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Seyfi Cengiz<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00d6ns\u00f6z<\/p>\n <\/b>Kafkasya’da bir seri halk ve a\u015firet ya\u015f\u0131yor. Bu dizide ayr\u0131nt\u0131lara girmeksizin bu halklar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda \u00f6zet bilgiler verece\u011fim. Robert Ellis, “Kafkas \u0131rk\u0131n\u0131n” birbirinden b\u00fcy\u00fck farklar ta\u015f\u0131yan \u00fc\u00e7 kolu oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr: \u00c7erkesler, Abaslar (Abhazlar) ve Ossetler. \u0130smail Berkok, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fu \u015fekilde grupland\u0131r\u0131r: \u00c7erkes (Kirkas), Abhaz, \u00c7e\u00e7en, Lezgi ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc. Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015fka t\u00fcrl\u00fc tasnif edenlere de rastlan\u0131r. \u00d6rne\u011fin D. M. Lang’a g\u00f6re Kafkas ailesi \u015fu halklar\u0131 i\u00e7erir: LEKLER VE LEZG\u0130LER <\/b>“Lurlar ve Luristan” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131mda Luristan’da Lek (Lak) a\u015firetlerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na de\u011findim.<\/p>\n Ama Lekler; Kafkasya, Pontus, Kolkis, Dersim (K\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve di\u011fer yerlerde), Ermenistan, Rum (Anadolu), K\u0131br\u0131s ve Balkanlar\u2019da da varlard\u0131. Bu farkl\u0131 tan\u0131mlamalardan da anla\u015f\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 gibi, 17’inci ve 18’inci y\u00fczy\u0131llara ait bu kay\u0131tlarda ge\u00e7en “K\u00fcrd”, “Ekr\u00e2d” ve “T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n” s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri etnik aidiyetten ziyade, ba\u015fka \u00f6zelliklere (ya\u015fam tarz\u0131 vd gibi) referans gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Buradaki \u201c\u00c7orum\u201c s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn o tarihteki anlam\u0131 \u00fczerinde de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir. S\u00f6zc\u00fcklere y\u00fcklenen anlamlar\u0131n hep ayn\u0131 kalmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, zamanla de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini hat\u0131rlatmak zorunday\u0131m.<\/p>\n S\u00f6z\u00fcn\u00fc etti\u011fim kay\u0131tlarda Lek a\u015firetleri, bulunduklar\u0131 yerler ve mensup olduklar\u0131 “taife”ler hakk\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn bilgileri biraraya getirip a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da toplu halde veriyorum:<\/p>\n “\u00c7orum, \u00c7orumlu, \u00c7orum Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 (\u00c7orum K\u00fcrd\u00fc n\u00e2m-\u0131 di\u011fer Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 LEK): Mardin Kazas\u0131 (Diyarbekir Eyaleti), \u00c7orum, Bozok, Keng\u0131ri, Sivas, Teke, Kilis sancaklar\u0131, Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 Lek \u00c7orum Kazas\u0131 (\u00c7orum Sanca\u011f\u0131) – Konar G\u00f6\u00e7er Ekr\u00e2d Y\u00f6r\u00fckan\u0131 Taifesinden” “LAK Ekr\u00e2d\u0131 (Lek Ekr\u00e2d\u0131, Lek K\u00fcrd\u00fc): Karaman, Konya, Sultan\u00f6n\u00fc Sanca\u011f\u0131 (Eski\u015fehir), Ni\u011fde, Kayseriyye, Zamant\u0131 Kazas\u0131 (Mera\u015f), Harmanc\u0131k (Kayseriyye civar\u0131), \u00c7orum ve K\u0131r\u015fehri sancaklar\u0131, \u00c7ukurova – G\u00f6\u00e7ebe Ekr\u00e2d Taifesinden” “Lekvanik: Z\u00fclkadriye Kazas\u0131 (Mera\u015f Eyaleti), Adana Eyaleti – Konar G\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 Taifesinden” “Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 Lek, n\u00e2m-\u0131 di\u011fer \u00c7orum K\u00fcrd\u00fc, Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 Lekvanik: \u00c7ukurova, \u00c7orum, Bozok, Sivas, Adana sancaklar\u0131, K\u0131r\u015fehri Sanca\u011f\u0131, Karaman Eyaleti – Konar G\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Ekr\u00e2d\u0131 Taifesinden” “Lekahmed n\u00e2m-\u0131 di\u011fer Ok\u00e7ulu: Ki\u011f\u0131 Kazas\u0131 (Erzurum Sanca\u011f\u0131)” “Lek, Lek Ekr\u00e2d\u0131: \u00c7orum, Bozok, Rakka, Amid, Adana, \u0130\u00e7el, Tarsus, Saruhan, Ayd\u0131n, Mera\u015f sancaklar\u0131, \u0130spir Kazas\u0131 (Erzurum Sanca\u011f\u0131), \u0130skilip Kazas\u0131 (\u00c7orum Sanca\u011f\u0131), \u00c7ukurova, Silifke Kazas\u0131 (\u0130\u00e7el Sanca\u011f\u0131), \u015eaban\u00f6z\u00fc Kazas\u0131 (Kengiri Sanca\u011f\u0131), Kozan Kazas\u0131 (Mera\u015f Eyaleti), Yenipazar Kazas\u0131 (Bosna Eyaleti), Diyarbekir Eyaleti, Harmanc\u0131k Mevkii (K\u0131r\u015fehri civar\u0131nda) \u2013 Konar G\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Ekr\u00e2d\u0131 Taifesinden\u201d \u201cLekg\u00fcc\u00fc: Diyarbekir Eyaleti \u2013 T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Taifesinden. Lekg\u00fcc\u00fc Cemaat\u0131, Bozulus A\u015firetindendir\u201c. LEKLER\u2019\u0130N ADLARI VE K\u00d6KENLER\u0130<\/p>\n <\/b>Heredot, Kolkis ile Pontus i\u00e7i ve \u00e7evresinde \u201cLigye\u201dler\u2019den s\u00f6zeder. \u00dcnl\u00fc co\u011frafyac\u0131 Strabo, Lekler\u2019e (\u201cLege\u201d) \u0130skit der. Robert Ellis, Lekler\u2019in ad\u0131yla Likya (\u201cLycia\u201d)\u2019n\u0131n eski halklar\u0131ndan Lycii-ler\u2019in ad\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki benzerli\u011fe dikkat \u00e7eker. Ellis\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Tacitus, Yukar\u0131 Oder ve Vistula\u2019da Lygiiler\u2019den bahseder ve onlar\u0131n be\u015f a\u015firetinin ad\u0131n\u0131 verir: Arii, Elysii, Manimi, Naharvali ve Helvecones.<\/p>\n Yine Ellis\u2019in aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgilere g\u00f6re, Ossetler\u2019in dilinde Lek (Lygii) ad\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lag veya Lezgi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n K\u0131sacas\u0131 Lek ve Lezgi, bir ve ayn\u0131 ad\u0131n farkl\u0131 dillerdeki \u015fekilleridir. Bir d\u00f6nem \u015eirvan kuzeyinde \u201cLakz Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d vard\u0131. Kafkasya\u2019da Masqat\u2019\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131ndaki da\u011flarda \u201cLakz\u201d ad\u0131 verilen a\u015firetler yerle\u015fikti. Minorsky, Lakz ad\u0131n\u0131n Lak (Lag, Lek) ve orijin bildiren \u0130rani sonek \u201c \u2013 z\u201dden bile\u015fti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klar. Yerel dilde Lak (Lag), yine Minorsky\u2019nin verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re, \u201cadam\u201d, \u201cbir adam\u201d anlam\u0131na geliyor.<\/p>\n Robert Ellis, Lezgileri bir Do\u011fu-Kafkas \u0131rk\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlar ve antik Albania (modern Azerbaycan)\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde vaktiyle Lezgilerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Strabo\u2019ya g\u00f6re, burada 26 dil konu\u015fulurdu. En az bir d\u00fczine Lezgi diyalekti mevcuttu. Cambr\u0131dge Ancient History\u2019nin aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re Strabo\u2019un Yunan kaynaklar\u0131 Sarmatlar (Sarmatae, Syrmatae, Sauromatae)\u2019\u0131n lideri\/\u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc olarak vatan\u0131 Azov Denizi civar\u0131nda bulunan \u201cLazyge\u201dler ad\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir a\u015fireti anarlar.<\/p>\n Robert Ellis, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Lezgilere \u201cLekhethi\u201d, Ermeniler\u2019in ise \u201cL\u00eakeh\u201d dediklerini aktar\u0131r. Onlar\u0131n antik zamanlardaki adlar\u0131n\u0131n \u201cLege\u201d veya \u201cLagae\u201d oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ederek, bu ad\u0131n k\u00f6k\u00fcn\u00fcn b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ihtimalle Osset\u00e7e\u2019deki \u201cLag\u201d ya da \u201cLesgi Les\u201d oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr ve bu k\u00f6k s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u201cadam\u201d (\u201cman\u201d) anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini kaydeder.<\/p>\n Evliya \u00c7elebi, Trabzon\u2019un bir ad\u0131n\u0131n da \u201cLezki \u015eehri\u201d oldu\u011funu yazmaktad\u0131r. Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusunda \u201cGezgi\u201d ad\u0131nda bir da\u011f bulundu\u011funa i\u015faretle, bu da\u011f\u0131n halk\u0131na \u201cGezgi kavmi\u201d denildi\u011fini not etmektedir. O\u2019nun yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re \u201cGezgi\u201d ad\u0131ndaki bu kavmin ad\u0131 bazen yanl\u0131\u015f \u015fekilde \u201cLazki\u201d veya \u201cLaz kavmi\u201d olarak s\u00f6yleniyordu.<\/p>\n Kendisi de Lek ve Lezgi adlar\u0131n\u0131n ayniyetine i\u015faret eden T\u00fcrk milliyet\u00e7isi Edip Yavuz, K\u00fcrtler aras\u0131nda Lek diye bilinen \u201cLezgi (Lekzi)\u201d lere Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n \u201cLaz (Lazik)\u201d dedi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r. O\u2019na g\u00f6re T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u00c7erkesler\u2019e de \u201cLezgi\u201d denilmektedir.<\/p>\n \u201cTarihte Kafkasya\u201d kitab\u0131n\u0131n yazar\u0131 General \u0130smail Berkok, Lezgiler i\u00e7inde \u201cJEL\u201d ve \u201cLEJ\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan a\u015firet ve kabilelerin bulundu\u011funu, Lezgi ad\u0131n\u0131n da Jel\/Lej ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu \u00f6zet bilgiler Dersim toponomisinde rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z La\u00e7, La\u00e7in, Lazvan, J\u00eal (e) ve muhtemelen Gel gibi adlar\u0131n Lek\/Lezgi ad\u0131yla ayn\u0131 k\u00f6kten veya kategoriden olabileceklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n G\u00dcRC\u00dcLER G\u00fcrc\u00fcler kendilerine “Kartvel-ebi” veya “Kartvel”, \u00fclkelerine ise “Sa-Kartvel-o” derler. Bu adlar mitsel Kartlos’la ili\u015fkilendirilir.<\/p>\n Grekler ve Romal\u0131lar G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri “\u0130berler (\u0130verler)” ad\u0131yla bilirdi. G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n daha eski ad\u0131 da \u0130beria (\u0130veria)’d\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130ber (\u0130ver) ad\u0131 ilk kez M.\u00d6. 