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Kemal Ar\u0131 T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ya\u015fanmakta oldu\u011fu hemen her d\u00f6nemde g\u00fcndeme gelen az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusu, uluslararas\u0131 sistemde ve hukuk kurallar\u0131nda getirilen yeni h\u00fck\u00fcmler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde giderek bir insan haklar\u0131 sorunu olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin Avrupa\u2019da ba\u015f g\u00f6steren ulus\u00e7uluk ak\u0131m\u0131ndan etkilenmesi, ekonomik ve toplumsal yap\u0131s\u0131nda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yapamamas\u0131, askeri ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131klarla desteklenince \u00e7\u00f6k\u00fc\u015f s\u00fcrecini h\u0131zland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve sonu\u00e7ta, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, Avrupa ve Balkanlarda topraklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu durum Balkanlarda bulunan T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman n\u00fcfusun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Anadolu\u2019ya kadar uzanan bir g\u00f6\u00e7 dalgas\u0131 ya\u015famas\u0131na yol a\u00e7arken, kaybedilen topraklar \u00fczerinde kurulan yeni devletlerle Osmanl\u0131 Devleti aras\u0131nda bir az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorununu tart\u0131\u015fma konusu yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[i]<\/p>\n Balkan Sava\u015flar\u0131 ile artan bu sorun, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin niteli\u011fi g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde tutuldu\u011funda, T\u00fcrk Ulusal Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131nda yeni bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ngiltere, Fransa ve \u0130talya\u2019n\u0131n yan\u0131nda Sevr Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n[ii] kendisine sundu\u011fu olana\u011f\u0131 de\u011ferlendirerek Anadolu\u2019ya asker \u00e7\u0131karan Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n sava\u015fta yenilerek geri \u00e7ekilmesinden sonra, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk – Yunan az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu olarak nitelendirilen olaylar ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekten de, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u201cMegali \u0130dea\u201d olarak adland\u0131rm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, eski Bizans topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde B\u00fcy\u00fck Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n yeniden kurulmas\u0131 r\u00fcyas\u0131, Yunan kuvvetlerinin Anadolu topraklar\u0131na ayak basmas\u0131yla bu y\u00f6ndeki ilk ad\u0131m olarak de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f ve hem bu r\u00fcyaya inanarak Anadolu\u2019yu i\u015fgal hareketine kat\u0131lanlar hem de Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrmekte olan Yunan k\u00f6kenliler\/Rumlar aras\u0131nda k\u0131sa s\u00fcrecek bir sevin\u00e7 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak, sava\u015f\u0131n T\u00fcrklerin yengisi ile sonu\u00e7lanmas\u0131, bu r\u00fcyalar\u0131 y\u0131km\u0131\u015f ve hem sava\u015fla birlikte Anadolu\u2019ya gelen Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n hem de daha \u00f6nce Anadolu\u2019da yerle\u015fmi\u015f bulunan Rumlar\u0131n bu topraklardan Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmelerine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[iii]<\/p>\n Sava\u015f d\u00f6nemi ile birlikte, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerin ya\u015fanmas\u0131, beraberinde yo\u011fun bir ekonomik ve toplumsal bunal\u0131m\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, Yunanistan\u2019da bu bunal\u0131m olduk\u00e7a sars\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. Sava\u015f\u0131n sonunun belli olmas\u0131 ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r bir yenilgi almas\u0131ndan sonra kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerin[iv] ya\u015fanmas\u0131, Lozan G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015f ve bu konuda taraflar aras\u0131nda bir anla\u015fman\u0131n yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00fczerinde g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine var\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun sonucunda, daha Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanmadan, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 eden insanlar\u0131n hak ve stat\u00fclerini d\u00fczenleyen bir anla\u015fma imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 30 Ocak 1923 tarihli T\u00fcrk ve Rum N\u00fcfus De\u011fi\u015fimine \u0130li\u015fkin S\u00f6zle\u015fme ve Protokol\u2019\u00fcn h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re; (madde 1)<\/p>\n \u201cT\u00fcrk topraklar\u0131nda yerle\u015fmi\u015f Rum Ortodoks dininden T\u00fcrk uyruklar\u0131 ile, Yunan topraklar\u0131nda yerle\u015fmi\u015f M\u00fcsl\u00fcman dininden Yunan uyruklar\u0131n\u0131n, 1 May\u0131s 1923 tarihinden ba\u015flayarak, zorunlu m\u00fcbadelesine giri\u015filecektir. Bu kimselerden hi\u00e7 biri T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin izni olmad\u0131k\u00e7a T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye, ya da Yunan H\u00fck\u00fcmetinin izni olmad\u0131k\u00e7a Yunanistan\u2019a d\u00f6nerek orada yerle\u015femeyecektir.<\/p>\n (Madde 2) , Birinci Maddede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen m\u00fcbadele:<\/p>\n a) \u0130stanbul\u2019da oturan Rumlar\u0131,<\/p>\n b) Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da oturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 kapsamayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1912 Yasas\u0131 ile s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bi\u00e7imde \u0130stanbul Belediye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde 30 Ekim 1918 g\u00fcn\u00fcnden \u00f6nce yerle\u015fmi\u015f t\u00fcm Rumlar, \u0130stanbul\u2019da oturan Rumlar say\u0131lacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1913 B\u00fckre\u015f Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n saptam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131r \u00e7izgisinin do\u011fusundaki b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmi\u015f t\u00fcm M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar, Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da oturan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar say\u0131lacaklard\u0131r.\u201d [v]<\/p>\n \u0130ki \u00dclke aras\u0131nda imzalanan bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak \u00fczere, T\u00fcrk ve Yunan temsilcilerinin de bulundu\u011fu bir uluslararas\u0131 karma komisyon olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. Olu\u015fturulan bu komisyon bir s\u00fcre g\u00f6rev yapt\u0131ktan sonra de\u011fi\u015fim s\u0131ras\u0131nda kimlerin yerle\u015fik say\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 konusunda farkl\u0131 yorumlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bu durum, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda ili\u015fkilerin yeniden gerginle\u015fmesine neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu arada, yerle\u015fik teriminin kapsam\u0131 konusunda Milletler Cemiyeti\u2019ne ve Uluslararas\u0131 Daimi Adalet Divan\u0131\u2019na yap\u0131lan ba\u015fvurunun iki taraf aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 giderememesi sonucunda ili\u015fkiler gerginle\u015fmi\u015f, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n arazi ve mallar\u0131na el koymas\u0131 ve buralara T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 eden insanlar\u0131 yerle\u015ftirmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131, buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131n\u0131n mallar\u0131na el koymas\u0131, her iki \u00fclkede de az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n zararl\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Bu ba\u011flamda, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda 1926 y\u0131l\u0131nda haz\u0131rlanan anla\u015fma da az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusundaki soruna kesin bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirmekten uzak kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Taraflar aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunun kesin \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ba\u011flanmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin son giri\u015fim, 10 Haziran 1930\u2019da bu konuda bir anla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131yla sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fma ile yerle\u015fim tarihleri ve do\u011fum yerleri ne olursa olsun, \u0130stanbul Rumlar\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n hepsi yerle\u015fik say\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca, iki \u00fclke de topraklar\u0131 \u00fczerinde kalan az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n stat\u00fcleri ve mal varl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 konusunda \u00f6nemli y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler \u00fcstlenmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusundaki uzla\u015fmal\u0131\u011f\u0131n giderilmesinden sonra, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkiler h\u0131zla d\u00fczelmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda dostluk ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi \u00e7abalar\u0131 artm\u0131\u015f, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin