![](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image5\/0179-adige.GIF\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Susan George TAR\u0130HSEL ALTERNAT\u0130F Doha\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131 1995\u2019te olu\u015fturulan DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn kurucu metinlerinin la\u011fvedildi\u011fi anlam\u0131na gelmiyor. Tar\u0131m Anla\u015fmas\u0131, Ticaret Genel Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (GTTGA) ve sanayi mallar\u0131na dair G\u00fcmr\u00fck Tarifeleri, HTGA ve DT\u00d6 \u015femsiyesi alt\u0131ndaki yirmi k\u00fcsur di\u011fer \u201censtr\u00fcman\u201d h\u00e2l\u00e2 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte. Ancak, bunlar\u0131n uygulamalar\u0131 ciddi bir \u015fekilde yava\u015flam\u0131\u015f durumda. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bu duraklamadan, bir t\u00fcr ask\u0131da olma durumundan faydalanabilme f\u0131rsat\u0131 var \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczde. Bu d\u00f6nem yeni bir olas\u0131l\u0131\u011fa kap\u0131 a\u00e7abilir.<\/p>\n Bu raundun ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011framas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda pek \u00e7ok ki\u015fi \u015fu soruyu soruyor: \u201cDoha\u2019n\u0131n yerine ne koyabiliriz?\u201d Elbette bu, \u201ckanserin yerine ne koyabiliriz?\u201d diye sormaya benziyor diyebilirsiniz. \u0130\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fcsel cevap \u201chi\u00e7bir \u015fey\u201d olacakt\u0131r. Ancak, uluslararas\u0131 ticaret s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda, \u201chi\u00e7bir \u015fey\u201d akl\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda bir cevap say\u0131lmaz. Kanserin olmamas\u0131 elbette hi\u00e7 teredd\u00fcts\u00fcz arzu edilecek bir \u015feyken, bir uluslararas\u0131 ticaret rejiminin olmamas\u0131, meydan\u0131 \u00e7ok daha istilac\u0131 ikili, \u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 anla\u015fmalara b\u0131rak\u0131r ki, bu da zay\u0131f \u00fclkeler i\u00e7in DT\u00d6\u2019den daha tehlikeli olur.<\/p>\n Ticar\u00ee ili\u015fkilerin gelece\u011fini d\u00fczenlemeyi ola\u011fan \u015f\u00fcphelilere (ulusa\u015f\u0131r\u0131 \u015firketlerin pe\u015fine tak\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletler) b\u0131rakmak yerine, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 ertesinde oldu\u011fu gibi, uluslararas\u0131 ili\u015fkilerin yeniden in\u015fas\u0131na kalk\u0131\u015fman\u0131n zaman\u0131 geldi. Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve Uluslararas\u0131 Para Fonu (IMF) dahi olumlu kar\u015f\u0131lanm\u0131\u015f, G\u00fcney i\u00e7in oldu\u011fu gibi, sava\u015f\u0131n y\u0131k\u0131m\u0131na u\u011fram\u0131\u015f Kuzey i\u00e7in de olduk\u00e7a faydal\u0131 olmu\u015flard\u0131; ancak son 25 y\u0131ld\u0131r bu kurulu\u015flar\u0131n i\u015flevleri k\u00f6kten ve dramatik bir bi\u00e7imde de\u011fi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Hen\u00fcz bar\u0131\u015f sa\u011flanmadan \u00f6nce, Britanyal\u0131 ekonomist John Maynard Keynes d\u00fcnya ticaretinin kurallar\u0131n\u0131 ba\u015ftan a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yenileyen bir proje ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Keynes, International Clearing Union (ICU) ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi uluslararas\u0131 merkez bankas\u0131n\u0131n destekledi\u011fi bir Uluslararas\u0131 Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (UT\u00d6) kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6neriyordu. Bu \u00f6neriye g\u00f6re, ICU uluslararas\u0131 ticarette ge\u00e7erli olmak \u00fczere \u201cbancor\u201d ad\u0131nda bir d\u00fcnya paras\u0131 basacakt\u0131. UT\u00d6 ve ICU hayata ge\u00e7irilebilmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, nas\u0131l bir d\u00fcnya olurdu \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek ufuk a\u00e7\u0131c\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir giri\u015fim hi\u00e7 \u015f\u00fcphesiz, Kuzey ve G\u00fcney\u2019in halklar\u0131n\u0131n ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131na hizmet eden bir ticaret sisteminin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu daha rasyonel bir d\u00fcnyaya imk\u00e2n verecekti.