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Sait \u00c7etino\u011flu<\/span><\/span><\/strong> Mihail Rodas\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 (1) tarihi topraklar\u0131ndan kaz\u0131nan Elen halk\u0131n\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda Alman etkisini ve y\u00f6nlendirmesini tarihsel s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde incelemektedir. Eser olaylar\u0131n duman\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bir d\u00f6nemde s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131na yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiyeli okur Ermeni s<\/span>oyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 konusunda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nemli bilgilere ula\u015fabilece\u011fi kaynaklar varsa da 1915 s<\/span>oyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde di\u011fer kadim halklara uygulanan soyk\u0131r\u0131m ile ilgili ula\u015fabilece\u011fi kaynaklar olduk\u00e7a s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r. Elinizdeki bu de\u011ferli inceleme bu bo\u015flu\u011fun doldurulmas\u0131na y\u00f6nelik titiz bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Roda, de\u011ferli eserinde, Almanya\u2019n\u0131n gerek Hamid ve gerekse \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131larla kol kola Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131na ve bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n kadim halklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik emperyal seferinin ekonomik ve siyasi nedenlerini ve sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 inceler. Bu nedenler Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n kadim halklar\u0131n\u0131n tek tek sonunu haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f sonu\u00e7ta bu halklar kadim topraklar\u0131ndan kaz\u0131nmas\u0131na neden olan en b\u00fcy\u00fck etmen olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Almanlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131’n\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131m politikalar\u0131n\u0131 onaylamalar\u0131n\u0131n tarihi eskidir. Alman \u0130mparatorunun, \u0130ttihat\u00e7\u0131larla dostlu\u011funun yan\u0131nda Sultan Hamit\u2019le dostlu\u011fu da eskiye dayan\u0131r ve Kayzer, J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk \u201cdevrimi\u201dnden de endi\u015fe duymam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk \u201cdevrimi\u201dyle Alman \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n zedelenmeyece\u011finin bilincindedir. Darbeden sonra kendisine sunular rapora \u201cbizim o\u011flanlar\u201d notunu d\u00fc\u015fer. 1894-1896 Ermeni katliamlar\u0131ndan sonra \u201chissizle\u015fmi\u015f Avrupa onlardan (Hamid ve ekibinden) nefret eder ve katliamlar\u0131n mimar\u0131 K\u0131z\u0131l Sultan‘<\/span>\u0131 lanetlerken, imparatorluk \u00e7ap\u0131ndaki katliam dizisinin sona ermesinden yakla\u015f\u0131k iki y\u0131l sonra, 1898\u2019de II. Wilhelm\u2019in, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ikinci ziyarette b\u00fcy\u00fck tantana ve t\u00f6renlerle kar\u015f\u0131lanmas\u0131n\u0131n Almanlar\u0131 memnun etmesi, onlar\u0131n bir tebaa milliyetinin bo\u011fazlanmas\u0131n\u0131 affetme e\u011filiminde oldu\u011funun i\u015faretidir.<\/p>\n Bu ho\u015fg\u00f6r\u00fc i\u00e7in, imparator ev sahiplerince c\u00f6mert\u00e7e \u00f6d\u00fcllendirilecekti. Frans\u0131z B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7i Cambon\u2019un s\u00f6zleriyle \u201cSultan konuklar\u0131na paha bi\u00e7ilmez hediyeler vermekle tam bir sa\u011fmal inek oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.\u201d Hamit, \u0130mparatoru hediyelere (bug\u00fcn inkar end\u00fcstrisi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yabanc\u0131 resmi tarih\u00e7ilerin \u00f6d\u00fcllendirildi\u011fi gibi) bo\u011facakt\u0131r. Alman \u0130mparatoru ile birlikte Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nu ziyaret eden politik papaz Naumann, Almanlar\u0131n y\u00fcksek \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrk imparatorlu\u011fundaki Hristiyanlar\u0131n \u0131zd\u0131raplar\u0131na politik olarak kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalmalar\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemekten \u00e7ekinmeyecektir. Paul Rohrbach, 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n provas\u0131 mahiyetindeki 1894-96 d\u00f6nemi katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u2018Almanya\u2019n\u0131n kat\u0131 T\u00fcrk dostu tutumuna\u2019 ba\u011flar.<\/p>\n Hamid d\u00f6nemindeki katliamlar s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki Berlin ve diplomatlar\u0131n sergiledi\u011fi tek tip tutum ile bir bak\u0131ma 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrecinde sergilenen neredeyse \u00f6zde\u015f tutum, iki olay\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayan i\u015flevsel halka olarak belirmektedir.