![](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image4\/0434-kafkasya.GIF\")
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Habip Y\u0131ld\u0131r\u0131m<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n Rusya Federasyonu\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki Kafkas Cumhuriyetleri\u2019ndeki etnik ve demografik yap\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar karma\u015f\u0131k oldu\u011funu birinci b\u00f6l\u00fcmde verdik. Bu b\u00f6l\u00fcmde genel olarak Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma potansiyeli olan sorunlardan bahsedece\u011fiz. Burada Da\u011f\u0131stan Federe Cumhuriyeti, Oset-\u0130ngu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi, Adigey\u2019in \u00d6zerkli\u011finin RF taraf\u0131ndan kald\u0131r\u0131lma projesi ve b\u00f6lgedeki radikal dini eylemlerden k\u0131saca bahsedece\u011fim. B\u00f6lgedeki sorunlar\u0131n sebeplerinden ve bunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yollar\u0131ndan bahsedece\u011fim. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sorunu Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki en \u00f6nemli problem sahas\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 sorunun geli\u015fimi ve Rus-\u00c7e\u00e7en savas\u0131ndan ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00c7e\u00e7enistan Sorunu alt basl\u0131\u011f\u0131 alt\u0131nda bahsedece\u011fim.<\/p>\n SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ortam Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u0131n tarihlerine ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine yeniden sahip \u00e7\u0131kmalar\u0131na ve ge\u00e7mi\u015flerini ke\u015ffetmelerine imk\u00e2n sa\u011flarken her etnik grubun ayr\u0131 bir dili, k\u00f6keni ve ge\u00e7mi\u015finin olmas\u0131, bu etnik gruplar aras\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara sebep olmu\u015ftur. Olu\u015fan etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck sebebi \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n ve m\u00fcteakiben SSCB\u2019nin Kafkasya B\u00f6lgesinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018\u2019b\u00f6l ve y\u00f6net\u201d politikas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Rusya toplumlar\u0131 birbirine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in etnik yap\u0131 farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na dayanan \u00f6zerk ve s\u00f6z\u00fcm ona federe devlet\u00e7ikler kurmu\u015f, bunlar\u0131n aralar\u0131nda suni s\u0131n\u0131rlar ve toprak ihtilaflar\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kartm\u0131\u015f, husumet ortam\u0131 yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Kuzey Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fanan etnik gerilim ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sebeplerini \u015fu \u015fekilde s\u0131ralamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n 1) <\/b>B\u00f6lgedeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun kayna\u011f\u0131 Rusya Federasyonudur. Deli Petro\u2019dan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar olan s\u00fcre\u00e7te Rusya\u2019n\u0131n daimi ve de\u011fi\u015fmeyen hedefi s\u0131cak denizlere inmek olmu\u015f ve bu hedefin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesi i\u00e7in en k\u0131sa yolun Kafkasya\u2019dan ge\u00e7mesi dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6lgenin huzur bulabilmesi i\u00e7in Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bu emelinden vazge\u00e7mesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n 2) <\/b>Kuzey Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi ekonomik olarak \u00e7ok k\u00f6t\u00fc bir durumdad\u0131r. Bu da sorunlar\u0131n temelini olu\u015fturan bir di\u011fer sebeptir. Zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015f ve geri kalm\u0131\u015f Sovyet sonras\u0131 ekonomik yap\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde mahalli makamlar\u0131n 3) <\/b>Kafkasya’daki en k\u00f6kl\u00fc problem, mevcut etnik ve demografik yap\u0131d\u0131r. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 i\u015fgalinden itibaren b\u00f6lge halk\u0131 hep s\u00fcrg\u00fcnler ve katliamlarla kars\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. S\u00fcrg\u00fcn edilen halk\u0131n bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklara Ruslar ve di\u011fer milletler yerle\u015ftirilerek Kafkasya Rusla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Stalin\u2019in uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 iskan politikalar\u0131 ve olu\u015fturulan suni cumhuriyetlerde adeta \u201cetnik may\u0131n tarlalar\u0131\u201d olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Stalin\u2019in s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderdi\u011fin halklar\u0131n topraklar\u0131na ba\u015fka topluluklar yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, olu\u015fturulan cumhuriyetlerde etnik, tarihi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131 g\u00f6z\u00f6n\u00fcne 4) <\/b>Burada bir di\u011fer sebep olarak Stalin d\u00f6neminde s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilen halklar\u0131n daha sonra affedilerek d\u00f6nmelerini sayabiliriz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc bu halklar vatanlar\u0131na d\u00f6nd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde topraklar\u0131nda ba\u015fka topluluklar\u0131n yasad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f