<\/p>\n UT\u00d6 ve ICU olsayd\u0131, hi\u00e7bir \u00fclke bug\u00fcn ABD gibi devasa bir ticari a\u00e7\u0131k (2005 rakamlar\u0131yla 716 milyar dolar) ya da \u00c7in\u2019inki gibi a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 ticaret fazlas\u0131 vermeyecekti. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ezici bor\u00e7lar\u0131 ve D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ile IMF\u2019nin yap\u0131sal uyum programlar\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu dahi olmayacakt\u0131. Elbette bu plan kapitalizmi ortadan kald\u0131racak de\u011fildi ve kenar\u0131ndan k\u00f6\u015fesinden d\u00fczeltilmesi gerekecekti, ama Keynes\u2019in mefhumunu yeniden canland\u0131rabilirsek, ba\u015fka bir d\u00fcnya hakikaten m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilir.<\/p>\n UT\u00d6 N\u0130\u00c7\u0130N GER\u00c7EKLE\u015eMED\u0130? Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (BM) 1945 y\u0131l\u0131nda do\u011fdu. BM\u2019nin ekonomik bile\u015feni Ekonomik ve Sosyal Konsey (Economic and Social Council, Ecosoc), ABD ve Britanya\u2019n\u0131n sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda bir UT\u00d6 kurulmas\u0131 \u00f6nerilerini incelemeye ald\u0131. 1946\u2019da Ecosoc, ticaret ve istihdam konular\u0131n\u0131 ele almak \u00fczere bir BM konferans\u0131 (UN Conference on Trade and Employment) d\u00fczenledi. (2)<\/p>\n Bu konferans toplanmadan \u00f6nce, ABD uluslararas\u0131 ticarette ikili bir d\u00fczenleme uygulamaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Ticaretin serbestle\u015ftirilmesini Washington kadar arzu eden 22 BM \u00fclkesinin kat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir toplant\u0131 d\u00fczenlediler. Bu \u00fclkeler paralel bir forumda bir araya gelerek, ge\u00e7ici bir d\u00fczenleme olarak \u2013ya da en az\u0131ndan o zaman \u00f6yle s\u00f6yleniyordu\u2013 GATT\u2019\u0131 (Genel G\u00fcmr\u00fck ve Ticaret Anla\u015fmas\u0131) haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar.<\/p>\n 1947\u2019de imzalanan GATT ertesi y\u0131l y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girdi. B\u00fct\u00fcn kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131lar GATT\u2019\u0131n kal\u0131c\u0131 bir \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme olacak olan UT\u00d6 ?art\u0131\u2019n\u0131n bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bekledi\u011finden, GATT \u00e7ok s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 bir kurumsal yap\u0131yla donat\u0131ld\u0131. K\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, UT\u00d6 ?art\u0131 nihayet tamamland\u0131 ve 1948\u2019de Havana Konferans\u0131\u2019nda onayland\u0131.<\/p>\n Peki ne oldu da UT\u00d6 ger\u00e7ekle\u015femedi? K\u0131sa s\u00fcrede siyasal deste\u011finin \u00f6nemli bir k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. 