5’inci y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Ermeniler ise G\u00fcrc\u00fcler’i “Vir (Virk)”, \u00fclkelerini de “Vrastan” diye \u00e7a\u011f\u0131r\u0131rd\u0131. Bu ad Strabo ve di\u011fer gibi klasik yazarlar aras\u0131nda t\u0131pk\u0131 Abhazlar (Abasg)’la Basklar \u00f6rne\u011findeki gibi, Kafkasya \u0130berya’s\u0131 ile \u0130spanya \u0130berya’s\u0131 aras\u0131nda ili\u015fki kurmaya, \u0130spanyal\u0131lar\u0131n Kafkasya’dan geldiklerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kafkas dilleri ile Bask dili aras\u0131ndaki yak\u0131nl\u0131k da bu hipoteze g\u00fc\u00e7 katt\u0131. Ne var ki buna kat\u0131lmayan, bu teorinin korunamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen bilginler de varoldu.<\/p>\n Araplar\u0131n ve Farslar\u0131n (Persler) G\u00fcrc\u00fclere “Kurj”, “Gurj” veya “Jurz” dedikleri kaydediliyor. Minorsky, bu terimlerdeki -z veya -j sonekini aidiyet eki olarak yorumlar. Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc “Georgia” ve “Georgian” ad\u0131n\u0131n Kurj (Gurj, Jurz, Jurziya, Jurzan)ad\u0131ndan veya bir di\u011fer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re de St. George’un ad\u0131ndan do\u011fdu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Toumanoff, Vrastan ve\/veya G\u00fcrcistan adlar\u0131n\u0131 Hyrcania (Gurgan, Vrkan) ile ili\u015fkilendirenler bulundu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin birka\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k bir etnik kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 temsil ettikleri, orijinlerinin Asur, Hitit ve Urartular \u00e7a\u011f\u0131 kadar geriye dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131n bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Baz\u0131 yazarlar Urartu ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilleri aras\u0131nda bir ili\u015fki ve akrabal\u0131k oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmektedirler.<\/p>\n ABHAZLAR Procopius, Karadeniz \u00e7evresindeki halklar\u0131 ve \u00fclkelerini de tarif etti\u011fi History of The Wars adl\u0131 eserinde, “Abasgi” ve “Apsili”leri Lazika (Kolkis)’n\u0131n gerisinde ve i\u00e7erilerde g\u00f6sterir. Onlar\u0131n eski zamanlardan beri Lazlar’a ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olsalar da, daima kendilerinden iki y\u00f6neticiye veya krala sahip olduklar\u0131na i\u015faret eder. Bunlardan birinin Abhaz \u00fclkesinin do\u011fusunu, di\u011ferinin de bat\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 y\u00f6netti\u011fini yazar. Abhaz halk\u0131n\u0131n bu krallardan \u00e7ok zul\u00fcm g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini, fiziki g\u00fczellikleri dikkat \u00e7eken \u00fclkenin gen\u00e7 \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n ailelerinden zorla kopart\u0131l\u0131p Bizans topraklar\u0131nda y\u00fcksek fiyatlarla sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Bu nedenle Bizans saray\u0131nda “Abasgi” orijinli \u00e7ok ki\u015fi bulundu\u011funu kaydeder. “Barbarlar” diye s\u00f6zetti\u011fi “Abasgi”lerin kendisinin zaman\u0131nda bile a\u011fa\u00e7lara ve ormanlara tapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131, onlar\u0131 tanr\u0131 bildiklerini s\u00f6yler. Justinan d\u00f6neminde Bizans zoruyla H\u0131ristiyan yap\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 onlar\u0131n “uygar” bir ya\u015fama ge\u00e7i\u015finin ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bu tarihten sonra imparator Justinian’\u0131n Abasgiler’in iki kral\u0131n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na yine “Abasgi” orijinli olan Euphratas (Ferat) ad\u0131nda birini atad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 satma prati\u011fine son verdirdi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrer. Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re \u0130spanya Basklar’\u0131 Abaza (Abhaz, Abask) orijinlidir. Bizans imparatoru Justinian zaman\u0131nda Abhazlar\u0131n ismen de olsa H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evrildiklerine az yukarda de\u011findik. Bu tarihten sonra onlar\u0131n kendi \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 Bizans saray\u0131na (\u0130stanbul’a) k\u00f6le olarak satma prati\u011finde kesintiler g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddia edilse de, bu ticaretin bir bi\u00e7imde s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, daha sonra da Osmanl\u0131larca devral\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir. B\u00f6ylece bu prati\u011fin sadece Balkanlar’la s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve mucidinin de Osmanl\u0131lar olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Baba taraf\u0131ndan Germiyanl\u0131, anne taraf\u0131nda Abhaz olan \u00fcnl\u00fc seyyah Evliya \u00c7elebi, Seyahatname’sinde Abhazlar\u0131n dili ve adetleri ve Abhaz a\u015firetleri hakk\u0131nda geni\u015f bilgiler verir. Yetmi\u015f kadar Abhaz kabile ve a\u015firetinden s\u00f6zeden Evliya \u00c7elebi, bunlardan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n (galiba sadece Trabzon Eyaleti dahilinde olanlar\u0131n\u0131n) adlar\u0131n\u0131 vermektedir.<\/p>\n E. \u00c7elebi’nin adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bu a\u015firetler \u015funlard\u0131r: E. \u00c7elebi, Abhaz ve \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131nda “Sad\u015fe” ad\u0131nda bir “kavim”den de s\u00f6zeder. Osmanl\u0131 Sadrazam\u0131 Damat Melek Ahmet Pa\u015fa (17’inci y\u00fczy\u0131l)’n\u0131n bu a\u015firetten oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna’n\u0131n verdi\u011fi bilgiye g\u00f6re Evliya \u00c7elebi, bu Osmanl\u0131 sadrazam\u0131n\u0131n ye\u011fenidir.<\/p>\n E. \u00c7elebi, Gazi Seydi Ahmet Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n da Abhazlara mensup oldu\u011funu ima eder. Ayr\u0131ca Erzurum’da Celaliler’e kat\u0131lan ve Erzurum Kalesi’ni on sene elinde tutan Abaza Pa\u015fa’y\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Sonunda IV Murat taraf\u0131ndan afedilip kendisine Bosna, Budin (Vidin) ve \u00d6z\u00fc eyaletlerinin verildi\u011fini kaydeder (1639).<\/p>\n \u00dcnl\u00fc Celali \u00f6nderlerinden Canbulato\u011flu Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n haznedar\u0131 iken 1607’de Celaliler’e kat\u0131lan ve sonralar\u0131 Sadrazam Kuyucu Murat Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan idam edilen Abaza Mehmet Pa\u015fa var bir de (1590-1634). Bunlara Osmanl\u0131 sadrazamlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda adlar\u0131 ge\u00e7en Abaza Siyavu\u015f Pa\u015fa (1687-1688) ve Abaza S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa (1712-1713) ile Abhazlar\u0131n Apsil (\u0130b\u015fir) a\u015firetine mensup Damat \u0130b\u015fir Mustafa Pa\u015fa (1600?-1655) da eklenmelidir. Abhazlardan Osmanl\u0131lar periyodunda Beylerbeyi (\u00f6zellikle Erzurum’da) olarak g\u00f6rev yapanlara da rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Evliya \u00c7elebi’nin ailesi de dahil bu isimlerin pek \u00e7o\u011funun Osmanl\u0131 saray\u0131na k\u00f6le\/dev\u015firme olarak girip sadrazaml\u0131\u011fa kadar y\u00fckseldikleri anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Edip Yavuz, Abhazlar aras\u0131nda “Guran” etnik ad\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n oldu\u011funu, \u00f6zellikle kad\u0131n ad\u0131 olarak s\u0131k kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Edip Yavuz, buradan hareketle Abhazlar\u0131n Guran orijinli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr. E. Yavuz’a g\u00f6re Dersim’in Abbasan a\u015fireti bir Abhaz\/Abasg boyudur.<\/p>\n \u00c7ERKESLER<\/p>\n <\/b>\u00c7erkes ad\u0131n\u0131n daha eski \u015feklinin Kerkes (Kerket, Kerkete) oldu\u011fu san\u0131l\u0131yor. Yerli adlar\u0131 Adige’dir. Eski \u00e7a\u011flardan beri Azov ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda, Kuban boylar\u0131nda, Taman yar\u0131madas\u0131nda ve Kafkasya’da ya\u015fad\u0131lar. 10’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan “Kashak” (Kasog) olarak adland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131lar. Osset\u00e7e’de “Kasagi”, G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinde “Kazak” deniyor onlara (Bk. Ch. Quhequejay, Enc. of Islam, \u00c7erkes Maddesi).<\/p>\n Deguignes’e g\u00f6re \u00c7erkesler bir Sibirya kavmidir. Buradan G\u00fcrcistan’a gelmi\u015f, sonralar\u0131 “Kerkes” diye bilinmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Minorsky, \u00c7erkes ad\u0131n\u0131 “\u00c7ar-Kas” (D\u00f6rt Kas a\u015fireti) olarak yorumlayan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flere i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n OSMANLI KAYITLARINDA “\u00c7ERKES TA\u0130FES\u0130NDEN” OLDUKLARI S\u00d6YLENEN A\u015e\u0130RETLER VE BULUNDUKLARI YERLER<\/p>\n <\/b>Abakasl\u0131: G\u00fcrcistan, Poti YUKARIDAK\u0130LERE EK OLARAK AYNI KAYITLARDA YER ALAN D\u0130\u011eER \u00c7ERKES A\u015e\u0130RETLER\u0130 (Bk. Cevdet T\u00fcrkay, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi Belgelerine G\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Oymak, A\u015firet ve Cemaatlar).<\/p>\n ENCYCLOPED\u0130A OF \u0130SLAM’IN \u00c7ERKES MADDES\u0130NE G\u00d6RE \u00c7ERKESLER\u0130N ANA A\u015e\u0130RETLER\u0130<\/p>\n <\/b>Natukhay (Natkuadj) ED\u0130P YAVUZ’A G\u00d6RE \u00c7ERKESLER\u0130N 24 BOYU OSSETLER YA DA ALANLAR \u201cAorsi\u201d kelimesi, Fars\u00e7a s\u00f6yleni\u015fte \u201cAs\u201d, G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilinde \u201cOws-eti\u201d, Rus\u00e7a\u2019da \u201cOs-et-in\u201d formuna girer.