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Sufian Zhemukhov<\/span><\/span><\/strong> Rus-\u00c7erkes Sava\u015flar\u0131 tarihteki en uzun ve en ac\u0131mas\u0131z m\u00fccadelelerdendir. 1763 ile 1822 aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7o\u011fu muharebe Rus \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olana dek Do\u011fu \u00c7erkesya\u2019daki Kabardey Prensli\u011fi\u2019nde meydana gelmi\u015ftir. Oras<\/span>\u0131; y\u00fczde 90\u2019l\u0131k k\u0131sm\u0131 soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frat\u0131lan yahut 1864\u2019te Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011funa s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderilene kadar Rus h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fc kabul etmeyip Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesya\u2019ya yerle\u015fen ve m\u00fccadelelerine di\u011fer \u00c7erkes prensliklerinin yan\u0131nda devam edenlerin topra\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Temirgoylar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck prensi Jembulat Bolotoko\u2019nun hayat\u0131 ise 101 y\u0131l s\u00fcren sava\u015f\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/span><\/p>\n Bu makale Jembulat Bolotoko\u2019nun hayat\u0131n\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmaya y\u00f6nelik bat\u0131daki ilk gayrettir. As\u0131l ama\u00e7 olan hayat\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilinmeyen ger\u00e7ekleri g\u00fcny\u00fcz\u00fcne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131p kapsaml\u0131 bir biyografi olu\u015fturman\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra bu makale \u00fc\u00e7 temel soruya cevap verecek; Rus ve Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Temirgoy Prensli\u011fi 19. yy ba\u015flar\u0131nda, Temirgoy Prensli\u011fi‘<\/span>nin n\u00fcfusu 5 bin<\/span> aile (ya da 30 bin<\/span> ki\u015fi) civar\u0131ndayd\u0131. Bolotoko ailesinin en ya\u015fl\u0131 \u00fcyesi b\u00fcy\u00fck prens unvan\u0131n\u0131n varisiydi. Prenslik geleneksel olarak Xase ad\u0131 verilen bir meclise sahipti ve Temirgoy, Adamey, Hatukay, Yecerukay ve Hajret (<\/span>*)<\/span> Kabardeylerinin b\u00f6lgelerinden olu\u015fan federatif bir yap\u0131dayd\u0131. Nogay sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar ve Ermeni t\u00fcccarlar da bu federatif yap\u0131da yer almaktayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Temirgoy Prensli\u011findeki politik durum, b\u00f6lgedeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck iki g\u00fc\u00e7 olan Osmanl\u0131 ve Rus \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki duruma endeksli oldu\u011fundan, Jembulat\u2019\u0131n do\u011fumundan beri son derece istikrars\u0131zd\u0131. Bir taraftan s\u00fcrekli bir tehdit olan Rusya ile her Temirgoy Prensi(B\u00fcy\u00fck Prens) bar\u0131\u015f yapmak zorundayken, \u00f6te yandan bu bar\u0131\u015f, devam etmekte olan \u00c7erkes direni\u015f hareketi ile prensin me\u015frulu\u011funun zay\u0131flatmaktayd\u0131. 19. yy analisti, Han Giray\u2019a g\u00f6re bir k\u0131sm\u0131 buna ra\u011fmen Rus e\u011filimliyken, Temirgoy Prensleri \u00c7erkes direni\u015finin lideri olan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Abadzeh Prensli\u011fi taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmekteydi. Abadzeh Prensli\u011fi\u2019nde kayda de\u011fer bir etki b\u0131rakan gen\u00e7 prens Jembulat da bunlar aras\u0131ndad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1812\u2019de, Napolyon\u2019la olan sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Ruslar \u00c7erkesya\u2019daki \u00e7o\u011fu birli\u011fini geri \u00e7ekmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrklerle B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalayarak Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkes Prenslikleriyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 paktlar\u0131 feshetmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Rus