1946\u2019da Keynes vefat etti; UT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn ate\u015fli savunucular\u0131ndan ABD D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 Cordell Hull sava\u015f\u0131n sona ermesinden k\u0131sa s\u00fcre \u00f6nce sa\u011fl\u0131k nedenleriyle g\u00f6revinden ayr\u0131ld\u0131; Bretton Woods \u00f6ncesinde hakim olan, \u201cd\u00fcnyay\u0131 yeniden bi\u00e7imlendirelim\u201d co\u015fkusu kayboldu. Amerikal\u0131lar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funun ve Kongre\u2019deki temsilcilerinin izolasyonizm yanl\u0131s\u0131 tutumlar\u0131 da bu do\u011frultuda etki etti, i\u015f d\u00fcnyas\u0131 da baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardan fazla korumac\u0131, baz\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131lardansa yeterince korumac\u0131 olmamakla ele\u015ftirdikleri UT\u00d6\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131yd\u0131 zaten. ABD\u2019nin D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri ve Hazine bakanl\u0131klar\u0131 ise Marshall plan\u0131 ve \u00e7e\u015fitli kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 ikili ticar\u00ee anla\u015fmalarla me\u015fguld\u00fc. Ve b\u00fct\u00fcn bu s\u00fcrecin sonunda, zorlu ge\u00e7ece\u011fi a\u015fik\u00e2r olan 1948 Amerikan Ba\u015fkanl\u0131k se\u00e7imleri vard\u0131 ve her iki parti de tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 bir uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmayla ortal\u0131\u011f\u0131 kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktan ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131yordu. Daha genel \u00f6l\u00e7ekte, so\u011fuk sava\u015f ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ve Amerikal\u0131 siyaset\u00e7ilerle b\u00fcrokratlar i\u00e7in UT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn aciliyeti ve \u00f6nemi t\u00e2l\u00ee hale gelmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n Kas\u0131m 1948\u2019de ikinci kez se\u00e7ildikten sonra, Ba\u015fkan Harry Truman, (\u201cHavana ?art\u0131\u201d olarak da adland\u0131r\u0131lan) UT\u00d6 ?art\u0131\u2019n\u0131 g\u00f6n\u00fcls\u00fczce Kongre\u2019ye sundu, ancak yasama organ\u0131 bunu oylama zahmetine dahi katlanmad\u0131. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, ge\u00e7ici olaca\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen ve pratikte hi\u00e7bir kurumsal d\u00fczenleme i\u00e7ermeyen GATT kal\u0131c\u0131 oldu. Kendi \u00e7ap\u0131nda ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 da oldu: Bu s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde g\u00fcmr\u00fck tarifelerini ortalama y\u00fczde 50\u2019lerden y\u00fczde 5\u2019lere d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrd\u00fc \u2013pek \u00e7ok \u00fclkede a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 y\u00fcksek tarifeler zorla y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte tutulurken. GATT ticaretin liberalle\u015ftirilmesi do\u011frultusunda sekiz m\u00fczakere raundu d\u00fczenledi, bunlar\u0131n sonuncusu Uruguay raundu, daha da ileri ve iddial\u0131 bir a\u015famaya ge\u00e7erek D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn (DT\u00d6) kurulmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7land\u0131. Bu ticar\u00ee anla\u015fmalar\u0131n Keynes\u2019in umut etti\u011fi \u00e7er\u00e7eveyle al\u00e2kas\u0131 yoktu. DT\u00d6 ile bu konseptten daha da uzakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n HAVANA F\u0130ARTI Bu arada, uluslararas\u0131 sendikal hareketin, DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn kurulu\u015funu izleyen alt\u0131 y\u0131l boyunca bir \u201ctoplumsal \u015fart\u201d elde etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve UT\u00d6\u2019de yeralan prensiplerin fazlas\u0131yla suland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir versiyonunun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 da hat\u0131rlatmakta fayda var. Sonu\u00e7ta, 2001\u2019deki Doha Bakanlar Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan sendikalar bu \u00e7abay\u0131 toptan b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n UT\u00d6 art\u0131 teknoloji ve uzmanl\u0131k payla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu; yabanc\u0131 yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n \u201c\u00fcye devletlerin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fman\u0131n