<\/p>\n Ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en kaynaklarda \u201cOsset\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n orijini b\u00f6yle a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Ruslar, daha sonralar\u0131 Alanlar\u2019\u0131 \u201cYasi\u201d olarak da adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kaynaklar \u00c7in\u2019de bile Alan askeri kolonileri ve yerle\u015fmelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan s\u00f6zederler (Bk. Enc. Of \u0130slam, Alan Md.) Cambridge Ancient History\u2019nin \u201cSarmatlar ve Partlar\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 k\u0131sm\u0131nda Sarmatlar ve Alanlar hakk\u0131nda \u00f6zetle \u015fu bilgiler verilmektedir: Sarmatlar\u2019\u0131n sosyal ve politik ya\u015famlar\u0131nda kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00f6nemli rol\u00fc vard\u0131. Bu \u00f6zellik \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u2019a yabanc\u0131, ama Anadolu halklar\u0131nda genel ve ortakt\u0131. Bu karakteristikleri nedeniyle Sarmatlar\u2019\u0131n \u0130rani ve Maeotik a\u015firetlerin bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131m\u0131 olduklar\u0131, i\u00e7lerinden baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n Maeotik kural\u0131 benimsedikleri san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Yunanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan esas ve ay\u0131rt edici \u00f6zellikleri \u201cKad\u0131nlar\u0131n y\u00f6netti\u011fi bir \u0131rk\u201d olarak tarif edilmi\u015f olan Sarmatlar i\u00e7inde de\u011fi\u015fik adlar alt\u0131nda Alan a\u015firetleri ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131l\u0131r: Aorsi, Roxolani ve Alani (A-lani) gibi. Bu a\u015firetler ayn\u0131 zamanda Sarmat a\u015firetleri olarak an\u0131l\u0131rlar. \u0130skitler\u2019le birlikte y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l G\u00fcney Rusya steplerini y\u00f6neten, Hazar ve Aral denizleri kuzeyini, G\u00fcney Rusya steplerinin do\u011fusunu kapsayan ve Sibirya\u2019ya kadar uzanan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir \u201cg\u00f6\u00e7ebe devlet\u201d (g\u00f6\u00e7ebe a\u015firet konfederasyonu veya Aorsi-Alani imparatorlu\u011fu) olu\u015fturan Sarmatlar, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun korkulu d\u00fc\u015fmanlar\u0131 oldular. Romal\u0131lar\u2019la sava\u015flar\u0131nda hi\u00e7 yenilmemekle \u00fcnlendiler ve Roma\u2019n\u0131n kendisinin istilas\u0131nda da rol ald\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Partlar ve Sarmatlar akraba idiler. Sarmatlar da b\u00fcy\u00fck ihtimal Mazdac\u0131 idi. Sava\u015flardaki strateji ve taktikleri ve silahlar\u0131 da Partlar\u2019\u0131nkine \u00e7ok benziyordu. Bu ikili Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ittifak ettiler.<\/p>\n Sarmat ad\u0131, Heredot\u2019ta \u201cSauromatae\u201d olarak ge\u00e7er. M.\u00d6. 4\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131l sonunda \u201cSyrmatae\u201d formunda g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcr. Polybius ve Strabo\u2019da \u201cSarmate\u201d \u015fekline girer. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta farkl\u0131 olduklar\u0131 san\u0131lan Sauromatae ve Syrmatae (Sarmate) s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinin, ger\u00e7ekte bir ve ay\u0131n ad\u0131n \u015fekilleri olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc benimsendi\u201d (Bk. Cambridge Ancient History, IV, Chapter III, Sarmatlar ve Partlar).<\/p>\n Alanlar\u2019\u0131n d\u00f6rt a\u015firetten olu\u015ftu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyen M\u00fcneccim-Ba\u015f\u0131, bunlardan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcn\u00fcn adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yle verir: Dhass, As, Roxalani (Aktaran Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband, s. 169).<\/p>\n Bir di\u011fer kaynakta bunlar Jazyges, Alani ve Roxolani \u015feklinde Sarmatlar\u2019\u0131n kollar\u0131 olarak say\u0131l\u0131rlar (Bk. Edward Gibbon, The Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire, vol. 1, Everyman\u2019s Library, 1910 ve 1993 bask\u0131lar\u0131).<\/p>\n D\u0130LLER\u0130 Robert Ellis, \u201cOsse\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn Ossetler\u2019in dilinde varoldu\u011funu ve \u201ckad\u0131n\u201d anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn \u00e7o\u011fulu, Ellis\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u201cOssetha\u201dd\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 yazara g\u00f6re Lezgi (Lek) dilinde \u201cOss\u201d, \u201chalk\u201d, \u201cinsanlar\u201d demektir.<\/p>\n R. Ellis, Osset\u00e7e\u2019nin Digori ve Tagori (Tagauri) olmak \u00fczere iki b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc oldu\u011fundan s\u00f6zeder.<\/p>\n Enc. Of \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u201cAlan\u201d maddesine g\u00f6re, Ermeni co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131 en bat\u0131daki Alanlar\u2019a \u201cAshtigor (As-Digor)\u201d diyorlard\u0131. \u201cDigor\u201d, Ossetler\u2019in bat\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc, \u201cAsi\u201d ise Osset dilinde Elbruz Da\u011f\u0131\u2019na yak\u0131n daha bat\u0131daki b\u00f6lgeye referanst\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201cAsetinler (Osetler), kendilerine \u0130ron (bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc de Gron) derler. Dillerinin \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n eski dillerinden Polowice\u2019ye \u00e7ok yak\u0131n oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenir\u201d Yukar\u0131daki al\u0131nt\u0131da ge\u00e7en \u201cPolowice\u201d, a\u00e7\u0131k ki Pehlevice\u2019dir. \u201cGron\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ise etnik Goran ad\u0131yla ili\u015fkili olsa gerek.<\/p>\n KISA TAR\u0130HLER\u0130 Edward Gibbon, Fransa ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7eden \u201c\u0131rklar\u201d veya a\u015firetler aras\u0131nda en \u00f6nde gelenlerin \u201cLygian\u201dlar oldu\u011funu (Lygi, Lek, Lezgi, SC) yazmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Abbasiler alt\u0131nda hala Bizans H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunan Alan krallar\u0131n\u0131n, 932\u2019den sonra Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u0131rakt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6ylenirse de, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131 d\u00f6neminde bile Alanlar (Aslar, Asetinler\/Osetler)\u2019\u0131n Hristiyan b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerine rastlanmaktad\u0131r (Bk. Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband ve Enc. Of \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n Alan Md.).<\/p>\n Ossetler, Alan halk\u0131n\u0131n son kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131ndalar.<\/p>\n PAVLAK\u0130LER KONUSUNDA B\u0130R TEZ<\/p>\n <\/b>Anton Josef Dierl\u2019in Tezi: Pavlakiler Esir Vandallar\u2019la \u0130li\u015fkili Olamaz M\u0131?, “Kafkas zincirinden Hazar kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadarki topraklar Alaniler’in elindedir. Alaniler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olup, Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 genelde \u0130ranl\u0131lar’la (Sasanilerle, SC) ittifak ederler. Alanlar ve Vandallar Gotik halklard\u0131. Azov Denizi (Maeotik G\u00f6l\u00fc) civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Vandallar, 423’te Alanlar\u2019la birlikte ilkin Germanlar\u2019\u0131n topraklar\u0131na girdiler, daha sonra da Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na dahil \u0130spanya ve Portekiz\u2019i istila ettiler. 455 y\u0131l\u0131nda Libya\u2019y\u0131 (Kuzey Afrika \u00fclkelerini) Romal\u0131lar\u2019dan ele ge\u00e7irip burada 95 y\u0131l kadar ya\u015fayan bir Vandal-Alan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kurdular (429\/430-533\/4). Hemen sonra da \u0130talya’ya girdiler. Alanlar da dahil Vandallar\u2019la birlikte hareket eden t\u00fcm di\u011fer \u201cbarbarlar\u201d, bu tarihlerde Vandallar ortak ad\u0131yla bilindiler. Vandallar dendi\u011finde Alanlar da dahil Vandallar\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm m\u00fcttefikleri akla geliyordu. O tarihlerde bunlar\u0131n hepsi Vandal ad\u0131nda temsil edilirlerdi. T\u00fcm ‘barbarlar’a ortak\/genel bir adla Vandal denirdi. Bizans imparatoru Justinian, Libya\u2019daki Vandallar’a kar\u015f\u0131 General Balisarius kumandas\u0131nda bir ordu yollad\u0131 (533). Balisarius, burdaki Vandal-Alan y\u00f6netimine son verdi (Aral\u0131k 533). Bu sava\u015fta esir etti\u011fi Vandallar\u0131 Kartaca\u2019da toplay\u0131p gemilerle Bizans\u2019a getirdi (534 sonu). Vandal ve Alan k\u0131ral\u0131 Gelimer de bu esirler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Gelimer\u2019in karde\u015fi Tzazon ise Libya’daki sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Gelimer, Arius\/Arian dininden’di. Bizans\u2019ta yasak bir dindi bu. \u0130mparator Justinian Ortodoks olmayan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa izin vermiyordu. Justinian esir Vandal-Alan k\u0131ral\u0131 Gelimer’i ve ailesini Galatia’ya yerle\u015ftirdi (1 Ocak 535). Di\u011fer esirleri ise gemilere bindirip Bizans impratorlu\u011funun do\u011fusundaki kentlere yerle\u015ftirdi. Justinian\u2019\u0131n Vandallar\u0131 ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bu esirleri be\u015f atl\u0131 birlik halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyip yerle\u015ftirildikleri yerde Sasaniler’e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015flarda kulland\u0131”. “Bizans Generali Balisarius\u2019un Kuzey Afrika\u2019dan getirdi\u011fi Vandal esirlerin ‘Vandali Justiniani’ ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda be\u015f garnizon halinde s\u0131n\u0131r muhaf\u0131z\u0131 olarak Sasani-Bizans hududuna yerle\u015ftirildikleri anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor. Bunlar, muhtemelen 540-544 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Sasanilere kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131lar. Bence, onlar Erzurum-Tercan-Erzincan-Kemah-Kemaliye-Keban-Malatya askeri hatt\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Yerle\u015ftirildikleri yerler, Erzincan kenti, Kemah, Divri\u011fi, P\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fcr ve Keban olabilir. Erzincan civar\u0131ndaki Tema Colonia belki de onlardan bir koldu. Divri\u011fi, Kemah k\u00f6yleri, Erzincan ve P\u00fcl\u00fcm\u00fcr\u2019de oran\u0131 y\u00fcksek olan sar\u0131\u015f\u0131n ve mavi g\u00f6zl\u00fcler, bu Vandal-Alan esirlerle ba\u011flant\u0131ya i\u015faret edebilir. Bahsi edilen esirler H\u0131ristiyand\u0131, ama Ortodoks veya Katolik de\u011fil, Arian dinindendiler. 639\/640\u2019ta onlar\u0131n yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fi hatta Araplar g\u00f6r\u00fcnd\u00fc. Vandal-Alan esirlerin yerle\u015ftirildi\u011fini tahmin etti\u011fim yerler Bizansl\u0131lar ile Araplar aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnd\u00fc. O s\u0131rada Arianizm heretikli\u011fi art\u0131k her tarafta \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Dersimliler’le kar\u0131\u015fan bahsi ge\u00e7en esirlerin bir aray\u0131\u015f i\u00e7ine girip Mani’nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinde karar k\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve Polikyenler\/Pavlakiler diye bilinmeleri olas\u0131d\u0131r. Nihayet Pavlakilik de bir t\u00fcr Hristiyanl\u0131kt\u0131. Onlar Vandal ve Alan dili konu\u015fuyor olmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Alanca, Dersim diline yak\u0131nd\u0131. Onlar\u0131n elit kesiminin Yunanca ve Latince de bildikleri tahmin edilebilir”. ALBANLAR VE ALBAN\u0130A Albania, modern Kafkas Azerbaycan\u0131’n\u0131n eski ad\u0131d\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Kur ve Aras nehirleri aras\u0131ndaki topraklar daha eskiden Yunan ve Latin kaynaklar\u0131nda Albania (Barthold’a g\u00f6re Ariania), Ermenice’de Alvan-k, S\u00fcryanice’de Aran, \u0130slami kaynaklarda ise Arran veya Al-Ran diye bilinir, halk\u0131na da Alban veya Arianoi denirdi. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Albania ad\u0131n\u0131 Ermenice Aghuan veya Alvan s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcyle ili\u015fkilendirir. W. Barthold’a g\u00f6re, Albania\/Arran ad\u0131 Fars\u00e7a Aran’\u0131n bir formudur. Marquart’a g\u00f6re de t\u00fcm bu adlar Pers\u00e7e Aran’dan gelmedir. Albania’n\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Partav (Barda’a, Perozapat) idi. Gence’ye yak\u0131n bu kent, Sasani \u015fah\u0131 Peroz d\u00f6neminde kurulmu\u015ftu (457-484). Albania (Arran)’n\u0131n g\u00fcney kesimi Sel\u00e7uk istilalar\u0131 sonras\u0131nda giderek T\u00fcrkle\u015fti ve zamanla T\u00fcrk\u00e7e Karaba\u011f ad\u0131yla bilindi. Albania’n\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fc ayn\u0131 kaderi payla\u015ft\u0131. Bu tarihten sonra Albania (Arran) ad\u0131 ve bu \u00fclkenin 10’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131lda h\u00e2l\u00e2 konu\u015fuldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenen dili (Arran dili, Arrani) giderek unutuldu. Bunlar bug\u00fcn sadece literat\u00fcrde ya\u015f\u0131yor art\u0131k.<\/p>\n Kur nehrinin kuzeyine \u015eirvan (\u015eer-Van, \u015eir-Van, Arslanlar \u00fclkesi veya Shar’lar-\u0131n yeri?), Derbend kenti ve ba\u011fl\u0131 yerlere de Derbend (al-Bab) deniliyordu.<\/p>\n \u015eirvan adl\u0131 yerle\u015fmelere Van G\u00f6l\u00fc g\u00fcneyinde (Bk. \u015eerefname), Luristan’da, Horasan’da ve ba\u015fka yerlerde de rastlan\u0131r.<\/p>\n Genel olarak Kafkasya’da, \u00f6zellikle \u015eirvan’da Gilani adlar\u0131n (Gilan’dan Kafkasya’ya ta\u015f\u0131nan isimlerin) varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eden Minorsky, bu t\u00fcr adlar i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 \u00e7ok bariz \u00f6rnek verir: Gilan’daki Lahijan ile ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Lahij Vadisi (Layzan, Lizan veya Lezan Vadisi), Gilan’daki Baylaman (Bali-man?, Bel-man, Beller’in yurdu) ve Deylem’deki benzer adlarla ili\u015fkili Baylakan (Bel-akan) gibi. \u015eirvan (\u015earvan) ad\u0131n\u0131n kendisi de dahil, Kafkasya genelinde bu ve benzer adlar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Gilan ve Deylem’den Kafkasya”ya yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00f6\u00e7lere, istilalara kar\u015f\u0131 kritik ge\u00e7itleri tutmak \u00fczere buralara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f kolonilere ba\u011flanmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle Sasani \u015fah\u0131 Kava (Arap\u00e7a’da Qubadh b. Firuz, 488-531) ile O’nun o\u011flu H\u00fcsrev Anu\u015firvan (Kisra, 531-579) d\u00f6nemlerinde ba\u015fta Derbend olmak \u00fczere Kafkasya’daki bir dizi ge\u00e7ide Deylem ve Gilan’dan askeri koloniler yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015f ve bu koloniler otonom vasal beylikler\/prenslikler tarz\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmi\u015ftir. Bu otonom olu\u015fumlar\u0131 y\u00f6netenlerin Tabarsaran-\u015eah (Tabaristan-\u015eah), Khursan-\u015eah (Khersan-\u015eah), Vardan-\u015eah (Taht’\u0131n Lordu) ve benzeri gibi \u00fcnvanlar\u0131 da Hazar Denizi’nin g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki b\u00f6lgeler ve halklarla ilintilidir. \u00d6rne\u011fin “Vardan” ad\u0131, Minorsky’ye g\u00f6re, bu ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Gilanl\u0131 bir a\u015firetin veya evin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015farettir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Gilan’\u0131n bir yerlisi olan Ziyaridler Devleti (928-1042)’nin kurucusu Mardavij’in dedesinin ad\u0131 veya \u00fcnvan\u0131 da “Vardan-\u015eah”t\u0131r. Kafkasya’daki Lahij Vadisi’nin sakinleri sonralar\u0131 T\u00fcrk\u00e7e bir terim olan “Tat” ad\u0131yla \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r ki, bu terim T\u00fcrk\u00e7e’de genelde yerle\u015fikleri, \u00f6zelde \u0130rani topluluklar\u0131 tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Zaten Tat ad\u0131 yak\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan Lahij Vadisi halk\u0131n\u0131n gelene\u011fi de atalar\u0131n\u0131n Gilan’daki Lahijan’dan geldikleridir. Nitekim onlar\u0131n “Tati” ad\u0131 verilen dilleri de Hazar Denizi’nin g\u00fcney k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda konu\u015fulan diyalektlerle ili\u015fkilidir. Bu \u0130rani dil veya diyalektlerdeki -zi, -c, -c\u0131, -j\u0131 sonekleri Kafkasya’da yerlerini Gur-z, Lak-z ve di\u011fer \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi -z soneklerine b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Layzan ad\u0131 da benzer \u015fekilde Lay-z olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Kafkasya’n\u0131n Lahij Vadisi’ndeki Niyal Da\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ad\u0131 da Gilan’daki Lahijan’da mevcuttur. Antik Albania (Arran) ve \u015eirvan’da Gilani-Deylemi unsurun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olduk\u00e7a belirgindir. Daha eski oldu\u011fu halde 11’inci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren tan\u0131nan \u015eirvan’daki “Kasranid Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131” Deylem orijinli olup, 10’uncu y\u00fczy\u0131ldaki b\u00fcy\u00fck Deylemi yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ile ili\u015fkiliydi. \u00c7ok daha gerilerde, \u00f6rne\u011fin Romal\u0131lar d\u00f6neminde de K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’daki Pergamun’a kadar Deylemli paral\u0131 askeri birliklere rastlar\u0131z. \u015eirvan’\u0131n \u015eirvan\u015fahlar diye bilinen ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem hanedanlar\u0131 ise kendi soylar\u0131n\u0131 Sasani \u015fah\u0131 Anu\u015firvan-\u0131 Adil’e dayand\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131. Albania (Arran)’da 6’\u0131nc\u0131 y\u00fczy\u0131lda do\u011fan Mihran\/Mihrakan Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n kurucular\u0131 ise Part orijinli olup Reyli Mihran evine mensuptu. Mihran ad\u0131, Rey kentinin ad\u0131ndan gelmedir. \u00dcnl\u00fc Behram \u00c7upin, bu evdendi. \u00c7ok ge\u00e7meden H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa \u00e7evrilen Mihran Hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n prensleri bir \u0130rani \u00fcnvan olan “\u0130ran\u015fah” (Ermenice’de Eran\u015fah) \u00fcnvan\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131lar. Bu evin son prensi 821-822’de akrabas\u0131 Babeki\/H\u00fcrremi Nerseh (Arap\u00e7a’da Narsi) taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen Waraz-Trdat idi (Bk. 1-Minorsky, A History of Sharvan and Darband, s. 11, 12-14, 81, 129 ; 2-Hudud al-Alam, s. 388-391, 409-411; 3-W. Barthold, “Arran” Md., Enc. of \u0130slam).<\/p>\n Albania (Arran)’y\u0131 H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa kazanan ve onlara bir alfabe veren Bizans de\u011fil, fakat Ermeniler olmu\u015ftu. Albania’n\u0131n kom\u015fusu G\u00fcrcistan ise, Bizans (Yunan) H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 benimsemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Albania (Arran), Kuzey Kafkasya \u00fczerinden gelen istilalardan \u00e7ok \u00e7ekti. \u0130skit, Hun, Alan, Macar ve Hazar istilalar\u0131 gibi. \u00d6rne\u011fin Arran dilinde “Saka-Sen” denen yer, M.\u00d6. 7’inci y\u00fczy\u0131lda b\u00f6lgeyi istila eden \u0130skitler (Sakalar)’in Kafkasya’daki merkezlerinden biriydi. Baz\u0131 T\u00fcrk a\u015firetlerini de i\u00e7eren Hazarlar’\u0131n istilas\u0131 b\u00f6lgenin T\u00fcrkle\u015fmesinde \u00f6nemli rol oynad\u0131. KAFKASLARDA DEYLEM-G\u0130LAN KOLON\u0130LER\u0130 (488-579) Bu uygulama Sasaniler zaman\u0131nda da devam eder. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u00fcnl\u00fc Derbend duvar\u0131n\u0131n Sasani \u015fah\u0131 \u015eapur II (309-379) taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenir. Mezdek\u00e7i Kava (Kavat bin Firuz, 488-531) ve onun o\u011flu Kisra Anu\u015firvan (531-579) daha esal\u0131 tedbirler al\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Minorsky\u2019nin de i\u015faret etti\u011fi gibi Sasaniler\u2019in buraya yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi koloniler \u00f6zellikle Deylem ve Gilan\u2019dan getirilmi\u015ftir. Bu askeri koloniler burada vasal beylikler tarz\u0131nda \u00f6rg\u00fctlenir. \u00d6rne\u011fin ge\u00e7 d\u00f6nem \u015eirvan \u015fahlar\u0131 kendi orijinlerini Sasani \u015fah\u0131 Nu\u015firvan-\u0131 Adil (531-579) ve onun o\u011flu H\u00fcrm\u00fcz\u2019e dayand\u0131r\u0131yorlard\u0131.<\/p>\n Sonraki d\u00f6nemlerde de bu b\u00f6lgede Deylemi-Gilani varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 devam eder. 10\u2018uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l Deylemi yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u015eirvan\u2019da \u201cKasrani hanedanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201c olu\u015fur.<\/p>\n Kafkaslar\u2019da Deylem ve Gilan orijinli kolonilerin daha Medler ve Akamenler, hatta Moses Khorenatsi\u2019nin aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ermenistan \u015feceresine bak\u0131l\u0131rsa \u00e7ok daha gerilerden beri mevcut oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek gerekir.<\/p>\n Pontus, Colchis (Kolkis) ve K\u0131rmanciye\u2019ye yap\u0131lan Deylemi ve Gilani g\u00f6\u00e7lerin \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Kafkasya \u00fczerinden gelmedir. Bu model 10\u2018uncu y\u00fczy\u0131l ve sonras\u0131ndaki Deylemi yay\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. (Dersim\u2019in \u015eeceresi 10. b\u00f6l\u00fcmden naklen)<\/p>\n PONTUS VE KOLK\u0130S Pontus b\u00f6lgesi, kabaca Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Trabzon ve Sivas pa\u015fal\u0131klar\u0131na takab\u00fcl ediyordu. Daha eskiden \u00e7e\u015fitli par\u00e7alar\u0131 farkl\u0131 adlarla bilinen bu toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 zamanla Pontus genel ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. En \u00f6nemli kentleri Amisus, Zela, Trapezus, Themiscyra, Polemonium, Pharnacia, Sebastia, Cerasus, Apsarus, Gaz\u0131ura, Cab\u0131ra, Comana Pontica, Neocaesareia vs idiler.