antla\u015fman\u0131n imzalanmas\u0131ndan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, Ekim 1930\u2019da T\u00fcrk – Yunan Dostluk, Tarafs\u0131zl\u0131k, Uzla\u015ft\u0131rma ve Hakemlik Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu antla\u015fmayla birlikte, bir de Deniz Kuvvetlerinin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6ren protokol ve Oturma, Ticaret ve Denizcilik S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bununla beraber, do\u011frudan bir T\u00fcrk – Yunan az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmemekle birlikte, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u00fcrerken T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de az\u0131nl\u0131klar \u00fczerinde bask\u0131ya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen kimi uygulamalara rastlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan \u00f6zellikle \u201cVarl\u0131k Vergisi\u201d uygulamas\u0131 ilgin\u00e7 bir uygulama olmu\u015ftur. Sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda bir tak\u0131m sava\u015f zengininin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 ve bunlar\u0131n kamuoyunun tepkisini \u00e7eken bir z\u0131tl\u0131k olu\u015fturmas\u0131, sava\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ekonomik darbo\u011faz i\u00e7erisindeki h\u00fck\u00fcmetin, bu kesim \u00fczerinde uygulanacak olan ve bir kez al\u0131nmas\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen vergilendirmeye gitmesine yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00fcy\u00fck oranda az\u0131nl\u0131klara mensup ki\u015filer \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan ve adil bir \u015fekilde uygulanmayan vergilendirme, k\u0131sa s\u00fcre i\u00e7erisinde tepki \u00e7eken bir uygulama olarak kamuoyunda ele\u015ftirilere neden olmu\u015ftur. Bu vergilendirme s\u0131ras\u0131nda adil davran\u0131lmam\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve ciddi aksakl\u0131klar\u0131n ya\u015fanmas\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmete bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 olumsuz etkilemi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk – Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde dostlu\u011fun sa\u011flanmas\u0131yla az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu 1950\u2019li y\u0131llara de\u011fin ikili ili\u015fkilerde bir sorun olarak belirmemi\u015ftir. Bunda her iki \u00fclke ulusal liderlerinin ger\u00e7ek\u00e7i yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla davranm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na yol a\u00e7an geli\u015fmelerin yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ortak g\u00fcvenlik endi\u015fesinin de rol\u00fc olmu\u015ftur. K\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra ba\u015flayan sava\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n i\u015fgale u\u011fram\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda da i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131n ba\u015flamas\u0131, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri s\u0131n\u0131rland\u0131r\u0131rken Yunan i\u00e7 sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda h\u00fck\u00fcmete sad\u0131k kalan T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fczerinde Yunan kom\u00fcnistlerinin yo\u011fun bask\u0131larda bulunmas\u0131, bu kez Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye yeni bir g\u00f6\u00e7 ya\u015fanmas\u0131nda etkin olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorununun T\u00fcrk – Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde hem bir i\u00e7 politika sorunu hem de d\u0131\u015f politika sorunu olarak g\u00fcndeme gelmesi, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin K\u0131br\u0131s sorunu nedeniyle gerginle\u015fmesine ko\u015fut olmu\u015ftur. 1950 ortalar\u0131na kadar ikili ili\u015fkilerin dostluk ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi havas\u0131nda geli\u015fmesi hem Yunanistan\u2019da hem de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de az\u0131nl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n \u0131l\u0131ml\u0131 ve sevecen olmas\u0131nda etkili olmu\u015ftur. Ger\u00e7ekten de, bu d\u00f6nemde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de az\u0131nl\u0131klar DP iktidar\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu kolayl\u0131klardan yararlanarak parlamentoda temsilci bulundururken Yunanistan\u2019da da T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli sorunlar\u0131na \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulunmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1960\u2019lar\u0131n ortalar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s konusu \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan ve ili\u015fkileri sertle\u015ftiren geli\u015fmeler, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumdan d\u0131\u015flanmas\u0131na yol a\u00e7an kimi uygulamalarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmalar\u0131na neden olmu\u015ftur. Her iki toplumda da az\u0131nl\u0131klar di\u011fer \u00fclkenin ajanlar\u0131 olarak alg\u0131lanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. K\u0131br\u0131s sorununun kamuoylar\u0131nda ulusal bir dava olarak propagandalara konu edilmesi, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n durumunu g\u00fc\u00e7le\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. 1963-64 K\u0131br\u0131s olaylar\u0131 ise, T\u00fcrk H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin, 1930 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesine son vererek bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeden yararlanarak \u0130stanbul\u2019da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta olan Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131 \u00fclkelerine geri g\u00f6ndermesine neden olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n B. Oran\u2019\u0131n belirtti\u011fine g\u00f6re; \u201c T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunanistan\u2019a gidip oturan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan T\u00fcrk olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, tek tarafl\u0131 i\u015fleyen bu s\u00f6zle\u015fme sonucu o s\u0131rada \u0130stanbul\u2019da s\u00fcrekli oturan ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan 12.704 Yunan yurtta\u015f\u0131 vard\u0131r. 1963 y\u0131l\u0131nda K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019da T\u00fcrklerin katliama u\u011framalar\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Ada\u2019ya m\u00fcdahale edemeyen T\u00fcrkiye, herhalde Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n zor duruma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek i\u00e7in 36. madde uyar\u0131nca alt\u0131 ay \u00f6nceden ihbarda bulunduktan sonra s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi feshetmi\u015f ve bu Yunan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n oturma izinlerini bir daha uzatmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. (16 Eyl\u00fcl 1964). \u00dcstelik zararl\u0131 eylemleri saptananlar alt\u0131 ayl\u0131k s\u00fcre beklenilmeden s\u0131n\u0131r d\u0131\u015f\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. B\u00f6ylece 1134 Yunan uyruklunun hastal\u0131k ve \u00f6\u011frenim gibi insansal nedenlerle kalmalar\u0131na izin verilmesine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k, 8.600 Yunan uyruklu Yunanistan\u2019a d\u00f6nmek zorunda kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu arada, Bozcaada ( \u0130mroz ) ve G\u00f6k\u00e7eada\u2019da yar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k cezaevi kurmak ve devlet \u00fcretim \u00e7iftli\u011fi a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yap\u0131lan kamula\u015ft\u0131rmalar da buralarda oturan Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7mesiyle sonu\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Fakat bu g\u00f6\u00e7leri do\u011furan en \u00f6nemli \u00f6ge, \u0130stanbullu Rum gen\u00e7lerin evlenmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ya\u015famsal \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131yan \u0130stanbullu Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n gitmesi olmu\u015f, bundan sonra \u0130stanbul Rum n\u00fcfusu gitgide azalarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc 4000-5000 d\u00fczeyine gerilemi\u015ftir.\u201d [vi]<\/p>\n 1960 sonras\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin K\u0131br\u0131s sorunundan dolay\u0131 dalgalanma g\u00f6stermi\u015f olmas\u0131, az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunda da benzer yans\u0131malar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1967 y\u0131l\u0131nda, askeri cuntan\u0131n Yunanistan\u2019da i\u015fba\u015f\u0131na gelmesiyle birlikte, az\u0131nl\u0131klar \u00fczerinde yeniden sistematik bask\u0131lar g\u00f6r\u00fclmeye ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ger\u00e7i, 1968 y\u0131l\u0131nda iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bir K\u00fclt\u00fcr Protokol\u00fc imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ancak k\u0131sa s\u00fcre sonra, bu protokol de fiilen uygulanmamaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[vii]<\/p>\n 1974 y\u0131l\u0131nda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin K\u0131br\u0131s\u2019a askeri m\u00fcdahale de bulunarak K\u0131br\u0131s T\u00fcrk toplumuna y\u00f6neltilen kitlesel yok etme giri\u015fimlerini engellemesinden sonra ise, \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrkleri \u00fczerinde olduk\u00e7a yo\u011fun bask\u0131 ya\u015fanmaya ba\u015flanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130ki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bir sava\u015f olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 artt\u0131ran olaylar\u0131n ya\u015fanmakta olu\u015fu, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n K\u0131br\u0131s Rumlar\u0131na destek verme olana\u011f\u0131 bulamamas\u0131 ve ulus\u00e7u duygular\u0131n incinmi\u015f olmas\u0131 Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman toplulu\u011funa y\u00f6nelik politikalar\u0131n sertle\u015fmesine yol a\u00e7arken, Yunan kamuoyu da az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 ulusal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fckleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlike olarak g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1974 y\u0131l\u0131, asl\u0131nda T\u00fcrk – Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde bir d\u00f6n\u00fcm noktas\u0131 olarak kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r; bu tarihten itibaren, daha \u00f6nce g\u00fcndemde olmayan sorunlar bir anda uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131 artt\u0131ran konular olarak ili\u015fkilere konu edilmi\u015ftir. