![\"\"](\"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/08\/Tanri-Vergisi-Zenginlik-RUSYA-FEDERASYONU-b.jpg\")
<\/p>\n<\/p>\n
Mehmet Duman<\/strong><\/span> Rusya d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkelerinden biri. D\u00fcnya hammadde, enerji ve biyolojik kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 35\u2019i Rusya\u2019da. Her Rusya yurtta\u015f\u0131na d\u00fcnyada 11,7 birim do\u011fal enerji kayna\u011f\u0131 d\u00fc\u015ferken, ABD\u2019de 2,3, Avrupa\u2019da ise yaln\u0131zca 0,67 birim d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Al\u00fcminyum, platin, nikel, uranyum gibi stratejik hammaddeler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan d\u00fcnya rezervinin yar\u0131s\u0131 Rusya\u2019da. \u0130\u015flenmi\u015f topraklar\u0131n\u00a0 y\u00fczde\u00a0 15-20\u2019sinin,\u00a0 tropik\u00a0 olmayan\u00a0 ormanlar\u0131n\u00a0 ise\u00a0 y\u00fczde\u00a0 46\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n Rusya\u2019da oldu\u011fu biliniyor.<\/p>\n RF Ekonomik Geli\u015fme ve Ticaret Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2002 y\u0131l\u0131 sonunda yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 verilere\u00a0 g\u00f6re,\u00a0 Rusya\u2019n\u0131n\u00a0 GSMH\u2019s\u0131\u00a0 d\u00fcnya\u00a0 GSMH\u2019s\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0 y\u00fczde\u00a0 2\u2019si civar\u0131nda. D\u00fcnya enerji ihracat\u0131nda ise Rusya\u2019n\u0131n pay\u0131 y\u00fczde 7. D\u00fcnya \u00e7ap\u0131nda petrol\u00fcn y\u00fczde 13\u2019\u00fc, gaz\u0131n y\u00fczde 32\u2019si, k\u00f6m\u00fcr\u00fcn y\u00fczde 11\u2019i, demirin y\u00fczde 26\u2019s\u0131, kur\u015funun y\u00fczde 10\u2019u, \u00e7inkonun y\u00fczde 15\u2019i Rusya\u2019ya ait. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ulusal zenginli\u011finin y\u00fczde 85\u2019i tabii kaynaklara dayan\u0131yor. (Bu oran, geli\u015fmi\u015f \u00fclkelerde y\u00fczde 10\u2019u ge\u00e7miyor.)<\/p>\n RF Do\u011fal Kaynaklar Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2004 Ocak ay\u0131 verileri ise, Rusya\u2019n\u0131n nikel,\u00a0 g\u00fcm\u00fc\u015f,\u00a0 volfram\u00a0 ve\u00a0 elmas\u00a0 rezervleri\u00a0 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan\u00a0 d\u00fcnyada\u00a0 birinci (elmas miktar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00fclkelerin birikiminden fazla), platin ve titanyum rezervleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ikinci, alt\u0131n, demir cevheri, molibden ve kobalt rezervleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc, \u00e7inko rezervleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da d\u00f6rd\u00fcnc\u00fc oldu\u011funu ortaya koyuyordu.<\/p>\n Ekonomik durum Ekonominin geli\u015fmesi \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde petrol ve gaz ihracat\u0131yla ba\u011fl\u0131. \u0130hracat\u0131n y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131 a\u015fk\u0131n b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc enerjiye dayan\u0131yor. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131 \u015eubat 2004\u2019te yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 raporda petrol ile gaz\u0131n GSMH i\u00e7indeki pay\u0131n\u0131n resmi Rus kaynaklar\u0131n\u0131n belirtti\u011fi gibi y\u00fczde 9 de\u011fil, y\u00fczde 25 oldu\u011funu vurguluyordu.