generallerinden biri 1814 Mart\u2019\u0131nda Kuban Irma\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ge\u00e7erek Misost Bolotoko\u2019ya olan deste\u011fini g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ve bu budalaca yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Abadzeh liderleri gen\u00e7 prens Jembulat\u2019\u0131 y\u00fckseltmek i\u00e7in diplomatik f\u0131rsatlar\u0131 \u00e7ok iyi kullanm\u0131\u015f ve T\u00fcrklere Ruslar\u0131n hareketlerinden rahats\u0131z olduklar\u0131n\u0131 bildiren bir heyet g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir. Ruslar T\u00fcrklerle olabilecek yeni bir z\u0131tla\u015fmadan \u00e7ekinerek Misost Bolotoko\u2019yu yaln\u0131z b\u0131rakt\u0131lar. Ve daha sonra 1814 Mart\u2019\u0131nda Temirgoy Prensli\u011fi iki par\u00e7aya ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Biri Jembulat taraf\u0131ndan di\u011feri ise b\u00fcy\u00fck prens Misost taraf\u0131ndan y\u00f6netiliyordu. Ama her iki prens de Temirgoy\u2019u bir i\u00e7 sava\u015ftan uzak tutmu\u015f ve ki\u015fisel \u00e7eki\u015fmelerden ka\u00e7\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yerli (Otonkton) \u00c7erkesleri Korumak \u0130\u00e7in 1823\u2019te Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan \u00c7erkes k\u00f6ylerine sald\u0131r\u0131lar d\u00fczenlemeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f ve 25 bin<\/span> ailelik Rus kolonisi buralara yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bu d\u00f6nemde Jembulat\u2019\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 muharebelerden biri epeyce dikkat \u00e7ekmektedir. 1823 Nisan\u2019\u0131nda, Prens Bolotoko ve Skhum emrindeki 300 \u00c7erkes s\u00fcvarisi Rus askeri sath\u0131na sald\u0131rd\u0131. Sava\u015f o kadar \u015fiddetliydi ki Prens Skhum yana\u011f\u0131ndan ,iki yan\u0131ndan birer m\u0131zrak ve omurga civar\u0131ndan bir mermi ile yaralanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ruslar geri \u00e7ekilerek \u00c7erkeslere 19 adet de tutsak b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. May\u0131s 1823\u2019te \u00c7erkes s\u00fcvarileri 320 rehine alarak Kruglolesskoe\u2019daki b\u00fcy\u00fck bir Rus kalesini yakt\u0131.<\/p>\n 18 A\u011fustos 1823\u2019te 30 prens Jembulat\u2019\u0131n Belaya Nehri ard\u0131ndaki k\u00f6y\u00fcnde topland\u0131. Kabardey\u2019den i\u015fgaller sonucu bat\u0131ya ka\u00e7an \u00c7erkeslerin \u201cotonktonlu\u011fu\u201d \u00c7erkes Direni\u015fi\u2019nin yeni ideolojisi olarak deklere edildi. Rus topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131rmak ve Kabardeyleri kurtarmak \u00fczere karar k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131. Bir halk ezgisinde bu d\u00f6nem \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131l\u0131r:<\/p>\n Belaya Nehri \u00f6tesinde, Jembulat Bolotoko \u00f6nderli\u011finde 800 s\u00fcvari Rus topraklar\u0131na y\u00f6neldi. M\u00fcfrezenin yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndaki Kabardey Prensi \u0130smail Kasey\u2019in emrindeki Hajretler olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Hajretler pahal\u0131 ve iyi z\u0131rhlara sahiptiler. Amerikal\u0131 tarih\u00e7i Micheal Khodarkovsky prensin giydi\u011fi iyi bir z\u0131rh\u0131n 50 at fiyat\u0131nda olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131, orta halli bir tanesinin ise 8 at ile e\u015fde\u011fer maliyette olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 hesaplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Jembulat‘<\/span>\u0131n m\u00fcfrezesi \u00e7ok g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc idi ve Rus alaylar\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerler hakk\u0131nda bilgi sahibi olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen Ruslar \u00c7erkeslerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmak istememi\u015ftir. Bilahare kumandanlar\u0131, Pobednov ve Isaev adlar\u0131ndaki albaylar\u0131 Jembulat