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G\u00f6k\u00e7e Hubar ABD\u2019ye Rakip, H\u00e2kim G\u00fc\u00e7 Olma M\u00fccadelesi Ba\u011flam\u0131nda Rusya Federasyonu\u2019nun Avrasya ve Kafkasya Politikalar\u0131<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n \u00ab\u00a0Kafkasya\u2019da, onun \u015fimdiye kadar d\u00f6rt kez yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 duymu\u015ftum ba\u015fkalar\u0131ndan; yine de annesine hi\u00e7bir \u015fey dememi\u015fti\u2026 \u00bb<\/em><\/p>\n Lev Tolstoy, 1906, \u00ab Au Caucase : r\u00e9cits militaires \u00bb Paris, s.12<\/em> \u00d6yle bir uluslararas\u0131 sistemde ya\u015famaktay\u0131z ki artan bilgi ve ileti\u015fim teknikleri sayesinde haber alman\u0131n bu denli kolayla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, \u00fclkelerin giderek artan say\u0131daki kozlar\u0131n\u0131 ve kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc sorunlar\u0131 te\u015fhis etmek aksine zorla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. \u0130kinci D\u00fcnya Sava\u015f\u0131 sonras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan ve XVII. Y\u00fczy\u0131ldan beri s\u00fcregelen Avrupa merkezlili\u011fine son veren \u00e7ift kutuplu sistemde Bat\u0131 Blo\u011fu ABD\u2019nin, Do\u011fu blo\u011fu ise eski SSCB\u2019nin kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda bulunmakta, bu iki kutba ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayanlar ba\u011flant\u0131s\u0131zlar hareketini olu\u015fturmaktayd\u0131. Ancak olup bitenler \u00e2deta yaln\u0131zca iki kutbun merkezinde d\u00f6nmekte, n\u00fckleer cayd\u0131r\u0131c\u0131l\u0131\u011fa sahip bu iki devletten biri di\u011ferinin hareketlerini takip ederek kararlar almaktayd\u0131. 1945-1954 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda atom ve hidrojen bombalar\u0131na sahip olma yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 ya\u015fanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Daha sonraki \u00fc\u00e7 y\u0131l boyunca, \u00e7evreleme politikas\u0131 ile Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin etraf\u0131na bu \u00fclkeyi vurabilecek k\u0131sa ve orta menzilli f\u00fczeler yerle\u015ftirme imk\u00e2n\u0131na sahip olan ABD, bu imk\u00e2nlardan yoksun olan Sovyetler Birli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda stratejik bir n\u00fckleer \u00fcst\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011fe sahip olmu\u015ftu. Ancak bu durum 1957\u2019de Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019nin Sputnik\u2019i uzaya f\u0131rlatarak ABD\u2019yi do\u011frudan vurabilecek uzun menzilli f\u00fczelere sahip oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermesiyle sona ermi\u015fti.<\/span>(1)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Giderek yumu\u015fama d\u00f6nemine do\u011fru ilerlenmekteydi. 1972\u2019de imzalanan SALT 1 antla\u015fmas\u0131 her ne kadar sald\u0131rgan silahlar\u0131 (K\u0131talararas\u0131 Balistik F\u00fczeler ve Denizalt\u0131lardan At\u0131lan Balistik F\u00fczeler) engelleyememi\u015f olsa da iki taraf\u0131 art\u0131k savunma silahlar\u0131 (F\u00fczesavar F\u00fczeler) \u00fcretmemekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc k\u0131l\u0131yordu. Asl\u0131nda bu b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ad\u0131md\u0131, nitekim f\u00fczesavar f\u00fczelerin yoklu\u011fu durumunda kar\u015f\u0131dan gelebilecek olas\u0131 bir sald\u0131r\u0131dan daha b\u00fcy\u00fck endi\u015fe duyulacak ve bu da daha temkinli davranmay\u0131\u00a0<\/span>gerektirecekti.<\/p>\n 1991\u2019de SSCB\u2019nin da\u011f\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 iki s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7ten biri olan ABD\u2019nin di\u011fer bir s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki galibiyetini simgelemi\u015ftir.