{"id":12979,"date":"2019-04-01T10:00:38","date_gmt":"2019-04-01T15:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=12979"},"modified":"2019-04-01T10:00:38","modified_gmt":"2019-04-01T15:00:38","slug":"terorizmi-tanimlamak","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/terorizmi-tanimlamak\/","title":{"rendered":"TER\u00d6R\u0130ZM\u0130 TANIMLAMAK"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Steven Best – Anthony J. Nocella
\n<\/b> \u00c7eviri: El\u00e7in Gen
\nCenter on Animal Liberation Affairs, University of Texas; Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal\u2019dan k\u0131salt\u0131larak \u00e7evrilmi\u015ftir<\/p>\n

21. y\u00fczy\u0131l, bir \u201cTer\u00f6rizm \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u201d olarak damgalanm\u0131\u015f durumda. 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131, ABD\u2019nin, hatta k\u00fcresel jeopolitik d\u00fczenin tarihinde \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 oldu. ABD birincil \u00f6nceli\u011finin \u201cter\u00f6rizmle sava\u015f\u201d oldu\u011funu ilan etti; i\u00e7 ve d\u0131\u015f politikas\u0131 da bu do\u011frultuda de\u011fi\u015fti. Bush, 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra halka seslenirken, \u201cter\u00f6r\u201d, \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d, \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d kelimelerini, bunlarla ne kastetti\u011fini a\u00e7\u0131klamaks\u0131z\u0131n, tam 32 kez kulland\u0131. Bu mu\u011flak ve \u015fekilsiz \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d ad\u0131na sava\u015flar y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcl\u00fcyor; jeopolitik dinamikler de\u011fi\u015fiyor; uluslararas\u0131 hukuku ve kurumlar\u0131 hi\u00e7e sayan ABD, b\u00fct\u00fcn sald\u0131rganl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla, mutat emperyalist rol\u00fcn\u00fc oynuyor; devlet \u201cg\u00fcvenlik\u201d ad\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fckleri feda ediyor. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde en s\u0131k telaffuz edilen kelimelerden biri olan \u201cter\u00f6rizm\u201d, ayn\u0131 zamanda en s\u0131k k\u00f6t\u00fcye kullan\u0131lan kelime: Yolcularla dolu u\u00e7aklar\u0131 binalara \u00e7arpt\u0131rmaktan, s\u0131na\u00ee hayvan \u00e7iftliklerindeki domuzlar\u0131 ya da tavuklar\u0131 kurtarmaya kadar pek \u00e7ok eylem, bu kelimeyle tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

Bu nedenle, ter\u00f6rizm s\u00f6yleminin siyasi semanti\u011fini ele\u015ftirel bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla de\u011ferlendirmek, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en acil i\u015flerinden biri.<\/p>\n

ANLAM KAOSU
\n<\/b>
\nBu kelimeyi herkes kullan\u0131yor, peki ne anlama geldi\u011fini bilen var m\u0131? Ter\u00f6rizm nedir tam olarak? Nedenleri nedir? Failleri kimlerdir? \u0130nsan\u0131 ter\u00f6rist yapan, niyeti mi, ideolojisi mi, takti\u011fi mi yoksa hedef ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fey midir?<\/p>\n

\u015eiddet, hangi ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, ter\u00f6rizm diye tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131na engel olacak bir me\u015fruiyet ta\u015f\u0131r? Ter\u00f6rizmi sald\u0131r\u0131dan, cinayetten ya da \u015fiddete dayanan ve \u201csu\u00e7\u201d te\u015fkil eden di\u011fer eylemlerden ay\u0131ran nedir? Ahlaken k\u0131nanmas\u0131 gereken ter\u00f6ristleri, eylemleri me\u015fru oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen gerillalardan, direni\u015f\u00e7ilerden, kar\u015f\u0131-ter\u00f6ristlerden ya da \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131ndan nas\u0131l ay\u0131rabiliriz? Ter\u00f6rizmin \u201cmasum\u201d kurban\u0131 olmak ne demektir? \u201cMasum\u201d kim, \u201csu\u00e7lu\u201d kim? Asker\u00ee hedeflere y\u00f6nelik bir ter\u00f6rizm olabilir mi, yoksa ter\u00f6rizm yaln\u0131zca \u201csivilleri\u201d ve \u201csava\u015f halinde olmayanlar\u0131\u201d m\u0131 hedef al\u0131r?<\/p>\n

