![](\"http:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/cc-turkiye\/yz-image5\/0211-kafkasya.GIF\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Yusuf K. Taymaz 1.<\/p>\n <\/b>D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi kendisine yap\u0131lan milliyet\u00e7i sald\u0131r\u0131lara kar\u015f\u0131, kendi i\u00e7indeki milliyet\u00e7i kadrolar\u0131 da g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutarak, milliyet\u00e7ili\u011fe kar\u015f\u0131 tutumunu belirlemek durumundad\u0131r. Ulus ve ulus\u00e7uluk kavramlar\u0131 ve bu kavramlara yakla\u015f\u0131m, b\u00fct\u00fcn ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fccadelesinde de \u00f6zel bir \u00f6neme sahiptir. Genel olarak kabul edilmi\u015f tan\u0131mlar\u0131 olmayan bu kavramlar \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n somutunda iyice kaos yarat\u0131r. \u00c7erkes ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hen\u00fcz kabul g\u00f6ren bir \u00c7erkes tan\u0131m\u0131 yoktur.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkes ulusu tan\u0131m\u0131 ile yola \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi kendi prati\u011fi i\u00e7inde kavram\u0131 rafine etmi\u015f ve \u00c7erkes halk\u0131, \u00c7erkes ulusal az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kuzey Kafkasya halklar\u0131, potansiyel ulus gibi kavramlar\u0131 kullanmay\u0131 tercih etmi\u015ftir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc muhaceret ve anavatandaki \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n ulusal-demokratik m\u00fccadelesi, kendi i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok Kuzey Kafkasyal\u0131 etnik olu\u015fumu organize etme, sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme m\u00fccadelesi olarak belirlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Ezilen \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7inden milliyet\u00e7i bir \u00e7izgi olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde, sosyalist hareketlerden ve ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinden etkilenmi\u015ftir. 1975-1980 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda hareket, kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 Lenin ve Stalin\u2019in yaz\u0131lar\u0131ndan, Cabral gibi ulusal kurtulu\u015f hareketlerinin liderlerinden, FKO\u2019nun (Filistin Kurtulu\u015f Ordusu) \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrkiye de ulusal sorun \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fan demokrat-devrimci hareketlerden esinlenerek, tart\u0131\u015farak geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Milliyet\u00e7i kavramlarla ba\u015flayan geli\u015fme, \u00c7erkes ulusal sorununun pratik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6zmekte t\u0131kand\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, devrimci kavramlar yol g\u00f6sterici olmu\u015ftur. Geli\u015ftirilen kavramlar\u0131n somut bir soruna \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutma zorunlulu\u011fu, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Stalinizm\u2019e getirilen ele\u015ftirilerin a\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi Stalin\u2019in ulusal soruna ili\u015fkin tezlerine \u015fabloncu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 a\u015fm\u0131\u015f, kendi prati\u011fi i\u00e7inde kavramlar\u0131n\u0131 geli\u015ftirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Stalin ulusu \u201ctarihsel olarak evrilmi\u015f istikrarl\u0131 bir dil, toprak, ekonomik ya\u015fam ile kendini k\u00fclt\u00fcr ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile d\u0131\u015fa vuran psikolojik yap\u0131dan olu\u015fan bir topluluk\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlar. Ulusun tarihsel evrimle olu\u015fmu\u015f, ortak dil, toprak, ekonomik ya\u015fam ve bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr toplulu\u011fu i\u00e7inde ortaya konan psikolojik yap\u0131 temelinde istikrarl\u0131 bir cemaat oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yler. Bu \u00f6gelerden biri eksik olursa ulus olamaz. Bu tan\u0131m\u0131 ile Stalin ciddi ele\u015ftiriler almaktad\u0131r. Fakat ayn\u0131 tan\u0131m d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketini, \u00f6znel yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131n eksikliklerinden kurtaran ve geli\u015ftiren bir tan\u0131m olmu\u015ftur. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi Lenin ve Stalin\u2019in ulusal sorun \u00fczerine yapt\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131, \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 ve pratik ili\u015fkileri \u00e7\u00f6zmede ciddi bir teorik temel olarak kullanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 2. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketini, bu milliyet\u00e7i \u00e7izginin etkisinden kurtaran \u00f6nemli bir \u00f6zelli\u011fi vard\u0131. Hareketin kadrolar\u0131 muhacerette ya\u015fayan halk\u0131n somut sorunlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zmek i\u00e7in yola \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f ayd\u0131nlard\u0131. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketi bir halk hareketi idi.<\/p>\n Halk\u0131n ulusal-toplumsal sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm aramak isteyenler s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde sorunun sadece bilin\u00e7lenme sorunu olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00e7abuk alg\u0131lad\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc en \u201cmasum\u201d ulusal-demokratik talepler, \u00fclkeyi y\u00f6netenler taraf\u0131ndan yan\u0131ts\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yor, talepleri elde etme do\u011frultusundaki m\u00fccadele \u201czor\u201d ile bast\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. B\u00f6ylesi bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 \u00c7erkes ayd\u0131nlar\u0131na \u201cs\u0131n\u0131f\u201d \u00e7eli\u015fkisini \u00f6\u011fretti ve toplumsal sorunlar\u0131 \u00e7\u00f6zme m\u00fccadelesi veren radikal-devrimci hareketlerle ili\u015fkiyi sa\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketine, sa\u011fc\u0131 i\u015fbirlik\u00e7ilerin ele\u015ftirilerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, ilk ciddi ele\u015ftiri T\u00fcrkiye devrimci hareketlerinde bulunan \u00c7erkes ayd\u0131nlar\u0131ndan geldi. Devrimci \u00c7erkesler d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fclerin zay\u0131f noktas\u0131n\u0131 hissetmi\u015flerdi; d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcler ulusun ne oldu\u011funu bilmiyorlard\u0131. Stalin\u2019in tan\u0131m\u0131na g\u00f6re \u00c7erkesler ulus olamazd\u0131, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u00c7erkeslerin dil ve toprak birli\u011fi yoktu. B\u00f6ylesi bir ele\u015ftiri ile ba\u015flayan \u201culus\u201d \u00fczerine tart\u0131\u015fma \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n ulusal sorununa \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm arayan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f hareketine yeni teorik g\u00fc\u00e7 katm\u0131\u015f oldu. D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc ayd\u0131nlar, Lenin ve Stalin\u2019in ulusal soruna ili\u015fkin birikimleri ile tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc ama\u00e7 soyut bir \u201culus\u201d kavram\u0131nda tak\u0131l\u0131p kalmak de\u011fil, ulusal sorunu \u00e7\u00f6zmek idi. \u00d6znel tan\u0131mlarla yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, bilin\u00e7 eksikli\u011fi nedeniyle halk\u0131n\u0131, bu bilinci aktaramad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in kendini su\u00e7layan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fc ayd\u0131nlar, s\u0131n\u0131fsal kavramlarla olu\u015fturulan nesnel tan\u0131mlarla sorunun kayna\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffettiler; ezen ulusun hakim s\u0131n\u0131flar\u0131 ve \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fbirlik\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f ve katmanlar\u0131.<\/p>\n 3. Stalin\u2019in tan\u0131m\u0131na getirilen \u201cnesnellik\u201d ele\u015ftirisi s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesini g\u00f6zard\u0131 eden yakla\u015f\u0131mlardan kaynaklanmaktad\u0131r. Bu nesnel ulus tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6znel yan\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131f m\u00fccadelesidir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u201chayali cemaatleri\u201d kapitalizm \u015fafa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n hayali cemaatleri de\u011fildir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn \u201cplebisitleri\u201d de kapitalizm \u015fafa\u011f\u0131n\u0131n plebisitleri de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle art\u0131k \u201ctarihin yanl\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 bir millet olman\u0131n par\u00e7as\u0131\u201d de\u011fildir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc art\u0131k ulusla\u015fmak i\u00e7in tarihini yanl\u0131\u015f yazmak zorunda olan burjuvaziye kar\u015f\u0131, yanl\u0131\u015f yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tarihe kar\u015f\u0131 m\u00fccadele eden i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 ve onun bug\u00fcnlere aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilgi birikimi vard\u0131r. Bu nedenle burjuvazisi ve i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmayan halklar\u0131n ulusla\u015fma m\u00fccadelesi, onlar\u0131n bilincini ta\u015f\u0131yan ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n m\u00fccadelesidir. Bu m\u00fccadelenin s\u0131n\u0131fsal-toplumsal taban\u0131 da k\u00f6yl\u00fcl\u00fck ve s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde b\u00fcy\u00fcyen emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flar ve burjuvazidir. Ulusla\u015fma s\u00fcreci burjuvazinin (ideolojisi milliyet\u00e7ilik) tekelinde de\u011fildir. Ulusla\u015famam\u0131\u015f halklar\u0131n yeni \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fc i\u015f\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131-emek\u00e7i s\u0131n\u0131flard\u0131r (ideolojisi ulusal demokratik m\u00fccadele-demokratl\u0131k d\u0131r).