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca ekonomik reformlarda daha kat edilmesi gereken \u00e7ok a\u015fama var. B\u00fcrokrasinin s\u0131n\u0131rlanmas\u0131, yasal mevzuat\u0131n piyasa \u015fartlar\u0131na uygun hale getirilmesi, olduk\u00e7a sorunlu durumdaki bankac\u0131l\u0131k sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde reform yap\u0131lmas\u0131, ekonomi ve \u00fcretimde yap\u0131sal altyap\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi gibi hedefler bulunuyor. Temel sorunlardan biri de Rusya ekonomisine d\u0131\u015f yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, yabanc\u0131 sermayenin g\u00fcveninin kazan\u0131lmas\u0131.<\/p>\n Rusya\u00a0 d\u0131\u015f\u00a0 ticareti\u00a0 2003\u00a0 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 \u00f6nceki\u00a0 y\u0131la\u00a0 g\u00f6re\u00a0 y\u00fczde\u00a0 25\u00a0 artarak 191,1 milyar\u00a0 dolarl\u0131k hacme ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 2002\u2019ye g\u00f6re y\u00fczde 25,3 art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6stererek 133,7 milyar dolara y\u00fckselen ihracat, y\u00fczde 24,3 artarak 57,4 milyar dolara y\u00fckselen ithalattan tam 76,3 milyar dolar daha fazlayd\u0131. RF Federal G\u00fcmr\u00fck Servisi raporlar\u0131na g\u00f6re; 2004 y\u0131l\u0131nda ihracat 182.0 milyar ithalat ise 94.8 milyar dolar iken 2005\u2019de ihracat 241.352 milyar dolar, ithalat 98.505 milyar dolar d\u00fczeyinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti.<\/p>\n 2003 verilerine g\u00f6re,\u00a0 RF\u2019nin BDT d\u0131\u015f\u0131 temel d\u0131\u015f ticaret partnerleri, Almanya (16,8 milyar dolar; art\u0131\u015f %28,5) Hollanda (11,6 milyar; %65,1), \u0130talya (10,8 milyar; %35,6), \u00c7in (10,7 mil- yar;\u00a0 %33,3),\u00a0 ABD\u00a0 (6,7\u00a0 milyar;\u00a0 %23,1),\u00a0 T\u00fcrkiye\u00a0 (5,9\u00a0 milyar;\u00a0 %46,2), Finlandiya (5,9 milyar; %29,5) olmu\u015ftu. 2005 y\u0131l\u0131 verilerine g\u00f6re ise RF\u2019nin T\u00fcrkiye ile d\u0131\u015f ticaret hacmi 15,189.0 milyar dolara ula\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n Rusya\u2019n\u0131n ihracat\u0131n\u0131n neredeyse \u00fc\u00e7te ikisi petrol, petrol \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve gaza dayan\u0131yor. Daha sonra \u00e7e\u015fitli metaller, motor ve te\u00e7hizatlar ve kimyasal \u00fcr\u00fcnler geliyor. \u0130thalatta ise \u00f6nce metaller, daha sonra motor ve te\u00e7hizatlar, hafif sanayi \u00fcr\u00fcnleri ve g\u0131da maddeleri ba\u015fta. 2003\u2019te ihracatta ba\u015fta Almanya, Hollanda, \u0130talya, \u00c7in, Ukrayna ve Belarus; ithalatta ise Almanya, Belarus, Ukrayna, \u00c7in, ABD ve \u0130talya geliyordu.<\/p>\n Rusya a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6nemli bir kazan\u00e7 kayna\u011f\u0131 da savunma sanayi. 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a0 Rusya, d\u00fcnya silah sat\u0131\u015flar\u0131nda 5,4 milyar dolarl\u0131k sat\u0131\u015fla rekor k\u0131rd\u0131 (2002\u2019de 4,8 milyard\u0131). \u0130hracat\u0131n y\u00fczde 70\u2019i hava, 15\u2019i deniz, 8\u2019i kara kuvvetlerine ait, 7\u2019si de f\u00fczesavar. (Uluslararas\u0131 silah ticaretinin y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 ABD\u2019ye, 19\u2019u Rusya\u2019ya, 18,5\u2019i \u0130ngiltere\u2019ye, 7\u2019si Fransa\u2019ya ait.)