Ter\u00f6rizm, bombal\u0131 sald\u0131r\u0131 gibi beklenmedik, tek hamlelik ve do\u011frudan bir eylem midir, yoksa etkileri yava\u015f yava\u015f ve dolayl\u0131 olarak a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131kan, yine de y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar do\u011furan iktisadi ya da siyasi politikalar\u0131 da kapsar m\u0131? (\u00d6rne\u011fin bir h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, milyonlarca yurtta\u015f\u0131n\u0131 yoksullu\u011fa, a\u00e7l\u0131\u011fa, evsizli\u011fe s\u00fcr\u00fckleyen kararlar\u0131, ya da D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n, azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde adalet m\u00fccadelelerini bast\u0131r\u0131p kemer s\u0131kma politikalar\u0131n\u0131 dayatmaya y\u00f6nelik eylemleri ter\u00f6rizm say\u0131labilir mi?)<\/p>\n

Hayvanlar\u0131n d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131 hedef alan bir \u201cinsan ter\u00f6rizminden\u201d s\u00f6z edilebilir mi?<\/p>\n

D\u0130L\u0130N K\u00d6T\u00dcYE KULLANILMASI
\n<\/b>
\n11 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019den beri ABD\u2019de ter\u00f6rizm kelimesi gerek devlet gerekse de sanayi \u00e7evrelerince \u00f6yle keyf\u00ee bir bi\u00e7imde kullan\u0131l\u0131yor ki, k\u00e2r h\u0131rs\u0131yla belirlenen g\u00fcndemlerine kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kan herkes \u201cter\u00f6rist\u201d (ya da hayvanlar\u0131 veya do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 s\u00f6m\u00fcrenlerin \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusuysa \u201ceko-ter\u00f6rist\u201d). Bush y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131nda, protestocular, g\u00f6stericiler, h\u00fck\u00fcmeti ele\u015ftirenler anayasal haklar\u0131ndan mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor, g\u00f6zalt\u0131na al\u0131n\u0131yor, taciz ediliyor, d\u00f6v\u00fcl\u00fcyor, hapse at\u0131l\u0131yor, hain ve ter\u00f6rist damgas\u0131n\u0131 yiyorlar.<\/p>\n

Terimin siyas\u00ee a\u00e7\u0131dan ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6relilik, \u015fu basit deyi\u015fte \u00f6zetleniyor: \u201cKimine g\u00f6re ter\u00f6rist, kimine g\u00f6re \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131.\u201d \u0130srail ile ABD\u2019nin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ter\u00f6rist olan Filistinli \u00f6rg\u00fctler, Filistinlilerin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde \u00fclkelerinin i\u015fgaline direnen \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Ke\u015fmir\u2019in ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan gruplar Hint devletinin g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ter\u00f6risttir, ama Pakistanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. Reagan y\u00f6netiminin \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131 olarak g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 kontra-gerillalara, onlar\u0131n \u015fiddetine maruz kalan Nikaragua halk\u0131 -daha isabetli bir \u015fekilde- ter\u00f6rist g\u00f6z\u00fcyle bak\u0131yordu. ABD 1980\u2019lerde Bin Ladin\u2019i \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 diye g\u00f6klere \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde pek \u00e7ok h\u00fck\u00fcmet yetkilisi Nelson Mandela\u2019dan ter\u00f6rist diye s\u00f6z ediyordu. ABD\u2019nin \u015firket-devlet kompleksi, ALF (Hayvan Kurtulu\u015f Cephesi) \u00fcyelerini ter\u00f6rist diye damgalarken, pek \u00e7ok hayvan haklar\u0131 aktivisti onlar\u0131 \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 olarak savunuyor.<\/p>\n

\u015euras\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k ki ter\u00f6rizm sadece bir kelime de\u011fil, bir silah. Ter\u00f6rist kelimesinin kullan\u0131m\u0131ndaki saiklere i\u015faret eden Tomis Kapitan \u015f\u00f6yle diyor: \u201cTer\u00f6rist kelimesi, atfedildi\u011fi ki\u015fileri ya da gruplar\u0131 gayri insan\u00eele\u015ftirir, ileti\u015fim kurulmas\u0131 imk\u00e2ns\u0131z insanlar olarak g\u00f6sterir. Onlar\u0131 bu eyleme s\u00fcr\u00fcklemi\u015f olabilecek politikalar\u0131n g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edilmesine neden olur. Bu ki\u015fi ya da gruplara kar\u015f\u0131 \u015fiddet kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcn\u00fc a\u00e7ar ve insanlar\u0131n korkular\u0131n\u0131 istismar etti\u011fi i\u00e7in, devlete tam bir hareket serbestisiyle davranma ve y\u00f6ntemlerine y\u00f6nelik itirazlar\u0131 ge\u00e7i\u015ftirme olana\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flar.\u201d<\/p>\n