temeli olarak kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131\u201d belirtiyordu. Yoksul ve g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz \u00fclkelerin imarlar\u0131n\u0131 ve geli\u015fmelerini sa\u011flayabilmelerine imk\u00e2n vermek amac\u0131yla m\u00fcdahalecili\u011fe ya da korumac\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ba\u015fvurabilecekleri a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ifade ediliyordu: \u201cKoruyucu \u00f6nlemler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde yard\u0131mlar hakl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n UT\u00d6 art\u0131\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer pek \u00e7ok h\u00fckm\u00fc temel \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ele al\u0131yor ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilerin g\u00f6zetilmesini \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yordu. H\u00fck\u00fcmet fonlar\u0131n\u0131n temel \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131 her y\u0131l bir \u00f6nceki y\u0131la g\u00f6re stabilize edebilece\u011fi belirtiliyor ve dahas\u0131 \u201ct\u00fckenebilir do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131n korunmas\u0131\u201d tavsiye ediliyordu. \u00dcr\u00fcnlere ve bu \u00fcr\u00fcnleri \u00fcreten \u00fclkeler aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere ili\u015fkin bu h\u00fck\u00fcmler birlikte ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, ortaya \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor. UT\u00d6, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a beyan etmemekle birlikte, temel ihtiya\u00e7 maddeleri ve yerel \u00fcretim konusunda OPEC benzeri bir d\u00fczenlemeyi \u2013\u00fcretici kartellerini\u2013 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n Bu kurallar\u0131n yarar sa\u011flamas\u0131 beklenirken, \u00fcr\u00fcn fiyatlar\u0131nda merhametsiz bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f oldu. BM\u2019nin Ticaret ve Kalk\u0131nma Konferans\u0131\u2019n\u0131n (UNCTAD) verilerine g\u00f6re, 1997-2001 aras\u0131nda, y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u0131da maddelerinde y\u00fczde 2.6, tropikal me\u015frubatlarda y\u00fczde 5.6, ya\u011f tohumu ve ya\u011flarda y\u00fczde 3.5 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti. G\u0131da ve me\u015frubatlar\u0131n aksine, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00fcreticilerin harc\u0131 olmayan metal \u00fcretiminde ise y\u0131l\u0131k ortalama d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f 1.9\u2019da kald\u0131. Ancak bu oran, \u00fcretici \u00fclkelerin gelirlerinde az\u0131msanmayacak bir gerilemeye sebep oldu.<\/p>\n Havana art\u0131, s\u00fcbvansiyon ve kamusal \u00fcretim vas\u0131tas\u0131yla ulusal sanayilerin desteklenmesine izin veriyordu. Hatta ulusal sinema sanayileri i\u00e7in bile koruyucu bir kota \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu. \u00dclkelerin yerel tar\u0131m\u0131 ve bal\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in \u00f6nlemler almas\u0131n\u0131 kabul ediyordu. Doha raundunda en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelerin kesilmesinin temel sebebi, tar\u0131m \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ihracat\u0131n\u0131n s\u00fcbvansiyonu konusuydu. UT\u00d6, d\u0131\u015f piyasalara ihra\u00e7 edilen \u00fcr\u00fcnlerin \u201cyerli t\u00fcketicinin \u00f6dedi\u011fi fiyat\u0131n alt\u0131nda\u201d sat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan s\u00fcbvansiyonu yasaklam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Mali s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131 i\u00e7indeki \u00fclkelerin ithalatlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131rmas\u0131na izin veriyor, ancak bunun ihracat\u00e7\u0131 firmalar aras\u0131nda adil bir oranlamayla yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 talep ediyordu.