{"id":12506,"date":"2019-03-31T13:50:13","date_gmt":"2019-03-31T18:50:13","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=12506"},"modified":"2019-03-31T13:50:13","modified_gmt":"2019-03-31T18:50:13","slug":"19-yuzyil-baslarinda-kafkas-halklari","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/19-yuzyil-baslarinda-kafkas-halklari\/","title":{"rendered":"19. Y\u00dcZYIL BA\u015eLARINDA KAFKAS HALKLARI"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Kafda\u011f\u0131<\/strong>
\n<\/span> <\/span> Say\u0131: 5, Haziran 1987, B\u00f6l\u00fcm: 3, Sayfa 47-58
\n\u00c7eviri: T. Top\u00e7u<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Transkafkasya’da ki devlet ve yar\u0131-devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri:<\/p>\n

19. Y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkasya, hem k\u00fclt\u00fcrel geli\u015fim seviyeleri, hem de toplumsal, ekonomik ve politik ya\u015famlar\u0131 birbirinden olduk\u00e7a farkl\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131mlardan olu\u015fan bir b\u00f6lgeydi. Transkafkas-ya’da ileri bir feodal sistemin hakim oldu\u011fu b\u00f6lgelerin varolmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen baz\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde hala ataerkil klan sistemi h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrmekteydi. Politik olarak, Transkafkasya \u00e7e\u015fitli devlet ve yar\u0131-devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmelerine b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan, ba\u015fkenti Tiflis olan Kartalino-Kokhetis krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fc\u00e7 vasal sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131-Shanshadil, Kazok ve Vorc-halin-i\u00e7ermekteydi. Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan ise Imeretis krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Megrelis, Suanetis, Gurya, Acaristan ve Abhazha prensliklerinden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Do\u011fu Transkafkasya n\u00fcfusunu, Azerbaycan ve Ermeni halklar\u0131 meydana getirmekteydi. Ayr\u0131ca burada, Azerbaycan ve Ermeni b\u00f6lgeleri-nede yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f Gonja, Karabag, Shirvan, Shekin, Nukhin, Talysh, Baku, K\u00fcba, Nak-hchevan ve Erevan hanl\u0131klar\u0131 kurulmu\u015ftu. Do\u011fu Kafkasya iki ana b\u00f6lgeden olu\u015fmaktayd\u0131. Birincisi, \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc Avar ve Lezgi halklar\u0131yla kapl\u0131 olan Da\u011f\u0131stan ve di\u011feri \u00c7e\u00e7en’lerin ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enistan. Buralar\u0131, Tarkov \u015eamkhall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Avar, Mekhtulin, Karakatag, Gazikumuk ve Kyura Khanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi feodallerin ve Karchag beyinin n\u00fcfusu alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca Da\u011f\u0131stan’da ve \u00f6zellikle \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’da birbirine kap\u0131 kom\u015fu olan ve hala.olduk\u00e7a kuvvetli bir ataerkil klan sisteminin hakim oldu\u011fu 44 “\u00f6zg\u00fcr topluluk” vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kuzey Kafkasya n\u00fcfusunun \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc Adigelerin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olan Kabardeyler olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. B\u00fcy\u00fck Kabardey ve K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabardey diye ikiye ayr\u0131lan Kabardey’de feodalizm 16. y\u00fczy\u0131lda geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ama 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan’daki kadar geli\u015fmemi\u015fti. O zamanlar B. Kabardey 4, K. Kabardey ise 3 prensli\u011fe ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

Kuban’\u0131 ve Kuban nehrinin a\u011fz\u0131ndan Sak-ne nehrinin a\u011fz\u0131na kadar olan Karadeniz sahillerini i\u00e7ine alan Kuzey-Bat\u0131 Kafkasya’da Adige veya \u00c7erke\u015f halk\u0131 ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l, \u00c7erkeslerde ataerkil klan sisteminin yokolup feodalizmin yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir d\u00f6nemdir. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise hen\u00fcz bir devlet halinde birle\u015fmemi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcney Kabardey’e kadarki merkezi Kafkasya’da Osetler ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Osetlerin, i\u00e7ine zor girilir da\u011f vadilerinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131nda ataerkil klan sistemi di\u011ferlerinde ise feodalizm hakimdi. Osetya, Kabardey ile s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131, olan Kuzey Osetya ve G\u00fcrcistan’la biti\u015fik G\u00fcney Osetya diye ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc.<\/p>\n

Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan’\u0131n biti\u015fi\u011finde Da\u011f\u0131stan ve Do\u011fu Transkafkasya’da alt\u0131 “\u00f6zg\u00fcr topluluk’un ittifak\u0131 olan Jaro-Belokan yani (yanl\u0131\u015f olarak Lezgi diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan) Avarlar\u0131n klan ve kabile topluluklar\u0131 ve \u0130lisuy sultanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bulunmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcm yukar\u0131da s\u00f6ylediklerimizden 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kafkasya’n\u0131n birbirinden farkl\u0131, birbirleriyle devaml\u0131 m\u00fccadele halinde bulunan ve toplumsal geli\u015fimleri olduk\u00e7a geri olan bir \u00e7ok k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck feodal birimlerden ve kabile birliklerinden meydana gelmi\u015f oldu\u011fu sonucunu \u00e7\u0131karabiliriz.
\nDa\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n toplumsal \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri: Toplumsal ve ekonomik a\u00e7\u0131dan bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan karma\u015f\u0131k bir g\u00f6r\u00fcnt\u00fc arzederler ve politik par\u00e7alara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdir. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu farkl\u0131l\u0131klara ra\u011fmen bu \u00fclke \u00fc\u00e7 ana b\u00f6l\u00fcme ayr\u0131labilir: ilki, ileri bir feodalizmin kuruldu\u011fu ve ticaretin g\u00f6zle g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr bir \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n g\u00fcneyini ve zengin sahillerini i\u00e7ine alan b\u00f6lgedir. Mahalli m\u0131nt\u0131kalardaki feodal asilzadeler-hanlar, beyler vs. topra\u011f\u0131n, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r, koyun ve atlar\u0131n m\u00fclkiyetini ellerinde tutan \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyete dayal\u0131 feodal hiyerar\u015fiyi olu\u015ftururlard\u0131. Varolan \u00fcreticiler ise \u015funlard\u0131:<\/p>\n

1) Uzdenler:<\/b> Beylerin topraklar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fleyen ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 alan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

2) Raiatlar:<\/b> Han taraf\u0131ndan bir beyin ya da Ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131ndan birinin emrine tahsis edilen ve bir yerden di\u011ferine gitme haklar\u0131 olmayan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler.<\/p>\n

3) Kullar veya k\u00f6leler: <\/b>Bunlar\u0131n hepsi para veya \u00fcr\u00fcn \u015feklinde bir kira \u00f6dedikleri veya zorla \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 veyahutta bir hizmet\u00e7i olarak hizmet ettikleri feodal asilzadelerine ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131yd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca ge\u00e7im kaynaklar\u0131, u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131, tar\u0131m, meyvecilik, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fiydi.
\nKuzey Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgesinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fine dayal\u0131 k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 bir ekonomik ya\u015famlar\u0131 vard\u0131. Toprak i\u015flemecili\u011fi \u00e7ok d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck bir d\u00fczeyde idi. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca \u00fcr\u00fcnler \u00e7avdar, akdar\u0131 ve arpayd\u0131. Bu\u011fday yaln\u0131z do\u011fuda ekilirdi ve \u00e7ok \u00fcr\u00fcn vermezdi. Bu y\u00f6re halk\u0131 \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin hepsini kendileri yeti\u015ftirmez, kom\u015fular\u0131yla de\u011fi\u015ftirirlerdi. Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgesinin “\u00f6zg\u00fcr topluluklar\u0131” ataerkil klan sisteminden feodalizme ge\u00e7i\u015f d\u00f6nemini ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Art\u0131k hanlar ve \u00f6teki “sahipler” yoktu. N\u00fcfus, ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131, uzdenler ve k\u00f6leler diye \u00fc\u00e7e b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. \u00dcr\u00fcn ve hizmet sunmakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olduklar\u0131 yerel asillere veya ruhban s\u0131n\u0131fa ekonomik olarak ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olanlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki uzdenler topra\u011fa sahiptiler ve kendi kendilerine ekip bi\u00e7iyorlard\u0131. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda varl\u0131kl\u0131 bir s\u0131n\u0131f belirdi ve yerel asilzadeler gibi k\u00f6lelere sahip oldular. Sava\u015f esirleri ve yoksul d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f ailelerin sat\u0131lan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 k\u00f6lele\u015ftirildi.<\/p>\n