<\/p>\n Kremlin ve b\u00fcy\u00fck Rus sermayedarlar\u0131 (oligar\u015fi) Do\u011fal kaynaklar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zengin \u00fclkelerinden biri olan Rusya\u2019da en ciddi sorunlardan biri yoksulluk. Anketlere bak\u0131l\u0131rsa, halk\u0131n y\u00fczde 40\u2019\u0131 kendini yoksul say\u0131yor (zengin sayanlar\u0131n oran\u0131 y\u00fczde 7). Resmi verilere g\u00f6re ise, 2004 sonunda toplumun y\u00fczde 18,7\u2019si, yani 26,7 milyon insan yoksulluk s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n alt\u0131nda ya\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n B\u00f6yle bir ortamda d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en zenginleri aras\u0131nda Rus i\u015fadamlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n s\u0131rada gelmesi dikkat \u00e7ekiyor. Dolar milyarderleri say\u0131s\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan Rusya, ABD ve Almanya\u2019dan sonra \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc s\u0131rada geliyor. \u015eubat 2004 Forbes dergisi veri- lerine g\u00f6re, Rusya\u2019da 36 dolar milyarderi var. Hapisteki Mihail Hodorkovski\u2019nin (Yukos) serveti 15,2 milyar dolar. \u0130kinci Roman Abramovi\u00e7 (Sibneft, 12,5 mil- yar), \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc Viktor Vekselberg (Sual Holding, 5,9 milyar). D\u00fcnyada en \u00e7ok dolar\u00a0 milyarderinin\u00a0 oldu\u011fu\u00a0 kent\u00a0 Moskova.\u00a0 36\u00a0 Rus\u00a0 milyarderinin\u00a0 33\u2019\u00fc Moskova\u2019da. Rus milyarderlerinin serveti Rusya GSMH\u2019n\u0131n d\u00f6rtte biri b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde. D\u00fcnya Bankas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 2003\u2019te yay\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cRF ekonomik geli\u015fmesi \u00fczerine memorandum\u201d adl\u0131 belgede Rusya\u2019da 23 oligark\u0131n, 89 federal birimden (eyaletten) 25\u2019ini, ulusal sanayi \u00fcretiminin 12 milyar ruble de\u011ferindeki \u00fc\u00e7te birinden fazla b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n y\u00fczde 16\u2019s\u0131n\u0131 (19 milyon ki\u015fi), banka akti- flerinin y\u00fczde 17\u2019sini ve hisse senetleri piyasas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fczde 60\u2019\u0131n\u0131 elinde tuttu\u011fu belirtiliyordu.<\/p>\n Gelir da\u011f\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 u\u00e7urumu \u00fcrk\u00fct\u00fcc\u00fc boyutlarda. N\u00fcfusun en zengin y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk k\u0131sm\u0131 toplumda b\u00fct\u00fcn gelirlerin y\u00fczde 35\u2019ini elinde tutarken, en yoksul y\u00fczde 10\u2019luk kitleye gelirlerin yaln\u0131zca y\u00fczde 2,5\u2019luk b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor. Yani u\u00e7urum 14 kat! (Bat\u0131 Avrupa\u2019da 7 kat.) 2003\u2019te halk\u0131n gelirlerinde y\u00fczde 13\u2019l\u00fck bir art\u0131\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken, oligark denilen b\u00fcy\u00fck sermaye sahiplerinin gelirlerinde 2,4 katl\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fcme saptand\u0131.<\/p>\n E\u015fitlik\u00e7i\u00a0 Sovyet\u00a0 al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131klar\u0131ndan\u00a0 t\u00fcm\u00fcyle\u00a0 vazge\u00e7meyen\u00a0 toplum,\u00a0 h\u0131zla ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilen \u00f6zelle\u015ftirme s\u00fcrecindeki haks\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n da etkisiyle, bu yeni Rus zenginlerinden nefret ediyor. Bir ankete g\u00f6re, toplumun y\u00fczde 77\u2019si \u00f6zelle\u015ftirmelerin\u00a0 g\u00f6zden\u00a0 ge\u00e7irilmesi\u00a0 gerekti\u011fini\u00a0 savunuyor.