<\/p>\n Alman Soyk\u0131r\u0131m ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131s\u0131 Wolfang Gust, amac\u0131n\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, m\u00fcmk\u00fcn oldu\u011funca kapsaml\u0131 bir bi\u00e7imde belgelemek, ancak bunu yaparken, ayn\u0131 zamanda her t\u00fcrl\u00fc ink\u00e2r\u0131n var olma nedenini \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctmeye de \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecindeki ar\u015fiv belgelerini inceleyerek okurlara sundu\u011fu Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 (Der v\u00f6lkermord an den Armeniern, die trag\u00f6die des neltesten christenvolkes der welt (2)) adl\u0131 kapsaml\u0131 eserinin giri\u015finde \u201cErmeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7ok da kesin olmamakla birlikte, 20\u2019nci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk b\u00fcy\u00fck soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00f6rne\u011fini te\u015fkil etmek gibi bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu kesin olmama hali, i\u015flenen su\u00e7un b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ra\u011fmen cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmaktan b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7apta kurtulmu\u015f olmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Faillere sa\u011flanan dokunulmazl\u0131k, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131\u00b4na bir ba\u015fka \u00f6nemli fark y\u00fcklemi\u015ftir. Bu da, bizzat Hitler\u2019in de dile getirdi\u011fi gibi, Nazileri II. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u00b4nda kitlesel imha kampanyalar\u0131n\u0131 i\u015flerli\u011fe ge\u00e7irme konusunda cesaretlendiren ba\u015fl\u0131ca fakt\u00f6rlerden biridir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla I. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 Ermeni fel\u00e2keti yaln\u0131zca Yahudi Holokostu\u2019nun bir \u00f6nceli de\u011fildir, ayn\u0131 zamanda onunla organik bir ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 da vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ancak ilkinin bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir \u00f6zellik onu ikincisinden ay\u0131r\u0131r. Holokost tam olarak kabul edilmi\u015f, bedeli \u00f6denmi\u015f ve fail kamp\u0131nda yer alanlarca b\u00fcy\u00fck oranda tazmin edilmi\u015fken, Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131, ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki ve \u015fimdilerin T\u00fcrk makamlar\u0131nca utanmazca ink\u00e2r edilegelmektedir. Bu ink\u00e2rc\u0131l\u0131k sendromu, soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131ca bile\u015fenlerinin, yani, taamm\u00fcden, kurban halk\u0131 imha etme niyetinin ve merkez\u00ee otoritelerin hedefteki kurban halk\u0131n toptan imhas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesi ve y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmesine do\u011frudan kar\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n ink\u00e2r\u0131yla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmektedir.\u201d<\/p>\n Wolfang Gust\u2019un s\u00f6zleri 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m s\u00fcrecinde, Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma u\u011frayan unutulan\/unutturulan di\u011fer halklar\u0131n, Elen, Pontos ve S\u00fcryani Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7inde ge\u00e7erlilik \u00f6zelli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131makta ve u<\/span>nutulan soyk\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerindeki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc kald\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Rodas\u2019\u0131n eseri de unutulan soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcndeki \u00f6rt\u00fcy\u00fc kald\u0131rmas\u0131n\u0131n yay\u0131nda gerek Wolfang Gust\u2019un gerekse Vahakn N. Dadrian\u2019\u0131n (3) eserlerini de tamamlar niteliktedir. Ayr\u0131ca Roda\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131 s\u0131ca\u011f\u0131na yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespitler y\u0131llar sonra Alman ar\u015fivlerinde Gust ve Dadrian\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131yla da do\u011frulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Gust, alman ar\u015fiv belgeleri incelemesi sonucunu \u015fu s\u00f6zleriyle \u00f6zetler: Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n hi\u00e7bir engelle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmadan tamamlanmas\u0131na izin veren bu y\u00fcksek d\u00fczeyli otoritelerin ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011funa ra\u011fmen tam olarak ve resmen belgelenmi\u015f oldu. Gust\u2019un inceledi\u011fi ve okurlara sundu\u011fu belgeler 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcrecindeki alman etkisi, denetimi ve y\u00f6nlendirmesini yalanlanamaz bir \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ortaya koyar.