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A. \u00c7ureyko<\/span> <\/strong> Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun \u00c7erkeslerle ilgilenmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son y\u0131llar\u0131na kadar uzanmakta ise de 17. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131 bu ilgi i\u00e7in daha kesin bir tarih olabilir. Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7erkeslerle ilgilenmesi politik ve sosyal sebeplere dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7erkeslerin tarih boyunca Osmanl\u0131lara yard\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar hi\u00e7 bir zaman lay\u0131k\u0131yla idrak edememi\u015flerdir. \u00c7erkesler Rusya’n\u0131n Anadolu\u2019ya (tabir caizse) Do\u011fu\u2019da tek kap\u0131s\u0131 olan Kafkaslar\u0131 y\u0131llarca savunmu\u015flard\u0131. T\u00fcrkiye’nin halihaz\u0131r s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde \u00e7izilebilece\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek olsa olsa tek y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce olurdu. Tarihin garip cilvesine bak\u0131n\u0131z. Y\u0131llard\u0131r Kafkaslar\u0131 Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 koruyan, Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n bu kap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 tutan \u00c7erkesler, Bat\u0131\u2019da da yine Ruslara kar\u015f\u0131 yine ayn\u0131 kahramanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6stermi\u015flerdir. Gazi Osman Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Pilevne m\u00fcdafaas\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlamak bu bak\u0131mdan yeterlidir san\u0131r\u0131m.<\/p>\n \u0130stanbul’da Saray-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun ve vezir konaklar\u0131nda \u00c7erkes k\u00f6le ve cariyelerinin gittik\u00e7e \u00e7o\u011falmas\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 devlet adamlar\u0131nda bu \u00fclkeye kar\u015f\u0131 ilgiyi artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6te yandan dev\u015firme nizam\u0131n\u0131n ihmale u\u011framas\u0131 \u00fczerine gerek saray hizmetlerinde, gerek kap\u0131kullar\u0131 aras\u0131nda \u00c7erkes k\u00f6lelerin say\u0131s\u0131 \u00e7o\u011falm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bunlar aras\u0131ndan \u00d6zdemir o\u011flu Osman Pa\u015fa, \u00c7erkes Mehmet Pa\u015fa, Haf\u0131z Pa\u015fa, Abaza Melek Ahmet Pa\u015fa, Sivayu\u015f Pa\u015fa, S\u00fcleyman Pa\u015fa ve H\u00fcsrev Pa\u015fa gibilerinin sivrilmeleri ve imparatorlu\u011fun y\u00fcksek mevkilerini elde etmeleri sonucu olarak \u00c7erkeslere kar\u015f\u0131 ayr\u0131 bir ilgi duyulmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise Osmanl\u0131 ordusunda \u00c7erkeslerden geni\u015f \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde faydalan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve bu \u00fclkenin Osmanl\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Kafkasya’da kendini g\u00f6steren Osmanl\u0131-\u0130ran \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 16. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda, 1578 seferinde \u00d6zdemiro\u011flu Osman Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n Da\u011f\u0131stan serdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olarak b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na kat\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama bu ba\u011flant\u0131 s\u00f6zde bir ba\u011flant\u0131yd\u0131. \u00d6zdemiro\u011flu’nun Da\u011f\u0131stan \u00fczerinden K\u0131r\u0131m’a y\u00fcr\u00fcy\u00fc\u015f\u00fc de \u00f6nemli bir etki yapmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat Kafkasya politikas\u0131na Rusya’n\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flamas\u0131 \u00c7erkesleri Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na yakla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n da \u00c7erkeslerle ilgilenmesine sebep olmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n 1665-1666\u2019da Evliya \u00c7elebi \u00c7erkesya’y\u0131 dola\u015f\u0131rken