<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Yusuf K. Taymaz Ankara, 1994 1. Dönüş hareketi kendisine yapılan milliyetçi saldırılara karşı, kendi içindeki milliyetçi kadroları da göz önünde tutarak, milliyetçiliğe karşı tutumunu belirlemek durumundadır. Ulus ve ulusçuluk kavramları ve bu kavramlara yaklaşım, bütün ulusal kurtuluş hareketlerinde olduğu gibi Çerkes halkının mücadelesinde de özel bir öneme sahiptir. Genel olarak kabul edilmiş tanımları olmayan bu 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\n<\/strong>Ankara, 1994<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>1970’lerde d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcler ulusu \u00f6znel tan\u0131mlarla kavr\u0131yorlard\u0131. Bir\u00e7ok d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcye g\u00f6re \u00c7erkesler (bazen de Adigeler) bir ulustu. Bu tan\u0131mlamaya \u201cmilliyet\u00e7i kavramlardan\u201d yola \u00e7\u0131karak ula\u015f\u0131l\u0131yordu. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc milliyet\u00e7iler ulusu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce de olu\u015fturuyordu. Milliyet\u00e7i bir yakla\u015f\u0131mla ulus var olan de\u011fil var edilen bir \u015feydi. Bir toplum kendini ulus olarak kabul ederse, o toplum ulustu. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131na da, ayd\u0131nlar\u0131n yol g\u00f6stericili\u011finde, var olman\u0131n bilinci a\u015f\u0131lanabilirse \u00c7erkesler ulus olman\u0131n bilincine eri\u015firse sorun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olacakt\u0131. B\u00f6ylece ulusla\u015fmak ulus olma bilinci ne indirgeniyordu.<\/p>\n
\n<\/b>Stalin ulusu dil birli\u011fi, toprak birli\u011fi, k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi ve ekonomik ya\u015fam birli\u011fi olan istikrarl\u0131 bir topluluk olarak tan\u0131mlar. Bu tan\u0131mla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcler tan\u0131m\u0131n gereklerini ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir hedef olarak \u00f6nlerine koymu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n dil birli\u011fi yoktur, bir\u00e7ok leh\u00e7e ve dili konu\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. \u00d6yle ise leh\u00e7eleri birle\u015ftirip dilleri geli\u015ftirmek gerekmektedir. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n toprak birli\u011fi yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131 i\u015fgalci g\u00fc\u00e7ler taraf\u0131ndan topraklar\u0131ndan s\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f, muhacerette de bir arada ya\u015famalar\u0131na olanak tan\u0131nmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6yle ise \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n toprak birli\u011fini sa\u011flamas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc anavatanda ortak bir co\u011frafi birli\u011fin ve tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fin \u015fekillendi\u011fi k\u00fclt\u00fcr birli\u011fi dil ve toprak birli\u011finin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 nedeniyle, muhaceret anavatan ili\u015fkilerinin y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca ya\u015fan\u0131lan \u00fclkelerin politik sava\u015f\u0131m\u0131 nedeniyle geli\u015ftirilememi\u015f, geriletilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n ekonomik birli\u011fi yoktur, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc halk\u0131n toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131 par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, i\u00e7 dinamikleri yok edilmi\u015ftir. \u00c7erkes halk\u0131n\u0131n muhacerette s\u0131n\u0131fsal dinamikleri par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f, k\u0131rsal kesimde k\u00f6yl\u00fc, kentsel kesimde i\u015f\u00e7i-memur \u201ckast\u201d\u0131na d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. (Geller). Stalin\u2019in ulus tan\u0131m\u0131 d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00e7\u00fcleri b\u00f6ylesi bir sonuca ula\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. E\u011fer bir ulustan s\u00f6z edilecekse, ben o ulusun bireyiyim denebilecekse ulusal bilin\u00e7 yetmeyecektir. Onunla birlikte nesnel ko\u015fullar\u0131n da yarat\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n