<\/p>\n Alman etkisi, Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ile olan askeri ittifak\u0131n\u0131 zedeleme endi\u015fesiyle engelleyebilecek durumda oldu\u011fu halde Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 engelleyebilecekken g\u00f6rmezden gelme ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131nda dolayl\u0131 bir etki de\u011fildir. G\u00f6rmezlikten gelmek bilen, g\u00f6ren hesapl\u0131 bir tutumdur. Bu tutum, \u00f6zellikle tarihin kaydetti\u011fi en b\u00fcy\u00fck toplu katliamlardan biri s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda planl\u0131 ve sistemli bir tutumdur. (4) Gust\u2019un sundu\u011fu belgeler, 1915 Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 Almanlar\u0131n direkt olarak y\u00f6nlendirilmesiyle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klayarak Roda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemlerini do\u011frular.<\/p>\n Dadrian, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131nda Alman etkisini de tart\u0131\u015farak, ittifak devletleri ar\u015fiv belgelerinden hareketle Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 inceledi\u011fi \u0130ttifak Devletleri Kaynaklar\u0131nda Ermeni Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 -Toplu Makaleler 3- adl\u0131 eserinde bu belgelerin \u00f6neminin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izer. Bu belgeler, kamuoyuna a\u00e7\u0131klanmak ama\u00e7l\u0131 de\u011fil, kurum i\u00e7i dahili ama\u00e7lar g\u00fcden raporlar olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir; \u201cAlmanya ve Avusturya, 1. D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin politik ve askeri m\u00fcttefikleriydi.<\/p>\n Bu devletlerin temsilcilerinin, \u00e7o\u011fu sadece kurum i\u00e7i ama\u00e7larla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan \u00f6zel, gizli ve \u00e7ok gizli raporlar\u0131, mevcut ba\u015fka kaynak ya da verinin boy \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc\u015femeyece\u011fi bir do\u011fruluk ve yak\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa sahiptir.” Alman Askeri Misyonu g\u00f6revlileri, Osmanl\u0131 g<\/span>enelkurmay\u0131n\u0131 uzun y\u0131llard\u0131r kontrol etmektedirler, gerek el\u00e7ileri gerekse her d\u00fczeydeki komutanlar\u0131yla Ermenilere yap\u0131lan muameleler bilgileri dahilindedir. Her kademedeki Alman g\u00f6revliler k\u0131r\u0131mdan haberdard\u0131r ve \u00fcstlerine s\u00fcrekli raporlarla soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 belgelemektedirler.<\/p>\n \u201c\u00dcstlerinin \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fc planlar\u0131 ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olmayan Alman devletinin bu alt d\u00fczeyli memurlar\u0131, \u00fcst kurumlar\u0131n\u0131 yay\u0131lan kitle katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili olarak tam anlam\u0131yla bir rapor bombard\u0131man\u0131na tuttular; benzer raporlar T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7inde g\u00f6rev yapan Alman subaylar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Almanlar\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye Askeri Misyonu‘<\/span>na g\u00f6nderildi. Avrupa\u2019daki di\u011fer devlet ar\u015fivlerine k\u0131yasla, Bonn\u2019daki Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ar\u015fivlerinin depolar\u0131 bu kitlesel katliam ile ilgili birincil kaynaklar\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcnden k\u0131yas kabul etmez\u201d \u00dcstlerinin planlar\u0131 ve ama\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n fark\u0131nda olanlar da, \u00e7ok \u00f6v\u00fcnd\u00fckleri Alman disiplini \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde \u00fcstelerine g\u00f6nderdikleri raporlarla soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 belgelemi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Almanlar\u0131n raporlar\u0131, k\u0131r\u0131ma ili\u015fkin inan\u0131lmaz ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar i\u00e7ermektedir. Burada \u00f6rnek olarak Te\u015fkilat-\u0131 Mahsusa kumandan\u0131 olan Albay Stange\u2019nin raporundan s\u00f6z edelim. Albay Stange\u2019nin \u00f6zel konumuyla birlikte raporu da belgeleme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nemlidir: \u201cOnun bu uzun raporu, a\u00e7\u0131k y\u00fcreklili\u011fi, olgusal temelleri, \u00f6zg\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve geni\u015f perspektifiyle dikkatleri kendisine \u00e7ekiyor. Burada Stange i\u00e7inde f\u0131rsat, tasarlama, karar alma, g\u00f6zetim, z\u00fcl\u00fcm tipleri ve imhan\u0131n \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fc ve failleri gibi unsurlar\u0131n bir ili\u015fki a\u011f\u0131na oturtuldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fcnen bir soyk\u0131r\u0131m sendromunun i\u015fleyi\u015f hatlar\u0131n\u0131 kendi askeri \u00fcslubuyla sunuyor.”<\/p>\n Dadrian\u2019\u0131n soyk\u0131r\u0131m konusunda Alman, Avusturya ve Bulgaristan ar\u015fiv kaynaklar\u0131nda yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 incelemeleri \u00f6\u011freticidir.