<\/p>\n Heredot, Darius\u2019un \u0130skitler \u00fczerine seferini anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerde Pontus\u2019tan s\u00f6zeder ve adlar\u0131n\u0131 vermese de bu b\u00f6lgede bir \u00e7ok ulusun ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na i\u015faret eder (Bk. Heredot, IV. kitap, s. 237 ve 247). Pontus\u2019un Asurlu kurucu Ninus taraf\u0131ndan zapt edildi\u011fine dair bir gelenek var.<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 7. Y\u00fczy\u0131l ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak Pontus\u2019un k\u0131y\u0131 kesiminde Miletus ve Yunan kolonileri kuruldu. Zamanla g\u00fc\u00e7lenen bu koloniler o \u00e7evrede Milet ve Yunan k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yayd\u0131lar. Akamenidler d\u00f6neminde Pontus \u0130ran kraliyet evinden valilerce soydan ge\u00e7me kural\u0131yla y\u00f6netildi. KOLK\u0130D VEYA LAZ\u0130STAN Colchis\u2019te de \u00e7ok say\u0131da a\u015firet ve halk ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Pontus\u2019lu co\u011frafyac\u0131 Strabo, \u00e7o\u011fu deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayan bu halklar\u0131, Zamanla yukar\u0131da adlar\u0131 say\u0131lan kavimlerden Lazlar b\u00f6lgeye kendi adlar\u0131n\u0131 verdiler. B\u00f6ylece Colchi denen b\u00f6lge sonralar\u0131 Lazika (Lazistan) olarak bilindi. Modern Abhazya\u2019ya adlar\u0131n\u0131 verenlerse Colchi a\u015firetleri aras\u0131nda an\u0131lan Abaskiler (Abazalar) oldu.<\/p>\n Heredot, Colchiler\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r orijinli olduklar\u0131na ili\u015fkin bir rivayeti kaydeder. Bunu M\u0131s\u0131r rahiplerinden dinlemi\u015f. Bunlar Heredot\u2019a Colchiler\u2019i M\u0131s\u0131r firavunu Sesostris\u2019in ordusunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fcklerini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fler. Onlar\u0131n anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, bu M\u0131s\u0131r kral\u0131, \u0130skitler de dahil pek \u00e7ok ulusa boyun e\u011fdirdi\u011fi b\u00fcy\u00fck bir seferini takiben M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019a geri d\u00f6nmeden \u00f6nce ordusunun bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc (geri d\u00f6nmeyip orda kalmaya karar veren) Phasis Nehri civar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirir. Colchiler\u2019in atalar\u0131, bu gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re, M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunun Phasis nehri dolaylar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirilen kesimidir. Colchiler\u2019in bu gelene\u011fi M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u2019dan daha iyi hat\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyen Heredot da bu rivayete inan\u0131r ve bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn kendi ki\u015fisel g\u00f6zlemleri taraf\u0131ndan do\u011fruland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar (Bk. Heredot, II. kitap, s. 389-395).<\/p>\n Bizans tarih\u00e7ileri Procopius (\u00f6lm. M.S. 558\/565) ve onu devam ettiren Agathias (M.S. 532-579\/582) da bu gelene\u011fi savunarak Colchiler\u2019in orijinde bir M\u0131s\u0131r kolonisi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6ylediler ve ek olarak Lazlar\u2019\u0131n atalar\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fte bu Colchiler\/Kolkiler oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrd\u00fcler (Bk. Procopius, History Of The Wars, H. B. Dewing \u00e7ev., 1905-13 bask\u0131s\u0131 ve Agathias, The Histories, J. D. Frendo \u00e7ev., 1975).<\/p>\n Bu ikilinin ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 Bizans-Sasani sava\u015flar\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda Colchis genellikle Lazistan (Lazika) ad\u0131yla biliniyordu.<\/p>\n Bu gelenek konusunda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fc de k\u0131saca s\u00f6yleyeyim: Heredot\u2019un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 gelene\u011fin orijini bence Kade\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 kadar gerilere dayanan olaylar\u0131n Heredot zaman\u0131nda hala ya\u015fayan an\u0131s\u0131ndan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey olamazd\u0131. Heredot\u2019taki Sesostris, Kade\u015f\u2019te Hititler\u2019le sava\u015fan M\u0131s\u0131r firavunu Ramses II\u2019nin kendisidir. M\u0131s\u0131r yaz\u0131tlar\u0131ndan biliyoruz ki, pek \u00e7ok Anadolu halk\u0131 bu sava\u015fta Hitit m\u00fcttefiki iken, Colchiler M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131n \u00f6nde gelen m\u00fcttefikleri aras\u0131ndayd\u0131lar. Kol\u00e7iler (Colchiler)\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r orijinli olduklar\u0131 rivayetinin bir kayna\u011f\u0131 bu ittifak olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n M\u0131s\u0131r yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 Ramses III d\u00f6neminde Karya ve Colchis a\u015firetlerinin Klikya ve Ermenistan da\u011flar\u0131ndan gelerek k\u0131smen Anadolu \u00fczerinden karadan, k\u0131smen de deniz yoluyla Akdeniz \u00fczerinden M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019\u0131 kuzeyden istila ettiklerini, ama yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131l\u0131p geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fcld\u00fcklerini de kaydederler (akt. Brugsch Bey, a.g.e., cilt 2, s. 153).<\/p>\n Kol\u00e7i gelene\u011finde bu istila ve geri p\u00fcsk\u00fcrt\u00fclme olay\u0131n\u0131n da bir izi olsa gerektir.<\/p>\n Sandars, en az Ramses II zaman\u0131ndan beri M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunda paral\u0131 askerlik yapan Anadolu halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00f6zellikle \u015eerdenler (Shardanalar)\u2019i sayar ki, Brugsch Bey, Kol\u00e7iler\u2019in eski ad\u0131n\u0131n \u015eerdenler oldu\u011funa i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n Kol\u00e7iler\u2019i M\u0131s\u0131r ordusunun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak g\u00f6ren gelenek kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tam da bu tarihsel olgulardan almaktad\u0131r. Buna, M\u0131s\u0131r\u2019la ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan Dersim\u2019in Muzriler (Munzurlular)\u2019i ile bir kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ihtimalini de ilave etmem gerekiyor.<\/p>\n Heredot zaman\u0131nda Colchis, Akamenid imparatorlu\u011funun kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131yd\u0131. Daha sonra \u0130ran hakimiyetinden kurtulup ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir krall\u0131\u011fa d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u0130skender\u2019in istilas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Akamenidler\u2019in n\u00fcfuz alan\u0131nda g\u00f6sterilmiyor. Pontus kral\u0131 Mitridates (114-63 M.\u00d6) ile Romal\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck m\u00fccadeleleri d\u00f6neminde, Colchis, Pontus\u2019a ilhak edilen topraklardan biriydi. Mithridates\u2019in o\u011flu Machares, Colchis kral\u0131 olarak atanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ama onun y\u00f6netimi uzun s\u00fcrmemi\u015f gibi. Pompey, Mithridates devrilince Colchis\u2019in y\u00f6netimini Aristarchus\u2019a b\u0131rak\u0131r. Pontus krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesinden sonra Colchis de Roma\u2019ya ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 hale gelir. Daha sonra Lazica ad\u0131n\u0131 alan Colchis\u2019in Bizans peryodu ve Bizans-Sasani sava\u015flar\u0131 s\u00fcrecindeki tarihinin ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7in bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n Sasaniler b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bak\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n OSMANLI KAYITLARINDA ADLARI GE\u00c7EN D\u0130\u011eER KAFKAS HALKLARI VEYA A\u015e\u0130RETLER\u0130<\/p>\n <\/b>\u00c7e\u00e7en: Kafkasya \u015fimalinde, Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131. KARADEN\u0130Z \u00c7EVRES\u0130NDEK\u0130 HALKLAR VE A\u015e\u0130RETLER<\/p>\n <\/b>Bizans tarih\u00e7ilerinden Procopius, “History of The Wars” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Bizans-Sasani, Bizans-Vandal (Kuzey Afrika\u2019da) ve Bizans-Got (\u0130talya ve Sicilya\u2019da yerald\u0131) sava\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r. Kitab\u0131n\u0131n konusu bu sava\u015flar\u0131n tarihidir.<\/p>\n Procopius, bu kitab\u0131nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en sava\u015flarla ba\u011flant\u0131lar\u0131 nedeniyle Karadeniz \u00e7evresindeki halklara ve a\u015firetlere de\u011finmek zorunda kal\u0131r. Karadeniz \u00e7evresindeki halklar\u0131 ve a\u015firetleri \u015f\u00f6yle kaydeder (Onun bu halklar ve a\u015firetler hakk\u0131nda verdi\u011fi bilgileri de \u00f6zetleyerek aktar\u0131yorum): Bir di\u011fer Bizans tarih\u00e7isi olan Agathias da, “The Histories” adl\u0131 kitab\u0131nda Karadeniz \u00e7evresindeki halklar ve a\u015firetler hakk\u0131nda baz\u0131 bilgiler verir.<\/p>\n <\/span>KAYNAK\u00c7A: Seyfi Cengiz Önsöz Kafkasya’da bir seri halk ve aşiret yaşıyor. Bu dizide ayrıntılara girmeksizin bu halkların başlıcaları hakkında özet bilgiler vereceğim. Robert Ellis, “Kafkas ırkının” birbirinden büyük farklar taşıyan üç kolu olduğunu düşünür: Çerkesler, Abaslar (Abhazlar) ve Ossetler. İsmail Berkok, bugünkü Kafkas halklarını şu şekilde gruplandırır: Çerkes (Kirkas), Abhaz, Çeçen, Lezgi ve Gürcü. Kafkas halklarını […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12312","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12312","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12312"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12312\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12314,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12312\/revisions\/12314"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12312"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12312"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12312"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\nG\u00fcrc\u00fcler
\n\u00c7erkesler
\nAbhazlar
\nLezgiler ve di\u011fer Da\u011f\u0131stan halklar\u0131
\nOssetler
\nAvarlar
\nKabardlar
\n\u00c7e\u00e7en-\u0130ngu\u015flar
\nBu listeye Albanlar da ilave edilebilir.<\/p>\n
\nLEK A\u015e\u0130RETLER\u0130 VE DA\u011eILDIKLARI CO\u011eRAFYA<\/p>\n
\nLekler’in yay\u0131lmas\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bir fikir vermek i\u00e7in Cevdet T\u00fcrkay’\u0131n yay\u0131nlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan ay\u0131klad\u0131\u011f\u0131m verileri aktarmam gerekecek.