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusundaki Yunan yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise, daha \u00f6nce idari makamlar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fcrokratik y\u00f6ntemler kullan\u0131larak az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131na getirilen k\u0131s\u0131tlamalar, bu tarihten sonra art\u0131k, a\u00e7\u0131ktan a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa, bir y\u00f6netimsel politikaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylece, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki \u0130stanbul Rum toplulu\u011funun azalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131 ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesinin uygulanamaz hale geldi\u011fini ileri s\u00fcren Yunanistan ile T\u00fcrkiye aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik politikalar konusunda kimi zaman sert tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n ve uygulamalar\u0131n ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir s\u00fcrece girilmi\u015ftir.Bununla birlikte Patrikhane\u2019nin \u0130stanbul\u2019daki varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin tart\u0131\u015fmalar s\u00fcrmektedir.<\/p>\n 1980\u2019li y\u0131llara gelindi\u011finde, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki ileti\u015fimsizlik ve uzla\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n derinle\u015fti\u011fi ko\u015fullar i\u00e7erisinde az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusu daha belirgin bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sergilemeye ba\u015flarken, i\u00e7erik a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da farkl\u0131la\u015fma g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir; T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki az\u0131nl\u0131klar a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bu durum, daha \u00e7ok \u0130stanbul Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ta\u015f\u0131nmaz mal varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131, Vak\u0131flar ve Patrikhane stat\u00fcs\u00fc konular\u0131nda \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131karken, Yunanistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan ise, durum daha \u00e7ok, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n anla\u015fmalardan ve Yunan yasalar\u0131ndan kaynaklanan haklardan yararland\u0131r\u0131lmayarak g\u00f6\u00e7e zorlanmalar\u0131, bu yolla Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman kimli\u011fini ortadan kald\u0131rmak ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel\/dinsel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan olduk\u00e7a \u00f6nem verilen Patrikhane\u2019nin stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn korunmas\u0131 konular\u0131nda belirmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz T\u00fcrk – Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde az\u0131nl\u0131klar \u00fczerinde yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalar, T\u00fcrkiye a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle, Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman topluluk \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturulan bask\u0131lar ve sald\u0131r\u0131lara ili\u015fkin olmaktad\u0131r. 1989-90 d\u00f6neminde Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde uygulanan bask\u0131lar\u0131n yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gerginlik bu konuda ilgin\u00e7 bir \u00f6rnek olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n 1988 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Yunan Y\u00fcksek Mahkemesi\u2019nin Trakya \u0130stinaf Mahkemesi taraf\u0131ndan Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk \u00d6\u011fretmenler Birli\u011fi hakk\u0131nda alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir karar\u0131 onaylamas\u0131yla bu Birlik kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkeme, vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu kararda \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn T\u00fcrkiye yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Yunan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlamakta kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirttikten sonra, \u201cYunan M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131\u201dn\u0131 tan\u0131mlarken \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanman\u0131n kamu d\u00fczeni a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan tehlikeli bir davran\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. [viii]<\/p>\n Yunan Mahkemelerinin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu bu karar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131k toplumu \u00fcyeleri, karar\u0131 protesto etmek amac\u0131yla bir g\u00f6steri d\u00fczenlemi\u015flerdir. Bu g\u00f6steri, T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ilk kez sokaklara ini\u015fi olarak yorumlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Polis ise, bu g\u00f6steri s\u0131ras\u0131nda g\u00f6stericilere kar\u015f\u0131 kuvvet kullanm\u0131\u015f ve pek \u00e7ok g\u00f6sterici \u00e7\u0131kan olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaralanm\u0131\u015f ve baz\u0131 g\u00f6stericiler tutuklanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Bu olaylardan k\u0131sa bir s\u00fcre sonra, \u201cBat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk Gen\u00e7ler Birli\u011fi\u201dnin ad\u0131 polis yoluyla de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek \u201cBat\u0131 Trakya M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Gen\u00e7ler Birli\u011fi\u201dne d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerinde olu\u015fturulmaya ba\u015flanan bu t\u00fcrden bask\u0131lar\u0131n yol a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir ba\u015fka gerginlik ise, 1989-90 y\u0131llar\u0131nda ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1989 Yunan genel se\u00e7imleri s\u0131ras\u0131nda, se\u00e7imlere Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z liste olu\u015fturarak kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve bu se\u00e7ime kat\u0131lan adaylardan Sad\u0131k Ahmet ve \u0130brahim \u015eerif, az\u0131nl\u0131k temsilcileri olarak parlamentoya kat\u0131lm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ancak, Haziran\u2019da yap\u0131lan se\u00e7imlerin yenilenmesine karar verilmi\u015f ve Kas\u0131m 1989\u2019da se\u00e7ime gidilece\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu se\u00e7imlere haz\u0131rlanan adaylar, haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 se\u00e7im bildirgelerinde Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olarak kendilerini tan\u0131mlam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Buna kar\u015f\u0131n, adaylardan Sad\u0131k Ahmet ve \u0130brahim \u015eerif bu se\u00e7imlerde parlamentoya kat\u0131lamam\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Kas\u0131m 1989 se\u00e7imlerinde Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsilcilerinin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z aday olarak se\u00e7ilebilmelerini engelleyebilmek i\u00e7in se\u00e7im yasas\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirilerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z adaylar\u0131n \u00fclke genelinde % 3 oy baraj\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fmalar\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir. Az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n toplam n\u00fcfusunun tek bir adaya oy verdi\u011fi halde bile ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir aday\u0131n se\u00e7imi kazanmas\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a olanaks\u0131z hale gelmi\u015ftir. Se\u00e7imler sonras\u0131nda bu adaylar hakk\u0131nda dava a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu dava s\u0131ras\u0131nda Mahkeme, adaylar\u0131, \u201cYeni Demokrasi, Sol Koalisyon ve PASOK adaylar\u0131n\u0131n anar\u015fi ve ter\u00f6r ortam\u0131 yarat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemelerine dayanarak, 1989 Ekim ay\u0131n\u0131n son on g\u00fcn\u00fc boyunca G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de Ceza Usul Kanununun 245, 320 ve 321. maddelerinin ihlal edildi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve adaylar\u0131, iftira etmek ve yanl\u0131\u015f bilgi vermekle; ayr\u0131ca, \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc kullanarak sosyal