TER\u00d6R\u0130ZM TANIMINDAN DI\u015eLANANLAR
\n<\/b>
\n1. Devlet Ter\u00f6rizmi
\n<\/b>
\nTer\u00f6rizm konusundaki yayg\u0131n tan\u0131mlar, iki temel \u015fiddet bi\u00e7imini d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131r: devlet ter\u00f6rizmi ve t\u00fcr ter\u00f6rizmi.<\/p>\n

Resm\u00ee tan\u0131mlara g\u00f6re ter\u00f6rizm bir devleti hedef alabilir, ama bir devlet taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclemez. ABD\u2019nin ter\u00f6r tan\u0131mlar\u0131 toplumsal adalet hareketlerini kapsar, ama ABD\u2019nin kuklas\u0131 olan devlet yetkililerin sa\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 deh\u015fetten s\u00f6z etmez: Nikaragua\u2019da Somoza\u2019n\u0131n, \u015eili\u2019de Pinochet\u2019nin, b\u00fct\u00fcn o diktat\u00f6rlerin ya da sa\u011fc\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcm tugaylar\u0131n\u0131n\u2026 ABD\u2019nin Vietnam halk\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc kimyasal sava\u015fta verilen kay\u0131plar, Saddam H\u00fcseyin\u2019in (ABD\u2019den ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kimyasallara ve silahlara dayanan) ter\u00f6r sicilini kat kat a\u015far. ABD, sadece Vietnam\u2019da y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc emperyalist sava\u015fta 4 milyon insan\u0131n can\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin resm\u00ee ter\u00f6rizm tan\u0131m\u0131 her zaman Maniheizm\u2019in \u0130yi-K\u00f6t\u00fc ikili\u011fine dayan\u0131r. Bu strateji, \u00e7ifte standart uygulamay\u0131 sa\u011flar: \u0130yilik g\u00fc\u00e7leri kendi uygulad\u0131klar\u0131 \u015fiddeti ve hukuk ihlallerini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edip hafife al\u0131rken, K\u00f6t\u00fc\u2019lerin benzer ya da \u00e7ok daha d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck seviyedeki ihlallerini g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f bir \u015fekilde lanetleyebilirler. Fakat Noam Chomsky\u2019nin de g\u00f6zlemledi\u011fi gibi, ABD, ter\u00f6rizme dair her t\u00fcrl\u00fc makul tan\u0131m\u0131n en \u00f6nde gelen \u00f6rne\u011fidir. ABD anayasas\u0131nda ve ordu kitap\u00e7\u0131klar\u0131nda ter\u00f6rizm \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r: \u201cSivilleri hedef alarak ve siyas\u00ee, din\u00ee ya da ba\u015fka ama\u00e7lara hizmet etmek \u00fczere, insanlar\u0131 sindirmek, korkutmak, s\u0131kl\u0131kla da \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in \u015fiddeti hesapl\u0131 bir \u015fekilde kullanmak.\u201d Ne var ki, bu resm\u00ee tan\u0131mda \u015f\u00f6yle bir sorun var: \u201cABD\u2019nin resm\u00ee politikas\u0131n\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131yla hemen hemen \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor\u201d, her ne kadar bu resm\u00ee politika \u201cd\u00fc\u015f\u00fck yo\u011funluklu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lsa da. Chomsky\u2019ye g\u00f6re resm\u00ee ter\u00f6rizm tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ABD \u201c\u00f6nde gelen bir ter\u00f6rist devlet, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u00f6z konusu uygulamalara s\u00fcrekli ba\u015fvuruyor.\u201d Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, FBI\u2019\u0131n \u015fiddet tan\u0131m\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 kalacak olursak, g\u00f6r\u00fcr\u00fcz ki ABD, \u201cbir devleti, sivil bir halk\u0131 ya da halk\u0131n bir kesimini sindirmek ya da bask\u0131 uygulamak amac\u0131yla\u201d pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede sistemli ve hesapl\u0131 bir politika olarak planl\u0131 \u201cg\u00fcce ya da \u015fiddete\u201d, \u201cyasad\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d bir \u015fekilde ba\u015fvurmu\u015ftur. Philip Cryan\u2019a g\u00f6re ABD \u201cter\u00f6rizm eylemlerinden ve ter\u00f6ristlere yatakl\u0131k etmekten do\u011frudan sorumludur, ABD\u2019nin yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 insan\u00ee kay\u0131plar ve yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 korku duygusu tahayy\u00fcl s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmaktad\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