\nBu kay\u0131tlarda onlardan “\u00c7orum K\u00fcrd\u00fc N\u00e2m-\u0131 Di\u011fer Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131 Lek”, ama ayn\u0131 zamanda “T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Ekr\u00e2d-\u0131” veya \u201cT\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Taifesinden\u201c diye de s\u00f6zedilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cLekv\u00e2n, Lekv\u00e2ni, Lekvanik (Lek ve \u0130nk, Lekvanik Ekr\u00e2d\u0131, Lek Evanik): \u00c7orum, Rakka, Kayseriyye, Ni\u011fde, Sis, Karaman, Mera\u015f, Adana ve Ayd\u0131n sancaklar\u0131, Cezire-i K\u0131br\u0131s, Develi Kazas\u0131 (Ni\u011fde Sanca\u011f\u0131), Zamant\u0131 Kazas\u0131 (Mera\u015f Sanca\u011f\u0131), Harmanc\u0131k Mevkii (Develi Kazas\u0131\u2019nda), Yahy\u00e2lu Kazas\u0131 (Kayseriyye Sanca\u011f\u0131), Anavurza Mevkii (Adana Sanca\u011f\u0131) \u2013 Konar g\u00f6\u00e7er T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Ekr\u00e2d\u0131 Taifesinden\u201d \u201cLekvanik Cem\u00e2at\u0131, Ni\u011fde Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki Develi Kazas\u0131 ve Kayseriyye kurb\u00fcnde Harmanc\u0131k ve Gezili n\u00e2m mahallerde s\u00e2kin olmu\u015flard\u0131r. Develi Kazas\u0131 havalisinde yayla\u011fa gelirlerdi. Rakka\u2019ya iskanlar\u0131 ferman buyrulan T\u00fcrkm\u00e2n Cemaat\u0131ndand\u0131r\u201d.
\n\u201cAkba\u015f Cemaat\u0131 (Akba\u015fl\u0131, Akba\u015f Ekrad\u0131), Lekvanik A\u015firetindendir\u201d
\nEtnik kimlikleri de dahil Lekler ve Lezgiler hakk\u0131nda daha diyeceklerimiz var.<\/p>\n
\nMinorsky, Rus\u00e7a\u2019da t\u00fcm Da\u011f\u0131stan sakinlerine ayr\u0131ms\u0131z \u201cLezg-in\u201d dendi\u011fini, ama Arap co\u011frafyac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ve yerlilerin bu terimi yaln\u0131zca G\u00fcney Da\u011f\u0131stan a\u015firetleri i\u00e7in kulland\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yazar. Minorsky\u2019nin yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, 1926\u2019da Lezgi dili\/diyalekti kullanan 134 bin 536 ki\u015fi vard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nG\u00fcrc\u00fclerin efsanevi atas\u0131 “Kartlos”tur. G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n ana eyaleti de “Kartlos (Kartli)” ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu eyalet Tiflis’i de i\u00e7ine almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\n\u0130ber ve Vir, bir ve ayn\u0131 ad\u0131n birer bi\u00e7imidirler.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nAbhazlar, tasniflerde Kafkas uluslar\/diller ailesinin Adige-\u00c7erkes koluna dahil edilir. Baz\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar Abhazlar\u0131 eski bir Kolkis (Colchis) a\u015fireti olan “Heniochi”lerle ili\u015fkilendirir. Strabo, Heniochiler’i denizci bir \u0131rk olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ptolemy (M.S. 90-168), Pontus’un deniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar aras\u0131nda Heniochi ve Suan-o-colchi a\u015firetlerini\/halklar\u0131n\u0131 da sayar. Pontus kral\u0131 Mithridat’\u0131n (Eupator) Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ralarda Heniochiler’in Kafkas bat\u0131s\u0131 ile Karadeniz aras\u0131nda oturduklar\u0131 tahmin edilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\nAbhazlar\u0131 \u0130skit (Saka) stoku ile ili\u015fkilendiren tezler de var.<\/p>\n
\nKolkis kuzeyinde oturan Abhazlar’\u0131n, en az Heredot zaman\u0131 kadar gerilerden itibaren \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 da dahil dikkate de\u011fer bir k\u00f6le ticareti y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fckleri kaydedilir.<\/p>\n
\nCac (\u00c7a\u00e7)
\n\u00c7anda (Canda)
\nKe\u00e7
\nArt
\nKam\u0131\u015f
\nSuce (Su\u00e7e)
\nBozduk (Bozodok)
\nKutas (Kotasi)
\nA\u015f\u0131kl\u0131
\nYukar\u0131l\u0131
\nCembe
\nSo\u011fuksu
\nArlan
\n(Bk. a.g.e., s. 85, 107).
\nEvliya \u00c7elebi’nin bu verileri 1640’lara aittir.<\/p>\n
\nOSMANLI KAYITLARINDA “ABAZA TA\u0130FES\u0130NDEN” OLDUKLARI S\u00d6YLENEN A\u015e\u0130RETLER VE YERLER\u0130
\n<\/b>
\n“Abazek: G\u00fcrcistan, Sohum, Anapa, Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131
\nAbaza: Kuban Nehri boyu (Kafkasya)
\nCand\u0131: Kuban Nehri boyu (Kafkasya)
\nHutunibe\u011f: Kuban Nehri boyu
\nKarz\u0131k (Kazr\u0131k): Kuban N. boyu
\nKe\u00e7: Kuban N. boyu
\nMemri: K.N. boyu
\nSa\u015fe: K.N. boyu
\nS\u00fchrabbe\u011f: K.N. boyu
\n\u015eaca (\u015eace): K.N. boyu
\n\u015e\u00fckray (\u015e\u00fck\u00fcray): K.N. boyu
\nUrdana: Anapa ve Sohum kaleleri beyninde (Kafkasya)
\nAbuna (Avuna): Sohum ve Anapa beyninde (Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131)
\nAda-i \u015eahi: K.N. boyu (K\u0131r\u0131m)
\nAridli (Arid): Erzurum Eyaleti, Kuban N. boyu (Kafkasya)
\nBezdek: K.N. boyu
\nCuh\u015f: K.N. boyu
\nBasavo\u011flu (Reftahbe\u011f): K.N. boyu
\nGoba (Goya): K.N. boyu, Sohum, Anapa etraf\u0131
\nHaze (Hazek, Hazdek): K.N. boyu
\nKe\u015fmay: K.N. boyu
\nKara\u015fay: K.N. boyu
\nNatokac (Natuhac, Natukac, Natohac): K.N. boyu, K\u0131r\u0131m, G\u00fcrcistan – Abaza&\u00c7erkes Taifesinden.
\nNi\u015faho (Ne\u015fahov): K.N. boyu
\n\u015eoba\u015feyh (\u015eoba\u015f\u0131h): K.N. boyu
\nUbu\u015f (Obu\u015f): K.N. boyu
\nUrbe\u011f: K.N. boyu
\nNo\u011fobes (No\u011fobis): K.N. boyu”
\n(Bk. Cevdet T\u00fcrkay, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi Belgelerine G\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Oymak, A\u015firet ve Camaatler)<\/p>\n
\nBetrenay (Bitrenay): Kuban Nehri boyu (Kafkasya)
\nBzedo\u011f (Buzado\u011f, Buzad\u0131k, Bzadok, Cuzado\u011f): K.N. boyu
\nCana (Jana): K.N. boyu
\nCuzado\u011f: K.N. boyu
\n\u00c7erakise: K.N. boyu
\nNatukac (Natuhac): K\u0131r\u0131m, G\u00fcrcistan
\nNokoy: K.N. boyu
\nObu\u015f: G\u00fcrcistan, Sohum, Anapa, Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131
\nOrdana: Sohum, Anapa, Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131
\n\u015eabs\u0131\u011f: K\u0131r\u0131m, G\u00fcrcistan
\n\u015ea\u011fani: K.N. boyu
\nTerane: K\u0131r\u0131m
\nUbuh (Ubuk, Ubuc, Upu\u015f): Sohum, K\u0131r\u0131m havalisi
\nZana (Jana, Yana, Zano\u011flu Mehmet Giray Be\u011f): K.N. boyu
\nAbuzek: K.N. boyu
\nAln\u0131 Kesik: K.N. boyu
\nBa\u011f: K.N. boyu
\nBeslibay: K.N. boyu
\nBesni (Besney, Bisni): K.N. boyu
\nBestanay (Bestenay): K.N. boyu
\nBirekay (Brekay): K.N. boyu
\nBjado\u011f (Buzado\u011f): K\u0131r\u0131m, Kafkasya
\nKabart (B\u00fcy\u00fck Kabart): Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131
\nCano: K.N. boyu
\nBasnio\u011flu: K\u0131r\u0131m, G\u00fcrcistan
\n\u00c7ubsun (\u00c7ubsin): K.N. boyu
\n\u00c7uncen: Kafkasya
\nHam\u015fi: K.N. boyu
\nHatukay: K.N. boyu
\nKara\u00e7ay: K.N. boyu
\nKerkenari (Kerkeni): K.N. boyu
\nKabart (K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabart): Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131
\nPzado\u011f (Pjado\u011f): Kafkasya
\nTemirk\u00f6y: Kafkasya
\nTimurk\u00f6y: K.N. boyu
\nK\u0131z\u0131lbe\u011f (K\u0131z\u0131lbe\u011fli): Kuban Nehri boyu, Mera\u015f ve Bozok sancaklar\u0131, Z\u00fclkadriye Kazas\u0131 (Mera\u015f Eyaleti), \u015eamard\u0131 Kazas\u0131 (Ni\u011fde sanca\u011f\u0131), E\u011fridir kazas\u0131 (Hamid Sanca\u011f\u0131), \u015e\u00fccaaddin Kazas\u0131 (Ni\u011fde Sanca\u011f\u0131) – \u00c7erkes Y\u00f6r\u00fckan\u0131 Taifesinden.
\nAbazek: Kafkasya
\nAbaza\u015f: Kafkasya
\nNurado\u011f: Kuban Nehri boyu.
\n(Bk. Cevdet T\u00fcrkay, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi Belgelerine G\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Oymak, A\u015firet ve Cemaatlar).<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkeso\u011flu \u0130smail: Ana Sanca\u011f\u0131 (Ba\u011fdat Eyaleti) – T\u00fcrkman Taifesinden.
\n\u00c7erkesli (\u00c7erkesli, \u00c7erkeslu): Manavgat Kazas\u0131 (Alaiye Sanca\u011f\u0131), Kocaeli Sanca\u011f\u0131, Lefke Kazas\u0131 (H\u00fcdavendigar Sanca\u011f\u0131), \u0130slimye Kazas\u0131 (Silistre Sanca\u011f\u0131), Karinabad Kazas\u0131 (Silistre Sanca\u011f\u0131) – Y\u00f6r\u00fckan Taifesinden.
\n\u00c7erkes M\u00fcsl\u00fcm (\u00c7erkes M\u00fcsellem): Hayrabolu Kazas\u0131 (Tekfurda\u011f\u0131 Sanca\u011f\u0131) \u00c7erkeso\u011flu (\u00c7erkeso\u011fullar\u0131): Karaman Eyaleti, Hama, Hums, \u0130\u00e7el ve Alaiye sancaklar\u0131 – T\u00fcrkman Taifesinden.<\/p>\n
\nShapsug
\nMokhosh
\nTemirgey (K’emirgoy, Kemgui, Cengui)
\nBjedukh
\nKhatukay
\nBesleney
\nKabard (Kaberdey, Kabarda)
\nUbakh
\nAbaza<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nKabartay, Abaza (Abkhaz, Abkaz), Abazeh (Abadzeh), Bozuduk, Mem\u015f\u00fch, Besvi (Besevi), Besleney, Katukay, Katuka\u00e7, \u015eefake, \u015eab\u015fi (\u015eab\u015fik, \u015eab\u015fu\u011f), Kemerguy, Temirguy, Kemguy, \u00c7emkuy, Bjeduh (Bjaduh), Birtka\u00e7, Barta, \u00c7iget, Ubih, Sebilde, Zon, Mamaluk, Makos.