bar\u0131\u015f zarar\u0131na halk aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yapmak ve yurtta\u015flar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131ktan veya dolayl\u0131 olarak kanunlar\u0131 ihlal etmeye k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtarak Ceza Kanununun 192. maddesini ihlal etmekle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u201d [ix]<\/p>\n 25-26 Ocak 1990 g\u00fcn\u00fc yap\u0131lan duru\u015fma sonucunda Mahkeme, san\u0131klar\u0131 su\u00e7lu bularak 18 ay hapis ve 3 y\u0131l boyunca siyasi haklardan men edilmesine karar vermi\u015ftir. Mahkemenin vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu karar, hem karar\u0131n \u00f6z\u00fc hem de kullan\u0131lan y\u00f6ntem a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, o s\u0131rada Mahkemede bulunan g\u00f6zlemciler taraf\u0131ndan yo\u011fun ele\u015ftirilere u\u011fram\u0131\u015f, hakimlerin san\u0131klara kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nyarg\u0131l\u0131 olduklar\u0131, san\u0131klar\u0131n hukuki haklar\u0131na dava s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6zen g\u00f6sterilmedi\u011fi ve dava konusunda mahkemenin yeterli incelemeleri yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131, s\u0131kl\u0131kla vurgulanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Sad\u0131k Ahmet ve \u0130brahim \u015eerif\u2019in mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan su\u00e7lu bulunmas\u0131ndan sonra, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 al\u0131nan kararlar\u0131 protesto etmi\u015ftir. Dava \u00fczerinde yo\u011funla\u015fan ilgi ve dava sonucu, az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fcyeleri ile Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri gerginle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve bir s\u00fcre sonra Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de meydana gelen olaylar sonucunda az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n ev ve i\u015fyerleri, camileri tahrip edilmi\u015f ve \u00e7\u0131kan olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda yaralananlar olmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Sad\u0131k Ahmet[x] ve \u0130brahim \u015eerif\u2019in su\u00e7lu bulunarak hapsedilmeleri ve sonras\u0131nda G\u00fcm\u00fclcine T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin yo\u011fun tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015ftir. Olaylar\u0131n hemen sonras\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de Ba\u015fkonsolosu (Kemal G\u00fcr) G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de Valisi ile g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ferek T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar konusunda acil \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Benzer giri\u015fimler, Ankara ve Atina\u2019da da y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f ve T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n can ve mal g\u00fcvenli\u011finin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlardan sonra, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bir diplomasi sava\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015f ve kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar birbirini izlemi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye Yunanistan\u2019\u0131 Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019ndan ve di\u011fer uluslararas\u0131 antla\u015fmalardan kaynaklanan haklar\u0131n\u0131 ihlal etmekle su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015f ve olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yunan resmi makamlar\u0131n\u0131n sald\u0131r\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda ilgisiz kalmalar\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131nam\u0131\u015f; Yunanistan da, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019yi az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunda k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 davranmakla ve i\u00e7 i\u015flerine kar\u0131\u015fmakla su\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca T\u00fcrkiye, yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klamada, yarg\u0131lama olay\u0131n\u0131n haks\u0131z oldu\u011fu ve mahkemenin siyasi bir ama\u00e7 do\u011frultusunda davrand\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131; s\u00f6z konusu olay\u0131n ulusal s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ve \u00fclke i\u00e7indeki kanunlar\u0131 a\u015farak, uluslararas\u0131 endi\u015fe duyulmas\u0131na neden olan bir insan haklar\u0131 sorunu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekti\u011fini ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015f ve tutuklular\u0131n serbest b\u0131rak\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemi\u015ftir. Yunanistan ise bu su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 reddetmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131 temsilcilerine y\u00f6neltilen su\u00e7lamalar ve yarg\u0131lanma \u015fekillerinin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fcyelerine y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar ve bu sald\u0131r\u0131lara ili\u015fkin olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmetin izlemi\u015f oldu\u011fu yakla\u015f\u0131m, Yunan bas\u0131n ve kamuoyunun yo\u011fun tepkisini \u00e7ekmi\u015f, Yunanistan\u2019da g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ayr\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kamuoyu ve bas\u0131n\u0131n konu \u00fczerinde yo\u011fun bir ilgi ile durmas\u0131, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klara y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar konusundaki kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar\u0131 artt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve bunun sonucunda Yunanistan, olaylar\u0131n \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve geli\u015fmesinden T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin G\u00fcm\u00fclcine\u2019de Ba\u015fkonsolosunu (Kemal G\u00fcr) sorumlu tutmu\u015f ve istenmeyen ki\u015fi ilan etmi\u015ftir. Bu durum kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda T\u00fcrkiye de, kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n \u0130stanbul Ba\u015fkonsolosunu istenmeyen ki\u015fi ilan ederek iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda gerginli\u011fin artmas\u0131ndan Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n sorumlu oldu\u011funu ileri s\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Son olaylar s\u0131ras\u0131nda Yunan ulusal kamuoyu ve bas\u0131n\u0131, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ve genel olarak, t\u00fcm Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019ya y\u00f6nelik olarak h\u00fck\u00fcmet ve siyasi partilerin izledikleri politikalar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeleri gerekti\u011fi konular\u0131nda yo\u011fun tart\u0131\u015fmalara girerken, b\u00f6lgenin ekonomik y\u00f6nden kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda fikir birli\u011fine var\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara uygulanan ayr\u0131mc\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlara son verilmesi istenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 su\u00e7lamalar s\u00fcrerken Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na y\u00f6nelik uygulamalar Helsinki Watch (Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Helsinki \u0130zleme Komitesi) taraf\u0131ndan g\u00fcndeme al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f ve Yunanistan\u2019daki incelemeler sonucunda bir rapor haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Helsinki Watch\u2019\u0131n haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu rapor sonucunda Yunanistan\u2019a Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa kar\u015f\u0131 izlemekte oldu\u011fu politikalar konusunda baz\u0131 tavsiyelerde bulunulmu\u015ftur. Buna g\u00f6re;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilerek, onlara di\u011fer Yunan yurtta\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu b\u00fct\u00fcn medeni ve siyasi haklar\u0131n tan\u0131nmas\u0131; bu onlar\u0131n kendilerini, topluluklar\u0131n\u0131 ve okullar\u0131n\u0131 \u201cT\u00fcrk\u201d olarak adland\u0131rma hakk\u0131n\u0131 da i\u00e7ermelidir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; yurtta\u015fl\u0131k hakk\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeden Yunanistan\u2019dan ayr\u0131lma ve geri d\u00f6nme \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uyulmas\u0131; Yunanistan i\u00e7erisinde hareket \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne uyulmas\u0131;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; toprak ve ev al\u0131m-sat\u0131m\u0131, okullar, camiler in\u015fa etmek, onarmak ve geni\u015fletmek konular\u0131nda politikada ve uygulamada e\u015fit haklara sahip olduklar\u0131n\u0131n garanti edilmesi;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; radyo, televizyon ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den gelen yay\u0131nlar\u0131 kapsar \u015fekilde ifade \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerine uyulmas\u0131; yerel T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k bas\u0131n\u0131 \u00fczerindeki bask\u0131lara son verilmesi;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; Yunan otoritelerinin tacizlerini kapsar \u015fekilde a\u015fa\u011f\u0131lanmas\u0131 uygulamalar\u0131n\u0131 yasaklayan uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalar\u0131n y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmas\u0131;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, m\u00fcft\u00fc