<\/p>\n Dadrian, Alman etkisini iki kategoride inceler: B<\/span>iri tavsiye ve kolayla\u015ft\u0131rma, di\u011feri de r\u0131za ve icabet etme. Alman askeri misyonuna ba\u011fl\u0131 g\u00f6revlilerin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 kararlar\u0131 verirken bir k\u0131sm\u0131 verilen kararlar\u0131 uygulam\u0131\u015f, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Ermenilere yap\u0131lan muamelelere r\u0131za g\u00f6stererek g\u00f6z yummu\u015ftur. Raporlar\u0131n karart\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda soyk\u0131r\u0131ma tav\u0131r al\u0131p belgeleyenler de yine bu misyon g\u00f6revlileridir.<\/p>\n Osmanl\u0131 Silahl\u0131 Kuvvetleri Erkan-\u0131 Harp Reisi,Seeckt: \u201cErmenilere y\u00f6nelik H\u0131ristiyanca t\u00fcm duygular\u0131m\u0131z ve politik kayg\u0131lar sava\u015f\u0131n mecburiyetleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ortadan kalkmak zorundad\u0131r\u201d demekten \u00e7ekinmeyecektir. Di\u011fer Alman Erkan-\u0131 Harbiye Reisi general Bronsart\u2019\u0131n sorumluluk temeli sa\u011flayan bir emri vard\u0131r: Ermeni ahalini tehcir mukarrerdir. General silahs\u0131z ve izole edilmi\u015f amele taburlar\u0131ndaki ermeni askerlere kar\u015f\u0131 sert \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131 emrini de verir. Bir di\u011fer \u00f6rnek de d<\/span>emiryollar\u0131ndan<\/span> sorumlu Alman komutan yarbay Boettrich\u2019in Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu in\u015faat ve t\u00fcnellerin<\/span>de \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Ermeni i\u015f\u00e7iler, m\u00fchendisler,idari ve teknik personelin tehciri emridir.<\/p>\n Katliam emrini veren komutanlar\u0131n yan\u0131nda katliama i\u015ftirak eden Alman g\u00f6revliler de vard\u0131r: \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Ordusu’nda g\u00f6rev yapan \u00e7ok say\u0131da Alman askeri misyoner, T\u00fcrk askerinin bu aksiyonuna (Soyk\u0131r\u0131m) aktif olarak da kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin 1915 y\u0131l\u0131nda Musa Da\u011f\u0131’na saklanan Ermeni k\u00f6yl\u00fcleri ku\u015fatan T\u00fcrkleri Alman komu\u00adta ediyordu. Ekim 1915’te Urfa’daki Ermeni semtinin ku\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 Suriye’deki Alman Kurmay Eberhard Graf Wolfskeel von Reihenberg y\u00f6netiyordu. Mart 1915’te T\u00fcrk birliklerinin Zeytun\u2019a g\u00f6nderilmesi emrini de bir Alman subay verdi. O zamanlar \u00e7ok say\u0131da Alman i\u00e7in Ermeniler siyasi olarak g\u00fcvenilmez, az\u0131l\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman Rusya\u2019ya sempati g\u00f6steren ve hatta onlarla pakt kuran bir halkt\u0131.\u201d (5) General Seeckt g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde \u201c\u00e7ok say\u0131da T\u00fcrkle\u015fmi\u015f (vert\u00fcrkt) Alman subay\u0131ndan \u015fikayet etme(si)\u201d bo\u015funa de\u011fildir.<\/p>\n Almanlar\u0131n Ermenilere oldu\u011fu kadar Rumlara kar\u015f\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 da ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde benzer \u00f6zellikler g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi gibi ayn\u0131 dozda \u015fiddet i\u00e7erir. Roda, Sanders\u2019in Elen varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 tutumunu T\u00fcrkiye’de g\u00f6revli bulunan Alman ordular\u0131n\u0131n Komutan\u0131, Liman Fon Sanders, Anadolu’yu gezdi\u011fi esnada Rumlar\u0131n din\u00e7 ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olduklar\u0131n\u0131 farkedince T\u00fcrk Makamlar\u0131na hatta Rum Ba\u015fpiskopos’u \u00f6n\u00fcnde hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fct etmeden Rumlar hakk\u0131nda \u015f\u00f6yle dedi: ”Siz bunlar\u0131 burada neden tutuyorsunuz?” Ayn\u0131 Alman, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7anlar\u0131yla Rum kiliselerini ve Rum okullar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bunlar\u0131 T\u00fcrk m<\/span>akamlar\u0131na g\u00f6stererek: ”Bunlar\u0131 burada b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131z s\u00fcre, siz ”Yunanl\u0131lara u\u015fak olacaks\u0131n\u0131z! Bunlar resmen belli olan \u015feyler.\u201d Liman von Sanders\u2019in Bat\u0131daki Rumlar\u0131 yerlerinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnce bu gavurlar\u0131 hala s\u00fcrmediniz mi diyerek astlar\u0131n\u0131 paylamas\u0131 sonras\u0131nda, 1. Ordu m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131ndaki Elenler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 tehcir yollar\u0131nda t\u00fckenirken, 3. Ordu m\u0131nt\u0131kas\u0131ndaki Pontos halk\u0131n\u0131 da ayn\u0131 ak\u0131bet beklemektedir. Bat\u0131 Pontos halk\u0131 da tehcir yollar\u0131nda t\u00fckenecektir.