Bolotoko\u2019yla sava\u015ftan ka\u00e7t\u0131klar\u0131 gerek\u00e7esiyle cezaland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bu subaylar\u0131n r\u00fctbelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Sadece bir Kazak alay\u0131, 23 Ekim de Barsuk Nehri yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki Sabl k\u00f6y\u00fcnde, \u00c7erkeslerle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmay\u0131 g\u00f6ze alabilmi\u015ftir. Nitekim Jembulat Kazaklar\u0131n tamam\u0131n\u0131 yok etmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1825 yaz\u0131nda, Rus g\u00fc\u00e7leri bir ka\u00e7 operasyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 18 A\u011fustos\u2019ta General Veliaminov Abadzekh \u00c7erkes direni\u015f\u00e7isi Haj\u0131 Tlam \u0131n ikametini yakm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat Ruslar geri \u00e7ekilmeye vakit bulamadan \u00c7erkeslerden cevaben gelen sald\u0131r\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ka\u00e7m\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Rus belgelerinde bu olayla ilgili, Abadzekh sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131yla kamalar kullan\u0131larak g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcs g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcse ge\u00e7en \u00e7ok kanl\u0131 bir muharebe, denilmektedir. 31 Ocak\u2019ta Jembulat Marevskoye kalesini yakar.<\/p>\n Temirgoy\u2019un B\u00fcy\u00fck Prensi ve \u00c7erkes Direni\u015finin Lideri \u0130ran\u2019la olan sava\u015f\u0131 bittikten sonra Rusya T\u00fcrklerle 28 Nisan 1828 de tekrar sava\u015fa girdi. \u00c7erkes prensleri Urup Nehri k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131nda Jembulat ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir araya geldiler. Yerle\u015fimlerini da\u011fl\u0131k alanlara kayd\u0131rma karar\u0131 ald\u0131lar. Kuban Nehri\u2019nin \u00c7erkeslere bakan taraf\u0131 bo\u015falt\u0131ld\u0131. Kuban b\u00f6lgesi komutan\u0131 General Emmanuel, \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n i\u00e7lerine do\u011fru kat etmi\u015f, Jembulat\u2019\u0131n kuzeni Heaolei Bolotoko\u2019nun k\u00f6y\u00fcne sald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f fakat gece \u00c7erkesler taraf\u0131ndan ku\u015fat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 4 Haziran 1828 de Jembulat Bolotoko 5 farkl\u0131 prenslikten ve T\u00fcrklerden olu\u015fan 2000 s\u00fcvariyle Rusya\u2019ya olan seferlerine ba\u015flad\u0131. Jembulat\u2019\u0131n h\u0131zla do\u011frultu de\u011fi\u015ftiren manevralar\u0131 sayesinde Rus g\u00fc\u00e7leri takibi s\u00fcrekli kaybetmi\u015ftir. 6 Haziran\u2019da Kuban b\u00f6lgesindeki en b\u00fcy\u00fck alaylardan biri olan, Khopyor Kazak alay\u0131na sald\u0131rd\u0131. Ruslar pani\u011fe kap\u0131l\u0131p kaleye \u00e7ekildi. Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya komutan\u0131 Earl Paskevich, \u0130ran\u2019la olan sava\u015ftan d\u00f6nerken, G\u00fcrcistan yolunu keserek Kabardey\u2019in izole edilmesi emrini verdi. K\u0131rk\u0131nc\u0131 E\u011fer taburu Kabardey\u2019den Jembulata do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Fakat Jembulat h\u0131zla rotas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek Kafkasya\u2019daki Rus y\u00f6netiminin merkezi olan Georgievsk\u2019e vard\u0131.<\/p>\n 8 Haziran\u2019da Jembulat Khopyor alay\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcndeki Podkumok Nehri\u2019ni ge\u00e7er ve izini kaybettirir. Jembulat Ruslar\u0131n hatalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmaktayd\u0131 ve yine do\u011frultusunu de\u011fi\u015ftirmi\u015fti. Volga Nehri civar\u0131ndaki korumas\u0131z Rus k\u00f6ylerine do\u011fru hareket etmekteydi. Sabah\u0131na Ulan emirlerinin ve Belgorodsky alay\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim merkezi olan Nezlobnaya kalesini yakt\u0131. \u00c7erkeslerin de kayb\u0131 oldu. Sultan Aslan Giray, Aslan Roslanbek, Jankhot A\u015fe isimli 3 prens \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc ve Haj\u0131 Mirzabek Hamurzin a\u011f\u0131r yaraland\u0131. \u00c7erkes ordusu sava\u015f alan\u0131n\u0131 terketti. Rus ordusunda sadece Khopyor alay\u0131 sa\u011flam kald\u0131 fakat onlar da \u00c7erkeslere kar\u015f\u0131 gelemedi. Jembulat Baksan Vadisi\u2019ne do\u011fru ilerledi. 