bunlar\u0131n \u0130slamiyet\u2019in d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olduklar\u0131n\u0131 ve bu dine kar\u015f\u0131 ancak bir sevgi duyduklar\u0131n\u0131 tespit etmi\u015ftir. Evliya \u00c7elebi’nin anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7erkesya; Do\u011fu\u2019da K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, G\u00fcney\u2019de Elbrus da\u011flar\u0131, Kuzeyde Kumuk \u00fclkesi Bat\u0131\u2019da Karadeniz\u2019e dayanmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00c7erkesya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda da ayn\u0131 noktalardan ge\u00e7mekte idi. Bu topraklar \u00fczerinde ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkeslerden ancak \u015eefakeler \u0130slam\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 bir sevgi duymakta ve Do\u011fu\u2019da yaln\u0131z Da\u011f\u0131stan T\u00fcrkleri \u015eafii mezhebine girmi\u015f bulunmakta idi. \u00c7erkesler hen\u00fcz eski inan\u0131\u015flar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131lar. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ise Bizans ve Cenevizlilerin etkisiyle Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda Kabardeyler aras\u0131nda yay\u0131lm\u0131\u015f idi.<\/p>\n Rus-\u00c7erkes m\u00fcnasebetleri ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u00e7ok dost\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fcnmekteydi. III. \u0130van zaman\u0131nda Kabardeyler Ankofo Ada\u015fey ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir kurulu, (bir heyeti) Moskova \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019na g\u00f6ndermi\u015flerdir. Korkun\u00e7 \u0130van (1547-1584) devrinde Ruslar, Kazan ve Ejderhan hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ortadan kald\u0131rd\u0131ktan sonra \u00c7erkes s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na dayanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u0130van, \u00c7erkes dostlu\u011fundan faydalanarak Terek suyu \u00fczerinde Terek Kalesi\u2019ni yapt\u0131rma imkan\u0131 bulmu\u015ftu. \u0130van’dan sonra Boris Godunov (1594-1604) Hvorastin ve Buturl\u2019un komutas\u0131nda bir Rus ordusunu \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n al\u0131nmas\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6revlendirdi. Bu Rus ordusu \u00c7erkesler taraf\u0131ndan yok edildi. Bu seferin kesin sonucu, Rus-\u00c7erkes m\u00fcnasebetlerinin sava\u015f haline d\u00f6nmesine ve bu d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n tabii sonu\u00e7lar\u0131ndan olarak da \u00c7erkeslerin Osmanl\u0131lara yakla\u015fmalar\u0131na ve \u0130slam\u2019a girmelerine sebep oldu. Ruslar\u0131n bir yandan K\u0131r\u0131m’a ba\u011fl\u0131 Nogay topraklar\u0131nda, \u00f6te yandan Terek Kalesi\u2019nden faydalanarak \u00c7erkesler \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 Osmanl\u0131-Rus m\u00fcnasebetlerine paralel olarak \u00c7erkes-Rus m\u00fcnasebetlerini d\u00fczenlemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Viyana bozgunundan sonra meydana gelen mukaddes ittifaka 1864’de giren Rusya, K\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerine olan bask\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Kuban dolaylar\u0131n\u0131 da sald\u0131r\u0131 alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u0131llarda Kuzey Cephesi\u2019ni tutmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Hac\u0131 Selim Giray Han’\u0131n gayretleri ge\u00e7ici olmu\u015ftu. 1695 ve 1696 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00c7ar Petro’nun Azak Kalesi\u2019ni ku\u015fatarak ele ge\u00e7irmesi sonunda, 1700 y\u0131l\u0131nda imzalanan \u0130stanbul antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 Azak Kalesi\u2019nin 10 saat G\u00fcney\u2019inden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015fti. Bu antla\u015fma ile K\u0131r\u0131m ile \u00c7erkesler aras\u0131ndaki kara ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131 da kesilmi\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n Ruslar bundan sonra Terek Kalesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden de \u00c7erkesleri s\u0131k\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1707\u2019de Osmanl\u0131 askerleri ile kuvvetlendirilen \u00c7erkesler, Ruslar\u0131 Terek \u00f6n\u00fcnde bozguna u\u011fratt\u0131lar. 1711 T\u00fcrk-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda bir Rus ordusu Kuban\u2019a girmi\u015fse de ba\u015far\u0131 g\u00f6sterememi\u015fti. Prut antla\u015fmas\u0131nda, Kabardey ve Kuban ile b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fl\u0131 oldu\u011funa dair olan madde, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ancak 1720\u2019de imzalanan ayr\u0131 bir protokol ile kabul edilmi\u015fti. 1724\u2019de Kafkasya’n\u0131n Rusya ve T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda b\u00f6l\u00fcnmesini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutan \u0130stanbul antla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, Hazar Denizi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden K\u00fcr \u0131rma\u011f\u0131na inen Petro, Terek Kalesi y\u00f6resinde 5 Rus sitesi kurmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n 1735\u2019de \u0130ran’a yenilmesini, \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek gidermek isteyen Petro, Osmanl\u0131lardan yard\u0131m alan \u00c7erkeslere yenildi ve yay\u0131lmas\u0131 durduruldu. 1735-1739 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131 sonunda Belgrat antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Azak ve dolaylar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya geri verildi\u011fi gibi, Kabardey topraklar\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da tan\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Ruslar 1760\u2019da buras\u0131n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek Kazaklar\u0131n yerle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in yeni yeni kaleler yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. 1768-1774\u2019de Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m ile birlikte Kuban da Rus i\u015fgaline u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, Samsun\u2019dan haz\u0131rlanarak Kuban\u2019a \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan Canikli Hac\u0131 Ali Pa\u015fa ordusu da ba\u015far\u0131 elde edememi\u015fti. 1774 K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kaynarca Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 3. maddesine g\u00f6re, Kuban \u00fclkesi K\u0131r\u0131m topraklar\u0131ndan say\u0131larak K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile birlikte elden \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor, ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni kale, Ker\u00e7, b\u00fcy\u00fck ve k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Kabardiyalar da Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n G\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi \u00c7erkeslerin Kafkas da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131 beklemelerinin sonucu Bat\u0131\u2019da muharebelere giri\u015fen Osmanl\u0131lar, bu ma\u011flubiyetlerinin, kendi ma\u011flubiyetlerinin cezas\u0131n\u0131 zavall\u0131 \u00c7erkeslere \u00f6detiyorlard\u0131. Hem de ka\u011f\u0131t \u00fczerinde b\u00f6ylesine hovardaca harcayarak \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131\u2026 Tarihte bu t\u00fcrl\u00fc hesap az g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr: Kazan\u0131rsan beraberiz, ba\u015far\u0131m\u0131z m\u00fc\u015fterektir, kaybedersen senin \u00fclken gidecek.