<\/p>\n Soyk\u0131r\u0131mda Alman etkisinin incelendi\u011fi H\u00fcseyin Hasan\u00e7ebi\u2019in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkler y\u00f6n\u00fcnden Birinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ve onu izleyen \u2018kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019 (1919-1923) daha \u00e7ok bir \u2018i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u2019 niteli\u011fi ta\u015f\u0131r. Bu \u2018i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u2019 cephesi de 1918 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Berlin\u2019den y\u00f6netildi\u011finin alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izilir.<\/p>\n Rodas incelemesinde, Alman etkisini g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermi\u015f, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m saikini, s\u00fcrecini ve olay\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi geni\u015f tarihsel mekan\u0131 ortaya koymu\u015ftur:<\/p>\n Almanlar\u0131n inanc\u0131na g\u00f6re ”Almanya herkesten \u00f6nce” gelmeliydi. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 sadece onlar i\u00e7in var olmal\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131na sadece, kendi \u0131rklar\u0131n\u0131n bu d\u00fcnyaya ya\u015famaya hak kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 di\u011fer \u0131rklar\u0131n ise onlar\u0131n d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce tarz\u0131n\u0131 benimsemeleri, onlarla ticaret yapmalar\u0131 ve onlar\u0131n ”k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131” alt\u0131nda boyun e\u011fmeleri gerekti\u011fini \u00f6\u011fretiyorlard\u0131. Bunun talep edilmesi insanl\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir \u015fey oldu\u011fu kadar ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi de ayn\u0131 zamanda g\u00fc\u00e7t\u00fc.<\/p>\n Buna ra\u011fmen serbest hareket ederek h\u00fcr iradesiyle teneff\u00fcs eden herkesi ezmek i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7aba sarf ettiler. 1870’den beri, Almanlar Anadolu’ya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. Milyonlarca insan gizli verilen bir emir sayesinde, her y\u00f6ne, hareket ederek ilerlemeye devam ediyordu. ”Almanya herkesten \u00f6nce gelmeliydi”! \u00a0<\/span>B\u0131y\u0131ks\u0131z, gen\u00e7 diplomat, \u00fclkenin i\u00e7 kesimlerine veya Anadolu’nun k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yerle\u015fmek i\u00e7in yolculu\u011fa haz\u0131rlan\u0131yordu Subay, Kostantinopolis (\u0130stanbul), Edirne, Selanik ve \u0130zmir’e gelebilmek i\u00e7in Berlin’i terk ediyordu. \u00d6\u011fretmen ve rahipler, onlar da bereketli topraklara do\u011fru y\u00f6nelmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n Alman kad\u0131n\u0131, ahlakl\u0131 veya ahlaks\u0131z o bile, ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 talimatlara g\u00f6re Anadolu’ya do\u011fru ilerlemeye ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcccar Anadolu’nun ticari geli\u015fmeleri hakk\u0131nda yaz\u0131lar okuyor ve talimatlar al\u0131yordu. En b\u00fcy\u00fck d\u00fckkanlar\u0131n sahipleri ise m\u00fc\u015fteri bulabilmek ve sipari\u015f alabilmek i\u00e7in numunelerini g\u00f6stererek seyahat ediyorlard\u0131 ve di\u011fer \u00fclkelerin mallar\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan 50% indirimli sat\u0131\u015f teklif ediyorlard\u0131, b\u00f6ylece T\u00fcrkiye’de \u00e7e\u015fitli ucuz mallar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131na b\u00fcy\u00fck rol oynuyorlard\u0131. Y\u00fczlerce Alman s\u0131k s\u0131k Anadolu’ya do\u011fru y\u00f6nelen istasyon ve demiryolu hatlar\u0131na yeti\u015fmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Binlerce Alman Hamburg ve Bremen limanlar\u0131nda Anadolu’ya do\u011fru seyahat etmek i\u00e7in bekliyordu. Kayzer’in t\u00fcm vatanda\u015flar\u0131 deli gibi Anadolu’ya ula\u015fabilme r\u00fczgar\u0131na kap\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Herkes vagonlar\u0131n ve gemilerin i\u00e7inde co\u015fkuyla \u015f\u00f6yle ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yordu: ”Almanya,Almanya herkesten \u00fcst\u00fcn!” Ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z ve h\u00fcr milletler, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve s\u00f6z\u00fc ge\u00e7erli devletler, \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fczden Almanya ge\u00e7ece\u011fi i\u00e7in e\u011filmeniz laz\u0131m. G\u00fcne\u015f \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00fcnya \u00fczerine sadece onun i\u00e7in do\u011fuyor. Her Alman cebinde ”\u0130nan\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131” i\u00e7eren kitab\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yordu: Almanya’ya,onun egemenli\u011fine, ticareti ele ge\u00e7irece\u011fine, g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc \u0131rklar\u0131 yok edece\u011fine, herkesi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrece\u011fine, t\u00fcm g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc merkezleri s\u00fcvarilerinin \u015fanl\u0131 taarruzundan sonra ele ge\u00e7irece\u011fine inan\u0131yorlard\u0131\u2026<\/p>\n Almanya tek ba\u015f\u0131na gemleri ele almaya ve herkesi boyunduru\u011fu alt\u0131nda tutmay\u0131 planl\u0131yordu. Bunu Avrupa k\u0131tas\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, Anadolu