ABD\u2019nin, se\u00e7imle ba\u015fa gelen Salvador Allende\u2019yi devirme operasyonunda binlerce sivil hayat\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi, binlercesi i\u015fkence g\u00f6rd\u00fc. Darbenin mimarlar\u0131ndan, ter\u00f6rist Henry Kissinger\u2019a 1973\u2019te Nobel Bar\u0131\u015f \u00d6d\u00fcl\u00fc verildi; medya onu h\u00e2l\u00e2 s\u00f6z\u00fcne g\u00fcvenilir bir siyaset uzman\u0131 ve bar\u0131\u015f el\u00e7isi olarak g\u00f6stermeye devam ediyor. ABD\u2019nin Nikaragua\u2019da kotragerillara verdi\u011fi destek, 1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131nda katliamlara yol a\u00e7t\u0131; El Salvador\u2019un fa\u015fist h\u00fck\u00fcmetine verdi\u011fi destekse 70 bin sivilin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle sonu\u00e7land\u0131. ABD d\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda ter\u00f6ristlere yard\u0131m ve yatakl\u0131k ediyor ve haydut devletleri destekliyor.<\/p>\n

2. T\u00fcr Ter\u00f6rizmi
\n<\/b>
\nB\u00fct\u00fcn ter\u00f6rizm tan\u0131mlar\u0131, en \u201cilerici\u201d insan haklar\u0131 savunucular\u0131n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlar bile, yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki en kapsaml\u0131 \u015fiddet bi\u00e7imlerinden birini d\u0131\u015far\u0131da b\u0131rak\u0131r: \u0130nsan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn insan olmayan t\u00fcrler \u00fczerinde uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddeti. T\u00fcrc\u00fcl\u00fck, insan zihnine \u00f6yle derinden n\u00fcfuz etmi\u015ftir ki, insanlar\u0131n hayvanlara uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 vah\u015fet g\u00f6r\u00fclmez. \u0130nsand\u0131\u015f\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131 \u015fiddetin kurbanlar\u0131, insan hayvanlar\u0131 da gezegenin ter\u00f6ristleri olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmeyi \u00f6nerenlere istihzayla yakla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Ter\u00f6rizm, ideolojik, siyas\u00ee ya da ekonomik saiklerle masum ki\u015filere kas\u0131tl\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u015fiddet uygulamak demekse, insanlar\u0131n, bir hayat\u0131n \u00f6znesi olan insand\u0131\u015f\u0131 hayvanlara kar\u015f\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc sava\u015f da ter\u00f6rizmdir. K\u00fcrk \u00e7iftlikleri, s\u0131na\u00ee \u00e7iftikler, hayvan deneyleri vs. ter\u00f6rist end\u00fcstrilerdir; bu end\u00fcstrileri destekleyen devletler de ter\u00f6rist devletlerdir. Ger\u00e7ek kitle imha silahlar\u0131, hayvanlar\u0131n bedenleri \u00fczerinde deney yapmak, onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmek, yaralamak ya da t\u00fcketmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan gazlar, t\u00fcfekler, bay\u0131lt\u0131c\u0131 silahlar, \u00e7atallar ve b\u0131\u00e7aklard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanlar taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen hayvanlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 deh\u015fet vericidir. Her y\u0131l, yaln\u0131zca ABD\u2019de 10 milyardan fazla \u00e7iftlik hayvan\u0131 g\u0131da i\u00e7in, 17\u201370 milyon hayvan deneyler ve \u00fcr\u00fcn testleri i\u00e7in, 100 milyondan fazla hayvan avc\u0131l\u0131kta, 7\u20138 milyon hayvan k\u00fcrk\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmektedir. Bu say\u0131lara, \u00e7iftlik hayvanlar\u0131n\u0131 korumak ad\u0131na, \u201ce\u011flence\u201d end\u00fcstrisi ad\u0131na ya da ba\u015fka adlar alt\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen hayvanlar dahil de\u011fildir. Hayvanlar i\u00e7in her saniye bir 11 Eyl\u00fcl sald\u0131r\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

FBI\u2019\u0131n tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re mala verilen zarar ter\u00f6rizm, ama insand\u0131\u015f\u0131 canl\u0131lara y\u00f6nelik \u015fiddet ter\u00f6rizm de\u011fil. Yani ALF, FBI\u2019\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde ter\u00f6rist bir grup, ama her y\u0131l milyarlarca hayvan\u0131 katleden end\u00fcstriler ter\u00f6rist de\u011fil. \u015eirket-devlet ittifak\u0131, ALF ve ELF gibi gruplar\u0131n mala y\u00f6nelik sabotajlar\u0131n\u0131 \u201ceko-ter\u00f6rizm\u201d olarak tan\u0131ml\u0131yor, b\u00f6ylece sabotajla ter\u00f6rizmi ayn\u0131 kefeye koyarak bu t\u00fcr gruplara verilecek cezalar\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011fl\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

