{"id":16635,"date":"2020-07-27T13:11:07","date_gmt":"2020-07-27T18:11:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=16635"},"modified":"2020-09-27T13:14:43","modified_gmt":"2020-09-27T18:14:43","slug":"lazlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/lazlar\/","title":{"rendered":"LAZLAR"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

I- Lazlar\u0131n Tarih\u00e7esi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lazlar1<\/sup>, co\u011fraf\u00ee, tarihsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel olarak, bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen Kolkheti2<\/sup>\u00a0ile ili\u015fkili bir topluluktur.<\/p>\n

\"\"
Ali \u0130hsan AKSAMAZ
\nfacebook.com\/ali.aksamaz\/
\naksamaz@gmail.com<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Lazlar ve Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ait bilgiler san\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine, hi\u00e7 de yetersiz de\u011fildir. \u00d6zellikle Prokopius\u2019un aktard\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lazika ve Pers sava\u015flar\u0131yla ilgili bilgilere tamam\u0131yla ula\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Laz k\u0131rallar\u0131 da, tek tek isimleriyle bilinmektedir. 15 Laz k\u0131ral\u0131ndan s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Bu konularda yap\u0131lmakta olan akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar sonucunda, daha da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgilere ula\u015fmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Pers K\u0131r\u0131l\u0131 ve Bizansl\u0131 bir temsilci taraf\u0131ndan, antik d\u00f6neme kadar uzanan t\u00fcm Laz k\u0131rallar\u0131n\u0131n isim listesine de\u011finilmektedir.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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Ge\u00e7 Antik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019daki Lazika Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 (Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Roma\/ Bizans Yazarlar\u0131n\u0131n Eserlerinde Lazlar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cLazlar\u2019dan Laz3<\/sup>\u00a0ad\u0131yla, etnik bir topluluk olarak ilk kez s\u00f6z eden 1.y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Plinius olmu\u015ftur. Trabzon ile Do\u011fu Karadeniz ve K\u0131r\u0131m k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 131 y\u0131l\u0131nda dola\u015fan Arrianus, \u00fcnl\u00fc Co\u011frafyas\u0131\u2019n\u0131 150 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazan Ptolemeus, Bizans el\u00e7ilik heyetine kat\u0131larak 448 y\u0131l\u0131nda Attila\u2019n\u0131n saray\u0131na varm\u0131\u015f olan Priskos, 532 y\u0131l\u0131nda Belisarius\u2019un seferine kat\u0131larak Lazlar \u00fclkesini g\u00f6ren Prokopius, 552- 558 y\u0131llar\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 yazan Agathias, 558-582 y\u0131llar\u0131 olaylar\u0131n\u0131 yazan Menandros ve Theophanes gibi bir\u00e7ok yazar, Lazlar\u2019dan, Lazlar\u2019\u0131n kom\u015fular\u0131 ve Roma\/ Bizans ve Pers devletleriyle olan ili\u015fkilerinden ayr\u0131nt\u0131yla s\u00f6z eder.4<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u0130kinci y\u00fczy\u0131l tarih\u00e7isi Arrianus zaman\u0131nda, Lazlar, Sokhumi\u2019den ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Trabzon\u2019a kadar olan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. Roma\/ Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Laz dedikleri bu insanlara, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Abhaz-Abazalar, Megrel; Roma\/Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Lazika dedikleri devletlerine de, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler ve Abhaz-Abazalar Egrisi5<\/sup>\u00a0demekteydi. Gagra\u2019dan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere \u00c7oruh yata\u011f\u0131na kadar uzanan Lazika (=Egrisi) K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 etnik olarak bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Megrelya, \u0130meretya, Gurya ve Acara b\u00f6lgelerini kaps\u0131yordu. Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fu kesimindeki Lazlar, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Kolkheti= Lazika= Egrisi\/<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/em><\/strong>=\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0<\/em><\/strong>=\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Lazlar\u2019\u0131n en eski tarihleri, Kolkheti y\u00f6netim ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr alanlar\u0131yla yak\u0131ndan ili\u015fkilidir. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l Bizans tarih\u00e7isi Prokopius, \u2018eskiden kullan\u0131lan Kolh ad\u0131n\u0131n, Laz ad\u0131yla yer de\u011fi\u015ftirdi\u011fini\u20196<\/sup>\u00a0belirtirken, Prokopius\u2019un gen\u00e7 \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f\u0131 olan Agathias, Lazlar hakk\u0131nda \u015fu bilgileri de vermektedir: \u2018Lazlar, kuvvetli ve cesur olup, di\u011fer kabilelere de h\u00fckmetmektedirler. \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10ee\u10d8\/ Kolkh asl\u0131ndan gelmi\u015f olduklar\u0131ndan gurur duyuyorlar\u2026 B\u00f6yle zeki, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fkan, uzun deniz yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kan ve ticarette muvaffak olan ba\u015fka bir halk tan\u0131m\u0131yorum.\u20197<\/sup><\/p>\n