<\/p>\n UT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn kurumsal d\u00fczenlemeleri basit ve demokratikti. UNCAD konferansa davet edilen \u00fclkelerin her biri \u00fcye say\u0131l\u0131yordu, m\u00fcstakbel \u00fcyeler de bu yap\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan onaylan\u0131yordu. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve IMF\u2019nin aksine her \u00fcyenin bir oyu vard\u0131. (D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve IMF\u2019de, oylar mali katk\u0131 oran\u0131nda ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ABD \u00f6nemli kararlar\u0131 bloke edebiliyor.) Y\u00f6netim bi\u00e7imine gelince, UT\u00d6 \u00fcyelerinin se\u00e7ti\u011fi 18 \u00fcye y\u00f6netim kurulunu olu\u015fturuyordu, bu kurulun 8 \u00fcyesi \u201cd\u00fcnya ticaretinde maj\u00f6r \u00f6nemi ve pay\u0131 olan\u201d \u00fclkeleri, geri kalan 10 \u00fcye ise farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri ve ekonomi t\u00fcrlerini temsil ediyordu. Kararlar salt \u00e7o\u011funlukla veya baz\u0131 durumlarda \u00fc\u00e7te iki \u00e7o\u011funlukla al\u0131n\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n T\u0130CARET\u0130N F\u0130NANSMANI Bu \u015fartlarda, herkesin ayaklar\u0131 \u00fcst\u00fcne dikilmesi, \u00fcretmeye ve ticarete ba\u015flamas\u0131 nas\u0131l ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilirdi? Keynes, 1940\u2019lar\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda kendi \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc form\u00fcle etmi\u015fti. Sava\u015f\u0131n k\u0131smi nedeni, ayn\u0131 pazarlar i\u00e7in herkesin g\u0131rtlak g\u0131rtla\u011fa m\u00fccadele etmesi oldu\u011funa g\u00f6re, kimsenin b\u00fct\u00fcn pazarlara egemen olamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret k\u00e2rlar\u0131 biriktiremeyece\u011fi bir d\u00fczen kurmak gerekiyordu. Keynes\u2019in \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc ICU idi: B\u00fct\u00fcn merkez bankalar\u0131n\u0131n merkez bankas\u0131. Bu banka, d\u00fcnya ticaretinde kullan\u0131lacak bir para birimini, \u201cbancor\u201du basacakt\u0131. Bu sistemde, ihracattan kazan\u0131lan bancor\u2019lar, ithalata harcanacakt\u0131. \u00d6nemli nokta, bu ikisinin dengede olmas\u0131yd\u0131. Y\u0131l sonunda, bir \u00fclkenin ICU\u2019daki hesab\u0131 ne art\u0131, ne eksi, \u201ctemiz\u201d olacakt\u0131, yani s\u0131f\u0131ra yak\u0131n bir d\u00fczeyde kalacakt\u0131. Her \u00fclkenin para biriminin, bancor\u2019a ba\u011fl\u0131 sabit, ancak ayarlanabilir bir kuru olacakt\u0131. Keynes\u2019e g\u00f6re, \u00e7ok fazla bancor\u2019u olan \u00fclkeler, t\u0131pk\u0131 \u00e7ok az bancor\u2019u olan \u00fclkeler gibi, sisteme zararl\u0131yd\u0131. Kredi veren \u00fclkeler de, bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler kadar istikrar ve refah i\u00e7in tehlike arzediyordu.<\/p>\n Peki, \u00fclkeler \u201cneredeyse s\u0131f\u0131r\u201d ticaret dengesini tutturmaya ve bunu s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmeye nas\u0131l mecbur b\u0131rak\u0131labilirdi? Keynes\u2019in y\u00f6ntemi dahiyaneydi. ICU, t\u0131pk\u0131 s\u0131radan bir bankan\u0131n m\u00fc\u015fterilerine yap-t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00fclkelere bir kredi hesab\u0131 a\u00e7acakt\u0131. Bu hesab\u0131n limiti, o \u00fclkenin son be\u015f y\u0131ldaki ortalama ticaret de\u011ferinin yar\u0131s\u0131na denk olacakt\u0131. Bu limiti ge\u00e7en her \u00fclke, ICU\u2019ya aradaki fark kadar faiz \u00f6deyecekti. Bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkeler verdikleri a\u00e7\u0131\u011f\u0131n bedelini \u00f6demek zorunda kalacaklard\u0131, ama as\u0131l yenilik, kredi veren \u00fclkelerin (yani ticaret fazlas\u0131 olanlar\u0131n) ticaret fazlalar\u0131 i\u00e7in