(2)<\/span><\/a>Vladimir Putin, devlet ba\u015fkan\u0131 oldu\u011fu s\u0131rada M\u00fcnih G\u00fcvenlik Konferans\u0131\u2019nda \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir konu\u015fma yaparak \u201cTek kutuplu y\u00f6netim gayrime\u015fru ve ahlaks\u0131zcad\u0131r\u201d<\/span>(3)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0diye memnuniyetsizli\u011fini ifade etmi\u015fti.<\/span>Baz\u0131lar\u0131 \u015fu anda ABD, Rusya, AB, \u00c7in, Hindistan ve Japonya gibi \u00fclkelerden olu\u015fan \u00e7ok kutuplu bir sistemin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 savunurken, baz\u0131lar\u0131 da tek kutuplu bir sistemde ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z\u0131 savunmaktad\u0131r. 1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda daha hen\u00fcz SSCB y\u0131k\u0131lmadan K\u00f6rfez Krizi esnas\u0131nda George Bush \u201cYeni D\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131 ortaya atm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu d\u00fczen, her ne kadar m\u00fcttefikleri olsa da ABD\u2019nin k\u00fcresel lider olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi fikrini ta\u015f\u0131maktayd\u0131. Fakat 11 Eyl\u00fcl 2001 sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 ABD kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndaki sisteme \u015f\u00fcpheyle bak\u0131lmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur. Afganistan ve Irak\u2019ta zorluk ya\u015fayan ABD\u2019nin durumunun bir sonucu olarak \u00e7e\u015fitli b\u00f6lgesel g\u00fc\u00e7ler de s\u00f6z sahibi olmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu \u00e7ok kutuplu d\u00fcnya d\u00fczeni, k\u00fcresel d\u00fcnyan\u0131n jeoekonomik, jeopolitik ve jeostratejik a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezinin Atlantik\u2019ten Pasifik (Bat\u0131\u2019dan Do\u011fu\u2019ya) y\u00f6n\u00fcne kayd\u0131\u011f\u0131, k\u00fcresel jeopolitik g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesinin Afro-Avrasya (Afrika-Avrasya ekseni) co\u011frafyas\u0131nda ya\u015fand\u0131\u011f\u0131, enerji kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n ve g\u00fczerg\u00e2hlar\u0131n\u0131n daha da \u00f6nem kazand\u0131\u011f\u0131, dinamik, dengeli ve \u00e7ok akt\u00f6rl\u00fc bir uluslararas\u0131 yap\u0131y\u0131 ifade etmektedir.(4)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0O halde\u00a0Karadeniz-Kafkasya-Orta Asya \u00fc\u00e7geninin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131k merkezini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Avrasya<\/strong>\u00a0co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Rusya-ABD-\u00c7in aras\u0131ndaki jeopolitik g\u00fc\u00e7 m\u00fccadelesi daha anlaml\u0131 hale gelmektedir.(5)<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n \u00c7ift kutuplu sistemin eski liderlerinden Rusya art\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 sistemde kendisine bi\u00e7ilen rol\u00fc kabul etmekte, SSCB\u2019nin izlerini silmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktayd\u0131. 1985\u2019ten beri serbest piyasa ekonomisi ile demokrasiye ge\u00e7i\u015fte ilerlemeler kaydeden \u00fclke, d\u00f6nemin Devlet Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Mihail Gorba\u00e7ov\u2019un glasnost ve perestroyka politikalar\u0131yla kendini s\u00fcratli bir reform s\u00fcrecinde bulmu\u015ftu. Ancak SSCB\u2019nin yok olmas\u0131, bast\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f milliyet\u00e7ilik ve ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k hareketlerini a\u00e7\u0131\u011fa \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015f ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki Rusya\u2019y\u0131 saymazsak toplam 14 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z cumhuriyetin kurulmas\u0131na sebep olmu\u015ftur.