TER\u00d6R\u0130ZM NED\u0130R?
\n<\/b>
\nBiz, ter\u00f6rizm tan\u0131m\u0131m\u0131za, insanlarda \u201ckorku\u201d duygusu yaratma gibi psikolojik boyut i\u00e7eren eylemleri dahil etmiyoruz, zira bu \u201ckorku yaratma\u201d boyutu aktivist gruplar\u0131n bask\u0131 g\u00f6rmesine neden olan geni\u015f yorumlara g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Biz b\u00fct\u00fcn canl\u0131 t\u00fcrlerine y\u00f6nelik fiziksel \u015fiddet \u00fczerine odaklan\u0131yoruz. Kelimenin k\u00f6k\u00fc \u201cter\u00f6r\u201d oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, ter\u00f6ristlerin de \u015f\u00fcphesiz korku uyand\u0131rmak gibi bir niyetleri vard\u0131r, ama as\u0131l niyetleri hedeflerine fiziksel zarar vermek ya da onlar\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrmektir. Ayr\u0131ca, \u00e7e\u015fitli end\u00fcstrileri hedef alarak mala verilen zararlar\u0131 ter\u00f6rist eylem olarak kabul etmiyoruz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc: (1) bu eylemler ilke olarak savunulabilir, (2) bu t\u00fcr yasad\u0131\u015f\u0131 eylemlerin halihaz\u0131rda sabotaj, vandalizm, kundaklama gibi adlar\u0131 vard\u0131r ve bunlara denk d\u00fc\u015fen cezalar mevcuttur, bunlar\u0131n ter\u00f6rizm s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131na sokulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir neden yoktur, (3) as\u0131l ter\u00f6rizm, \u015firketlerin ve devletlerin insanlara, hayvanlara ve yery\u00fcz\u00fcne kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015fledi\u011fi su\u00e7lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Biz ter\u00f6rizmi \u015f\u00f6yle tan\u0131ml\u0131yoruz: \u201cTer\u00f6rizm, bir bireyin, \u00f6rg\u00fct\u00fcn, \u015firketin ya da devletin, insan olsun insand\u0131\u015f\u0131 hayvan olsun masum ki\u015filer \u00fczerinde kas\u0131tl\u0131 olarak fiziksel \u015fiddet uygulayarak din\u00ee, ideolojik, siyas\u00ee ya da iktisad\u00ee ama\u00e7lar\u0131na ula\u015fmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

Ter\u00f6rizm kelimesinin tan\u0131m\u0131 \u00fczerinde m\u00fccadele etmeliyiz, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fiddetin olanca \u00e7\u0131plakl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu d\u00fcnyada, eylemlerini tan\u0131mlamam\u0131z, lanetlememiz ve mahk\u00fbm etmemiz gereken ger\u00e7ek ter\u00f6ristler var. Ter\u00f6rizme ili\u015fkin mu\u011flak tan\u0131mlar, muhalif hareketleri a\u011f\u0131r bi\u00e7imde cezaland\u0131rmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in devletlere b\u00fcy\u00fck bir serbestlik sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Aktivistler ve muhalifler, \u201cter\u00f6ristlikle\u201d yaftalanman\u0131n ter\u00f6rizminin hedefi olmak yerine, sa\u011flam tan\u0131mlar sunmal\u0131 ve as\u0131l ter\u00f6ristlerin kimler oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermeliler. Bug\u00fcne kadar yap\u0131lan ter\u00f6rizm tan\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, bir insan\u0131n, end\u00fcstrinin, devletin ya da insan t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn hayvanlara uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fiddete yer verilmemi\u015ftir. Ter\u00f6rizmi tan\u0131mlamak, \u00e7a\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n en \u00f6nemli felsef\u00ee ve siyas\u00ee i\u015flerinden biridir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Steven Best – Anthony J. Nocella Çeviri: Elçin Gen Center on Animal Liberation Affairs, University of Texas; Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal’dan kısaltılarak çevrilmiştir 21. yüzyıl, bir “Terörizm Çağı” olarak damgalanmış durumda. 11 Eylül saldırıları, ABD’nin, hatta küresel jeopolitik düzenin tarihinde çarpıcı bir dönüm noktası oldu. ABD birincil önceliğinin “terörizmle savaş” olduğunu ilan etti; […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12979","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12979","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=12979"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12979\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12981,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12979\/revisions\/12981"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=12979"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=12979"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=12979"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}