\u00a0 Kremlin, kamuoyunun bu tutumundan da destek alarak oligarklar\u0131n \u00fczerine gidiyor, onlar\u0131 sosyal sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde katk\u0131 yapmaya zorluyor, vergi ka\u00e7ak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yolsuzluklarla m\u00fccadeleyi sertle\u015ftiriyor. Rusya\u2019n\u0131n bir numaral\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n ise 16. b\u00fcy\u00fck zengini olan Hodorkovski \u2013 siyasi \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n iktidar\u0131 rahats\u0131z etmesinin de etkisiyle \u2013 bu m\u00fccadelenin kurban\u0131 olarak hapse at\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n Forbes dergisinin d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 2 bin \u015firketini listesindeki Rus \u015firketleri \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralan\u0131yor: Gazprom (87. s\u0131rada), Lukoil (184), Ulusal Elektrik Kurumu RAO YeES (199), Yukos (213), Surgutneftegaz (294), Sberbank (381), Sibneft (478), Norilskiy Nikel (587), Tatneft (884), Severstal (1451), V\u0131mpelkom \/ Beeline (1820) ve AvtoVAZ \/ Lada (1942).<\/p>\n The Wall Street Journal Europe ve Haandelsblatt\u2019\u0131n ara?t\u0131rmas\u0131na g\u00f6re ise, Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck 500 \u015firketi aras\u0131nda Gazprom 84., Lukoil 126., RF Ulusal Elektrik Kurumu 133., Yukos 164., Surgutneftegaz 264., Sberbank 294.,\u00a0 Tatneft\u00a0 313.,\u00a0 Norilski\u00a0 Nikel\u00a0 322.\u00a0 AvtoVaz\u00a0 360.,\u00a0 Sibneft\u00a0 380.\u00a0 ve Transneft 454. s\u0131rada.<\/p>\n Bankalara gelince. \u0130ngiliz The Banker dergisinin 2003\u2019te d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en b\u00fcy\u00fck bin bankas\u0131 listesine 15 Rus bankas\u0131 girmi\u015fti. Sermaye hacmine g\u00f6re yap\u0131lan s\u0131ralamada \u015fu bankalar vard\u0131: RF Sberbank (155., 2002\u2019de 191. idi; sermayesi 2,339 milyar dolar), Vne\u015ftorgbank (168., 2002\u2019de 174.; 2,118 milyar dolar sermayeli), Gazprombank (371., 2002\u2019de 381.; 833 milyon\u00a0\u00a0 dolar),\u00a0\u00a0 Mejdunarodn\u0131y\u00a0\u00a0 Prom\u0131\u015flenn\u0131y\u00a0\u00a0 Bank,\u00a0\u00a0 MDM\u00a0\u00a0 Bank, Vne\u015fekonombank,\u00a0 Globeksbank,\u00a0 Bank\u00a0 Moskv\u0131,\u00a0 Alfabank,\u00a0 Uralsibbank, Rosbank,\u00a0 Petrokommerts,\u00a0 Nomos-bank,\u00a0 Trast-bank,\u00a0 Mejdunarodn\u0131y Moskovskiy Bank.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Mehmet Duman Rusya.Ru Dergisi, Temmuz 2014 Rusya dünyanın en zengin ülkelerinden biri. Dünya hammadde, enerji ve biyolojik kaynaklarının yüzde 35’i Rusya’da. Her Rusya yurttaşına dünyada 11,7 birim doğal enerji kaynağı düşerken, ABD’de 2,3, Avrupa’da ise yalnızca 0,67 birim düşüyor. Alüminyum, platin, nikel, uranyum gibi stratejik hammaddeler bakımından dünya rezervinin yarısı Rusya’da. İşlenmiş toprakların yüzde 15-20’sinin, 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\n<\/strong><\/span>Rusya.Ru Dergisi, Temmuz 2014<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n
\n<\/b>
\n1998 A\u011fustos’unda ciddi bir krize girmi\u015f olan Rusya ekonomisi, son y\u0131llarda gayet olumlu bir geli\u015fme i\u00e7inde. Kalk\u0131nma h\u0131z\u0131 y\u00fckseliyor, enflasyon d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcyor, d\u0131\u015f ticaret balans\u0131 olumlu seyrediyor, b\u00fct\u00e7e fazla veriyor, d\u0131\u015f bor\u00e7 \u00f6demeleri zaman\u0131nda yap\u0131l\u0131yor, d\u00f6viz rezervi \u00e7o\u011fal\u0131yor, petrol fiyatlar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcksek olmas\u0131 ulusal b\u00fct\u00e7eyi rahatlat\u0131yor.<\/p>\n