topraklar\u0131nda ba\u015farmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yordu. Berlin’den Ba\u011fdat’a kadar uzanan yolu bir s\u00fcr\u00fc can\u0131n ve malzemenin ta\u015f\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in demiryolu hatt\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrd\u00fc. Sa\u011fduyu sahibi T\u00fcrkler korku i\u00e7inde ,Almanlar\u0131n ak\u0131n ak\u0131n geldiklerini g\u00f6rd\u00fck\u00e7e \u00fcz\u00fcnt\u00fcye kap\u0131l\u0131yorlard\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dostlar\u0131 topraklar\u0131na ayak bast\u0131klar\u0131ndan hemen sonra, her \u015feyi gasp etme niyetinde olduklar\u0131n\u0131 belli etmi\u015flerdi, buna ra\u011fmen zincirleri k\u0131rmaya ve onlar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcnden atmaya ve isyan etmeye gereken g\u00fcc\u00fc bulamayan T\u00fcrk milleti i\u00e7in art\u0131k \u00e7ok ge\u00e7ti.\u201d<\/p>\n M. Rodas, Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki s<\/span>oyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 bir tarihsel mekan, arka plan ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde inceler. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde Almanlar\u0131n, Hamid\u2019in ve J\u00f6nt\u00fcrklerin politikalar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ve bu \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmenin co\u011frafyan\u0131n en eski halklar\u0131 i\u00e7in nas\u0131l bir felakete yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle resmeder.<\/p>\n Rodas\u2019\u0131n incelemesinde sundu\u011fu en \u00f6nemli belgelerden biri de s<\/span>oyk\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n akt\u00f6r\u00fc Dr. Naz\u0131m ile 1908\u2019de yap\u0131lan m\u00fclakatt\u0131r. Dr. Naz\u0131m daha ba\u015f\u0131nda olacaklar\u0131n resmini \u00e7izmekten \u00e7ekinmemektedir. Dr. Naz\u0131m gelece\u011fe\/hatta g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze uzanan bir perspektif \u00e7izer. Bu Dr. Naz\u0131m‘<\/span>\u0131n uzak g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden de\u011fil pervas\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Dr. Naz\u0131m 1908\u2019de a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade etti\u011fi J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk program\u0131 1. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk (\u0130ttihat) ve 2. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk (Kemalist) d\u00f6nemlerinde harfiyen yerine getirilmi\u015ftir. Roda 1. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk d\u00f6neminde giderek artan ve s<\/span>oyk\u0131r\u0131mla sonu\u00e7lanan Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki H\u0131ristiyan halklara kar\u015f\u0131 yok etme politika pratiklerini resmeder. Bu resim ar\u015fiv bulgular\u0131yla da \u00e7ak\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Alman yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki kadim halklar\u0131n\u0131n yok edilmesi \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde bulu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n tarihi arka plan\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izen Dadrian (6), T\u00fcrklerin T\u00fcrkiye’yi yerli H\u0131ristiyan ahaliden kurtarma projesinin ilk ideolojik ad\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n Alman damgas\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ifade eder: \u201c1894-96 Ermeni katliamlar\u0131n\u0131n hemen ertesinde, zaman\u0131n Alman sefiri Marschall’\u0131n yurtsever T\u00fcrk subaylar\u0131n\u0131n gurusu diye tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 General von der Goltz, uzun bir makalede T\u00fcrklerin yeni ulusal uyan\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretisini savundu. Burada T\u00fcrkiye’nin generalin i\u015faret etti\u011fi yeni yoldan gitmemesi halinde, ba\u015f\u0131na gelecek tehlikeleri s\u0131ralad\u0131. Bu doktrinin ana fikri, T\u00fcrkiye’nin gelece\u011finin imparatorlu\u011fun Asya topraklar\u0131nda yatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu nedenle, Avrupa topraklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ip i\u00e7e d\u00f6nmesi ve kendisini Anadolu’da g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmesi gerekti\u011fidir.