<\/p>\n 1776\u2019da K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 tarafl\u0131lar\u0131 ile Rus tarafl\u0131lar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ba\u015flayan kavga daha sonra bir ayaklanma halini al\u0131nca, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kuban\u2019da yerle\u015fmi\u015f bulunan Ruslar\u0131n \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclmelerini bahane eden II. Katerina’n\u0131n Suvarov komutas\u0131nda g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi ordular Kuban\u2019\u0131 ald\u0131 ve ev ahalisini, \u00c7erkesleri ve Nogaylar\u0131 amans\u0131zca \u00f6ld\u00fcrd\u00fc. Kurtulanlar Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcney\u2019ine \u00e7ekildiler. Yerlerine Ruslar yerle\u015ftirildi. Rusya ile Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu aras\u0131nda yeni bir sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131na sebep olan bu olaylar, 1779 Aynal\u0131kavak Tenkihnamesi’yle ge\u00e7i\u015ftirilme\u011fe \u00e7a\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu antla\u015fman\u0131n 3. ve 4. maddelerine g\u00f6re Rusya 3 ay ve 20 g\u00fcn i\u00e7inde K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019la birlikte Taman ve Kuban\u2019\u0131 bo\u015faltacakt\u0131. Bundan sonra Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Kuban ve Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131ndaki Nogay ve \u00c7erkesleri, kendi uyru\u011fu oldu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019ndan ay\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Rusya ile bu topraklar\u0131 yutmak i\u00e7in buralar\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m \u00fclkesinden oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrmekteydi. Rus tarafl\u0131s\u0131 \u015eahin Giray Han’a kar\u015f\u0131 ayaklanan Kubanl\u0131lara k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131lar da kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. \u015eahin Giray 1782\u2019de Yeni Kale\u2019ye s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bunun \u00fczerine General Potemkin, K\u0131r\u0131m ve Kuban\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irerek, Nisan 1783\u2019te buralar\u0131 Rusya’n\u0131n birer ili olarak ilan etti. 1782 \u0130stanbul antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Osmanl\u0131 h\u00fck\u00fcmeti, Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Kuzey\u2019inde kalan topraklar\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rakmak zorunda kald\u0131.<\/p>\n Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda K\u0131r\u0131m, Taman, Kuban, Da\u011f\u0131stan ve G\u00fcrcistan\u2019\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmi\u015f bulunan Rusya’ya kar\u015f\u0131 \u00c7erkesleri benimsemek ve \u0130slam dinini bu sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131 halka kabul ettirmek ve \u00c7erkes topraklar\u0131n\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun bir son s\u0131n\u0131n durumuna getirmek (yan\u0131 tampon olarak kullanmak) amac\u0131 ile haz\u0131rl\u0131klara giri\u015fildi. Daha \u00f6nce bu konuda Kaptan-\u0131 Derya, Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Pa\u015fa ve Kuban Seraskeri Canikli Ali Pa\u015fa’n\u0131n vermi\u015f olduklar\u0131 raporlar g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutularak askerlikteki yetene\u011fi, tecr\u00fcbeleri, iyi ahlak\u0131 ve dindarl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla tan\u0131nan Ferruh Ali Pa\u015fa 1781\u2019de So\u011fucak serdarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile buraya g\u00f6nderildi. Ali Pa\u015fa, k\u0131sa zamanda So\u011fucak, Gelencik ve Anapa kalelerini yeni ba\u015ftan yapt\u0131rarak, kuvvetli dayanak noktalan meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Ferruh Ali Pa\u015fa \u00c7erkesler \u00fczerinde \u00e7ok olumlu etkiler b\u0131rakt\u0131.<\/p>\n 1787-1791 Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015f\u0131nda Ruslar, Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131larsa da a\u011f\u0131r kay\u0131pla geri \u00e7ekilmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Bu durum \u00fczerine Battal H\u00fcseyin Pa\u015fa 30.000 asker ve 40 kadar topla, 1790\u2019da Anapa\u2019dan \u00e7\u0131karak Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7ti ve Kabardey topraklar\u0131na girdi. Bu s\u0131rada Rus \u00f6nc\u00fcleriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fan Osmanl\u0131 \u00f6nc\u00fclerinin bozulmas\u0131 \u00fczerine Battal Pa\u015fa ordusu da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131 ve kendisi de Ruslara s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bu ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k sonunda Ruslar Anapa\u2019y\u0131 ku\u015fatt\u0131lar. Savunmay\u0131 y\u00f6neten \u0130pekli Mustafa Pa\u015fa 15 g\u00fcn dayand\u0131ktan sonra, bo\u011faz bo\u011faza bir sava\u015f sonunda 1791\u2019de yenildi ve Anapa d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. 