\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ Kolkheti ad\u0131ndan ilk kez, M.\u00d6. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131la ait Urartu Yaz\u0131tlar\u0131\u2019nda8<\/sup>\u00a0s\u00f6z edilmi\u015ftir. Kolkheti y\u00f6netim alan\u0131, yakla\u015f\u0131k olarak, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\/ Gagra9\u00a0<\/sup>\u00a0s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131ndan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, \u10ed\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\/ \u00c7oruh yata\u011f\u0131na kadar olan b\u00f6lgeyi kapsamaktayd\u0131. Kolkheti k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 ise, g\u00fcneyde Karadeniz\u2019i izleyerek Trabzon\u2019a10<\/sup>\u00a0kadar uzanmaktayd\u0131. Kolkheti\u2019nin etkinli\u011fi, kuzeyde K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a11<\/sup>\u00a0kadar da ula\u015fmaktayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

Milattan \u00f6ncesine dayanan \u00e7e\u015fitli yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nde ya\u015fayan, birbirleriyle kayna\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve Kolkheti vadisinde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 olan kabileleri zikreder.12<\/sup><\/p>\n

\"\"
Argonotlar\u0131n rotas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kolkheti, Homerik \u00c7a\u011f Grekleri\u2019nin ilgi alan\u0131yd\u0131.13\u00a0<\/sup>Argonotlar, Karadeniz\u2019i a\u015farak Alt\u0131n Post\u2019u ele ge\u00e7irmek i\u00e7in K\u0131ral Aeetes (=Ayet)\u2019in \u00fclkesi Kolkheti\u2019ye ayak basm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Alt\u0131n Post Efsanesi14<\/sup>, Grek tacirlerin, b\u00f6lgeyle olan ticari ili\u015fkileri konusunda \u00f6nemli ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f olan Rodoslu Apollonius\u2019un Argonotika adl\u0131 eserinde Phasis (\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\/ Rioni) Nehri\u2019ne\u00a0 ve Kolkheti\u2019nin y\u00f6netim merkezi Eia\u2019ya referans yapmaktad\u0131r.15<\/sup>\u00a0Bat\u0131 dillerine medicine olarak ge\u00e7en terimin, Kolkheti K\u0131ral\u0131 Ayet\u2019in ak\u0131ll\u0131 ve g\u00fczel k\u0131z\u0131 Medea\u2019n\u0131n ad\u0131ndan geldi\u011fi \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklar taraf\u0131ndan ileri s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr.\u00a016<\/sup><\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 7. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, Grek koloniciler Trabezus (\u10e2\u10d0\u10db\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\/Trabzon), Bathys (\u10d1\u10d0\u10d7\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\/ Batumi), Phasis (\u10e4\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \/ Poti), Diascurias (\u10e1\u10dd\u10ee\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\/ Sokhumi) ve Pitiunt (Pitsunda\/ \u10d1\u10d8\u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0) gibi ticaret merkezlerini, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131nda kurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar.17<\/sup><\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 401-400 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, ordusuyla birlikte G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019nden de ge\u00e7en \u10e5\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8 \/Ksenophon, Onbinlerin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc (\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\/Anabasis) adl\u0131 eserinde bu y\u00f6re kavimleri hakk\u0131nda bilgiler vermektedir.\u00a018<\/sup><\/p>\n

Homeros, Odysseia adl\u0131 eserinde, K\u0131ral Ayet\u2019in\u00a0 \u00fclkesi Kolkheti\u2019yi de anlatmaktad\u0131r.19<\/sup><\/p>\n