aralar\u0131nda toprak ihtilaflar\u0131 do\u011fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 5)<\/b> SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 sonras\u0131 b\u00f6lgede olu\u015fan otorite bo\u015flu\u011fu y\u00fcz\u00fcnden iktidar\u0131 kimin kullanaca\u011f\u0131, nas\u0131l kullanaca\u011f\u0131, siyasal yap\u0131da ne gibi de\u011fi\u015fiklikler olaca\u011f\u0131 tamamen belirsiz durumda kalm\u0131\u015f, bu da b\u00f6lgenin h\u0131zla militarize olmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. Hukuk d\u00fczeninin yoklu\u011fu su\u00e7 oranlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u0131zla artmas\u0131na ve b\u00f6lgede yerel silahl\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 6) <\/b>B\u00f6lge y\u00f6neticilerin bir\u00e7o\u011fu eski kom\u00fcnist kadrolardan olu\u015fmakta, Rusya yanl\u0131s\u0131 politikalar izlemekte ve bu durum RF\u2019nun b\u00f6lgeye m\u00fcdahalesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Kafkasya’n\u0131n Rus n\u00fcfuz b\u00f6lgesi olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131yla Kafkasya\u2019daki problemler \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm yoluna girecektir.<\/p>\n 7)<\/b> Merkezi y\u00f6netimin amac\u0131 ne olursa olsun, b\u00f6lge \u00f6zelinde \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve 8) <\/b>B\u00f6lgede gen\u00e7 nesillerin siyasalla\u015fmas\u0131nda etkili olan siyasal \u0130slam hareketlerinin de incelenmesi gerekmektedir. SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip siyasal \u0130slam’\u0131n, b\u00f6lgede olu\u015fan bo\u015flu\u011fa paralel bir bi\u00e7imde etkinli\u011fini artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz. Kafkasya\u2019da \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131s\u0131ndan en radikaline t\u00fcm e\u011filimlere rastlanmaktad\u0131r (\u00c7elikpala, 2006: 49).<\/p>\n Kuzey Kafkasya co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki sorunlar\u0131n sebeplerini genel olarak ele ald\u0131ktan sonra b\u00f6lgedeki cumhuriyetlerin sorunlar\u0131na bir bakal\u0131m.<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan Federe Cumhuriyeti\u2019ne bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, XX. y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6ncesinde bu co\u011frafyada herhangi bir etnik sorun ya\u015fanmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen Sovyetler Birli\u011fi zaman\u0131nda uygulanan yanl\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7 ve toprak politikalar\u0131 sonucu Da\u011f\u0131stan, Sovyetler Birli\u011finin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fcteakip bir etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma tehlikesi i\u00e7ine girmi\u015ftir (Tavkul, 2002: 150; Kumuk, 2004: 300). Do\u011falgaz zengini olan Da\u011f\u0131stan’da patlak vermi\u015f bir etnik olay Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilmesinden sonra onlardan bo\u015falan yerlere Kumuklar yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f, Kumuklar\u0131n bo\u015faltt\u0131\u011f\u0131 alanlara da Avarlar Ayr\u0131ca Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Maha\u00e7kala’da Avarlar\u0131n ve Darg\u0131lar\u0131n bask\u0131n n\u00fcfus olmas\u0131 idari konularda onlar\u0131 avantajl\u0131 konuma getirmi\u015ftir. Laklar\u0131nda onlarla birle\u015fmesi sonucu olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 etno-politik birlik Da\u011f\u0131stan’da egemen bir tabaka olu\u015fturmu\u015f bu da Kumuk, Lezgi ve Avar-Dargi-Lak koalisyonu aras\u0131nda ciddi etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma potansiyeli do\u011furmu\u015ftur Ayr\u0131ca do\u011falgaz kaynaklar\u0131ndan faydalanma konusunda da b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda sorun \u00e7\u0131kma potansiyeli mevcuttur (Kumuk, 2004: 301). Oset-\u0130ngus \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihine bakt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda, eski tarihlerden beri Terek nehrinin sa\u011f taraf\u0131nda \u0130ngu\u015flar\u2019\u0131n, sol taraf\u0131nda ise Osetlerin yasad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6rmekteyiz (…,1998). 1936 y\u0131l\u0131nda Vladikavkaz \u015fehrinin ortas\u0131ndan ge\u00e7en Terek \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n sol taraf\u0131 Kuzey Osetya\u2019ya, sa\u011f taraf\u0131 da \u0130ngu\u015flara ait olacak \u015fekilde \u015fehir ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr (Tavkul,2002: 85). \u0130ngu\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Prigorodniy Rayon ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan bu b\u00f6lge, \u0130ngu\u015flar\u0131n 1944 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Sibirya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fclmeleri \u00fczerine Kuzey Osetlere verilerek (…, 1998) buraya genelde G\u00fcney Osetya\u2019dan getirilen Osetler yerle\u015ftirildi (Tavkul, 2002: 85). \u0130ngu\u015flar 1957 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kurus\u00e7ev taraf\u0131ndan affedilerek vatanlar\u0131na Osetler Bol\u015fevik y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan hediye edilen bu topraklardan, \u0130ngu\u015flar ise tarihi vatanlar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7meyeceklerdir. Bu topraklar\u0131n gelece\u011fi ticari antla\u015fmalarla veya bug\u00fcne kadar oldu\u011fu gibi etnik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarla belirlenecektir (Kumuk, 2004: 297).