10 Haziran sabah\u0131 Khopyor alay\u0131 vadinin giri\u015fine geldi fakat \u00c7erkeslere yakla\u015fmad\u0131. General Emmanuel’in b\u00f6b\u00fcrlenerek \u00c7ar I. Nikolay\u2019a anlatabildi\u011fi \u015fey ise \u201c\u00c7erkeslere sava\u015fta yaralananlar\u0131 ve \u00f6l\u00fclerini toplamalar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcsaade edildi\u011fiydi\u201d.<\/p>\n D\u0130PNOTLAR:<\/span> Jembulat Bolotoko: The Prince of Princes (Part One) Franz Roubaud’s A Scene from the Caucasian War (Source: wikimedia) This article is the first western attempt to research the life Jembulat Bolotoko. Along with the main goal of bringing the dispersed facts of his life into one comprehensive biography, the article answers three basic questions \u2013 what political platform helped prince Jembulat to become the military leader of the Circassian Resistance from 1823-1829; why and under what conditions he concluded the 1830 Temirgoi-Russian Treaty; and why he was assassinated in 1836?<\/p>\n Temirgoi Principality Between the Russian and Ottoman Empires<\/p>\n According to Circassian historian Shora Nogma, a contemporary of Jembulat, the princely Temirgoi family inherited its last name and the title of \u201cPrince of Princes\u201d from its legendary ancestor, Bolotoko, who was famous for his \u201cwisdom and strictness\u201d [1].<\/p>\n At the beginning of the 19th Century, the population of the Temirgoi principality was about 5,000 families [2] (or 30,000 people [3]). The eldest prince of the Bolotoko family inherited the title of the Great Prince. The principality had a traditional Circassian parliament called the Khasa. Temirgoi was a federative principality divided into the districts of Temirgoi, Adamei, Khatukai, Egarukai and Hajjret Kabardians. Two non-Circassian nations lived there as well \u2013 Nogai warriors and Armenian traders [4].<\/p>\n Since the birth of Jembulat, the political situation inside the Temirgoi principality was highly unstable because it was situated between the two greatest powers in the region \u2013 the Russian and Ottoman Empires. On the one hand, every Great Prince of Temirgoi had to make peace with Russia under a constant threat of Russian invasion. On the other hand, the peace undermined his legitimacy in the ongoing Circassian resistance movement. According to Khan-Girei, a 19th Century Circassian political analyst, part of the Temirgoi princes were pro-Russia oriented, while the rest sought support from the mighty neighboring principality of Abadzekh, the leader of the Circassian resistance. Among the last was the young prince Jembulat, who \u201chad remarkable influence in the Abadzekh principality\u201d [5].<\/p>\n In 1812, during the war with Napoleon, Russia had to withdraw most of its troops from Circassia and sign the Bucharest treaty with Turkey, relinquishing any kind of engagement in the Western Circassian principalities. But one of Russia\u2019s generals foolishly crossed the Kuban River on March 1814 to show his support to Misost Bolotoko. Abadzekh leaders skillfully used the diplomatic opportunity to promote the young prince Jembulat Bolotoko and sent a delegation to Turkey, which complained against the Russian actions [6]. Fearing renewed conflict with Turkey, Russia left Misost Bolotoko without support [7]. The Temirgoi principality then became divided into two parts in March 1814, one ruled by prince Jembulat and the other by Great Prince Misost. However, both princes wisely avoided any personal confrontation and saved Temirgoi from a civil war.