se\u00e7imi ve dinsel gelirlerinin kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc i\u00e7eren, dini \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131;<\/p>\n T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n; okullar\u0131n\u0131 onarmak, geni\u015fletmek, in\u015fa etmek, T\u00fcrk\u00e7e konu\u015fan \u00f6\u011fretmenler tayin etmek, ve g\u00fcn\u00fcn ko\u015fullar\u0131na uygun okul kitaplar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak ve kullanmak haklar\u0131na uyulmas\u0131; Yunan H\u00fck\u00fcmetine tavsiye olunmu\u015ftur. [xi]<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu gerginlik, az\u0131nl\u0131klar ile Yunanl\u0131lar aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkileri g\u00fcvensizlik temeline oturturken ve T\u00fcrkiye ile Yunanistan aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 su\u00e7lamalara yol a\u00e7arken, bir ba\u015fka sorun daha g\u00fcndeme yerle\u015fmi\u015ftir; b\u00fct\u00fcn bu olaylar olurken, \u0130ske\u00e7e M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Hilmi Aga\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcyle yerine o\u011flu Mehmet Aga\u2019n\u0131n atanmas\u0131, az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yo\u011fun tepkisine neden olmu\u015f ve anla\u015fmalardan kaynaklanan haklar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak kendi m\u00fcft\u00fclerini kendilerinin se\u00e7eceklerini, atamay\u0131 tan\u0131mayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirtmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n Az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunun ulus\u00e7u yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 art\u0131rmakta olu\u015fu, bu konuda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f birli\u011fine var\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 zorla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Yunanistan\u2019da egemen olan yakla\u015f\u0131m, az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n di\u011fer Yunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131na tan\u0131nan temel haklardan yararlanabilmelerinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da acil ekonomik yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n yap\u0131larak b\u00f6lgenin kalk\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Etnik kimlik konusunda g\u00f6sterilen kat\u0131l\u0131k ise, b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den kaynaklanan g\u00fcvenlik endi\u015felerine dayanmaktad\u0131r. Her iki toplum da ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 kazanma s\u00fcrecinde birbirleri hakk\u0131nda olumsuz yarg\u0131lara sahip olmalar\u0131, bu konuda kat\u0131 ulusalc\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmektedir. Her iki toplum da ulusal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fcklerini bozabilecek az\u0131nl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131 gibi konularda olduk\u00e7a duyarl\u0131 davranmaktad\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n Ger\u00e7ekte, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n da istekleri bu do\u011frultudad\u0131r; az\u0131nl\u0131k temsilcilerinin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131ndan da anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, az\u0131nl\u0131k, kendileri ile di\u011fer Yunan vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda ayr\u0131m yap\u0131lmamas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00fczerlerindeki bask\u0131n\u0131n kald\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedirler. Zaten istemlerindeki yakla\u015f\u0131mlar da bunu g\u00f6stermektedir. Kimi fanatik az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fcyesinin aksine, hemen b\u00fct\u00fcn az\u0131nl\u0131k, sadece anla\u015fmalar\u0131n kendilerine tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 haklardan yararlanabilmek, kendilerine ayr\u0131mc\u0131 politikalar uygulanmamas\u0131n\u0131 istemekte ve bu isteklerini de hukuki ve siyasi yollar\u0131 kullanarak, \u015fiddete ba\u015fvurmadan sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar.[xii] Bu nedenle, Yunanistan\u2019la oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye ile ili\u015fkilerinde de, bu \u00fclkeden yaln\u0131zca, Lozan Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131 konusunda \u00fczerine d\u00fc\u015fen sorumluluklar\u0131 yerine getirmesi ve Yunanistan\u2019a sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131 anlatmas\u0131n\u0131 istemektedirler; yoksa bu \u00fclkeden ayr\u0131mc\u0131 bir politika izleme \u00e7abalar\u0131na destek olmas\u0131n\u0131 istememektedirler.<\/p>\n Az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusu, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda s\u00fcrekli bir uzla\u015fmazl\u0131k noktas\u0131 olarak ili\u015fkileri zedelemeye devam ederken, konu \u00fczerinde taraflar aras\u0131nda ciddi yakla\u015f\u0131mlarla sorunlara \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm bulma giri\u015fimlerine bir an \u00f6nce ba\u015flamak gerekmektedir. Avrupa Toplulu\u011fu \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ekonomik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ortak de\u011ferlere katk\u0131da bulunmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan ve bu politikalara sad\u0131k davran\u0131\u015f i\u00e7erisinde olacaklar\u0131n\u0131 belirten T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan gibi iki \u00fclkenin aralar\u0131ndaki az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorununu \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleyememeleri, yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 ile ters bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sergilemektedir. \u0130nsan haklar\u0131 ve demokratik de\u011ferlere sayg\u0131l\u0131 olacaklar\u0131 konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli siyasi ve hukuki uluslararas\u0131 y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri bulunan T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan, art\u0131k vakit ge\u00e7irmeden, bu konuda tutarl\u0131 politikalar izlemeye ba\u015flamal\u0131d\u0131rlar. Kendi \u00f6zg\u00fcr iradelerinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda geli\u015fen olaylar sonucunda, etnik\/dinsel k\u00f6kenleriyle bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olu\u015fturduklar\u0131 as\u0131l toplumlar\u0131ndan uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131 yetmiyormu\u015f gibi, \u00fcstelik bir de, uluslararas\u0131 anla\u015fmalarla sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f olan az\u0131nl\u0131k haklar\u0131ndan yararlanmalar\u0131na izin verilmeyen ve toplumsal b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7inde s\u00fcrekli d\u0131\u015flanan, potansiyel d\u00fc\u015fman olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclen bu insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 toplumla b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fmeleri sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ekte, T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorununun ili\u015fkilerde s\u00fcrekli bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma noktas\u0131 olarak kalm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, ulusal kamuoylar\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunda baz\u0131 fanatik ulus\u00e7u gruplar\u0131n yayg\u0131n bir propaganda i\u00e7erisinde olmalar\u0131ndan daha \u00e7ok, her iki \u00fclkede de toplumun ekonomik geli\u015fmi\u015flik derecesine, siyasal k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn yap\u0131s\u0131na, ileti\u015fim organlar\u0131n\u0131n geli\u015fmi\u015flik ve yayg\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak, d\u0131\u015f politika kararlar\u0131n\u0131 alan ve uygulayan ki\u015fi ve kurumlar\u0131n yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nabilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc sosyo-ekonomik, siyasi ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel alanda az\u0131nl\u0131k\/\u00e7o\u011funluk toplumu gibi bir ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lmakta olu\u015fu, demokratik de\u011ferlere ve insan haklar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 bir yakla\u015f\u0131m olu\u015fturaca\u011f\u0131 gibi, \u00fclkesel b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u00e7erisinde toplumun geneline hakim olan sosyal bar\u0131\u015f ve dengeyi de ortadan kald\u0131racak bir etki yarat\u0131r. T\u00fcrk – Yunan ili\u015fkilerinde az\u0131nl\u0131klar sorunu, en g\u00fc\u00e7 ve g\u00fc\u00e7 oldu\u011fu kadar da acil \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi gereken konulardan birini olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, Balkan devletlerinin etnik\/dinsel yap\u0131la\u015fma a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan heterojen bir g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcm sergilemekte olu\u015fu dikkate al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, son geli\u015fmelerin, Balkanlarda toplumsal ve siyasal yap\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011fi\u015ftirebilecek nitelikte oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. Sosyo-ekonomik ve siyasal sorunlar\u0131n, ulus\u00e7uluk anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 ile birarada ya\u015fanmakta olu\u015fu, b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerinin sosyo-politik \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar i\u00e7erisine girmesine yol a\u00e7makta ve bu \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar, giderek, t\u00fcm b\u00f6lge \u00fclkelerine yay\u0131lma e\u011filimi g\u00f6stermektedir. T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkilerin sorunlarla dolu olmas\u0131 ve \u00f6zellikle, Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da ya\u015fayan T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelik sistematik bask\u0131lar\u0131n yo\u011funluk kazanmas\u0131, b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fanan gerginlikler \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunun diplomatik d\u00fczeyde bu \u00fclkeler aras\u0131nda sert tart\u0131\u015fmalara konu edilece\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusunun iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda s\u0131cak bir \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmaya d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 fazla olmamakla beraber, halklar aras\u0131ndaki olumsuz de\u011fer yarg\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 yeniden g\u00fcndeme getirmekte ve sertlik yanl\u0131s\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131 artt\u0131rmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu ba\u011flamda, b\u00f6lgenin istikrar\u0131 ve iki \u00fclke aras\u0131ndaki di\u011fer sorunlar\u0131n da \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilmesi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan, \u00f6zellikle T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131klar konusundaki uzla\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n demokrasi ve temel insan haklar\u0131 ilkelerine uygun olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenmesi, bu arada, iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda bu konuda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan antla\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6zenle uygulanmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.[xiii] Nitekim, Yunanistan\u2019da K. Simitis iktidar\u0131 d\u00f6neminde T. Pangalos\u2019un yerine D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na getirilen G. Papandreu\u2019nun az\u0131nl\u0131klara ve \u00f6zellikle Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin olarak yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klama, Yunanistan\u2019da siyasi iktidar\u0131n geleneksel politikas\u0131nda bir de\u011fi\u015fimin ya\u015fanmakta oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin kimi i\u015faretler vermi\u015ftir.[xiv] Uzun zamand\u0131r Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6zellikle e\u011fitim alan\u0131nda \u00e7ekmi\u015f oldu\u011fu s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n giderilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlenmi\u015ftir. Yunanistan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ekim 1999\u2019da alm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir karar ile Bat\u0131 Trakya\u2019daki T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131k okullar\u0131nda okutulacak olan ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bulunan ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 onaylam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.[xv] Papandreu yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131klamada; \u201cBat\u0131 Trakya\u2019da pek \u00e7ok T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli M\u00fcsl\u00fcman bulundu\u011funa \u015f\u00fcphe yoktur. Bununla beraber, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin konular toprak iddialar\u0131yla birlikte ortaya g\u00fcndeme getirilmektedir. E\u011fer var olan s\u0131n\u0131rlar sorgulanm\u0131yorsa benim i\u00e7in ki\u015finin kendisini M\u00fcsl\u00fcman, T\u00fcrk, Bulgar ya da Pomak olarak nitelendirmesinin bir \u00f6nemi yoktur.\u201d [xvi] Bununla birlikte, Yunanistan\u2019da Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk\/M\u00fcsl\u00fcman az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc, kimlikleri \u00fczerinde farkl\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler dile getirilmi\u015f ve bir tart\u0131\u015fma ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n yo\u011funluk kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ba\u015fka konu ise, Yunanistan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin Atina\u2019da bir cami yap\u0131m\u0131na izin vermesi olmu\u015ftur.[xvii]<\/p>\n T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda zaman zaman g\u00fcndemde yer alan bir ba\u015fka sorun ise, \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Fener Ortodoks Rum Patrikhanesi\u2019nin stat\u00fcs\u00fcne ili\u015fkindir. Lozan Bar\u0131\u015f Konferans\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Patrikhane\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 konusunda ya\u015fanan sert tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonunda \u0130stanbul\u2019da kalmas\u0131na ve fakat T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7 hukukuna ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131na karar verilmesinden bu yana ya\u015fananlar g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir ki T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131kan her gerginlikte az\u0131nl\u0131klar ve az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin kurumlar tart\u0131\u015fman\u0131n oda\u011f\u0131 haline gelmektedir.<\/p>\n Patrikhane, pek \u00e7ok a\u00e7\u0131dan \u00f6nemini korumakla birlikte as\u0131l \u00f6nemli yan\u0131, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin i\u00e7 i\u015flerine m\u00fcdahalede kullan\u0131labilmesi ve \u00f6zellikle, az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin konularda gerginlikler ya\u015fan\u0131rken bu kurumun kolayl\u0131kla pazarl\u0131k unsuru olarak masaya yat\u0131r\u0131labilmesidir. \u0130stanbul\u2019daki Ortodoks Rum az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131ndaki azalma ve Patrikhane\u2019nin bir T\u00fcrk kurumu say\u0131larak t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fi gere\u011fi Patrik unvan\u0131 alacak ki\u015finin do\u011fum yerinin T\u00fcrkiye ve uyru\u011funun T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131, s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7erisinde Patrik olacak ki\u015filerin se\u00e7ilmesinde g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fck yaratmaktad\u0131r. Bir ba\u015fka nokta ise, Heybeliada\u2019daki Ruhban Okulu\u2019nun, 1971 y\u0131l\u0131nda Anayasa Mahkemesi\u2019nin \u00f6zel y\u00fcksek okullar\u0131 devletle\u015ftirmeye karar vermesi ve T\u00fcrk kanunlar\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131 nedeniyle kapanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda yeni Ortodoks din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n yeti\u015ftirilmesinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcklerdir. Uzun s\u00fcre Ruhban Okulu\u2019nun yeniden a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin talepler dile getirilirken Ekim 1999\u2019da bas\u0131nda Ortodoks din adamlar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fitimini kolayla\u015ft\u0131racak bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ortaya at\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, Y\u00fcksek \u00d6\u011frenim Kurulu, \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi \u0130lahiyat Fak\u00fcltesi b\u00fcnyesinde D\u00fcnya Dinleri K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve y\u00fcksek e\u011fitimli Ortodoks din adamlar\u0131 yeti\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in gereken yap\u0131y\u0131 olu\u015fturmu\u015f,[xviii] ancak hen\u00fcz i\u015flerlik kazand\u0131r\u0131lamam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Patrikhane\u2019ye ili\u015fkin politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak T\u00fcrkiye’nin de Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n m\u00fcft\u00fcl\u00fck kurumu ile dengeyi sa\u011flamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Yunanistan D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri Bakan\u0131 G. Papandreu\u2019nun \u0130stanbul\u2019u ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda Patrikhaneyi ziyaretine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak, T\u00fcrkiye D\u0131\u015fi\u015fleri bakan\u0131 \u0130. Cem de Yunanistan ziyareti s\u0131ras\u0131nda, Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n se\u00e7ilmi\u015f m\u00fcft\u00fclerini ziyaret ederek bu kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n <\/span>D\u0130PNOTLAR:<\/b> Kemal Arı Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1995 Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında yoğun tartışmaların yaşanmakta olduğu hemen her dönemde gündeme gelen azınlıklar konusu, uluslararası sistemde ve hukuk kurallarında getirilen yeni hükümler çerçevesinde giderek bir insan hakları sorunu olarak algılanmaya başlanmıştır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin Avrupa’da baş gösteren ulusçuluk akımından etkilenmesi, ekonomik ve toplumsal yapısında değişiklik yapamaması, askeri başarısızlıklarla 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\n<\/span><\/b>Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995<\/span><\/p>\n
\n[i]\u00a0<\/b>T\u00fcrkiye ve Yunanistan aras\u0131nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7lerin bu \u00fclkelerde yaratm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu etkilere ili\u015fkin olarak bkz; Kemal Ar\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcbadele T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Zorunlu G\u00f6\u00e7 (1923-1925), \u0130stanbul: Tarih Vakf\u0131 Yurt Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995.