<\/p>\n Von der Goltz, amac\u0131n s\u00f6z konusu b\u00f6lge halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u0130slami ba\u011flar kurulmas\u0131yla, zay\u0131f Bizans krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bir T\u00fcrk-Arap krall\u0131\u011f\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcrmek oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. \u0130\u00e7te g\u00fc\u00e7lenme amac\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftir\u00admek i\u00e7in, Asya T\u00fcrkiye‘<\/span>sinin temel vilayetlerinde yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye ediyordu. \u2018T\u00fcrkiye’nin n\u00fcvesi Avrupa’da de\u011fil, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya’da bulunur. T\u00fcrkiye, Rusya’n\u0131n askeri bak\u0131mdan zay\u0131f oldu\u011fu ve mahalli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman halklarla etnik ve dini ba\u011flar\u0131ndan rahatl\u0131kla yararlanabilece\u011fi Transkafkasya’da daha b\u00fcy\u00fck askeri ba\u015far\u0131 \u015fans\u0131na\u2019 sahiptir derken, Goltz bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc tekrarl\u0131yordu.Alman a<\/span>lbay\u0131 von Deist ve \u00f6zellikle Alman yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n savunucusu Paul Rohrbach da benzer g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fleri belirtmi\u015flerdi. Asl\u0131nda, Berlin-Ba\u011fdat demiryolunun ge\u00e7ece\u011fi b\u00f6lgeleri isk\u00e2na a\u00e7mak ve geli\u015ftirmek amac\u0131yla, Ermenilerin do\u011fu T\u00fcrkiye’deki ata topraklar\u0131ndan tahliye edilerek Mezopotamya’ya yeniden isk\u00e2n edilmesinin yarar\u0131n\u0131 T\u00fcrklerin akl\u0131na sokan teorisyenin Rohrbach oldu\u011fundan \u015f\u00fcphenilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u00d6rne\u011fin, Frans\u0131z yazar Rene Pinon 1913 k\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki bir konferansta, Rohrbach’\u0131n bu anla\u015fmay\u0131 s\u00fcr\u00fcncemedeki ”<\/span>Ermeni Sorunu‘<\/span>‘nu hem Almanya’n\u0131n hem T\u00fcrkiye’nin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na e\u015fzamanl\u0131 olarak hizmet edebilecek bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm olarak \u00f6nerdi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti. Frans\u0131z Temps gazetesine g\u00f6nderme yapan Amerikan Sefiri Morgenthau da Rohrbach’dan ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde s\u00f6z eder. \u0130stanbul Ermeni Patri\u011fi benzer bir tez \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 28 May\u0131s – 10 Haziran 1915’de \u0130stanbul’daki Al\u00adman Sefareti’nin Ermeni Masas\u0131 M\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc Dr. Mordtmann ile bir toplant\u0131da, Patrik o s\u0131rada T\u00fcrk h\u00fck\u00fcmetinin ba\u015flatm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tehcirlerin, Rohrbach’\u0131n bir s\u00fcre \u00f6nce Alman Co\u011frafya Deme\u011fi’ndeki bir konferansta sundu\u011fu Rohrbach plan\u0131n\u0131n hayata ge\u00e7irilmesi oldu\u011fu\u00adnu s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti.<\/p>\n General von der Goltz Sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131ndan sadece birka\u00e7 ay \u00f6nce, Berlin’de halka verdi\u011fi bir konferansta bu t\u00fcr bir \u00f6nerinin ana hatlar\u0131n\u0131 sundu\u011fu rapor edilmi\u015fti. Alman-T\u00fcrk Derne\u011fi’nin (Deutsch-T\u00fcrkische Vereinigung) sponsorlu\u011funda ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen konferansa T\u00fcrk sefaretinin g\u00f6revlileri, se\u00e7kin Alman konuklar ve d<\/span>erne\u011fin \u00fcyeleri kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Goltz’un da Y\u00f6netim Kurulu \u00fcyesi oldu\u011fu d<\/span>ernek bizzat Alman D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n ricas\u0131yla kurulmu\u015ftu.\u201d<\/p>\n Roda\u2019n\u0131n g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi gibi Berlin, Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131 teslim alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Emirlerin Berlin\u2019den gelmesinin bir anlam\u0131 yoktur. Berlin\u2019in politikas\u0131 ile ittihat\u00e7\u0131 politika \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmektedir. H\u0131ristiyan unsurlardan yoksun Hasan\u00e7ebi, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131n m\u00fckemmel organizasyonunun Made in Germany damgas\u0131ndan Anadolu halklar\u0131n\u0131n haberdar oldu\u011funu vurgular. T\u00fcrkiye’de “tehcir”, soyk\u0131r\u0131ma d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilece\u011finden de endi\u015fe duyulmaks\u0131z\u0131n, stratejik bir model i\u00e7inde uygulan\u0131rken, buna tan\u0131k olan hemen herkes, yap\u0131lan\u0131n y\u00fcksek bir organize devlet potansiyeli gerektirdi\u011fini de bildi\u011fi i\u00e7in, Almanya’n\u0131n i\u015fin ba\u015f\u0131nda oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rebilmekteydi. Olay\u0131n deh\u015feti i\u00e7inde olan T\u00fcrk toplumu da “soyk\u0131r\u0131m”daki ustal\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fa\u015fk\u0131nl\u0131kla izliyor, tehcirin kendi devletinin kapasitesini a\u015fan bir kaynaktan geldi\u011fini fark ediyordu. Ancak emirlerin Berlin\u2019den verilmesi ve Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n m\u00fckemmel organizasyonu J\u00f6nt\u00fcrklerin Soyk\u0131r\u0131m su\u00e7unu \u00f6rtmez. J\u00f6nt\u00fcrkler, Berlin\u2019in emirlerini uygularken ayn\u0131 zamanda kendi politikalar\u0131n\u0131 ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmektedirler.<\/p>\n Sonu\u00e7ta Almanlar\u0131n b\u00f6lgedeki \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 ve J\u00f6nt\u00fcrklerin \u00f6zlemlerinin \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmesi bu co\u011frafyan\u0131n kadim halklar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 bir etken olmu\u015ftur. Bak\u00fc petrol b\u00f6lgesine ula\u015fma niyeti P<\/span>ant\u00fcrkizm‘<\/span>in k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131lmas\u0131na, Berlin-Ba\u011fdat Demiryolu hatt\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve Almanlar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan burjuvazisinin yerine ge\u00e7me d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnceleri Soyk\u0131r\u0131ma giden yola d\u00f6\u015fenen ta\u015flardan biridir. \u201cAlmanya B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7isi Wangenheim da, 17 H<\/span>aziran 1915 tarihli raporunda, \u2018Ermeni tehcirinin sadece askeri nedenlerle yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131k\u2019 diyerek Talat Pa\u015fa\u2019n\u0131n, b\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik g\u00f6revlisi Dr. Mordtmann\u2019la yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeyi aktarmaktad\u0131r. Talat, \u2018D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bahane ederek, d\u0131\u015f \u00fclkelerin diplomatik m\u00fcdahalelerine ald\u0131rmaks\u0131z\u0131n, \u00fclkeyi i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fmanlardan \u2018T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin m\u00fcttefiki olan Almanya\u2019n\u0131n da \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemektedir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc, \u2018T\u00fcrkiye b\u00f6yle g\u00fc\u00e7lenecektir\u2019.\u201d(7)<\/p>\n Son s\u00f6z\u00fc Mihail Rodas\u2019a verelim, Anadolu’daki ve Trakya’daki Rum varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fimdi u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z bir kabristanda yat\u0131yor. Kiliseler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, ha\u00e7lar ayaklar alt\u0131nda al\u0131narak \u00e7i\u011fnendi, mezarl\u0131klar harabeye \u00e7evrildi, okullar kapand\u0131, k\u00fct\u00fcphaneler gasp edildi, binalar i\u015fgal edildi, evler y\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131, Rum kad\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Rum \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 pazarlarda sat\u0131ld\u0131 ve deh\u015fet uyand\u0131ran zor \u015fartlar y\u00fcz\u00fcnden ihtiyarlar yollarda can verdiler. T\u00fcm bu k\u00f6t\u00fcl\u00fckler T\u00fcrkiye’de, Almanlar askeri ve siyasi \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fck sa\u011flad\u0131klar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde meydana geldi.<\/p>\n Kadim H\u0131ristiyan h<\/span>alk\u0131n\u0131n tarihsel topraklar\u0131 Alman yay\u0131lmac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve J\u00f6nt\u00fcrk r\u00fcyas\u0131 u\u011fruna kendileri i\u00e7in u\u00e7suz bucaks\u0131z bir kabristan olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n <\/span>D\u0130PNOTLAR: Sait Çetinoğlu Birikim Dergisi, 01 Ocak 2012 Mihail Rodas’ın çalışması (1) tarihi topraklarından kazınan Elen halkının soykırımında Alman etkisini ve yönlendirmesini tarihsel süreç içinde incelemektedir. Eser olayların dumanının tüttüğü bir dönemde sıcağı sıcağına yazılmıştır. Türkiyeli okur Ermeni soykırımı konusunda oldukça önemli bilgilere ulaşabileceği kaynaklar varsa da 1915 soykırım sürecinde diğer kadim halklara uygulanan soykırım ile 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\n<\/b><\/span> Birikim Dergisi, 01 Ocak 2012<\/span><\/p>\n
\nAnadolu \u0130ttihat i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu kadar Alman kolonizasyonu i\u00e7in de g\u00fcl bah\u00e7esidir. \u0130ttihada Turan yolu g\u00f6sterilirken Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131n\u0131n bat\u0131s\u0131 ve do\u011fusu Alman burjuvazisi i\u00e7in kolonile\u015ftirilecektir.<\/p>\n
\n–<\/span>H\u0131ristiyanlardan–<\/span> tamamen temizlemek\u2019 istedi\u011fini ve bunun<\/p>\n
\n1) <\/b>Mihail Rodas, Almanya T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rumlar\u0131 Nas\u0131l Mahvetti, Belge Uluslar aras\u0131 Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k,2011.
\n2)<\/b> Wolfang Gust\u2019un eseri yak\u0131nda Belge Uluslararas\u0131 Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k taraf\u0131ndan yay\u0131nlanacakt\u0131r.
\n3) <\/b>Dadrian Vahakn N. \u0130ttifak Devletleri Kaynaklar\u0131nda Ermeni, Soyk\u0131r\u0131m\u0131 Toplu Makaleler kitap 3 \u00c7ev. Ali \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, Belge Y. 2006.
\n4) <\/b>H\u00fcseyin Hasan\u00e7ebi, Sahne-i Fecai, Pencere Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2010
\n5<\/span>)<\/b> Vahakn N. Dadrian, Ermeni soyk\u0131r\u0131m Tarihi, \u00c7ev Ali \u00c7ak\u0131ro\u011flu, Belge Uluslararas\u0131 Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, 2008
\n6<\/span>)<\/b> Taner Ak\u00e7am, Ermeni Meselesi hallolunmu\u015ftur,\u0130leti\u015fim y,2008, s 136.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"