\u00a0 Ayr\u0131ca Kafkasya\u2019da da d\u00f6rt tane \u00e7ok ciddi ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 b\u00f6lge sorunu belirmi\u015ftir: \u00c7e\u00e7enistan (Rusya), Da\u011fl\u0131k Karaba\u011f (Azerbaycan), G\u00fcney Osetya ile Abhazya (G\u00fcrcistan). Rusya, izi kalm\u0131\u015f Sovyet yaras\u0131n\u0131 kapatmaya ve h\u00e2l\u00e2 i\u00e7 meseleleri olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc eski SSCB \u00fclkelerine n\u00fcfuz etme g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc muhafaza etmeye u\u011fra\u015f\u0131rken ABD\u2019yle m\u00fccadele edebilme konusunda yetersiz kalm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ekim alan\u0131 olan Avrasya \u00fczerindeki kontrol\u00fc de zay\u0131flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Halen Karadeniz-Hazar Denizi aras\u0131ndaki istikrars\u0131zl\u0131k ve g\u00fc\u00e7 bo\u015flu\u011fu devam etmektedir.<\/p>\n <\/span>Avrasya k\u0131tas\u0131 d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en fazla n\u00fcfusuna, do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131na ve ekonomik etkinli\u011fine sahiptir.\u00a0Brzez<\/span>i\u0144ski, ABD\u2019nin \u00fcst\u00fcne d\u00fc\u015fen bir g\u00f6revden bahseder:\u00a0ABD, \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve ili\u015fkileri \u00f6yle bir d\u00fczenlemelidir ki, hi\u00e7bir rakip s\u00fcper g\u00fc\u00e7 Amerikan \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131n\u0131 tehdit edemesin<\/strong>(6)<\/span><\/a>. Brzezinski Rusya\u2019n\u0131n imparatorluk d\u00fc\u015fleri i\u00e7erisinde oldu\u011funun alt\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7izmektedir. Nitekim Rusya d\u00f6rt y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca (SSCB d\u00f6nemi d\u00e2hil) imparatorlu\u011fun geni\u015fleme politikas\u0131 miras\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Bu sebepten dolay\u0131,\u00a0Kafkasya ve Orta Asya b\u00f6lgelerinde Rusya\u2019n\u0131n hareketlerinin kontrol alt\u0131na al\u0131nmas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0<\/strong>\u00f6nerir.<\/p>\n Pek \u00e7ok ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Putin d\u00f6nemi a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olmak \u00fczere Rusya\u2019n\u0131n d\u0131\u015f politikada Avrasyac\u0131l\u0131k doktrinini uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan bahsetmektedir. Polonya k\u00f6kenli Amerikal\u0131 politolog\u00a0Zbigniew Brzez<\/span>i\u0144ski\u2019nin \u201cDev Satran\u00e7 Tahtas\u0131\u201d diye adland\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 Avrasya\u2019da oynanan b\u00fcy\u00fck stratejik oyunlar d\u00fcnyan\u0131n kaderini belirleyecektir. Bu y\u00fczden\u00a0Brzez<\/span>i\u0144ski bir r\u00f6portajda \u015funlar\u0131 belirtmi\u015ftir: \u00ab\u00a0ABD her ne pahas\u0131na olursa olsun Avrasya\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc eline ge\u00e7irmeli ve Rusya\u2019y\u0131 her t\u00fcr imparatorluk hevesinden uzakla\u015ft\u0131rmal\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim Avrasya, yani Avrupa-Rusya-Asya\u2019y\u0131 kapsayan geni\u015f alan, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n merkezinde yer almaktad\u0131r:\u00a0bu k\u0131taya h\u00fckmeden devlet, d\u00fcnyaya da h\u00fckmeder. Avrasya tarih boyunca d\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimi olma m\u00fccadelesi verilen bir satran\u00e7 tahtas\u0131 olmu\u015ftur. So\u011fuk sava\u015f\u0131n bitiminden beri Avrasya\u2019da \u00f6ncelik ABD\u2019nin olmu\u015ftur, ancak ne bu ne kadar s\u00fcrecektir? Olas\u0131 bir rakip veya rakipler grubu birka\u00e7 on y\u0131lda bu hegemonyay\u0131 sorgulayabilir ve bu elbette ki insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yarar\u0131na olmayacakt\u0131r<\/strong>\u00a0(7)<\/span><\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n Oysa Avrasya nas\u0131l ki ABD i\u00e7in d\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimiyetini sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerekliyse, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ya\u015famsal \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in de ayn\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde de\u011ferlidir. 