\nE. Yavuz, bu a\u015firetlerden \u015eefake’nin Dersim’in \u015eavak a\u015firetiyle ayn\u0131 oldu\u011funu \u00f6ne s\u00fcrer.<\/p>\n
\nADLARI, OR\u0130J\u0130NLER\u0130 VE YAYILDIKLARI CO\u011eRAFYA
\n<\/b>
\nMinorsky\u2019nin \u201cA History of Sharvan and Darband\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 ile Minorsky ve W. Barthold\u2019un birlikte kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 Enc. Of \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u201cAlan\u201d maddesindeki a\u00e7\u0131klamalardan \u00e7\u0131kan sonu\u00e7 \u015f\u00f6yle toparlanabilir:
\n\u201cOsset\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131n orijini \u201cAs\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn daha eski \u015fekli \u201cAorsi\u201ddir (Arap\u00e7a\u2019da, \u00f6rne\u011fin Mesudi\u2019de \u201cal-Arsiyya\u201d, \u00c7ince\u2019de ise muhtemelen Yen-ts\u2019ai).<\/p>\n
\nAyn\u0131 kaynaklara g\u00f6re, \u201cAs\u201d (veya \u201cAorsi\u201d), Alanlar\u2019la il\u015fkili bir a\u015firetin ad\u0131d\u0131r. Ossetler\u2019in atalar\u0131 Alanlar\u2019d\u0131r. Arsiya (Arisia, al-Larsiya), As veya Osset, Alanlar demektir. Alan ad\u0131 Arap\u00e7a\u2019da \u201cal-Lan\u201d olarak da ge\u00e7er. Hazar Denizi \u00f6tesinde, Aral Denizi g\u00fcneyinde ya\u015fayan Alanlar\u2019\u0131n bu ilk s\u0131ralarda b\u00fcy\u00fck olas\u0131l\u0131kla Arsiya (Arisia, al-Larisiya) diye bilindikleri, sonralar\u0131 Harzem \u00e7evresinden gelip Hazar Kralli\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n topraklar\u0131na yerle\u015ftikleri ve zamanla Ossetler diye bilindikleri kayddediliyor.
\nAmmianus Marcellinus\u2019a g\u00f6re Alanlar, eski Massagetler\u2019dir. Buradan hareketle Masqat (Mazk\u2019ut)\u2019\u0131n eski sakinlerinin Alanlar\u2019la ili\u015fkisi kuruluyor (Aktaran Minorsky, a.g.e, s. 147).<\/p>\n
\n\u0130rani bir halkt\u0131r Alanlar. \u0130skitler ve Sarmatlar\u2019la ili\u015fkilidirler.<\/p>\n
\n\u201cSarmatlar, \u0130rani gelenekte, M.\u00d6. 7.\/6.- 4. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Don \u00f6tesi ve Azov Denizi k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda (Don, Dinyeper, Volga ve Ural aras\u0131nda) ya\u015fayan \u0130skitler\u2019le akraba yar\u0131-\u0130rani bir halk olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Polybius, K\u0131r\u0131m kuzeyinde (Don-Dinyeper aras\u0131nda) k\u0131ral Gatalas taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen bir Sarmat devletinden, Polyaenus ise Sarmat k\u0131rali\u00e7esi \u201cAmazon\u201ddan s\u00f6zederler. Strabo\u2019nun Greek kaynaklar\u0131nda Sarmatlar\u2019\u0131 \u201cLazyge\u201dler ad\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir a\u015firetin y\u00f6netti\u011fi kayddedilir. Yurdu ilkin Azov Denizi\u2019ne yak\u0131n bir yerde bulunan bu a\u015firet, sonralar\u0131 Danube (Tuna) ve Theiss\u2019e do\u011fru yay\u0131l\u0131r. Y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l boyunca Roma imparatorlu\u011funa kom\u015fu olarak ya\u015far. Lazyge ad\u0131ndaki bu a\u015firet (Lezgi\/Lek, SC) ile \u0130skit-Maeotik grubun en Helenle\u015fen a\u015firetleri i\u00e7inde an\u0131lan ve k\u0131rali\u00e7esi Tirgato olan \u201cJazamatae (veya Jaxamatae)\u201d a\u015fireti bir ve ayn\u0131 a\u015firet olmal\u0131lar. \u00d6yle g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor ki, G\u00fcney Rusya\u2019daki t\u00fcm bu \u0130rani a\u015firetlere sonu\u00e7ta Sarmatlar genel ad\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir. Bu a\u015firetlerin ba\u015fl\u0131calar\u0131, Roxolani (Lazyge a\u015firetinin kuzeyinde yerle\u015fikti), Aorsi, Siracian (Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019da Kuban vadisi civar\u0131nda M.\u00d6. 193\u2019te hala ad\u0131 ge\u00e7er) ve Alani a\u015firetleriydi.<\/p>\n
\nRoxolani a\u015fireti Pontus k\u0131ral\u0131 Mithridat\u2019\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019daki sava\u015flar\u0131nda, Aorsi ve Siracian a\u015firetleri ise O\u2019nun o\u011flu Pharnaces\u2019in tarihinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve sad\u0131k m\u00fcttefikler olarak aktif roller oynad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nSarmatlar ve Alanlar \u0130rani bir dil konu\u015furlard\u0131. Alanlar\u2019dan gelme Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki Ossetler, hala \u0130rani bir dil konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n
\n(Bk. Hayri Ersoy-Aysun Kamac\u0131, \u00c7erkes Tarihi, T\u00fcmzamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1994, s. 128).<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nAlanlar tarihte M.S. 1\u2019inci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri an\u0131l\u0131rlar. M.S. 35, 72-73 ve 134-135 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Part hakimiyeti alt\u0131ndaki topraklara, Roma eyaleti Kapadokya\u2019ya do\u011fru yay\u0131ld\u0131lar. 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc y\u00fczy\u0131lda Dinyeper vadisinde Germanlar\u2019la b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015ftiler. 371 y\u0131l\u0131nda Hunlar taraf\u0131ndan yenilgiye u\u011frat\u0131ld\u0131lar. Onlar\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Kafkasya kuzeyini istila edip burada yerle\u015firken (Bulgar, T\u00fcrk ve Hazarlar\u2019a kom\u015fu topraklara), bir di\u011fer b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Vandallar\u2019la birlikte Kuzey Afrika, Fransa ve \u0130spanya\u2019ya g\u00f6\u00e7t\u00fc. Kuzey Afrika\u2019da \u201cVandal Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d (418-534)\u2019n\u0131n kurulmas\u0131nda rol oynad\u0131lar. Bizans imparatoru Justinian\u2019a, bu krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 zaptetti\u011fi i\u00e7in, \u201cVandallar\u2019\u0131n ve Alanlar\u2019\u0131n Kral\u0131\u201d \u00fcnvan\u0131 verilmi\u015ftir (Bk. Enc. Of \u0130slam\u2019\u0131n \u201cAlan\u201d Maddesi ve Cambridge Ancient History IV).<\/p>\n
\n“Kafkas Halklar\u0131 ve A\u015firetleri (I)’e Ek” ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131n Alanlar’la ilgili k\u0131sm\u0131nda Bizans tarih\u00e7isi Procopius’un General Balisarius’un dan\u0131\u015fman\u0131 s\u0131fat\u0131yla bizzat kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 Vandal Sava\u015flar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda s\u00f6ylediklerini \u00f6zetledim.
\nBu \u00f6zeti yeniden aktar\u0131yorum:<\/p>\n
\nDersim ve \u00e7evresini iyi tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan Anton Josef Dierl adl\u0131 bir Alman yazar, Desmala Sure dergisine yollad\u0131\u011f\u0131 eski bir yaz\u0131s\u0131nda, Procopius’un yukar\u0131da anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylardan hareketle, Bizans’\u0131n Do\u011fu hudutlar\u0131na yerle\u015ftirdi\u011fi Vandal-Alan esirlerle Pavlakiler aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 kuruyordu. A. J. Dierl’in bu uzunca yaz\u0131s\u0131nda \u00f6zetle \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ifade ediliyordu:<\/p>\n
\nDierl’in yorumu \u00f6zetle b\u00f6yle. O’nun dediklerini yeri gelmi\u015fken \u00fczerinde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmek \u00fczere \u015fimdilik yorumsuz aktarmay\u0131 yararl\u0131 buldum.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n950-1050 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde Kafkasya’da \u00fc\u00e7 toprak par\u00e7as\u0131 ay\u0131rt edilebilir \u015fekilde netle\u015fmi\u015fti:
\nAlbania (Arran), \u015eirvan ve Derbend.<\/p>\n
\nBaz\u0131 kaynaklarda Kafkas Albanlar’\u0131 ile Adriyatik Albanlar’\u0131 (Arnavutlar ve Kosova Arnavutlar\u0131) aras\u0131nda bir akrabal\u0131k kurulur. Bu teze kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kanlardan biri D. M. Lang’d\u0131r. O’na g\u00f6re bu iki halk aras\u0131nda bir ba\u011flant\u0131 yoktu.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nK\u0131rmanciye ve \u0130ran\u2019a d\u00f6n\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 ve istilalar\u0131n \u00f6nemlice bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc \u00e7ok eski zamanlardan beri Kafkasya \u00fczerinden gelmi\u015ftir. O nedenle daha Akamenler zaman\u0131ndan itibaren Kafkas ge\u00e7itlerini tutmak i\u00e7in buralara kaleler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131r muhaf\u0131z\u0131 olarak koloniler yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\nG\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Kafkas grubu halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Gilani-as\u0131ll\u0131 \u00f6\u011feler hala ay\u0131rtedilebilirler.<\/p>\n
\nPONTUS
\n<\/b>
\nAntik d\u00f6nemde do\u011fuda Colchis (Kolkid, Kolkis), bat\u0131da K\u0131z\u0131l\u0131rmak ve Paflagonya\u2019ya kadar uzanan dar ve uzun koridora Pontus ad\u0131 verilirdi. J. Lehmann, Pontus s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn deniz veya deniz tanr\u0131s\u0131\/tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131 anlam\u0131na geldi\u011fini yazmaktad\u0131r. Yunan mitolojisinde g\u00f6k Uranus, da\u011f Orea, deniz ise Pontus\u2019tur.<\/p>\n
\nPontus\u2019ta,
\nLeuc-o-Suri (Kapadokyal\u0131),
\nTibar,
\nChalyb (Halib, Salib),
\nMosynoeci (Amasya Tarihi\u2019nde Mosnik, Bozok),
\nDr\u0131lae,
\nBech\u0131r,
\nByzer,
\nColchi (Lazlar?),
\nMakron,
\nMares,
\nTaoki,
\nPhas\u0131ani,
\nSan (\u00c7an, Zan)
\nvd gibi a\u015firetler ve kavimler ya\u015fard\u0131.<\/p>\n