\n[ii]\u00a0<\/b>10 A\u011fustos 1920 tarihinde \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 Sevr Antla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, Osmanl\u0131 Sevri, Trakya Sevri ve Yunan Sevri. Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131n stat\u00fcs\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Yunan Sevri ba\u011flay\u0131c\u0131 nitelikte s\u00fcrekli genel ilkeler getirmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6zelli\u011fe sahiptir ve Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n sadece Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak de\u011fil \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde yer alan t\u00fcm az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin olarak kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k ilkesi aranmadan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olmas\u0131n\u0131 h\u00fckme ba\u011flamaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda bkz; Bask\u0131n Oran, \u201cT\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131 ve Bat\u0131 Trakya\u201d, T\u00fcrk D\u0131\u015f Politikas\u0131n\u0131n Analizi, Der. Faruk S\u00f6nmezo\u011flu, \u0130stanbul: Der Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1998, s.312
\n[iii]\u00a0<\/b>Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Anadolu\u2019da giri\u015fmi\u015f oldu\u011fu i\u015fgal hareketinin Yunanistan\u2019daki farkl\u0131 bir yorumu i\u00e7in bkz; Alexander Anastasius Pallis, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu Maceras\u0131 (1915-1922), \u0130stanbul: Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1995.Anadolu\u2019dan Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kalan Rumlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 toplumu i\u00e7indeki konumlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin olarak bkz; Gerasimos Augustinos, K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck Asya Rumlar\u0131, Ankara: Ayra\u00e7 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1997.
\n[iv]\u00a0<\/b>G\u00f6\u00e7 eden insanlar\u0131n tam say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda \u00e7e\u015fitli rakamlar ileri s\u00fcr\u00fclmekle birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Yunanistan\u2019a g\u00f6\u00e7enlerin say\u0131s\u0131 1.250.000, Yunanistan\u2019dan T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7enlerin say\u0131s\u0131 ise 500.000 olarak kabul edilebilir. Bkz; Kemal Ar\u0131, B\u00fcy\u00fck M\u00fcbadele T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye Zorunlu …, s.8; Alexander Anastasius Pallis, Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n Anadolu Maceras\u0131.., s.104.
\n[v]<\/b>\u00a0\u0130smail Soysal, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Siyasal Antla\u015fmalar\u0131, Ankara: TTK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1983, s. 177.
\n[vi]\u00a0<\/b>Bask\u0131n Oran, T\u00fcrk-Yunan \u0130li\u015fkilerinde Bat\u0131 Trakya Sorunu, Ankara: M\u00fclkiyeliler Birli\u011fi Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1986, s. 148. Ayr\u0131ca bkz; Bask\u0131n Oran, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Lozan \u0130hlalleri, Ankara: SAEMK Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1999.
\n[vii]\u00a0<\/b>70\u2019li y\u0131llarda Yunanistan\u2019da T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n konumuna ili\u015fkin de\u011ferlendirmelerin ilk elden aktar\u0131m\u0131 i\u00e7in bkz; Kamuran G\u00fcr\u00fcn, B\u00fckre\u015f-Paris-Atina B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ilik An\u0131lar\u0131, \u0130stanbul: Milliyet Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 1994, ss.185-223.
\n[viii]<\/b>\u00a0Bu konuda bkz; Helsinki Watch, Destroying Ethnic Identity: The Turks of Greece, August 1990, A Helsinki Watch Report; Ayr\u0131ca d\u00f6nemin T\u00fcrk ve Yunan bas\u0131n\u0131nda da bu konuda yaz\u0131 ve yorumlar \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.
\n[ix]\u00a0<\/b>Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z adaylarla se\u00e7imlere kat\u0131lmalar\u0131 ve ba\u015far\u0131 sa\u011flamalar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlere ba\u015fvurulmu\u015ftur. Oran’\u0131n da belirtti\u011fi gibi; “T\u00fcrkiye’de bulunan az\u0131nl\u0131k mensuplar\u0131n\u0131n gelmesini \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in s\u0131n\u0131r kap\u0131lar\u0131 se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi ‘grev’ gerek\u00e7esiyle kapat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, u\u00e7akla Atina \u00fczerinden gelebilecek olanlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in de bu kent ile Bat\u0131 Trakya aras\u0131nda u\u00e7ak ve otob\u00fcs seferleri se\u00e7im \u00f6ncesi iptal edilmi\u015ftir. Bu engellemeler de ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamam\u0131\u015f, az\u0131nl\u0131k ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z milletvekili \u00e7\u0131karmay\u0131 ba\u015farm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerine Yunan makamlar\u0131 se\u00e7im yasas\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirerek ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z adaylar\u0131n da yurt \u00e7ap\u0131nda % 3 oy almalar\u0131 ko\u015fulunu getirmi\u015flerdir. Bu oran 200.000 oy demektir ki, a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a, t\u00fcm n\u00fcfusu bunun alt\u0131nda bulunan az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z aday \u00e7\u0131karmas\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemeye y\u00f6neliktir. Bu yasa Yunanistan’da halen y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fcktedir.” Bask\u0131n Oran, Yunanistan’\u0131n Lozan \u0130hlalleri…, s.40.
\nHelsinki Watch, Destroying.., ss. 17-18
\n[x]\u00a0<\/b>22 Temmuz 1995 tarihinde G\u00fcm\u00fclcine yak\u0131nlar\u0131nda ge\u00e7irmi\u015f oldu\u011fu bir trafik kazas\u0131 sonucu ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015ftir.
\n[xi]\u00a0<\/b>Helsinki Watch, Destroying.., ss. 43-44.
\n1955 Tarihli ve 3370 Say\u0131l\u0131 Yunan Vatanda\u015fl\u0131k Kanunu\u2019nun 19. maddesi uyar\u0131nca; \u201cGrek-olmayan etnik k\u00f6kenden bir ki\u015fi, geri d\u00f6nme niyeti olmaks\u0131z\u0131n Yunanistan\u2019dan ayr\u0131l\u0131rsa, bu ki\u015finin Grek yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirdi\u011fine h\u00fckmedilir. Bu h\u00fck\u00fcm, yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda do\u011fmu\u015f ve oturmakta olan Grek-olmayan etnik k\u00f6kenli ki\u015filere de uygulan\u0131r. Ana babas\u0131ndan ikisi birden veya hayatta olan\u0131 yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olan re\u015fit olmayan \u00e7ocuklardan yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar da yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015f olarak ilan edilebilir. Yurtta\u015fl\u0131k Konseyinin ayn\u0131 y\u00f6nde alaca\u011f\u0131 karara dayanarak bu konularda \u0130\u00e7i\u015fleri Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 karar verir.\u201d Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131, uzun s\u00fcre bu maddenin uygulanmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 Yunan yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybetme tehlikesi ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Yunan yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kaybederek vatans\u0131z durumuna d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015flerdir. 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda Yunanistan bu maddeyi kald\u0131rmakla birlikte Yunan yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bu maddeden dolay\u0131 kaybedenlerin yeniden Yunan yurtta\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kazanabilmesine ili\u015fkin herhangi bir d\u00fczenlemeye gitmemi\u015ftir. Bu konuda bkz; Bask\u0131n Oran, Yunanistan\u2019\u0131n Lozan \u0130hlalleri…; ss. 31-32.