Baz\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcr topluluklarda el sanatlar\u0131 olduk\u00e7a geli\u015fmi\u015ftir. Yam\u00e7\u0131lar, sade-s\u00fcss\u00fcz kilimler, lezgin diye bilinen kuma\u015flar, kamalar, b\u0131\u00e7aklar, k\u00fcrk ba\u015fl\u0131klar ve silahlar \u00fcretiliyordu. Ticaret \u00e7ok azd\u0131. Da\u011fl\u0131lar aul’lara veya \u00e7ad\u0131r k\u00f6ylere gelen Ermeni tacirlerden pamuklu, y\u00fcn ve ipek kuma\u015flar, tuz al\u0131rlar, mahalli el i\u015flemesi \u00fcr\u00fcnler, balmumu, at, koyun ve b\u00fcy\u00fck boynuzlu s\u0131\u011f\u0131r satarlard\u0131. Ayr\u0131ca kendi aralar\u0131nda takas usul\u00fc al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yaparlard\u0131.
\n\u00c7e\u00e7enistan: Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n ve bir \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde S\u00fct\u00fcn Bat\u0131 Kafkasya’n\u0131n zahire ambar\u0131 durumundaki \u00c7e\u00e7enistan farkl\u0131 bir konumdayd\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan verimli topraklar\u0131n, zengin meralar\u0131n oldu\u011fu ve da\u011flar\u0131n s\u0131k ormanlarla \u00f6rt\u00fcl-d\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir \u00fclkedir. Ataerkil klan sistemi burada ge\u00e7erlili\u011fini koruyordu. N\u00fcfus Tolpa’lara yani kom\u00fcnlere ve tokhumlara yani klanlara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc, \u00f6rf ve adetler kanunlar yerine ge\u00e7iyordu. El sanatlar\u0131 ve ticaret geli\u015fmemi\u015fti. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda feodal sistemin klan asilli\u011fi bi\u00e7iminde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Bu d\u00f6nemde klan ileri gelenleri kom\u00fcn topraklar\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u00f6zel toprak m\u00fclkiyeti ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Toprak ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131rlar ruhban s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n\u0131n ellerinde toplula\u015f\u0131yordu. Mal de\u011fi\u015f-toku\u015funun geli\u015fmesi ile i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn daha da belirginle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc. Ormanl\u0131klardaki ve ba\u011fl\u0131klardaki tacirler \u00c7e\u00e7enler aras\u0131nda da g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n da\u011fl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinde ataerkil klan sistemi katiyetle ya\u015farken, ovalardaki feodalist geli\u015fim ba\u015far\u0131ya ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7e\u00e7enler hen\u00fcz bir devlet halinde birle\u015fememi\u015flerdi. Her klan, toplulu\u011fun i\u015flerini yapan ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyen bir ya\u015fl\u0131y\u0131 \u015fef se\u00e7erdi.
\nT\u00fcm k\u00f6y\u00fc veya bir\u00e7ok klan\u0131 ilgilendiren meseleler k\u00f6y meclisleri (Khiytir\u00e7iy) taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenirdi. Kan davas\u0131 \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin ya\u015famlar\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir yer tutuyordu. Para cezalar\u0131n\u0131n miktar\u0131, mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan, zarar g\u00f6rene belli bir say\u0131da inek \u00f6denmesi \u015feklinde tespit edilmi\u015fti. Bir adam \u00f6ld\u00fcren 190, bir kad\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcren 130 koyun vermekte zorunluydu. E\u011fer katil para cezas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6demezse ve e\u011fer \u00f6lmek istemiyorsa \u00fclkeyi terketmek zorundayd\u0131. Toprak kom\u00fcn\u00fcn ortak mal\u0131yd\u0131. Her y\u0131l ekim mevsimi ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce ‘tokhum’un \u00fcyeleri bir <\/span><\/p>\n