G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar, g\u00fcn \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lan en eski antik kent ve di\u011fer yerle\u015fim birimleri ve di\u011fer bulgular, yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar Kolkheti\u2019nin madd\u00ee zenginliklerini ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc g\u00f6zler \u00f6n\u00fcne sermektedir. Yap\u0131lan bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar, Kolkheti\u2019nin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu b\u00f6lgenin Eski Ta\u015f Devri\u2019nden beri insanlar\u0131n ya\u015fama alan\u0131 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir.20<\/sup><\/p>\n

Heredot\u2019un siyah M\u0131s\u0131rl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n \u00fclkesi olarak and\u0131\u011f\u0131 Kolkheti\u2019nin \u00fclke d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lan ve Kolkhuri Tetri denilen kendi g\u00fcne\u015f sikkeleri21<\/sup>\u00a0de vard\u0131.<\/p>\n

Karadeniz, Grekler ve Kolhlar aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli ve s\u00fcrekli\u00a0 bir rekabet alan\u0131yd\u0131.22<\/sup>\u00a0Kolkhlar, \u10ed\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\/\u00c7oruh (=Akampsis\u2019u) a\u015farak, Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusuna kadar olan b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fmeye ba\u015flam\u0131\u015flard\u0131. Kolkheti, M.\u00d6. 1.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren sald\u0131rganlara kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmak zorunda kald\u0131. Bu sald\u0131rganlardan ilki Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu idi.<\/p>\n

M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra, Kolkheti (=Lazika) ve \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\/ Kartli (=G\u00fcrcistan) aras\u0131nda, birbirleri \u00fczerine egemenlik kurmay\u0131 ama\u00e7layan s\u00fcrekli sava\u015flar ya\u015fand\u0131.23<\/sup>\u00a0Bu sava\u015flar sonucunda, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu b\u00f6lgeye askeri m\u00fcdahalede bulundu.<\/p>\n

Romal\u0131 sald\u0131rganlar, Kafkasya\u2019ya girdi\u011finde g\u00fcneyde \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131rall\u0131k bulunuyordu. Kolkheti (=Lazika) K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Kartli (=G\u00fcrcistan) K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Albanya K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131.24<\/sup>\u00a0Pompeius, M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ Albanya\u2019y\u0131 (67-66), Kartli\u2019yi (65) ve Kolkheti\u2019yi (Lazika) (64-63) ele ge\u00e7irdi.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"\"
M.\u00d6. 189-63 Anadolu ve Kafkasya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Kolkh= Laz\/ Kolkheti= Lazika<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cM.S. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Kolkh yerine Laz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Lazlar (=Megreller), \u00f6nce Pontus K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na ve\u00a0 daha sonra da Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na\u00a0 kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131k sava\u015f\u0131 ba\u015flatt\u0131lar. 69-79 y\u0131llar\u0131nda, Lazlar\u2019\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131nda bulunan Anicetus25<\/sup>, halk\u0131n\u0131 Romal\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ayakland\u0131rd\u0131. Romal\u0131lar, stratejik bir b\u00f6lge olan Lazika\u2019y\u0131 b\u0131rakmak istemiyorlard\u0131. Ancak Lazlar\u0131n \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck m\u00fccadelesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda Lazika\u2019y\u0131 terk etmek zorunda kald\u0131lar. Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 giderek g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ve bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgede hakim oldu.<\/p>\n