\n[xii]<\/b>\u00a0Son d\u00f6nemde Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk az\u0131nl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kendilerine uygulanan ayr\u0131mc\u0131 politika ve bask\u0131lara ili\u015fkin olarak uluslararas\u0131 hukuktan da yararlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bkz, \u201cAvrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nin, G\u00fcm\u00fclcine se\u00e7ilmi\u015f M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130brahim \u015eerif’in Yunanistan aleyhine a\u00e7m\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu davaya ili\u015fkin olarak 14 Aral\u0131k g\u00fcn\u00fc verdi\u011fi kararda, Mahkeme heyeti, Yunanistan’\u0131 Avrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi’nin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce, inan\u00e7 ve din \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00fcvence alt\u0131na alan 9. ve zarar\u0131n adli tazminini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren 41. maddelerini ihlalden oybirli\u011fiyle mahkum etmi\u015ftir.\u201d \u201cAvrupa \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131 Mahkemesi’nin, G\u00fcm\u00fclcine Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc \u0130brahim \u015eerif’in Yunanistan Aleyhine A\u00e7m\u0131\u015f Oldu\u011fu Davaya \u0130li\u015fkin Karar\u0131 \u0130le \u0130lgili A\u00e7\u0131klama-No:242-15 Aral\u0131k 1999\u201d, http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/Turkce\/grupc\/ca\/1999\/12\/Default.htm, B. Tarihi: 12\/06\/2000.
\n[xiii]\u00a0<\/b>Bir ba\u015fka a\u00e7\u0131dan ele al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda; az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin iki \u00fclke aras\u0131nda imzalanm\u0131\u015f antla\u015fmalarda kabul edilen h\u00fck\u00fcmlerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde benimsenmi\u015f olan evrensel nitelikteki temel hak ve \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fcklere, demokratik de\u011ferlere g\u00f6re yetersiz bir koruma sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan da s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, gerek Bat\u0131 Trakya T\u00fcrk toplumu gerekse T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Rum toplumunun birer az\u0131nl\u0131k olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelerinden \u00f6te bu \u00fclkelerdeki demokratik de\u011fer ve kurumlar\u0131n i\u015flerli\u011finin sa\u011flanabilmesi ve yurtta\u015fl\u0131k bilincinin \u00f6ncelikli k\u0131l\u0131nmas\u0131 az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin pek \u00e7ok sorunun kolayl\u0131kla \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmlenebilmesini sa\u011flayacak niteliktedir.
\n[xiv]\u00a0<\/b>Yunanistan\u2019da az\u0131nl\u0131klara ili\u015fkin uygulamalar\u0131n k\u0131smen de\u011fi\u015fti\u011fini g\u00f6steren bir ba\u015fka belge i\u00e7in bkz; \u201cU.S. Department of State, Human Rights Reports for 1999: Greece\u201d, 1999 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, http:\/\/www.state.gov\/human_rightts\/1999_hrp_repot\/greece.html B. Tarihi: 07\/06\/2000. Ancak bu arada geli\u015fmeleri olumsuz y\u00f6nde etkileyen olaylara da rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u00d6rne\u011fin \u0130skece Se\u00e7ilmi\u015f M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Mehmet Emin Aga, \u201c1996 ve 1998 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bir dizi dini i\u00e7erikli mesajda makam gasp\u0131nda bulundu\u011fu iddias\u0131yla a\u00e7\u0131lan d\u00f6rt ayr\u0131 davan\u0131n, 31 May\u0131s 2000 tarihinde Lamia’da g\u00f6r\u00fclen ve TBMM \u0130nsan Haklar\u0131n\u0131 Komisyonu Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Dr.Sema Pi\u015fkins\u00fct ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndaki Meclis heyetimiz taraf\u0131ndan da izlenen duru\u015fmalar\u0131 sonucunda M\u00fcft\u00fc’n\u00fcn toplam 7 ay hapis cezas\u0131na mahkum edilmi\u015ftir\u201d. \u201c\u0130skece M\u00fcft\u00fcs\u00fc Mehmet Emin Aga \u0130le \u0130lgili A\u00e7\u0131klama-No:90-05 Haziran 2000\u201d, http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.tr\/Turkce\/grupc\/ca\/2000\/06\/default.htm#bm03
\n[xv]\u00a0<\/b>Taki Berberakis, \u201cAtina\u2019dan Bat\u0131 Trakya Jesti\u201d, Milliyet, 19 Ekim 1999, s.16.
\n[xvi]<\/b>\u00a0\u201cGov’t Reiterates Its Position on Moslem Minority\u201d , Athens News Agency, 1 August, 1999\u2019den aktaran http:\/\/www.turinfonet.org.tr\/frame\/opinion\/anasayfa.html B. Tarihi. 06\/10\/1999. 1991 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lan genel n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131 sonucuna g\u00f6re Yunanistan\u2019da 98.000 civar\u0131nda az\u0131nl\u0131k \u00fcyesi bulunmakta; bunlar\u0131n % 50\u2019si T\u00fcrk k\u00f6kenli, % 35\u2019i Pomak ve % 15\u2019i de Roman k\u00f6kenli olarak g\u00f6sterilmektedir. \u201cThe Muslim Minority of Greek Thrace\u201d, http:\/\/www.mfa.gr\/foreign\/musminen.htm B. Tarihi: 12.05.2000.
\n[xvii]<\/b>\u00a0\u201cAtina\u2019da Cami Tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131\u201d, Milliyet, 1 Haziran 2000, s. 20.
\nYunan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti’nin Atina’da bir cami in\u015fas\u0131na izin vermesi, bu \u00fclkedeki M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n yeni ibadet yerleri a\u00e7abileceklerini g\u00f6stermekten \u00e7ok, 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda Atina’da d\u00fczenlenecek olan Olimpiyatlara ili\u015fkin olarak daha \u00f6nce teminatta bulunmu\u015f oldu\u011fu bir konu olarak de\u011ferlendirilmektedir. \u00d6zellikle M\u00fcsl\u00fcman \u00fclke sporcular\u0131na ve Atina’da ya\u015famakta olan y\u00fczbinden fazla Arap \u00fclkelerinden gelen insanlara y\u00f6nelik bir giri\u015fim niteli\u011fini ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.
\n[xviii] G\u00f6n\u00fcl Hanbay, \u201cRuhban Okuluna Akademik Form\u00fcl\u201d, Milliyet, 20 Ekim 1999, s.19; Yasemin \u00c7ongar, \u201cHeybeliada Jesti ABD\u2019yi Sevindirdi\u201d, Milliyet, 21 Ekim 1999, s. 14. Heybeliada Ruhban Okulu\u2019nun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na izin verilmesi konusundaki T\u00fcrk yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n Yunanistan a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan oldu\u011fu kadar ABD a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli oldu\u011fu, bu \u00fclkedeki Rum ve Yunan lobilerinin olu\u015fturdu\u011fu bask\u0131lar\u0131n etkili oldu\u011fundan anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. ABD y\u00f6netimi hemen her f\u0131rsatta T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye bu konuda \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131da bulunmakta, isteklerini dile getirmektedir. T\u00fcrkiye Ba\u015fbakan\u0131 Ecevit\u2019in Washington\u2019a yapm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu ziyaret s\u0131ras\u0131nda da bu istekler dile getirilmi\u015ftir. Yasemin \u00c7ongar, \u201cK\u0131br\u0131s\u2019ta \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm Zaman\u0131\u201d, Milliyet, 26 Eyl\u00fcl 1999, s. 20<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"