araya gelir ve daha \u00f6nceden her aileye e\u015fit bir par\u00e7a d\u00fc\u015fecek \u015fekilde b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f arazileri kimin ekece\u011fini kura ile tespit ederlerdi. Araziler o y\u0131l \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n mal\u0131 say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Ormanl\u0131k araziler payla\u015f\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f, t\u00fcm kom\u00fcn\u00fcn kullan\u0131m\u0131na a\u00e7\u0131k b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7ar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n feodal b\u00f6lgelerinde, feodal toprak sahipleriyle temas kurmak ve onlara ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 olanlar\u0131n\u0131n serfle\u015ftirilmesine yard\u0131m etmek i\u00e7in her \u00e7areye ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftu. Bu yard\u0131mlar sayesinde Da\u011f\u0131stan’\u0131n feodal asilzadeleri 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda yeni bir s\u00fcr\u00fc zorunluluklar getirdiler ve k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri daha fazla s\u00f6m\u00fcrmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar. \u00c7ar h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan’\u0131n feodalizmin ya az geli\u015fti\u011fi ya da hi\u00e7 geli\u015fmedi\u011fi b\u00f6lgesinde y\u00f6re klanlar\u0131n\u0131n bir s\u00f6m\u00fcrenler s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 haline gelen \u00fcst tabakalar\u0131na destek sa\u011flayarak fetihlerini geni\u015fletmeye \u00e7alf\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n

<\/span> Kabardey’de Toplumsal Sistem
\n
\nKabardeyler, Elbruz da\u011f\u0131n\u0131n eteklerinden Sunzha nehrinin yukar\u0131lar\u0131na kadar olan d\u00fcz ve a\u00e7\u0131k arazide ve de Malka’n\u0131n sol kenar\u0131ndan Kara da\u011flar\u0131n tepesine kadar olan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015f\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca zenginlikleri at ve koyun s\u00fcr\u00fcleriydi. Tar\u0131m \u00e7ok azd\u0131 ve ba\u015fl\u0131ca ekinler m\u0131s\u0131r, akdar\u0131 ve biraz da bu\u011fdayd\u0131. El sanatlar\u0131 ve ticaret \u00f6nemli de\u011fildi, t\u00fcyl\u00fc kuma\u015f, ke\u00e7eden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f paltolar ve deri mallar \u00fcretilmekteydi. Ba\u015fl\u0131ca de\u011fi\u015fim maddeleriyse s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fiyle ilgili \u00fcr\u00fcnlerdi.<\/p>\n

19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda B\u00fcy\u00fck Kabardey’ de halk birbirinden kesin \u00e7izgilerle ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, s\u0131n\u0131flara b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar 11 farkl\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylerler ki bunlar: Prensler, asiller veya vorklar, birbirinden farkl\u0131 \u00fc\u00e7 s\u0131n\u0131f uzden, prenslerin u\u015faklar\u0131 veya koruyucular\u0131, prenslerin k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri, 1 ve 2. s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ve azat edilmi\u015f k\u00f6leler,\u00e7Kabardey prensleri kendilerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olanlardan tah\u0131l, para, s\u0131\u011f\u0131r ve kereste bi\u00e7iminde hara\u00e7 al\u0131rlard\u0131. Prense ba\u011fl\u0131 aullar prensin evinin etraf\u0131nda bulunur ve buralarda ba\u015fl\u0131ca u\u011fra\u015flar\u0131 tar\u0131m ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi olan k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve azat edilmi\u015f k\u00f6leler ya\u015fard\u0131. K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00fcrettiklerinin yar\u0131s\u0131 prense aitti.<\/p>\n

Kabardey’in \u00f6zg\u00fcr olmayan serf n\u00fcfusu bir\u00e7ok kategoriye ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Azat’lar \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri kendilerine verilmi\u015f veya \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerini kendileri sat\u0131n alm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6yl\u00fclerdi. Yanlar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 efendilerine yak\u0131n yerlerde ya\u015farlard\u0131. Og’lar (veya serfler) \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar \u00fczerinde ya\u015farlard\u0131. Yapmaya mecbur olduklar\u0131 i\u015f ve \u00f6dedikleri kiralarla efendilerine ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Logonaput’lar (veya topraks\u0131z k\u00f6yl\u00fcler) hemen hemen hi\u00e7bir \u015feye sahip de\u011fillerdi ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bir y\u0131l efendileri i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rlard\u0131. ”Og”lar ve ”Logonaput”lar, bir ailenin hepsi birden ve Kabardey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde olmak \u015fart\u0131yla efendileri taraf\u0131ndan sat\u0131labilirlerdi. Vu-nevut’lar n\u00fcfusun hi\u00e7bir hakk\u0131 olmayan kesimini olu\u015ftururlard\u0131. – Bunlar\u0131n ne bir par\u00e7a topraklar\u0131 ne de \u00f6zel m\u00fclkiyetleri vard\u0131. Sadece ev hizmet\u00e7ileriydiler ve efendilerinin evlerinde ya\u015farlard\u0131. Tek tek ve Kabardey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da sat\u0131labilirlerdi.
\nRus h\u00fck\u00fcmeti Kabardey’i kendi siyasi alan\u0131na \u00e7ekmek i\u00e7in uygun g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc her asil aileye itimat eder ve Kabardey prensleri aras\u0131nda var olan kan davalar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fiddetlendirmeye gayret ederdi.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkesya’daki Toplumsal Sistem:
\n<\/b>
\n\u00c7erkesler (veya Adigeler) 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kabileye b\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