1722\u2019de \u00c7ar I. Petro (asl\u0131nda \u00e7ar olarak bilsek de, kendisi \u00e7arl\u0131k unvan\u0131n\u0131 kald\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, ilk defa imparatorluk unvan\u0131n\u0131 getirmi\u015fti) \u015fu s\u00f6zleri s\u00f6ylemi\u015fti: \u201cRusya\u2019n\u0131n \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 i\u00e7in m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabildi\u011fi kadar \u0130stanbul\u2019a ve Hindistan\u2019a yakla\u015fmak laz\u0131md\u0131r. Buralar\u0131 elinde tutan D\u00fcnya\u2019ya h\u00fckmeder. Bunun i\u00e7in de ne gerekiyorsa onu yapmal\u0131y\u0131z\u2026\u201d Avrasya\u2019da tek v\u00fccut olmak her zaman \u00f6ncelikli hedeflerden biri olmu\u015ftur. SSCB zaman\u0131nda da Orta Asya ve Kafkaslarda uygulanan isk\u00e2n politikalar\u0131yla \u00e7o\u011funluk olu\u015fturup devlete isyan edebilecek potansiyelde olan halklar daima kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, ba\u015fka yere g\u00f6\u00e7 ettirilmi\u015f veya yok edilmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde homojen yap\u0131ya sahip olmayan bu b\u00f6lgeler i\u00e7 kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 bu zekice haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f planlara bor\u00e7ludur. Azerbaycan\u2019da Avarlar\u0131n, Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019da Azerilerin; K\u0131rg\u0131zistan\u2019da \u00d6zbeklerin, \u00d6zbekistan\u2019da K\u0131rg\u0131zlar\u0131n yer almas\u0131 bu siyasetin bir meyvesidir. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlerden olan Kabardey-Balkar Cumhuriyeti ile Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkez Cumhuriyeti tamamen bir T\u00fcrk boyuyla (Kara\u00e7aylar, Malkarlar) bir Kafkas halk\u0131n\u0131 (Kabardeyler, \u00c7erkezler) ayn\u0131 devlette birle\u015ftirip ikilik yaratmakt\u0131r.\u00a0B\u00f6l, par\u00e7ala, y\u00f6net<\/strong>\u00a0politikas\u0131 do\u011frultusundaki en ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 stratejilerden biri ise \u00c7erkezleri te\u015fkil eden halk\u0131n \u00c7erkez, Ad\u0131\u011fe, Kabardey olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 isimde, \u00fc\u00e7 ayr\u0131 cumhuriyette var olma m\u00fccadelesi vermeleridir. Bunlar Adigey Cumhuriyeti, Kabardey-Balkar Cumhuriyeti ve Kara\u00e7ay-\u00c7erkez Cumhuriyeti\u2019dir. Bir de b\u00fct\u00fcn bunlara Kuzeydo\u011fu Kafkasya\u2019da Da\u011f\u0131stan ve \u00c7e\u00e7enistan\u2019da daha etkili olan\u00a0m\u00fcridizm<\/strong>\u00a0hareketi ile di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n daha sek\u00fcler bir se\u00e7imde bulunmas\u0131 da eklenince durum daha da zorla\u015fmaktad\u0131r. Her ne kadar Rus Ortodoks Patri\u011fi II. Aleksi\u2019nin \u201cBize \u0130slam ter\u00f6r, ter\u00f6r \u0130slam dedirtemezsiniz\u201d \u015feklinde bir \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 olsa da ve Putin bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc desteklese de, medyan\u0131n ter\u00f6r gruplar\u0131n\u0131 \u201ccemaat\u201d ve \u201cemir\u201d kelimeleriyle ba\u011fda\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 halk aras\u0131nda ciddi bir ayr\u0131l\u0131k yaratmaktad\u0131r. B\u00fct\u00fcn bunlar birle\u015fince, b\u00f6lgenin \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve gerilimlerin odak noktas\u0131 h\u00e2line gelmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz olmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kafkas s\u0131ra da\u011flar\u0131 enerjiye giden ve \u00fczerinden muhakkak ge\u00e7ilmesi gereken bir koridor gibidir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla b\u00f6lgesel ve k\u00fcresel g\u00fc\u00e7leri cezbeden bir konumdad\u0131r. Bu m\u00fccadeleye g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz uluslararas\u0131 sistemindeki g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oyuncular\u0131n kap\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131n eklenmesi ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazd\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki olaylar\u0131 i\u00e7 i\u015fleri olarak g\u00f6ren Rusya Federasyonu, Bat\u0131l\u0131 devletlerin direni\u015f\u00e7ilere destek verdi\u011fini \u00f6ne s\u00fcrmekte, bu \u015fekilde i\u00e7eride \u201cd\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmana kar\u015f\u0131 birlik beraberlik duygusu\u201d yaratmak istemektedir. Oysa \u00fclkedeki az\u0131nl\u0131k halklar d\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fmandan korktu\u011fu kadar Ruslardan da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde \u00e7ekinebilmektedir.<\/p>\n 2004\u2019te sona erdi\u011fi san\u0131lan sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131n Moskova\u2019da bir metro istasyonunda ve Domododevo Havaalan\u0131nda tekrarlanmas\u0131 halk\u0131n g\u00f6z\u00fcnde; sert tav\u0131rlar\u0131yla bilinen, tek ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc Rusya fikrini savunan Putin\u2019in de\u011ferini art\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Putin ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki de\u011ferlere ba\u011fl\u0131, Ortodoks ve Rus kimli\u011fini y\u00fccelten, \u00fclkenin b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc taviz vermeksizin savunan politikalarla tan\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Bunun \u00f6ncesinde, SSCB d\u00f6nemi Tanr\u0131 inanc\u0131n\u0131 yok etmi\u015fti, \u015fimdi ise yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkelerde Rus Ortodoks kiliselerinin in\u015fas\u0131, bak\u0131m\u0131 ve onar\u0131m\u0131 Rus diplomatlar\u0131n talepleri aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli yer tutmaktad\u0131r. Esasen Ortodokslu\u011fa g\u00f6sterilen hassasiyet Rus tarihinde hep var olmu\u015ftur. 1510\u2019lu y\u0131llarda Pskov Manast\u0131r\u0131 rahiplerinden Filoyev, yaz\u0131l\u0131 olarak III. Vasili\u2019ye sundu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde \u201cD\u00fcnya h\u00e2kimiyetinin merkezi \u00f6nceden Roma, daha sonra ikinci Roma\u2019y\u0131 temsil eden \u0130stanbul olmu\u015ftur. Her iki Roma da d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. \u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Roma ayaktad\u0131r; o da Moskova\u2019d\u0131r.(8)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0D\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc Roma asla olmayacakt\u0131r\u201d demi\u015ftir. H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131ktaki teslis inanc\u0131nda Baba, O\u011ful ve Kutsal Ruh \u00fc\u00e7lemesi oldu\u011fundan toplam \u00fc\u00e7 Roma oldu\u011funu kabul eden g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f Moskova\u2019n\u0131n d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sonuna dek h\u00fck\u00fcm s\u00fcrece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmektedir.<\/p>\n Rusya her ne kadar Bat\u0131\u2019ya a\u00e7\u0131k olsa da, baz\u0131 durumlarda d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k g\u00fcdebilmektedir. \u00d6rne\u011fin Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019daki \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc hareketleri besleyenlerin insan haklar\u0131n\u0131 savunma bahanesiyle Rusya\u2019y\u0131 b\u00f6lmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan Bat\u0131 oldu\u011fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fc savunan ki\u015filer vard\u0131r. Kom\u00fcnist d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr Aleksandr Zinovyev \u201cSo\u011fuk sava\u015f d\u00f6neminde insan\u00fcst\u00fc propagandalarla milliyet\u00e7ilik ak\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131 uyand\u0131rmak isteyenler, Bat\u0131l\u0131 demokrasilerdi. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc SSCB\u2019yi yok etmenin en iyi yolunun onu da\u011f\u0131tmak oldu\u011funu g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015flerdi\u201d diyerek Bat\u0131\u2019y\u0131 su\u00e7lamay\u0131 uygun g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. 1922\u2019de do\u011fan yazar o d\u00f6nemin ideolojisine sahip biri olarak asl\u0131nda Stalin\u2019in i\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015fman s\u00f6ylevlerini hat\u0131rlatmaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u00e7erideki d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan k\u0131\u015fk\u0131rtm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r, ama\u00e7 Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ni b\u00f6lmektir. Bu d\u00fc\u015fmanla\u015ft\u0131rma, \u00f6tekile\u015ftirme fikri d\u00fc\u015fman\u0131 bir ara\u00e7 olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcp ulusal bilinci g\u00fc\u00e7lendirmek amac\u0131na hizmet etmi\u015ftir.\u00a0 B\u00f6ylece devletin bekas\u0131 sa\u011flanacakt\u0131. Tatar k\u00f6kenli Rus olan Rusya Asker\u00ee Bilimler Akademisi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 General Mahmut Gareyev 2007\u2019de yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir kitab\u0131nda bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe arka \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r: \u00a0\u201c\u0130\u00e7 tehditler aras\u0131ndan en tehlikeli olan\u0131 ter\u00f6rizm ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131kt\u0131r. Bunlar\u0131 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n birli\u011fini ve toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc bozmak isteyen d\u0131\u015f g\u00fc\u00e7ler k\u00f6r\u00fcklemektedir.\u201d(9)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0Ba\u015fka bir s\u00f6ylevdeyse Duma G\u00fcvenlik Komitesi Ba\u015fkan\u0131 Vladimir Vasilyev 2009 y\u0131l\u0131nda, insan haklar\u0131 savunucusu Natalya Estemirova\u2019n\u0131n suikasta kurban gitmesinin ard\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenen bir bas\u0131n toplant\u0131s\u0131nda \u201cKuzey Kafkasya\u2019da faaliyet g\u00f6steren ter\u00f6ristlerin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan y\u00f6nlendirildiklerine ve finanse edildiklerine eminim\u201d(10)<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u015feklinde ifade vermi\u015f, \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerisi olarak b\u00f6lgedeki ekonomik ko\u015fullar\u0131n iyile\u015ftirilmesini savunmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Kafkas da\u011f s\u0131ralar\u0131n\u0131 bir fiziki haritaya bakarak inceleyince b\u00f6lgeyi Kuzey ve G\u00fcney diye ikiye ay\u0131rmak pek akla yatk\u0131n olmasa da, \u201cKuzey Kafkasya\u201d kavram\u0131 (bazen \u201cRus Kafkaslar\u0131\u201d) Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerk cumhuriyetlerden, \u201cG\u00fcney Kafkasya\u201d ise ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z devletlerden bahsetmek i\u00e7in yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en istikrars\u0131z, etnik yap\u0131s\u0131 en karma\u015f\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerinden biridir. Bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015famayan \u00c7e\u00e7enistan sorununda 1994\u2019te ilk \u00c7e\u00e7en-Rus sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131ndan beri ne Rusya ne de \u00c7e\u00e7enistan uzla\u015f\u0131c\u0131 taraf olmamakta direnmektedir. Rusya, \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k iste\u011fine \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00fcretmemekte, \u00c7e\u00e7enler ise Rusya\u2019n\u0131n toprak b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc koruma arzusu konusunda sessiz kalmay\u0131 tercih etmektedir. Ger\u00e7i iki sava\u015f\u0131n ard\u0131ndan halk\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bir k\u0131sm\u0131nda bezginlik oldu\u011funu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Ancak Rusya; metro istasyonu, havaalan\u0131 gibi yerlerde ya\u015fanan ter\u00f6r olaylar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 gittik\u00e7e huzursuzla\u015fmakta, domino etkisiyle di\u011fer Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n da ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 e\u011filimler g\u00f6sterece\u011finden endi\u015felenmektedir. \u015eu anki\u00a0ne bar\u0131\u015f, ne de sava\u015f<\/strong>\u00a0h\u00e2li uzun s\u00fcreli bir istikrara ve b\u00f6lgenin kalk\u0131nmas\u0131na engel te\u015fkil etmektedir.<\/p>\n KAYNAK\u00c7A<\/b><\/p>\n 1)<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/b>Faruk S\u00f6nmezo\u011flu, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkilere Giri\u015f, Der yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2009, s. 39 Gökçe Hubar Galatasaray Üniversitesi ABD’ye Rakip, Hâkim Güç Olma Mücadelesi Bağlamında Rusya Federasyonu’nun Avrasya ve Kafkasya Politikaları « Kafkasya’da, onun şimdiye kadar dört kez yaralandığını duymuştum başkalarından; yine de annesine hiçbir şey dememişti… » Lev Tolstoy, 1906, « Au Caucase : récits militaires » Paris, s.12 Öyle bir uluslararası sistemde yaşamaktayız ki artan bilgi ve iletişim 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\n<\/span><\/b>Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi<\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/i><\/p>\n
\n2)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0Tayyar Ar\u0131, Uluslararas\u0131 \u0130li\u015fkiler ve D\u0131\u015f Politika, \u0130stanbul, Alfa Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2004, s. 521
\n3)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0http:\/\/www.geostrategie.com\/1991\/ou-va-la-russie-moscou-a-la-recherche-d%E2%80%99une-identite-post-sovietique
\n4)<\/span><\/b>\u00a0<\/b>Nejat Eslen, \u201c\u00c7ok Kutuplu D\u00fczen\u201d, Cumhuriyet Strateji, 15 Aral\u0131k 2008, s. 3
\n5)<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>http:\/\/www.bilgesam.org\/tr\/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=698:
\nsouk-sava-sonras-uluslararas-sistemin-analizi&catid=113:analizler-sosyo-kultur&Itemid=151
\n6)<\/strong>\u00a0<\/span><\/u><\/span>http:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=RuQ8EbLlPD0C&q=Zbigniew+
\nBrzezinski&dq=Zbigniew+Brzezinski&hl=tr&ei=fxNXTfqHM5DOswbAncGlCw&sa=
\nX&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA, \u201cThe Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives\u201d
\n<\/span>7)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0http:\/\/www.entrefilets.com\/Brzezinski_Eurasie.htm
\n8)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u201cNovgorod Knezli\u011fi\u2019nden XXI. Y\u00fczy\u0131la Rus \u0130mparatorluk Stratejisi\u201d, Do\u00e7. Dr. Mesut Hakk\u0131 Ca\u015f\u0131n, 2006, s.63
\n9)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0M. Gareev, \u201cLa Russie sera l\u2019arbitre g\u00e9opolitique des conflits\u00a0\u00e0 venir\u201d, 2007, s.5
\n<\/span>10)<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>Ria Novosti, http:\/\/www.fr.rian.ru\/russia\/20090717\/122378001.html<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"