Lazika\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenrmesi, Laz ak\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00c7oruh\u2019u a\u015farak G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz\u00a0 B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne y\u00f6nelmesi ve Lazlar\u2019\u0131n bu b\u00f6lgeye kitlesel g\u00f6\u00e7leri, Pontus K\u0131ral\u0131 2. Polemon\u2019u tedirgin etti. 2. Polemon, k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Lazlar\u2019dan koruyabilmek i\u00e7in, h\u00fck\u00fcmetini Romal\u0131lar\u2019a teslim etti. K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Roma\u2019n\u0131n bir eyaleti haline geldi. Bu eyalete Pontus Polemonyakos26<\/sup>\u00a0ad\u0131 verildi. Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundan \u00c7oruh yata\u011f\u0131na kadar olan b\u00f6lge de Lazlar\u2019\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lge haline gelmesine ra\u011fmen Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kald\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>D\u00f6nemin Dengeleri ve Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, Romal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Lazika ad\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011fi Egrisi K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00fc\u00e7lendi ve 4. y\u00fczy\u0131lda y\u00f6netim alan\u0131n\u0131 Trabzon\u2019a kadar geni\u015fletemediyse de etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7ine ald\u0131. Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenip geni\u015flemesi, g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcrde Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan bir tehdit olu\u015fturmuyordu. Do\u011fudaki Roma varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Persler, Gotlar ve daha sonralar\u0131 da Hunlar taraf\u0131ndan bertaraf edilmek istenmesi, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 bu b\u00f6lgede Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7in do\u011fal m\u00fcttefik haline getirdi. Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesinde, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun gerilemesi de etkili oldu.27<\/sup><\/li>\n
  2. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar olduk\u00e7a geni\u015fleyen Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, bat\u0131da Atlas Okyanusu\u2019ndan, do\u011fuda Kafkas Da\u011flar\u0131\u2019na ve Dicle Nehri\u2019ne, kuzeyde Ren ve Tuna nehrine, g\u00fcneyde ise B\u00fcy\u00fck Sahra\u2019ya kadar uzanmaktayd\u0131. Bu s\u0131n\u0131rlar d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan barbar olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan kavimler (Germenler, Gotlar, Slavlar, Hunlar), Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun \u00e7e\u015fitli s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na s\u0131k s\u0131k ak\u0131nlar yap\u0131yorlard\u0131. Kavimler G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc, Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde zaafa u\u011fratt\u0131. 395 y\u0131l\u0131nda Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu ikiye ayr\u0131ld\u0131. Do\u011fu Roma\u2019n\u0131n merkezi Bizans oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, bu imparatorlu\u011fa Bizans dendi. Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi ve geni\u015flemesi de bu d\u00f6neme rastlar.28<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011fa y\u00f6nelmesini ve b\u00f6lgesel yay\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 kabullenmek zorundayd\u0131. Bu fiili durum, milattan sonraki ilk y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren, do\u011fuda ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olan Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun g\u00fc\u00e7 kaybetmesinin, Laz stratejistler taraf\u0131ndan \u00e7ok iyi de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015f olmas\u0131n\u0131n da bir g\u00f6stergesidir.<\/p>\n

    \"\"
    Lazika\u2019da kentsel geli\u015fim (Petra Kalesi Kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Etkileri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen Kolkheti\u2019yi iktisadi, siyasi ve askeri a\u00e7\u0131lardan birle\u015ftirdi. Lazika, bir Bizans vasal\u0131 olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, kendisine de ba\u011fl\u0131 vasallar\u0131 vard\u0131. Abazgiya, Svanetya ve ba\u011fl\u0131 di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerin de y\u00f6netiminde bulunanlar, Lazika k\u0131rallar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan atan\u0131yordu. Lazika\u2019ya vergi \u00f6demek ve kuzey s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131n korunmas\u0131 i\u00e7in asker vermek zorundayd\u0131lar.<\/p>\n

    Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 4. ve 5. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki iktisadi geli\u015fimi konusundaki bilgi k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131d\u0131r. Arkeolojik bulgular ve baz\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131 kaynaklar bu d\u00f6nem hakk\u0131nda bilgi edinmemize yard\u0131mc\u0131 olabilmektedir. O d\u00f6nemlere ait y\u00fcksek tar\u0131m uygulamas\u0131, \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k b\u00fcy\u00fck bir \u00f6neme sahipti. Hayvanc\u0131l\u0131k ve ormanc\u0131l\u0131k da geli\u015fkin bir d\u00fczeydeydi.<\/p>\n

    Sokhumi ve Pitsunda b\u00f6lgelerinde ele ge\u00e7irilen arkeolojik bulgular, Pontik Sinope\u2019den, Ege\u2019den amfora, \u00e7anak, \u00e7\u00f6mlek ve di\u011fer do\u011fu ve bat\u0131 merkezlerinden (K\u00f6ln, \u0130skenderiye) cam e\u015fyalar\u0131n sa\u011flanm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. ve 3. y\u00fczy\u0131l, \u00f6zellikle de 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda seramik ithalinde bir d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Bunun nedenlerinden biri olarak Got istilas\u0131ndan sonra \u00fcretim merkezlerindeki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u015f g\u00f6sterilebilir. \u0130thalattaki gerilemenin bir nedeni olarak da, Lazika\u2019da yerel seramik\u00e7ili\u011fin geli\u015fimi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilir.29<\/sup><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
      \"\"
      Lazika\u2019da maden i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