<\/p>\n To Rescue \u201cthe Circassians of Indigenous Palestine\u201d<\/p>\n People who knew prince Jembulat personally described him as broad chested and not tall, with a head \u201cshaved in the Circassian way with a bunch of hairs over one ear as a sign of nobility\u201d [8]. A Russian general wrote that Jembulat \u201cbecame famous for his bravery, strong character and hard will\u201d and was the \u201clast representative of the generation of knights among the Circassian princes\u201d [9].<\/p>\n In 1823, the Russian Tsarist forces started attacks on Circassian villages as a distraction while 25,000 families of new Russian colonists were being settled there. One of Jembulat\u2019s first known battles was rather striking. In April 1823, 300 Circassian cavalry under the leadership of princes Bolotoko and Skhum attacked the Russian Military Line. The battle was so furious that prince Skhum was wounded four times \u201cto his cheek by a spear, to his loin by a bullet, and two times to his side by spears.\u201d The Russians fled and left 19 prisoners to the Circassians. In May 1823, the Circassian cavalry burned down a big Russian fortress at Kruglolesskoe and took 302 hostages [10].<\/p>\n On August 18, 1823, thirty princes held a meeting in Jembulat\u2019s village on the Belaya River. They announced a new ideology of the Circassian Resistance: that the refugees who fled from Kabarda were \u201cCircassians of indigenous Palestine\u201d [11] \u2013 that is, of an occupied territory. They decided to invade the Russian territory and rescue the Kabardian people. A Russian folklore song of that time said \u2013<\/p>\n \u201cBeyond the Belaya River, Jembulat Bolotoko led an 800 strong cavalry force into Russian territory. Half of the detachment was of Hajjrets under the command of 18 year old Kabardian prince Ismail Kasei. The Hajjrets wore the best and most expensive armor. The American historian Michael Khodarkovsky calculated that a fine armor for a prince would cost up to 50 horses while an average one would cost about eight horses [13]. Jembulat\u2019s detachment was so strong and determined that experienced Russian regiments avoided it on its way. Later, the Russian command punished two colonels, Pobednov and Isaev, by lowering their ranks for avoiding giving battle to Jembulat Bolotoko. Only one Cossack regiment dared to fight the Circassians on October 23 at the village of Sabl on the Barsukly River. Jembulat surrounded the Cossacks and killed all of them in a saber attack [14].<\/p>\n In the summer of 1825, Russian forces carried out several military operations. On August 18, General Veliaminov burned the residency of Hajji Tlam, one of the leaders of the Circassian resistance in Abadzekh. But the Russians did not have time to retreat when they were attacked by the Circassian forces and then had to flee. According to a Russian report, it was \u201ca very hot battle,\u201d with the Abadzekh infantry fighting with daggers face to face against the Russians. On January 31, Jembulat burned down the fortress of Marevskoye [15].<\/p>\n Great Prince of Temirgoi and Leader of the Circassian Resistance<\/p>\n In 1827, Misost Bolotoko, the Great Prince of Temirgoi, died and Jembulat Bolotoko inherited the title. Combining his military leadership with the title of Great Prince of the strongest principality, Jembulat became the unquestioned leader in Circassia.<\/p>\n Right after the end of its war with Iran, Russia launched a new war against Turkey on April 26, 1828. Circassian princes gathered on the Urup River under the leadership of prince Jembulat. They decided to move their settlements into the mountain areas. The Circassian side of the Kuban River became ominously empty. General Emmanuel, the commander of the Kuban Military Line, led Russian troops deep into Circassian territory and attacked a village of Jembulat\u2019s cousin, Heaolei Bolotoko, but had to retreat under the danger of being surrounded at night.