\nB\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender\u2019in fethi e\u015fi\u011finde M.\u00d6. 4. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda ba\u015fkenti modern Amasya olan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir Pontus Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 kuruldu (337-37? M.\u00d6). \u0130skender\u2019in halefleri aras\u0131ndaki sava\u015flar d\u00f6neminde bundan yararlanan Pontus kral\u0131 Mithridates, krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 geni\u015fletti. Bu krall\u0131k k\u0131smen Helenize edilse de \u0130rani karakterini korudu. M.\u00d6. 183 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pontus\u2019a ilhak edilen Sinop, \u00fclkenin yeni ba\u015fkenti yap\u0131ld\u0131. Pontus krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn zirvesine Mithridates VI Eupator (121-63 M.\u00d6) d\u00f6neminde ula\u015ft\u0131. Bu Pontus kral\u0131 kendi geni\u015fleme politikas\u0131 y\u00fcz\u00fcnden Roma ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldi ve bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma M.\u00d6. 63 y\u0131l\u0131nda Pontus krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tasfiyesi ve \u00fclkenin Roma imparatorlu\u011funa entegre edilmesiyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Ama kendi donanmas\u0131yla Bo\u011fazlar\u2019\u0131 ve Ege adalar\u0131n\u0131 zapteden, Trakya \u00fczerinden Makedonya ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 i\u015fgal etme giri\u015fiminde bulunup, Roma kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 k\u00f6le isyanlar\u0131yla ittifak kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Mitridat VI\u2019n\u0131n Roma\u2019ya kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131lar\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131ba\u015f\u0131na i\u015flenmeye de\u011fer bir konudur. O\u2019nun zaman\u0131nda Pontus\u2019un ba\u015fkenti Amasya, dini merkezi ise Comana idi. Sonunda Mitridat\u2019\u0131n Pompey taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesiyle Pontus co\u011frafyas\u0131 da\u011f\u0131t\u0131larak Roma\u2019ya ilhak edildi (M.\u00d6. 63).<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nPontus, Kafkas zinciri, G\u00fcrcistan ve Ermenistan aras\u0131nda kalan b\u00f6lge eski zamanlarda Colchis (Kolkis) olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131rd\u0131. Yani Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda bulunuyordu. Onu Pontus\u2019tan ay\u0131ran s\u0131n\u0131r \u015fimdi Pasinler Suyu ad\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan nehirdi.<\/p>\n
\nZygi,
\nHeniochi,
\nCercetae,
\nMoschi,
\nColchi,
\nMachelon,
\nLazi (Laz),
\nApsilae,
\nAbasci,
\nSamigae,
\nCoraxi,
\nColi,
\nSuani,
\nMelanchlaeni ve
\nKafkas zinciri boyundaki Geloni\u2019ler \u015feklinde saymaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nLazlar\u2019\u0131n bile\u015fiminde Colchiler\u2019in de bulundu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r bir \u015fey. Ama ben, \u00f6zellikle Heredot, Procopius ve Agathias taraf\u0131ndan savunulan Colchiler\u2019in M\u0131s\u0131r orijinli olduklar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcne kat\u0131lm\u0131yorum. Bence olsa olsa bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn tam tersi, yani M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Colchi orijinli, daha do\u011fru bir ifadeyle Colchi ve Kafkas k\u00f6kenli olduklar\u0131 savunulabilir.<\/p>\n
\nKaman (Kamun): Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131
\nAndari: Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131
\nBaksay: Da\u011f\u0131stan civar\u0131
\n“NOGAY TATARI TA\u0130FES\u0130NDEN” VEYA “NOGAYLU A\u015e\u0130RET\u0130NDEN” OLANLAR
\nBedickio\u011flu: Bucak (K\u0131r\u0131m), Kuban Nehri boyu (Kafkasya)
\nBiksan: K\u0131r\u0131m
\nKaspulad (Kaspulado\u011flu): Kuban Nehri boyu
\nK\u00f6pekli: Bucak (Rumeli Vilayeti)
\nNo\u011fay Tatar: Bucak (Rumeli Vilayeti), K\u0131r\u0131m, \u00d6zi Eyaleti
\nOrako\u011flu: Bucak (Rumeli Vilayeti), K\u0131r\u0131m
\n\u00d6\u011fteko\u011flu (\u00d6kteko\u011flu): \u00d6zi Eyaleti
\nPerisan: \u00d6zi ile Turla nehri aras\u0131
\nSotiko\u011flu (Soyteko\u011flu): \u00d6zi Eyaleti
\nUrmehmet: K\u0131r\u0131m
\nUrmehmeto\u011flu: Bucak (Rumeli Vilayeti)
\nYedisan: Kuban Nehri boyu, \u00d6zi-Turla Nehri aras\u0131, \u0130smail ve Kili kazalar\u0131 (Silistre Sanca\u011f\u0131)
\nYedek\u00e7io\u011flu: \u00d6zi ile Turla Nehri aras\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131m
\nCanboyluk (Cimboylak): Bucak havalisi (K\u0131r\u0131m)
\nGiray (Girayt): Tatar Taifesinden
\nKasayo\u011flu (Kasay): Kuban nehri boyu
\nKuban: K\u0131r\u0131m
\nOrak (Oraklar): Bucak (K\u0131r\u0131m), Sinob Kazas\u0131 (Kastamoni Sanca\u011f\u0131)- Y\u00f6r\u00fckan Taifesinden
\nNi\u015fg\u00fco\u011flu: Kuban N. boyu – Nogaylu A\u015firetindendir
\nNo\u011fayl\u0131 (No\u011faylu, No\u011fay, Novay): Akkerman, Kili, \u0130smail ve Bender kazalar\u0131 (Silistre Sanca\u011f\u0131)
\nNevruzo\u011flu: Kuban N. boyu – Nogaylu A\u015firetindendir
\nYedisantolga: K\u0131r\u0131m – Tatar Taifesinden
\n(Kaynak: Cevdet T\u00fcrkay, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi Belgelerine G\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Oymak, A\u015firet ve Cemaatlar).<\/p>\n
\nLaz: (…)
\nScymnia: Eski zamanlardan beri Lazlar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nSuania: Eski zamanlardan beri Lazlar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nApsilii: Eski zamanlardan beri Lazlar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nAbasgi: Eski zamanlardan beri Lazlar’a ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r
\nMeschi: Eski zamanlardan beri \u0130berlere (G\u00fcrc\u00fclere, SC) ba\u011fl\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131r.
\nAlani: Kafkas zincirinden Hazar kap\u0131lar\u0131na kadarki topraklar \u201cAlani\u201dlerin elindedir. Alaniler ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olup, Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 genelde \u0130ranl\u0131lar’la (Sasanilerle, SC) ittifak ederler. Alanlar ve Vandallar Gotik halklard\u0131. Azov Denizi (Maeotik G\u00f6l\u00fc) civar\u0131nda ya\u015fayan Vandallar, 423’te Alanlar\u2019la birlikte ilkin Germanlar\u2019\u0131n topraklar\u0131na girdiler, daha sonra da Bat\u0131 Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’na dahil \u0130spanya ve Portekiz\u2019i istila ettiler. 455 y\u0131l\u0131nda Libya\u2019y\u0131 (Kuzey Afrika \u00fclkelerini) Romal\u0131lar\u2019dan ele ge\u00e7irip burada 95 y\u0131l kadar ya\u015fayan bir Vandal-Alan \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu kurdular (429\/430-533\/4). Hemen sonra da \u0130talya’ya girdiler. Alanlar da dahil Vandallar\u2019la birlikte hareket eden t\u00fcm di\u011fer \u201cbarbarlar\u201d, bu tarihlerde Vandallar ortak ad\u0131yla bilindiler. Vandallar dendi\u011finde Alanlar da dahil Vandallar\u2019\u0131n t\u00fcm m\u00fcttefikleri akla geliyordu. O tarihlerde bunlar\u0131n hepsi Vandal ad\u0131nda temsil edilirlerdi. T\u00fcm “barbarlar”a ortak\/genel bir adla Vandal denirdi. Bizans imparatoru Justinian, Libya\u2019daki Vandallar’a kar\u015f\u0131 General Balisarius kumandas\u0131nda bir ordu yollad\u0131 (533). Balisarius, burdaki Vandal-Alan y\u00f6netimine son verdi (Aral\u0131k 533). Bu sava\u015fta esir etti\u011fi Vandallar\u0131 Kartaca\u2019da toplay\u0131p gemilerle Bizans\u2019a getirdi (534 sonu). \u201cVandal ve Alan k\u0131ral\u0131\u201d \u201cGelimer\u201d de bu esirler aras\u0131ndayd\u0131. Gelimer\u2019in karde\u015fi \u201cTzazon\u201d ise Libya’daki sava\u015fta \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Gelimer, \u201cArius\u201d\/Arian dininden\u201ddi. Bizans\u2019ta yasak bir dindi bu. \u0130mparator Justinian Ortodoks olmayan H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa izin vermiyordu. Justinian esir Vandal-Alan k\u0131ral\u0131 Gelimer’i ve ailesini \u201cGalatia\u201dya yerle\u015ftirdi (1 Ocak 535). Di\u011fer esirleri ise gemilere bindirip Bizans impratorlu\u011funun do\u011fusundaki kentlere yerle\u015ftirdi. \u201cJustinian\u2019\u0131n Vandallar\u0131\u201d ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi bu esirleri be\u015f atl\u0131 birlik halinde \u00f6rg\u00fctleyip yerle\u015ftirildikleri yerde Sasaniler’e kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015flarda kulland\u0131.
\nBruchi: Abasgiler ile Alaniler aras\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.
\nZechi: Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndad\u0131rlar.
\nSagin: Zechiler’in \u00f6tesindedirler.
\nHunik a\u015firetler (Hunlar): Saginler’in \u00f6tesindedirler. Zechi\u2019lerin hemen yan\u0131nda “Sabiri” denen Hunlar vard\u0131r. Hunlar, Hazar kap\u0131lar\u0131 ge\u00e7ildikten sonraki ova ve yaylalarda ya\u015far, \u201cMaeotic G\u00f6l\u00fc\u201d (Azov Denizi)’ne dek uzan\u0131rlar. Hazar kap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ip \u0130ran ve Bizans topraklar\u0131na ak\u0131nlar yaparlar. 530 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans Ermenistan\u0131\u2019na giren Sasani ordusunda 3000 mevcutlu bir Sabiri birli\u011fi de vard\u0131. Sabiriler, Hunlar’\u0131n bir koludur, Kafkas Hunlar\u0131’d\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131n Cutrigur ve Utigur diye bilinen kollar\u0131 vard\u0131r. Cutrigurlar, \u201cMaeotic G\u00f6l\u00fc (Azov Denizi)\u201d bat\u0131s\u0131nda, Utigurlar ise bu g\u00f6l\u00fcn do\u011fusunda, eskiden Kimmerlerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 topraklarda otururlar. Utigur ve Cutrigur, bir Hun kral\u0131n\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131n\u0131n adlar\u0131d\u0131r. Kendi tebalar\u0131 onlar\u0131n adlar\u0131yla bilinmi\u015ftir. Hunlar, \u0130ran\u2019\u0131n do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda da (Bactria’da) vard\u0131rlar. Bunlar di\u011fer Hunlar gibi g\u00f6\u00e7ebe olmay\u0131p uzun s\u00fcredir yerle\u015fiktirler. Bactria\u2019daki Hunlar, Hun toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde beyaz tenli yegane topluluktur. Bu nedenle Beyaz Hunlar (Eftalit\u2019ler) diye bilinirler. Hun stoku, Sabirler ve Eftalitler (Beyaz Hunlar) olmak \u00fczere iki ana gruptur.<\/p>\n
\nCevdet T\u00fcrkay, <\/b>Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Ar\u015fivi Belgelerine G\u00f6re Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funda Oymak, A\u015firet ve Cemaatlar, Terc\u00fcman Kaynak Eserler Serisi: 1
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