faiz \u00f6demeleriydi. A\u00e7\u0131k ya da fazla ne kadar b\u00fcy\u00fckse, \u00f6denecek faiz de o kadar b\u00fcy\u00fck olacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n A\u00e7\u0131k veren \u00fclkeler, para birimlerinde deval\u00fcasyon yapmak ve ihracaat mallar\u0131n\u0131 ucuzlat\u0131p cazip k\u0131lmak zorunda kalacaklard\u0131. Ticaret fazlas\u0131 olan \u00fclkelerse, para birimlerinde reval\u00fcasyon yapmak ve ihracaat mallar\u0131n\u0131 pahal\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131p daha az cazip k\u0131lmak zorunda kalacaklard\u0131. Ticaret fazlas\u0131 olan \u00fclkeler, bu fazlay\u0131 azaltmad\u0131klar\u0131nda, ICU s\u00f6z konusu limiti a\u015fan mebla\u011fa el koyacak ve bunu bir rezerv fonuna aktaracakt\u0131. Keynes, bu fonu global bir polis g\u00fcc\u00fc, afetlere yard\u0131m ve b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fcye \u00fclkelerin yarar\u0131na olacak di\u011fer \u00f6nlemler i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcyordu.<\/p>\n D\u00dcZG\u00dcN B\u0130R D\u00dcZENLEME Bilindi\u011fi gibi, Keynes\u2019in sistemi ve sava\u015f sonras\u0131 vizyon ger\u00e7ekle\u015femedi. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve IMF, yap\u0131sal uyum programlar\u0131yla facialar yaratt\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc d\u00fcnyan\u0131n bor\u00e7lar\u0131 \u00f6denemez oldu. Ve \u015fimdi Wall Street, demokratik yollarla i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelen h\u00fck\u00fcmetlerin politikalar\u0131n\u0131 belirliyor. Brezilya cumhurba\u015fkan\u0131 Lula\u2019n\u0131n ve bir\u00e7ok bor\u00e7lu \u00fclke liderinin durumu bunu kan\u0131tl\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya ticaret kurallar\u0131, DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn yoksul \u00fcyelerinin aleyhine i\u015flerken zengin \u00fclkeler daha zengin ve daha bencil hale geliyor.<\/p>\n DT\u00d6 ve onun felaket yaratan kurallar\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckte olduk\u00e7a, global adalet hareketi, adil ticaretin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesine nas\u0131l yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilir? George Monbiot, ICU\u2019nun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi halinde, g\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin 26.000 milyar dolarl\u0131k bor\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131, d\u00fcnya finans sistemine kar\u015f\u0131 bir \u201cn\u00fckleer tehdit\u201d olarak kullanabilecekleri kan\u0131s\u0131nda. G\u00fcney \u00fclkeleri kendi k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u201ctemizleme sistemleri\u201dni kurarak i\u015fe ba\u015flayabilirler. Belki de Latin Amerika b\u00f6yle bir plan\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe sokabilir. Belki de Fransa\u2019da i\u015f ba\u015f\u0131na gelecek yeni bir h\u00fck\u00fcmet bunu g\u00fcndemine alabilir. ?imdiye kadar \u00e7ok daha tuhaf \u015feyler oldu.<\/p>\n As\u0131l \u00f6nemlisi \u015fu: Ticaret tekerle\u011fini yeniden ke\u015ffetmemize gerek yok. Keynes bunu 60 y\u0131l \u00f6nce yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n 1. George Monbiot\u2019nun \u201cAge of Consent\u201dini okuyana kadar, konuyla ilgilenen hemen herkes gibi ben de D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve IMF\u2019yi Keynes\u2019in tasarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 zannediyordum. Monbiot, tarih\u00e7i Armand von Dormael\u2019in \u201cBretton Woods: Birth of A Monetary System\u201d (Bretton Woods: Parasal Bir Sistemin Do\u011fu\u015fu, 1978) adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na at\u0131fta bulunarak, Keynes\u2019in ABD\u2019den birtak\u0131m tavizler koparmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, ancak IMF\u2019in \u00f6denemez bor\u00e7lara sebep olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc, fakat neticede ABD\u2019nin \u00f6nerilerini kabul etmek zorunda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, zira kurall\u0131 bir sistemi kurals\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa tercih etti\u011fini, ne var ki ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan durumdan memnun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n 2. DT\u00d6, istihdamla ilgilenmeyi daima reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Susan George Le Monde Diplomatique, Ocak 2007’den Express, sayı 69 Çeviri: Siren İdemen – Yücel Göktürk TARİHSEL ALTERNATİF Küresel kapitalizmin mağduru güney ülkelerinin başlattığı isyan, ekonomik eşitsizliği azaltacak yeni arayışları beraberinde getirdi. İstihdama dayalı sosyal refah ekonomisinin filozofu Keynes’in bir zamanlar uluslararası ticaret için önerdiği devrimci fikirler, 21. yüzyılın dünya ekonomisine alternatif oluşturmak üzere yeniden […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-arastirma-ana-sayfa","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13057"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13059,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13057\/revisions\/13059"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n<\/strong>Le Monde Diplomatique, Ocak 2007\u2019den Express, say\u0131 69
\n\u00c7eviri: Siren \u0130demen – Y\u00fccel G\u00f6kt\u00fcrk<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nK\u00fcresel kapitalizmin ma\u011fduru g\u00fcney \u00fclkelerinin ba\u015flatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 isyan, ekonomik e\u015fitsizli\u011fi azaltacak yeni aray\u0131\u015flar\u0131 beraberinde getirdi. \u0130stihdama dayal\u0131 sosyal refah ekonomisinin filozofu Keynes\u2019in bir zamanlar uluslararas\u0131 ticaret i\u00e7in \u00f6nerdi\u011fi devrimci fikirler, 21. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n d\u00fcnya ekonomisine alternatif olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere yeniden ke\u015ffediliyor. 2001\u2019DE Katar\u2019\u0131n ba\u015fkentinde yap\u0131lan D\u00fcnya Ticaret \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (DT\u00d6) bakanlar toplant\u0131s\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lan Doha m\u00fczakere s\u00fcreci ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa u\u011frad\u0131 ve sonu\u00e7lanamad\u0131. Her ne kadar DT\u00d6 Genel Direkt\u00f6r\u00fc Pascal Lamy s\u00fcreci canland\u0131rmak i\u00e7in umutsuzca \u00e7abalasa da, Doha muhalifleri m\u00fczakereler boyunca, k\u00f6t\u00fc bir anla\u015fma yapmaktansa, hi\u00e7 anla\u015fmaya var\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131n daha iyi oldu\u011funa kanaat getirdiler. En ba\u015f\u0131ndan, 2006\u2019daki sonu\u00e7suz kalan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmelere kadar bu raund, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck tar\u0131msal i\u015fletmelerinin k\u00e2rlar\u0131n\u0131 daha da art\u0131rmaya, G\u00fcney\u2019in k\u0131r\u0131lgan ve yeni yeni ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sanayilerini zay\u0131flatmaya, hatta yok etmeye ve Hizmet Ticareti Genel Anla\u015fmas\u0131 (HTGA) yoluyla kamu hizmetlerinin kontrolunun \u00f6zel sekt\u00f6re ge\u00e7mesini sa\u011flamaya y\u00f6nelikti.