1792\u2019de Ya\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile Kuban \u0131rma\u011f\u0131 iki devlet aras\u0131nda yine s\u0131n\u0131r olarak kabul edildi\u011finden Ruslar \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 bo\u015faltt\u0131lar. 1783\u2019de Ruslar\u0131n eline d\u00fc\u015fen G\u00fcrcistan bir Rus ili haline getirildikten sonra 1812 B\u00fckre\u015f antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n da kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc eline ge\u00e7iren Rusya, \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 tam bir abluka alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015f bulunuyordu. 1829\u2019da \u00c7erkesya \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131ndan vazge\u00e7ti\u011fini Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131yla Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu’nun kabul etmesi \u00fczerine Ruslar, 1830\u2019da Gagri’yi alarak 1831\u2019de Gelencik kalesini, 1838\u2019de So\u00e7i \u00fczerinde Novagin kalesini, Shapsugh suyu \u00fczerinde Tengin kalesini ve eski So\u011fucak kalesi yerine de Novorossiysk kalesini yapt\u0131lar. B\u00f6ylece Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lan \u00c7erkeslere kapand\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, Kuzey\u2019de de Azak-Mozdok askeri s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 \u00fczerinde Krasnodar ve ba\u015fka kalelerle Labe-Terek askeri s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 kurarak onlar\u0131 abluka alt\u0131na alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. B\u00f6ylece Osmanl\u0131lar da Kafkasya’dan \u00e7ekildiler.<\/p>\n Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya’da yerle\u015fmesinden memnun olmayan \u0130ngiltere ise \u00c7erkes meselesine kar\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. 1830\u2019da \u0130ngiltere’nin \u0130stanbul el\u00e7isi Lord Ponsonby’nin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu raporlar sonunda \u0130ngiltere \u00c7erkes Milli Sava\u015f\u0131 ile yak\u0131ndan ilgilenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. \u0130ngiltere \u00c7erkes H\u00fcrriyet Sava\u015f\u00e7\u0131lar\u0131\u2019na askeri yard\u0131mda bulundu\u011fu gibi, Edirne antla\u015fmas\u0131nda kabul edilen \u00c7erkeslere ait hususlar\u0131 da tan\u0131mad\u0131 ve nihayet 1837\u2019de \u00c7erkesya\u2019n\u0131n egemenli\u011fini resmen tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ilan etti. Bu s\u0131rada Ruslar \u00c7erkesya\u2019y\u0131 almak i\u00e7in son haz\u0131rl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 yapmaktayd\u0131lar. 1840\u2019da ba\u015flayan \u00c7erkes ve Da\u011fl\u0131 egemenlik sava\u015f\u0131 1864\u2019de Kuban yaylas\u0131n\u0131n ele ge\u00e7irilmesine kadar 24 y\u0131l s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1840\u2019da \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in naib olarak \u00c7erkesya\u2019ya g\u00f6nderdi\u011fi Mehmet Emin 1841\u2019de Abzegh, Shapsugh ve Wub\u0131hlar taraf\u0131ndan kabul edildi ve Mehmet Emin \u00c7erkeslerce lider olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131.<\/p>\n Ancak, 1856 Paris antla\u015fmas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun ihmali y\u00fcz\u00fcnden \u00c7erkes meselesi s\u00f6zle\u015fme d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u0131rak\u0131larak sava\u015ftan sonra Ruslar b\u00fct\u00fcn kuvvetleriyle \u00c7erkeslerin \u00fczerine sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u00c7erkes k\u00f6yleri ba\u015ftanba\u015fa yak\u0131larak halk kad\u0131n, erkek, \u00e7ocuk ve ihtiyar ay\u0131rt edilmeksizin k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7tan ge\u00e7irildi. Bunlar\u0131n yerine Rus k\u00f6yleri kuruldu. 