<\/p>\n On June 4, 1828, Jembulat Bolotoko started his campaign into Russian lands with 2,000 cavalry under five flags of different Circassian principalities, as well as a Turkish flag. Local Russian forces lost sight of the Circassians when Jembulat suddenly changed direction, a maneuver he successfully used many times during the campaign. On June 6, at the fortress Batalpashinsk, Jembulat attacked the Khopyor Cossack regiment, one of the biggest on the Kuban Military Line. The Russians panicked and fled to the fortress.<\/p>\n Jembulat left the local Russian forces behind him and moved forward. The Russians wrongly concluded that he intended to go to Kabarda in the middle of the Russian-Turkish war, and open a second front on the Terek and Sunja Rivers. It seemed that Magomed-Aga, a high ranking Turkish authority, was present in the Circassian army.<\/p>\n Earl Paskevich, the Russian commander-in-chief in the Caucasus, ordered the 2nd Ulan division, returning from the Russia-Iran war, to move along the Georgian Military Road to cut off the route of the Circassians toward Kabarda. The 40th Eger battalion marched from Kabarda toward Jembulat. Yet, Jembulat suddenly changed his direction and headed toward the town of Georgievsk, the Russian administrative center in the Caucasus.<\/p>\n On June 8, Jembulat crossed the Podkumok River in front of the Khopyor regiment, which did not dare to engage him, retreated and lost sight of him. Jembulat used the Russians\u2019 mistake and changed his direction again. Now he started moving on an unprotected road toward the Russian villages in the Volga region. In the morning, Jembulat attacked and burned the Nezlobnaya fortress, the headquarters of the 2nd Ulan division and the Belgorodsky regiment.<\/p>\n The Circassian army stopped on a high hill at a distance from the Marinskaya fortress. The Russian army began to re-group into two lines and became too dispersed. Jembulat detected the Russians\u2019 insecure position and menaced the Volzhskiy regiment\u2019s left flank with all his forces. The Donskoy regiment hurried there but it was too late and the left flank fled. The Circassians turned toward the approaching new Russian forces and met the fighting at full speed with sabers and spears. Later, many old men from the Russian settlements would tell Russian historians how the Cossacks\u2019 spears would break while hitting the Circassians\u2019 chain mail. Several officers and the commander of the regiment were slaughtered, which caused panic among the Cossacks and they fled [16].<\/p>\n The Circassians had their losses as well. Three princes were killed \u2013 Sultan Aslan-Girei, Aslan Roslanbek and Jengot Asha \u2013 and prince Hajji Murzabek Khamurzin was heavily wounded. The Circassian army left the battlefield. In the Russian army, only the Khopyor regiment remained orderly, but it did not dare to approach the Circassians. Jembulat moved toward the Baksan valley. On June 10 in the morning, the Khopyor regiment arrived at the entrance of the valley but did not dare to enter it after Jembulat. The only Russian accomplishment that general Emanuel boasted of in his report to Tsar Nikolai I was that \u201cthough the Circassians have a custom of collecting the bodies of their killed and wounded comrades, we possessed many of their dead bodies in this war\u201d [17].<\/p>\n NOTES<\/span>:<\/b> Sufian Zhemukhov Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 206 Çeviri: Ömer Demircan Rus-Çerkes Savaşları tarihteki en uzun ve en acımasız mücadelelerdendir. 1763 ile 1822 arasındaki çoğu muharebe Rus İmparatorluğu’nun bir parçası olana dek Doğu Çerkesya’daki Kabardey Prensliği’nde meydana gelmiştir. Orası; yüzde 90’lık kısmı soykırıma uğratılan yahut 1864’te Osmanlı İmparatorluğuna sürgüne gönderilene kadar Rus hükmünü kabul 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\n<\/b><\/span> Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 206
\n\u00c7eviri<\/span>: \u00d6mer Demircan<\/span><\/p>\n
\n1. <\/b>Hangi diplomasi y\u00f6ntemi 1823 ile 1829 aras\u0131nda Jembulat Bolotoko\u2019nun \u00c7erkes direni\u015finin askeri lideri olmas\u0131na yard\u0131m etmi\u015ftir?