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nGetirecek oldu\u011fu kurallar\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131na girmeden \u00f6nce, UT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn ni\u00e7in hayata ge\u00e7irilmedi\u011fine bakmakta fayda var. Genellikle g\u00f6sterilen gerek\u00e7e ABD\u2019nin bu kuruma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Bu do\u011fru, ama yeterli bir a\u00e7\u0131klama de\u011fil; ba\u015fka siyasal sebepler de var. ABD ve Britanya sava\u015f\u0131n bitmesinden epey \u00f6nce, UT\u00d6 anla\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 m\u00fczakere etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131lar; Keynes \u00f6nerisini 1942\u2019de ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Britanyal\u0131lar 1944 Temmuz’unda Bretton Woods konferans\u0131nda (Keynes\u2019in ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda) bu fikri resm\u00ee olarak savundular. Ancak, daha o zamandan, Amerikal\u0131lar, b\u00fcy\u00fck sanayicilerinin hislerine terc\u00fcman olarak, bu \u00f6neriye pek s\u0131cak bakm\u0131yordu. ABD heyetinin ba\u015f m\u00fczakerecisi Harry Dexter White bunun yerine, D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 ve IMF\u2019nin olu\u015fturulmas\u0131nda \u0131srarl\u0131yd\u0131. (1) Sonu\u00e7ta, Amerikan Kongresi, \u201cBretton Woods kurulu\u015flar\u0131\u201d diye de an\u0131lan bu iki kurumun kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 onaylad\u0131. UT\u00d6 bekleyebilirdi.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nBM ile hi\u00e7bir ba\u011f\u0131 olmayan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Evrensel Beyannamesi (1948) de dahil BM\u2019nin hi\u00e7bir yasal enstr\u00fcman\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mayan DT\u00d6\u2019ye kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, UT\u00d6 art\u0131, BM\u2019ye referansla ba\u015fl\u0131yor, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma g\u00fcvencesi, tam istihdam, toplumsal ilerleme ve geli\u015fme \u00f6ncelikli hedefleri aras\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. \u0130kinci b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn tamam\u0131 i\u015fsizli\u011fi \u00f6nleyici tedbirlere ayr\u0131lm\u0131\u015f. Bu konularda adeta sa\u011f\u0131r-dilsiz olan DT\u00d6\u2019n\u00fcn aksine, UT\u00d6 adil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma normlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ve \u00fccretlerin iyile\u015ftirilmesine vurgu yap\u0131yor; Uluslararas\u0131 \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma \u00d6rg\u00fct\u00fc (ILO) ile i\u015fbirli\u011fini zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nYeni bir ticaret d\u00fczeni kurmak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan bu hamleler, b\u00fcy\u00fck sava\u015f\u0131n enkaz\u0131ndan kurtulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bir d\u00fcnyada cereyan ediyordu. ABD\u2019den ba\u015fka kimsede para yoktu. Marshall Plan\u0131\u2019n\u0131n onda biri hay\u0131rseverlikse, onda dokuzu \u00e7\u0131karc\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131. ABD ve Avrupa aras\u0131nda ticareti yeniden ba\u015flatman\u0131n en m\u00fcnasip yoluydu. Aksi takdirde, ABD t\u00fcketebilece\u011finden daha fazla \u00fcretmeye ve \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini kimseye satamama tehlikesiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yayd\u0131.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\nKeynes\u2019in sistemi d\u00fczg\u00fcn bir d\u00fczenlemeydi. Ticaret fazlas\u0131na sahip \u00fclkeler, faiz \u00f6demekten ya da limiti a\u015fan gelirlerine el konulmas\u0131ndan ka\u00e7\u0131nmak isteyecek ve bor\u00e7lu \u00fclkelerden ithalat yapmaya y\u00f6neleceklerdi. A\u00e7\u0131k veren \u00fclkeler de daha fazla ihrcaat yaparak denge noktas\u0131na yakla\u015fma imkan\u0131 bulabileceklerdi. Sistem herkesin yarar\u0131na i\u015fleyecekti. Ticaret hacmi artacak, d\u00fcnya daha m\u00fcreffeh ve bar\u0131\u015f\u00e7\u0131l olacak, azgeli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkeler kalk\u0131nma yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131 i\u00e7in daha fazla kayna\u011fa sahip olacak, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc gibi bor\u00e7lar\u0131n katlanarak b\u00fcy\u00fcmesi imkans\u0131z hale gelecekti.<\/p>\n