<\/p>\n Adigey Cumhuriyeti \u00fczerinde oynanan oyunlarda ba\u015frolde RF Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 V. Putin bulunmaktad\u0131r. V. Putin, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda olu\u015fturulmu\u015f olan bir plan dahilinde etnik cumhuriyetleri ortadan kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r (Yasmann, 2006: 78). Bu plan\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi Perm Vilayeti ve Komi-Permyak \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgesinin 1 Aral\u0131k 2005’den itibaren Perm-Krai Vilayeti olarak birle\u015ftirilmesi, Evenk ve Taymir \u00d6zerk B\u00f6lgelerinin 1 Ocak 2007’den itibaren “Krasnoyarsk Krai” ile birle\u015ftirilmesi, 2005’de Kamchatka b\u00f6lgesi ve Koryak Otonom b\u00f6lgesinin 1 Ocak 2007 itibari ile birle\u015ftirilmeleriyle sonu\u00e7lanacak bir referanduma kabul oyu vermeleriyle ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Yasmann, 2006: 78; …, 2006: 16; Kanbolat, 2005b: 199).<\/p>\n Moskova taraf\u0131ndan ekonomik sebepler \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclerek birle\u015ftirmelerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6yleniyor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen as\u0131l sebep Kuzey Kafkasya ve Volga’daki sorunlu etnik cumhuriyetlerin ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131d\u0131r, Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n Rus ve Kazak n\u00fcfusun yo\u011funlukta oldu\u011fu Krasnodar ve Stavropol b\u00f6lgeleri i\u00e7inde eritmektir. Birle\u015ftirilen b\u00f6lgelere bakacak olursak buralarda Rus n\u00fcfusun yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu yani “etnik bir muhalefetin olu\u015fmayaca\u011f\u0131” b\u00f6lgeler oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir (…, 2006: 16). Adigey Cumhuriyeti’ndeki 450 bin n\u00fcfusun sadece % 27’si Adige oldu\u011fu \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun Ruslardan olu\u015ftu\u011fu ve yasal d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131l\u0131p, birle\u015fmenin bir referandumla halka sorulmas\u0131 halinde cumhuriyette Adige n\u00fcfusun oylar\u0131yla birle\u015fme kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 bir sonucun \u00e7\u0131kma ihtimali s\u0131f\u0131rd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Putin taraf\u0131ndan ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n birle\u015ftirmeler ile g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc b\u00f6lgeler olu\u015fturmak olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu birle\u015fmenin halk\u0131n ekonomik durumunun d\u00fczeltilmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunuluyor olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen as\u0131l niyetinin bu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015fikard\u0131r. \u015eayet b\u00f6yle olsayd\u0131 Adigey Cumhuriyeti’ni Krasnodar gibi i\u00e7inde kaybolacaklar\u0131 bir federal yap\u0131yla de\u011fil, \u00f6ncelikle Adigelerin yasad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kabardey-Balkar ve Kara\u00e7ay \u00c7erkes Cumhuriyetleri ile birle\u015ftirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gerekirdi. Hayata ge\u00e7irilen plana g\u00f6re Rusya Federasyonu mevcut 88 b\u00f6lge yerine 28 b\u00f6lgeden olu\u015facak ve t\u00fcm etnik otonom b\u00f6lgeler kom\u015fular\u0131 olan Slav n\u00fcfusun yo\u011fun oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerle birle\u015ftirilerek yeni vilayetler olu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca yeni olu\u015fturulacak b\u00f6lgelerin isimlerinde etnik \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015f\u0131m yapacak kelimelerin kullan\u0131lmamas\u0131na dikkat edilmesi planlanmaktad\u0131r. Bu plana g\u00f6re Kuzey Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesi su \u015fekilde \u015fekillendirilmek istenmektedir: \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, Ingusetya, Da\u011f\u0131stan, Kabardey-Balkar ve Kuzey Osetya cumhuriyetlerinin Stavropol Krai ile birle\u015ftirilerek Kuzey Kafkasya vilayetinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131, Adigey ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes Cumhuriyetleri’nin Krasnodar Krai ile birle\u015ftirilip Prichenornormskaya vilayetinin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 (Yasmann,2006:78).<\/p>\n RF\u2019nun Karadeniz’e tek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f kap\u0131s\u0131 olan Kuzeybat\u0131 Kafkasya ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda tarihi, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ve etnik ba\u011flar bulunmakta buda b\u00f6lgeyi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye do\u011fru yak\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu da RF\u2019nu endi\u015felendirmekte, T\u00fcrkiye ile b\u00f6lgenin uzun vadede ili\u015fkilerini koparmak istemektedir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin RF\u2019nun uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu plana seyirci kalmamal\u0131d\u0131r (Kanbolat, 2005b: 202).<\/p>\n \u015eimdi Vahabilik ve Radikal \u0130slam’\u0131n, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki boyutunu k\u0131saca ele alaca\u011f\u0131m. Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da radikal \u0130slami d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceler daha \u00e7ok Vahabilik \u015feklinde yay\u0131lmaktad\u0131r (Yarl\u0131kapov, 2001: 204). 1920 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri Kafkasya\u2019da varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcren Vahabizm, Stalin ve onun politikalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan varl\u0131k g\u00f6sterememi\u015f, ancak 1980\u2019lerdeki Glasnost politikalar\u0131 ve 1990\u2019larda b\u00f6lge \u00fczerindeki Sovyetlerin etkinli\u011finin azalmas\u0131 sonucu yeniden canlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde nispeten az bir grup taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6\u011fretilerine \u00e7ok ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak Kuzey Kafkasya’da ya\u015famaktad\u0131r. Da\u011f\u0131stan 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda Buynak rayonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 Karamani, \u00c7obanmani ve Kadar k\u00f6yleri Da\u011f\u0131stan y\u00f6netimini tan\u0131mayarak \u015feriat y\u00f6netimi kurduklar\u0131n\u0131 ilan etmi\u015flerdir. Bu durum Vahabili\u011fin Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da ne kadar etkili propaganda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in yeterlidir (Yarl\u0131kapov, 2001: 208). Bunun sebebi Rusya\u2019n\u0131n 2002\u2019den beri uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 merkeziyet\u00e7i politikalar ve b\u00f6lgenin sosyo-ekonomik sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zememesinden kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca Rus yanl\u0131s\u0131 y\u00f6neticilerin i\u015f bas\u0131na getirilmesi de bu durumun k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015fmesine sebep olmaktad\u0131r (Baran ve di\u011f., 2006: 41). Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki \u0130slami hareketler bariz organize \u00f6rg\u00fctlerden ziyade bireysel ve de\u011fi\u015fik isimlerden olu\u015fan alt gruplar seklinde olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda Moskova\u2019daki tiyatronun ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 olay\u0131ndaki Riyaz\u00fcs Salihin grubu bunlardan birisidir (Baran ve di\u011f., 2006: 30).<\/p>\n Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da sadece RF\u2019ndan kaynaklanan sorunlar yoktur. Ger\u00e7ekte radikal \u0130slamc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da yay\u0131lmas\u0131 durumu daha da k\u00f6t\u00fcle\u015ftirmektedir ve bu durumun d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 vard\u0131r (Baran ve di\u011f., 2006: 32; Cornell ve Starr, 2006: 65). Bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f duygular b\u00f6lgede ters etki yapmakta i\u015fsiz ya da herhangi bir mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan gen\u00e7ler \u00fclkelerinin liderleri taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirilmekte ve bu yolla lokal olarak Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da \u0130slam’\u0131n radikalle\u015fmesinin son \u00f6rne\u011fi 13 Ekim 2005 tarihinde 250 kadar silahl\u0131 radikal M\u00fcsl\u00fcman gencin Nal\u00e7ik\u2019e girerek ba\u015fta FSB merkezi ve karakollar olmak \u00fczere ordu ve polis merkezlerinin bulundu\u011fu on be\u015f ayr\u0131 noktaya sald\u0131r\u0131da bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r. Bu gen\u00e7lerin mensup oldu\u011fu \u201cCemaat\u201d, Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da \u00f6zellikle Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes, Kabardey-Balkar, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, \u0130ngu\u015fetya ve Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerde ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (Kanbolat, 2006b:88-89).<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan Sorunu SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131ndan sonra RF\u2019nun girdi\u011fi demokrasi, serbest pazar ekonomisi ve ulusal devlet yap\u0131s\u0131na ge\u00e7isi s\u00fcrecinde Kafkasya b\u00f6lgesindeki eski SSCB \u00fclkeleri ve \u00f6zerk\/otonom y\u00f6netimler, RF\u2019nun egemenli\u011finden kurtulmak i\u00e7in zaman zaman \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara yol a\u00e7an giri\u015fimlerde bulunmu\u015ftur (G\u00fcr,2001:3-39). 1990\u2019dan itibaren ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k talepleri olan \u00c7e\u00e7enler, 1991 y\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde yerel Sovyet h\u00fck\u00fcmetini devirerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ilan .. 27 Ekim 1991\u2019de yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imler sonucunda C. Dudayev Cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 se\u00e7ildi. Moskova\u2019daki Rus y\u00f6neticiler, bu durumu \u00fclkenin toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne y\u00f6nelmi\u015f bir tehdit olarak alg\u0131lam\u0131\u015f ve kuvvet kullanarak ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019daki iktidar\u0131na son verme politikas\u0131 izlemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n 1992 y\u0131l\u0131nda \u0130ngu\u015flar, \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketine kat\u0131lmayarak \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015f Cumhuriyetinden ayr\u0131larak RF\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 \u0130ngu\u015fetya Federe Cumhuriyetini