Bunlardan en \u00f6nemlileri Abzahlar, Shapsughlar, Bjedughlar, Natukuaylar ve Wub\u0131hlard\u0131. Wub\u0131hlar k\u00f6ken itibar\u0131yla Adige de\u011fillerdir fakat \u00f6rf ve adetleri, ya\u015fay\u0131\u015f tarzlar\u0131, toplumsal sistemleri ve \u00c7erke\u015f dilini kendi dilleri gibi kullanmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00c7erke\u015f kabileleri aras\u0131na dahil edilmi\u015flerdir. Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n kuzeydo\u011fusunda, Karadeniz sahillerinde Abhaz halk\u0131 ya\u015fard\u0131.
\n16. ve 17: y\u00fczy\u0131llardan sonra \u00c7erkesya’da ataerkil klan sistemi par\u00e7alanmaya ve feodalizm geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat feodalizmin geli\u015fme s\u00fcreci 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda bile hen\u00fcz tamamlanmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu s\u0131rada \u00c7erkeslerin ya\u015fam\u0131 do\u011fan ekonomi \u00fczerine kurulmu\u015ftu. Tar\u0131m ve s\u0131\u011f\u0131r yeti\u015ftiricili\u011fi hem ba\u015fl\u0131ca yiyecek gereksinimlerini kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor hem de ticaret vas\u0131tas\u0131yla tuz bulmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir i\u00e7 ticaret vard\u0131. Kentler olu\u015fmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve i\u00e7 tedav\u00fclde ge\u00e7erli para yoktu. Para cezalar\u0131 bir \u00f6k\u00fcz de\u011feri hesab\u0131 ile ifade edilmekte ve bir ar\u015f\u0131n y\u00fcnl\u00fc kuma\u015f bir sikke (yani para) yerine ge\u00e7mekteydi. Bir Rus rublesi muamele g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yer ve zamana g\u00f6re 6 ila 16 ar\u015f\u0131n arada bir de\u011fere sahipti. Ev end\u00fcstrisi \u00e7ok az geli\u015fmi\u015fti ve ancak ailenin ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamaya yetiyordu.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerde s\u0131n\u0131flar, Kabardeylerde oldu\u011fu gibi a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirmemi\u015fti ve b\u00fct\u00fcn kabilelerde ayn\u0131 de\u011fildi. Baz\u0131 kabilelerde, mesela Bjedughlarda feodal \u00fcst tabaka prenslerden ve asillerden olu\u015fuyordu. Prensler halk \u00fczerinde y\u00fcksek otorite sahibiydiler ve de onlara sava\u015fta \u00f6nderlik ediyorlard\u0131. Di\u011fer kabilelerde, mesela Shapsugh, Natukuay ve Abzahlarda prensler yoktu ve \u00fcst tabaka asillerden olu\u015fuyordu. Bu kabileler her biri ya\u015fl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netilen kom\u00fcnlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Birinci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n asilleri kendi k\u00f6ylerinde ya\u015farlard\u0131 ve buradaki \u00e7e\u015fitli kategoriden insanlar ve k\u00f6leler \u00fczerinde h\u00fck\u00fcm sahibiydiler. \u0130kinci ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n asilleri, birinci s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n asillerinin k\u00f6ylerinde ya\u015far, onlara bir \u015fey \u00f6demez ve de k\u00f6yl\u00fc ve k\u00f6ye sahibi olabilirlerdi. Cinayet kanla \u00f6denirdi ama buna ek olarak bir de para cezas\u0131 sistemi vard\u0131. Cezan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen \u015fahs\u0131n toplumdaki yerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fiyordu.<\/p>\n

Ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 halk aras\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 ana kategorinin oldu\u011fu tespit edilmi\u015ftir.
\nBirinci kategoride yer alan oglar \u00f6zg\u00fcrlerle serfler aras\u0131nda bir yere sahiplerdi. Prensin topra\u011f\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131r ve ona vergi \u00f6derlerdi.<\/p>\n

Ta\u015f\u0131nabilir mal ve k\u00f6le sahibi olabiliyorlard\u0131 fakat mal ve k\u00f6le satma haklar\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Baz\u0131 \u00f6zel su\u00e7lar\u0131 i\u015flememi\u015fse bir og sat\u0131lamazd\u0131; e\u011fer sat\u0131l\u0131rsa ogun \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc tekrar sat\u0131n alma hakk\u0131 vard\u0131. Bir asilden bir \u015fey \u00e7alan og, o asile k\u00f6le olarak verilirdi, fakat og, erkek akrabalar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan bedeli \u00f6denip kurtar\u0131labilirdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kategoriyi olu\u015fturan P\u015f\u0131tlar birtak\u0131m aile haklar\u0131 ve mallar\u0131 olan k\u00f6yl\u00fclerdi. Efendileriyle ev ve arazi hizmetlerinin belirlendi\u011fi, defter denilen anla\u015fmalar yaparlard\u0131. P\u015f\u0131tllar yaln\u0131z aileleri ile birlikte sat\u0131labilirlerdi.<\/p>\n

\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 kategori ise sava\u015f mahkumlar\u0131ndan \u00e7al\u0131nan, sat\u0131n al\u0131nan veya de\u011fi\u015ftirilen \u015fah\u0131slardan, veya k\u00f6lelerin \u00e7ocuklar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan k\u00f6lelerdi. \u015eahsi hi\u00e7bir haklar\u0131 olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi m\u00fclk sahibi de olamazlard\u0131. \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131nda en geni\u015f toplumsal s\u0131n\u0131f \u00f6zg\u00fcr k\u00f6yl\u00fclerden (ki, bunlara tlfekoll denir) olu\u015fuyordu. Bu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131n asillik d\u00fczeyine ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan, s\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcc\u00fc \u00fcst kesimi 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda netle\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

Ne prenslerin ne de asillerin kabilenin ortak mal\u0131 olarak g\u00f6zetilen topraklar \u00fczerinde hi\u00e7bir \u015fahsi haklan yoktu. Fakat 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren toprak sahipli\u011fi geli\u015fmeye ba\u015flad\u0131 ve hatta ekilebilen topraklar\u0131n sat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya miras yoluyla el de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fi durumlara rastlanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u00c7erkeslerin devlet \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmeleri yoktu. Anla\u015fmazl\u0131klara son vermek ve toplulu\u011fu ilgilendiren konularda kararlar almak i\u00e7in genel meclisler toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r ve \u00f6zel \u00f6neme sahip durumlarda genel kabile meclisleri toplan\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7erkeslerin \u00f6zel ve toplumsal ya\u015famlar\u0131 adetler taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmekteydi.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya’n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerindeki bu \u00e7ok \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal sistemler bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda daha ziyade toplumsal ya\u015fam\u0131n geri kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 izlenimini vermektedir. Feodal par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k ve geri kalm\u0131\u015fl\u0131k Kafkasya’n\u0131n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya’s\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fgal edilmesini kolayla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Kafdağı Sayı: 5, Haziran 1987, Bölüm: 3, Sayfa 47-58 Çeviri: T. Topçu 19. Yüzyılın başlarında Transkafkasya’da ki devlet ve yarı-devlet örgütlenmeleri: 19. Yüzyılın başlarında Kafkasya, hem kültürel gelişim seviyeleri, hem de toplumsal, ekonomik ve politik yaşamları birbirinden oldukça farklı kısımlardan oluşan bir bölgeydi. Transkafkas-ya’da ileri bir feodal sistemin hakim olduğu bölgelerin varolmasına rağmen bazı bölgelerde […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12506","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-tarih","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12506","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12506"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12506\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12508,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12506\/revisions\/12508"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12506"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12506"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12506"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}