019sini Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan yerli olmayan n\u00fcfusun %22.7\u2019 sini Ermeniler, %16.2\u2019sini Ruslar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (Avsar,1997:1878).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n![](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image4\/0413-adigeB1.GIF\")
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