kurdular. RF b\u00fcnyesindeki 89 federe birimden sadece \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, Moskova\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fini tan\u0131mazken; Moskova, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019a askeri olarak m\u00fcdahale etmek i\u00e7in tam 3 y\u0131l beklemi\u015ftir. Stratejik konumunun yan\u0131 s\u0131ra askeri, ekonomik ve di\u011ferlerine \u201ck\u00f6t\u00fc Rusya askerlerini b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekmi\u015f ve y\u00f6netim \u00c7e\u00e7enlere b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6lgede faaliyette bulunan Arap unsurlar, d\u0131\u015f yard\u0131m almaya ve \u00c7e\u00e7en lider Mashadov \u00fczerinde m\u00fccadeleyi s\u00fcrd\u00fcrme konusunda etkili olmaya devam etmi\u015flerdir. Bu d\u00f6nemde \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da konu\u015flanan k\u00f6kten dinci Vahabi-Arap unsurlar a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Basayev gibi \u00f6nde gelen \u00c7e\u00e7en liderler \u00fczerinde, d\u0131\u015f mal\u00ee yard\u0131m sa\u011flamak suretiyle a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k kazanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019daki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 peki\u015ftiren fakt\u00f6rlerleri \u00c7e\u00e7en kabileleri aras\u0131nda rekabet, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7en komutanlar\u0131n Mashadov\u2019un ulusal ordu kurma projesine destek vermeyip kendi baslar\u0131na buyruk bir tav\u0131r sergilemeleri, fidye i\u00e7in adam ka\u00e7\u0131rma gibi organize su\u00e7lar\u0131n artmas\u0131 olarak s\u0131ralayabiliriz. Ayr\u0131ca \u00c7e\u00e7enler, bir d\u00fczen kurarak kendi sava\u015f yaralar\u0131n\u0131 sarmak yerine, t\u00fcm Kafkasya\u2019y\u0131 Moskova\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 birle\u015ftirmeye 31 A\u011fustos 1999, 9 Eyl\u00fcl 1999 ve 13 Eyl\u00fcl 1999 tarihlerinde Moskova’da, 4 Eyl\u00fcl 1999’da Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n Buynaksk b\u00f6lgesinde ve 16 Eyl\u00fcl 1999’da Volgadonsk kentinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen ter\u00f6r eylemleri RF taraf\u0131ndan kamuoyunun \u00c7e\u00e7enistan harekat\u0131na haz\u0131r hale getirilmesi i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu olaylar Rus ordusunun \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’a girmesine Rusya, 11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den sonra Bat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan konusunda daha anlay\u0131\u015fl\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve yarat\u0131lan havadan nas\u0131l \u00e7\u0131kar elde edece\u011finin hesaplar\u0131n\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kas\u0131m, 2006: 32).<\/p>\n Putin, televizyonda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu\u015fmas\u0131nda “\u00c7e\u00e7enistan’daki olaylar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6rizmle m\u00fccadelenin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclemez” diyerek yap\u0131lan operasyonlara me\u015fruiyet zemini bulmaya ve RF\u2019nun askeri birliklerinin yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu insan haklar\u0131 ihlallerini temize \u00e7\u0131karmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir (Tastekin, 2001). Ayr\u0131ca RF, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc m\u00fccadelenin G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a kadar uzand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek, \u00c7e\u00e7en \u0130kinci savas\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Eyl\u00fcl 1999’dan beri 130 bin ki\u015fi hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015f, 16 bin ki\u015fi yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 tecrit kamplar\u0131nda tutulmu\u015f ve 10 bin ki\u015fi kaybolmu\u015ftur. Rus-\u00c7e\u00e7en savas\u0131 boyunca Rus ordusunun a\u011f\u0131r silahlar ile giri\u015fti\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00c7e\u00e7enler, baz\u0131 radikal gruplar\u0131n yard\u0131m\u0131yla Rusya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik eylemlerde bulunmu\u015flard\u0131r. Bu sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 kamuoyuna \u201cTer\u00f6rizm\u201d olarak kabul ettirmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Rusya i\u00e7in 3 Eyl\u00fcl 2004 tarihinde, Kuzey Osetya\u2019da meydana gelen kanl\u0131 Beslan Okul Bask\u0131n\u0131 iyi bir arg\u00fcman olmu\u015ftur. Putin, BM\u2019de \u00c7e\u00e7enler ile ilgili V. Putin\u2019in bu davran\u0131\u015f\u0131, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019daki olaylar\u0131n uluslararas\u0131 ter\u00f6rizm kapsam\u0131nda de\u011ferlendirilmesi i\u00e7in arkas\u0131na BM\u2019nin deste\u011fini almaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00f6ylece \u00c7e\u00e7enistan \u00fczerinde daha bask\u0131c\u0131 politikalar uygulamak i\u00e7in dayanak olu\u015fturmak istedi\u011fi seklinde yorumlara neden olmaktad\u0131r .