1859\u2019da \u015eeyh \u015eamil’in tutsak d\u00fc\u015fmesinden sonra, Mehmet Emin de teslim olmak zorunda kald\u0131. \u00c7erkesler liderlerinden yoksun kalmakla beraber kabile kabile sava\u015fa devam ettiler. 1861\u2019de Laba Bella b\u00f6lgesi 1862\u2019de P\u015feh, 1863\u2019de Ps\u0131j {Ps\u0131zz) ve Abaza b\u00f6lgeleri d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yukar\u0131 Abzeghler, Shapsughlar ve Wub\u0131hlar\u0131n direnmesi bir y\u0131l daha s\u00fcrd\u00fc ve 1864\u2019de \u00c7erkes milli m\u00fccadelesi a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi ve binlerce \u00c7erkes\u2019in yok edilmesiyle bitti.<\/p>\n Bu tarihten sonra \u00c7erkeslerin Ruslar\u0131n zulm\u00fcnden kurtulmak i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7leri ba\u015flar. Ger\u00e7i \u00c7erkeslerin g\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, daha y\u00fczy\u0131l \u00f6nce ba\u015flam\u0131\u015fsa da, bu son g\u00f6\u00e7, korkun\u00e7 bir hal alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Kendili\u011finden g\u00f6\u00e7e kak\u0131\u015fanlardan ba\u015fka, Rus \u00c7arl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019nca g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlananlar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 2.000.000 ki\u015fiye varmaktad\u0131r. Sadece 1.500.000 \u00c7erkes Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na g\u00f6nderilmek \u00fczere yurtlar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Fakat bunlar\u0131n ancak 400.000 kadar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye’deki iskan b\u00f6lgelerine yerle\u015febilmi\u015f, \u00f6tekiler yollarda \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Yar\u0131m milyon kadar \u00c7erkes ise Ruslar\u0131n kalabal\u0131k bulunduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fcler. Bu b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6\u00e7 ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcnden 13 y\u0131l 1876 -1877 Osmanl\u0131-Rus harbine paralel olarak patlayan \u00c7erkes ayaklanmas\u0131 dikkate al\u0131n\u0131rsa, \u00c7erkeslerin anayurtlar\u0131nda hen\u00fcz bir ayaklanma \u00e7\u0131karabilecek kadar kalabal\u0131k olduklar\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1876\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 donanmas\u0131yla Sohum kalesine \u00e7\u0131kan Abaza Hasan Bey’in bu kaleyi almas\u0131 \u00fczerine Ferik Faz\u0131l Pa\u015fa komutas\u0131nda g\u00f6nderilen Osmanl\u0131 t\u00fcmeninin daha sonra Tuna cephesine \u00e7ekilmesi ve harbin sonunda Osmanl\u0131 ordusunun yenilmesi \u00fczerine \u00c7erkesler yeniden felaketle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya geldiler. Yeni ve daha da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k bir g\u00f6\u00e7 hareketi yan\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00c7erkes ileri gelenleri \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc, binlerce \u00c7erkes Sibirya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Ahalinin b\u00fct\u00fcn mallar\u0131 ya\u011fma edildi. Bu felaketten sonra say\u0131lar\u0131 epeyce d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Abazalar ise n\u00fcfuslar\u0131n\u0131n yar\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmi\u015flerdi. Harpten sonra da \u00c7erkesya par\u00e7aland\u0131.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" A. Çureyko Redakte: CircassianCanada Yamçı Dergisi, Mayıs 1977-Şubat 1978, s.394 Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Çerkeslerle ilgilenmeye başlaması 16. yüzyılın son yıllarına kadar uzanmakta ise de 17. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı bu ilgi için daha kesin bir tarih olabilir. Osmanlıların Çerkeslerle ilgilenmesi politik ve sosyal sebeplere dayanmaktadır. Çerkeslerin tarih boyunca Osmanlılara yardımlarını Osmanlılar hiç bir zaman layıkıyla idrak edememişlerdir. 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\n<\/span> Redakte: CircassianCanada
\nYam\u00e7\u0131 Dergisi, May\u0131s 1977-\u015eubat 1978, s.394<\/span><\/p>\n