\n2. <\/b>Hangi ko\u015fullarda ve neden 1830 Temirgoy-Rus Antla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?
\n3. <\/b>Jembulat 1836 da neden suikasta u\u011fram\u0131\u015ft\u0131r?<\/p>\n
\n\u00c7erkes tarih\u00e7isi ve Jembulat Bolotoko\u2019nun \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Noguma \u015eora\u2019ya g\u00f6re, Temirgoy prens ailesinin soylulu\u011fu, bilgeli\u011fi ve sertli\u011fiyle \u00fcn yapm\u0131\u015f me\u015fhur atalar\u0131 Bolotoko\u2019dan gelmektedir.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nPrens Jembulat\u2019\u0131 tasvir edenler onu geni\u015f g\u00f6\u011f\u00fcsl\u00fc, orta boylu ve \u00c7erkes soylular\u0131n\u0131n kesim stili olan bir kula\u011f\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00f6k\u00fclen sa\u00e7 kesimiyle anlat\u0131r. Bir Rus generali Jembulat\u2019\u0131n cesareti, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc karakteri ve kararl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla \u00fcn yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve O\u2019nun son \u015f\u00f6valye prens ku\u015fa\u011f\u0131ndan oldu\u011funu yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\nPrensler y\u00fcksek bir tepede topland\u0131,
\nKartallar gibi u\u00e7u\u015farak,
\nBirle\u015fik bir konsey toplay\u0131p,
\nSava\u015fmaya karar verdiler.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n1827\u2019de Temirgoy\u2019un b\u00fcy\u00fck prensi Missost Bolotoko \u00f6ld\u00fc ve Jembulat Bolotoko bu unvan\u0131 ald\u0131. Bu unvanla askeri liderli\u011fi birle\u015ftirerek , Jembulat Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n ko\u015fulsuz ger\u00e7ek lideri olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
\nJembulat yerel Rus g\u00fc\u00e7lerini arkas\u0131nda b\u0131rakarak ilerledi. Ruslar Rus-T\u00fcrk sava\u015f\u0131nda onun Kabardey\u2019e gidip Terek Nehri civar\u0131nda ikinci bir cephe a\u00e7aca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek yan\u0131ld\u0131lar. Bu daha sonra y\u00fcksek r\u00fctbeli bir T\u00fcrk olan Muhammed A\u011fa taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6yle belirtilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
\n\u00c7erkes ordusu , Mariskaya kalesine uzak y\u00fcksek bir tepede tekrar konu\u015fland\u0131. Rus ordusu gruplar olu\u015fturmaya ve iki ana hat olu\u015fturmaya ba\u015flad\u0131 fakat \u00e7ok da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131. Jembulat Ruslar\u0131n zay\u0131f noktalar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetti ve Volzhskiy alay\u0131n\u0131n sol cenah\u0131na t\u00fcm g\u00fcc\u00fcyle sald\u0131rd\u0131. Donskoy alay\u0131 aceleyle oraya yeti\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131 fakat \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ti. Sol cenah \u00e7oktan geri \u00e7ekilmi\u015fti. \u00c7erkes g\u00fc\u00e7leri yakla\u015fan Rus g\u00fc\u00e7lerini pala ve m\u0131zraklar\u0131yla kar\u015f\u0131lad\u0131lar. Daha sonralar\u0131 ya\u015fl\u0131lar, Rus tarih\u00e7ilere Kazak m\u0131zrahlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7erkes z\u0131rhlar\u0131na \u00e7arp\u0131nca nas\u0131l k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 anlatacaklard\u0131r. Pani\u011fe kap\u0131lan \u00e7o\u011fu subay ve komutan geri \u00e7ekilirken katledildi.