<\/p>\n RF\u2019nun \u0130kinci \u00c7e\u00e7enistan m\u00fcdahalesi sonras\u0131 Ahmed Kadirov h\u00fck\u00fcmet ba\u015fkan\u0131 olarak RF taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece as\u0131l \u00fclkeyi temsil eden Aslan Mashadov y\u00f6netimine kars\u0131 bir kukla Ahmed Kadirov h\u00fck\u00fcmeti kurulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n 8 Mart 2005 tarihinde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k yanl\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Aslan Mashadov \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Il\u0131ml\u0131 bir lider olan A. Mashadov\u2019un yerine 9 Mart 2005 tarihinde toplanan \u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130\u00e7keriya Cumhuriyeti Devlet Savunma Konseyi taraf\u0131ndan Abdul Halim Sadullayev Devlet Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6revine getirilmi\u015ftir. Fakat A. Mashadov’un bo\u015flu\u011funu doldurabilece\u011fi ku\u015fkulu olan Abdul Halim Sadullayev\u2019i Rusya yanl\u0131s\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7en y\u00f6neticiler, \u015eamil Basayev’in piyonu olarak de\u011ferlendirmektedirler (Kanbolat, 2005b: 196). \u015eu an Rusya yanl\u0131s\u0131 kukla y\u00f6netimin bas\u0131nda ise Ahmed Kadirov\u2019un o\u011flu Ramazan Kadirov bulunmaktad\u0131r .<\/p>\n V. Putin sivil idareyi destekleyerek Moskova yanl\u0131s\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lerin da\u011f\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nleyerek geni\u015f halk kitlelerini yanlar\u0131na \u00e7ekmelerini ve isyanc\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7en liderlerin kendi i\u00e7lerinde b\u00f6l\u00fcnerek marjinalle\u015fmelerini sa\u011flamay\u0131 ama\u00e7lamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n RF a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan sorun t\u00fcm Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n elde bulundurulmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k d\u00f6neminden beri Ruslar s\u0131cak denizlere ula\u015fmak ve elde bulunduruldu\u011funda kendilerini T\u00fcrkiye ve \u0130ran\u2019a kars\u0131 avantajl\u0131 konuma getirecek, stratejik konuma sahip Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilip muhafazas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya bu m\u00fccadelenin jeostratejik hedefi olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Grozni (Caharkale), Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00f6nemli petrol b\u00f6lgelerinden birisidir. Bak\u00fc-Novorossisk petrol boru hatt\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mektedir. RF\u2019nun Karadeniz\u2019e tek \u00e7\u0131k\u0131s\u0131 ve g\u00fcneydo\u011fudaki yumu\u015fak karn\u0131 olan Kuzey Kafkasya, ticaret, tar\u0131m, do\u011fal kaynaklar ve turizm konular\u0131nda ve askeri konularda RF a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan ise bu b\u00f6lgedeki stratejik konumundan dolay\u0131 askeri Habip Yıldırım Rusya Federasyonu’na bağlı Kuzey Kafkasya’daki Kafkas Cumhuriyetleri’ndeki etnik ve demografik yapının ne kadar karmaşık olduğunu birinci bölümde verdik. Bu bölümde genel olarak Kuzey Kafkasya’daki çatışma potansiyeli olan sorunlardan bahsedeceğiz. Burada Dağıstan Federe Cumhuriyeti, Oset-İnguş mücadelesi, Adigey’in Özerkliğinin RF tarafından kaldırılma projesi ve bölgedeki radikal dini eylemlerden kısaca bahsedeceğim. Bölgedeki sorunların sebeplerinden ve bunların 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\nKuzey Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n mevcut etnopolitik durumu neredeyse ortak ulus manas\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan “Da\u011fl\u0131lar” ortak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin olu\u015fmas\u0131na sebebiyet vermi\u015ftir. Ulus\u00e7ulu\u011fun ve ulusal bilincin alternatifi gibi kabul edebilece\u011fimiz bu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce maalesef d\u0131\u015f bask\u0131lardan korunmak, b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve g\u00fcvenli bir \u015fekilde ya\u015famalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in yeterli olamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nekonomilerini uygun bir \u015fekilde y\u00f6netmelerine izin verilmemi\u015f bu da ekonomik anlamda bir gerilemeye sebep olmu\u015ftur. Etnik \u00e7eki\u015fmelerin sava\u015fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc b\u00f6lgede enerji, g\u0131da, ila\u00e7 gibi zaruri ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131lanamaz hale gelmesi sonucu gerginlikler daha da artm\u0131\u015f ve s\u00fcrekli hale gelmi\u015ftir. K\u0131t olan ekonomik kaynaklar\u0131n ve gelirin payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda siyasi \u00e7\u0131kar kavgalar\u0131yla i\u00e7 i\u00e7e ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir \u00e7eki\u015fme ya\u015fanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nal\u0131nmam\u0131\u015f ilerde sorunlara sebebiyet verecek \u015fekilde s\u0131n\u0131rlar \u00e7izilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nanla\u015fmazl\u0131klara sebep olan da\u011f\u0131lma-ayr\u0131\u015fma ve birle\u015fme m\u00fccadeleleri s\u00f6z konusudur. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Rusya’n\u0131n itirazlar\u0131na ra\u011fmen, Kabardey-Balkar\u2019da ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes’de ayr\u0131lma talepleri s\u00f6z konusuyken di\u011fer taraftan \u00c7e\u00e7enistan ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes’deki Kazaklar\u0131n, Stavropol ile birle\u015fme \u00e7abalar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur<\/p>\n
\nolmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen bu potansiyel g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde daima mevcuttur (…,1998).
\n1950\u2019lerde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 politikalar sonucu da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerde yasayan halklar (Avarlar, Darg\u0131lar, Laklar ve di\u011ferleri) d\u00fczl\u00fcklere g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015f ve b\u00f6ylece verimli ovalarda yasayan Nogaylar ve Kumuklar\u0131n topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
\nkonu\u015fland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden d\u00f6n\u00fcs\u00fc ve SSCB’nin da\u011f\u0131lmas\u0131 bu ekilebilir alanlar\u0131n payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131nda sorun ya\u015fanmas\u0131na ortam yaratm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Kumuk, 2004: 300; Falkowski, 2007:48). Bu durum ovalarda yasayan Kumuklarla da\u011flardan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden Avar, Darg\u0131, Lak ve Lezgiler aras\u0131nda toprak payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden problem ve \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\n(Kumuk, 2004: 300; Tavkul, 2002: 152).<\/p>\n
\n8. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u015fekilde k\u00f6k salm\u0131\u015f \u0130slam ve bunun b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftirici g\u00fcc\u00fc \u015fimdilik daha k\u00f6t\u00fc olaylar\u0131n meydana gelmesini engellemektedir (Tavkul, 2002:150;…, 1998).<\/p>\n
\nd\u00f6nd\u00fcklerinde, Prigorodniy Rayon’u ve ayr\u0131ca \u00fczerinde hak iddia ettikleri 7 eski \u0130ngu\u015f k\u00f6y\u00fcn\u00fc resmi olarak geri alamad\u0131lar (Tavkul, 2002: 85; …, 1998). \u0130ngu\u015flar, 40 y\u0131l boyunca resmi veya gayri resmi yollardan Prigarodni’ye d\u00f6nmek i\u00e7in her t\u00fcrl\u00fc yolu denediler (Kumuk, 2004: 293). Kom\u00fcnist d\u00f6nem de dahil olmak \u00fczere Osetler’le \u0130ngu\u015flar aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131, katliamlar meydana geldi (…, 1998). 4 Haziran 1992 tarihinde \u0130ngu\u015fetya kuruldu ve bu cumhuriyetin Kuzey Osetya ile
\ns\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz belli olmamas\u0131 \u0130ngu\u015flar ve Osetler aras\u0131ndaki siyasi ve etnik gerilimi artt\u0131rd\u0131 (Tavkul, 2002: 86). Bu durum sonunda Ekim 1992’de \u00e7\u0131kan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalarda 600 civar\u0131nda \u0130ngu\u015f hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybederken n\u00fcfusun geriye kalan\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k 35 bin ki\u015fi evsiz kalarak Ingusetya s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n gerisine ka\u00e7mak zorunda kald\u0131 (Kumuk, 2004: 294). \u00c7at\u0131\u015fmalarda 3 bin kisilik bir Rus askeri birli\u011fi Osetlerin etnik temizlik yapmas\u0131na yard\u0131mc\u0131 olmu\u015ftur (Tavkul, 2002: 87).<\/p>\n
\nn\u00fcfusunun %10\u2019luk kesimi Vahabizm’e inanmakta olup Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkes\u2019te bu say\u0131 300 ki\u015fiyi ge\u00e7memektedir (Dzutsev ve di\u011f., 2002).<\/p>\n
\nSon birka\u00e7 senedir Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da Radikal \u0130slami hareketlerde art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\u0130slami gruplar\u0131n Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da radikalle\u015fmesi b\u00f6lgenin kanseri konumundaki \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019dan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r (Baran ve di\u011f., 2006: 41). \u00c7e\u00e7en m\u00fccadelesinin radikalle\u015fmesi ilk \u00c7e\u00e7en sava\u015f\u0131ndan sonra ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmi\u015ftir. \u0130lk \u00c7e\u00e7en-Rus savas\u0131n\u0131n milliyet\u00e7i olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen ikinci sava\u015ftan sonra radikal dini gruplar geli\u015fmek i\u00e7in f\u0131rsat bulmu\u015flard\u0131r (Baran ve di\u011f., 2006: 29). \u00c7e\u00e7enler sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u0130sl\u00e2m fakt\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc
\nsistemsiz bi\u00e7imde kullansalar da Hasavyurt Antla\u015fmas\u0131’n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bar\u0131\u015f d\u00f6neminde dini, ideolojik a\u00e7\u0131dan sistemli bi\u00e7imde de\u011ferlendirme \u00e7abalar\u0131na giri\u015fmi\u015flerdir. Bu g\u00fcn \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’da (ayn\u0131 zamanda Da\u011f\u0131stan’da), ulusal kurtulu\u015f m\u00fccadelesi onu ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015ft\u0131racak din\u00ee d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce ve de\u011ferler sistemine dayanma \u00e7abas\u0131
\ni\u00e7erisindedir (\u0130brahimli, 2001: 56). \u00c7e\u00e7enistan, giderek Kuzey Kafkasya’da din\u00ee ideoloji merkezi haline gelmekte ve Rusya’n\u0131n bask\u0131lar\u0131 artt\u0131k\u00e7a b\u00f6lgede \u0130sl\u00e2m radikalle\u015fmektedir (\u0130brahimli, 2001: 57).<\/p>\n
\nmilitanlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 artt\u0131r\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. A\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7as\u0131 su anda hala az\u0131nl\u0131k bir grup olarak duruyor olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen \u00fclke liderlerinin yanl\u0131\u015f y\u00f6nlendirmesiyle h\u00fck\u00fcmetlere kars\u0131 olan bu insanlar\u0131n say\u0131lar\u0131 artmaktad\u0131r (Cornell ve Starr, 2006: 66).<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7e\u00e7enistan bir Kuzey Kafkasya \u00fclkesi olup (Berzeg, 2007) RF\u2019nun g\u00fcneybat\u0131s\u0131nda, B\u00fcy\u00fck Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyindedir (Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, 2006:79). 2002 y\u0131l\u0131 RF n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re \u00c7e\u00e7enistan halk\u0131n\u0131n %93\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc \u00c7e\u00e7enler, %4\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc Ruslar ve %3\u2019\u00fcn\u00fc di\u011fer halklar olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r (Gcpp, 2005: 42). \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sorunu, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131k ordular\u0131n\u0131n \u015eeyh \u015eamil liderli\u011findeki \u00c7e\u00e7en g\u00fc\u00e7lerini 1859 y\u0131l\u0131nda yenerek \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7 yoluyla Rus \u011emparatorlu\u011fu b\u00fcnyesine katmas\u0131 (Tanr\u0131sever,\u00a0 2001:182), Kuzey Kafkasya’n\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bu otokton halk\u0131n\u0131n bir milyon kadar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u00fclkesine zorla s\u00fcrmesi (Berzeg, 2007) ve m\u00fcteakiben \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Savas\u0131n\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Moskova\u2019n\u0131n, tekrar \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrg\u00fcn etmesi sonucunda derin bir tarihsel boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (Tanr\u0131sever, 2001:182).<\/p>\n
\n\u00f6rnek\u201d te\u015fkil etmesi nedenlerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc RF, 1991-1993 d\u00f6neminde ekonomik ambargo ve muhaliflerin desteklenmesi politikas\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctm\u00fc\u015f
\nba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z olunca da fiili m\u00fcdahalede bulunmu\u015ftur. Aral\u0131k 1994\u2019de
\nba\u015flayan \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar tam 21 ay s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f Aslan Mashadov ve
\nAleksander Lebed taraf\u0131ndan 31 A\u011fustos 1996’da imzalanan Hasavyurt Ateskes Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Rusya Federasyonu ile \u00c7e\u00e7enistan Cumhuriyeti aras\u0131ndaki meselelerin 31 Aral\u0131k 2001 tarihine kadar uluslar aras\u0131 kurallar \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karara ba\u011flanmas\u0131 kabul edilmi\u015ftir .<\/p>\n
\n1994 -1996 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 250 bin ki\u015fi \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f, 80 bin ki\u015fi yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 toplama kamplar\u0131nda tutulmu\u015f ve 12 bin ki\u015fi kaybolmu\u015ftur. Rus y\u00f6netimi, Mashadov\u2019u bir federasyon anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalamaya ikna edemeyince,
\n\u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da istikrar\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in gerekli olan ekonomik ve siyasal deste\u011fi sa\u011flamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylelikle Moskova, politikas\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019\u0131n istikrars\u0131zla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 \u00fczerine bina etmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Sonu\u00e7 olarak \u00c7e\u00e7enler, Moskova\u2019n\u0131n b\u00f6lgeden \u00e7ekildi\u011fi ve
\n\u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019\u0131n de facto ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u0131llar\u0131 kendi siyasal kurumsalla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 tamamlamak yerine istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7ine s\u00fcr\u00fcklenerek ge\u00e7irmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n
\ngerek\u00e7e olarak g\u00f6sterilmi\u015ftir, d\u00fcnya kamuoyunun tepkisini \u00e7ekmemek i\u00e7inse “anti-ter\u00f6r operasyonu” ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
\ndireni\u015f\u00e7ilerin Pankisi Vadisi\u2019nde konu\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015f ve bu konuda G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a da bask\u0131 uygulamaya 2. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan savas\u0131n\u0131n en dikkat \u00e7ekici taraf\u0131 Rus Askeri g\u00fc\u00e7lerinin uzun bir t\u0131rmanma d\u00f6neminin ard\u0131ndan asama asama tam bir i\u015fgale y\u00f6nelmeleridir. \u00d6ncelikle Rus Hava Kuvvetleri, \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019\u0131 havadan bombalam\u0131\u015f, ard\u0131ndan \u00c7e\u00e7enistan etraf\u0131nda bir
\ng\u00fcvenlik ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131 olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. \u0130syanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olduklar\u0131 ve kontrol\u00fc elinde tuttuklar\u0131 ba\u015fkent Grozni etraf\u0131ndaki \u00e7ember yava\u015f yava\u015f daralt\u0131larak sonunda t\u00fcm \u00c7e\u00e7enistan i\u015fgal alt\u0131na al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nherhangi bir karar al\u0131nmas\u0131 a\u015famas\u0131nda engelleme politikas\u0131 uygularken, Beslan Bask\u0131n\u0131’ndan sonra \u00e7ark etmi\u015f ve BM\u2019den karar \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in giri\u015fimde bulunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\nm\u00fcdahaleye maruz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"