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>* Hajret<\/b> kelimesi Adig<\/span>eler taraf\u0131ndan muhacir anlam\u0131nda kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Makalede ise Ruslara direnerek do\u011fudan bat\u0131ya yerle\u015fen Kabardeyler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n* P\u015f\u0131xem<\/b> \u2018arip\u015f deyimi Adige dilinde prenslerin prensi demektir. K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck prensliklerden olu\u015fan Bat\u0131 \u00c7erkesya\u2019da bu makam t\u00fcm prenslerin topland\u0131\u011f\u0131 Xase ad\u0131 verilen kurula ba\u015fkanl\u0131k edene verilirdi.<\/span><\/p>\n![](\"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yorum\/parag-ara.gif\")
<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 8 Issue: 206
\nNovember 8, 2011 04:16 PM Age: 45 days
\nBy: Sufian Zhemukhov<\/p>\n
\nThe Russian-Circassian war was one of the longest and cruelest conflicts in world history. Between 1763-1822, most battles took place in the principality of Kabarda in Eastern Circassia until it became part of the Russian Empire. Those who did not accept Russian rule moved to Western Circassia and continued their fight alongside other Circassian principalities until 90 percent of Circassians were killed or deported to the Ottoman Empire in 1864. The life of Jembulat Bolotoko, Great Prince of the Temirgoi principality, was one of the episodes of the 101 year war.<\/p>\n
\nPrinces gather up on a high hill,
\nLike eagles fly to each other.
\nThey held a united council
\nAnd decide to give battle\u201d [12].<\/p>\n
\n1. <\/b>Nogmov, Sh.B. Istoriya Adyheiskogo Naroda. Ed. T. Kumykov (Nal’chik, 1994), p. 45.
\n2.<\/b> Bronevskiy, S.M. Noveishie Geograficheskie i Istoricheskie Izvestiya o Kavkaze (Moscow, 1823), part 2, p. 67.
\n3.<\/b> Akty Kavkazskoi Archeograficheskoi Komissii (AKAK). Ed. A. Berge (Tiflis, 1873), v 5, p. 857.
\n4.<\/b> AKAK (Tiflis, 1875), v. 6, part 2, p. 451.
\n5. <\/b>Khan-Girey, S. Cherkesskie Predaniya. Ed. R. Khashkhojeva (Nalchik: Elbrus, 1989), p. 245.
\n6.<\/b> AKAK, v. 5, p. 872.
\n7.<\/b> Ibid., p. 873.
\n8.<\/b> Novitskii G.V. Vospominaniya Vospitannika Pervogo Vypuska Iz Artilleriiskogo Uchilisha. Voennyi Sbornik. No 2, 1871, p. 305 <http:\/\/www.vostlit.info\/Texts\/Dokumenty\/Kavkaz\/XIX\/1820-1840\/Novickij\/vosp.htm>.
\n9.<\/b> Stal’ K.F. Etnograficheskii Ocherk Cherkesskogo Naroda. Kavkazskii Sbornik (Tiflis, 1900), v. 21, p. 84.
\n10.<\/b> AKAK (Tiflis, 1878), v. 7, p. 873.
\n11.<\/b> The exact expression in the document is \u201ccherkesy korennoi Palistiny\u201d.
\n12.<\/b> Potto V. Kavkazskaya Voina. (Moscow, 2007), v.5, p. 157 <http:\/\/lib.rus.ec\/b\/166911\/read>.
\n13.<\/b> Khodarkovsky, M. Where two World met. The Russian state and the Kalmyk Nomads, 1600-1771 (Cornell University Press, 1992), p.50.
\n14.<\/b> Potto V. Kavkazskaya Voina, v.2, p. 45 <http:\/\/lib.rus.ec\/b\/166908\/read>.
\n15.<\/b> Ibid., p. 59.
\n16. <\/b>Golitsyn N. B. Zhizneopisanie Generala Ot Kavalerii Emmanuelya (Moscow: \u00abSobranie\u00bb, 2004), p. 240 <http:\/\/www.vostlit.info\/Texts\/Dokumenty\/Kavkaz\/XIX\/1820-1840\/Emmanuel\/frametext2>.htm.
\n17.<\/b> AKAK, v. 7, p. 879.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"