      Lazika\u2019da Kentsel Geli\u015fim<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

      \u201cG\u00fc\u00e7lenen Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, kentsel geli\u015fimi de h\u0131zland\u0131rd\u0131. 4. ve 5. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Lazika\u2019n\u0131n te\u015fvik etti\u011fi, k\u0131y\u0131 kentlerindeki \u00fcretim ve ticaret \u00f6nemli \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde geli\u015fti. Got ve Hun istilalar\u0131n\u0131n Bosfurus kentlerinde yol a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 gerilemeler, Lazika kentlerinde etkili olamad\u0131. Bunun en \u00f6nemli nedeni, Lazika\u2019n\u0131n kendi \u00f6z kaynaklar\u0131na dayanarak ithal \u00fcr\u00fcnlerini ik\u00e2me edebilmesidir.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. ve 5. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda Lazika\u2019da feodal ili\u015fkilerin yo\u011fun geli\u015fiminden s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyasi yap\u0131s\u0131, Kilise\u2019nin iktisadi geli\u015fimi ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k\u2019\u0131n yay\u0131lmas\u0131 ve kal\u0131c\u0131 olmas\u0131, bu geli\u015fmelerin g\u00f6stergelerindendir.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Lazika\u2019daki kentsel ve k\u0131rsal geli\u015fim Helenik modeli izlemi\u015ftir. Kolkheti antik k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcndeki yerel gelenekler, Bat\u0131, Roma ve Bizans k\u00fclt\u00fcr unsurlar\u0131yla bir sentez olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur. Seramikte Roma ve Bizans \u00e7e\u015fit ve \u015fekillerinden etkilenmek s\u00f6z konusuysa da, toprak \u00fcr\u00fcnlerinde yerel motifler belirgindir.<\/p>\n

        Roma ve Bizans etkileri, kentsel yap\u0131larda ve Kilise mimarisinde kolayl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclebilir.<\/p>\n

        Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Phasis (=Poti) kentinde \u00f6nemli bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr merkezi bulunmaktayd\u0131. Buradan yeti\u015fen \u00fcnl\u00fc filozoflara \u00f6rnek olarak 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l Grek filozofu Themistius g\u00f6sterilebilir.30<\/sup>\u201d<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        740\u2019larda Kafkasya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019a ba\u011flanan ticaret yollar\u0131 ve Lazika<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u201cLazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n y\u00f6netim ve etki alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki b\u00f6lge, \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir ge\u00e7i\u015f noktas\u0131yd\u0131. \u00c7in ve Hindistan\u2019a ba\u011flanan ticaret yollar\u0131n\u0131n Lazika topraklar\u0131ndan ge\u00e7mesi, bu b\u00f6lgeyi\u00a0 gerek Bizans ve gerekse Persler i\u00e7in bir \u00e7ekim alan\u0131 haline getiriyordu. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun b\u00f6lgedeki etkinli\u011fi, Pers \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nu rahats\u0131z ediyordu. E\u011fer Persler Lazika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irebilirlerse hem \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir stratejik b\u00f6lgede etkin olabilecek ve hem de uzun d\u00f6nemde Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131 b\u00f6lgeden atabileceklerdi.<\/p>\n

        Persler\u2019in, Lazika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek istemelerinin bir di\u011fer \u00f6nemli nedeni de m\u00fcttefik olarak g\u00f6rd\u00fckleri, Kafkas \u00f6nlerindeki ve Do\u011fu Avrupa\u2019daki kavimleri, Lazika\u2019y\u0131 bir \u00fcs olarak kullanarak Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in y\u00f6nlendirmek istemeleriydi. Bu d\u00f6nemde, Lazika y\u00f6netim alan\u0131nda bir\u00e7ok kale ve sur in\u015fa edilmi\u015ftir. Do\u011fu s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Persler\u2019e kar\u015f\u0131 korumak isteyen Bizansl\u0131lar, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n siyasi ve iktisadi g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc k\u0131s\u0131tlama yoluna gitti.31<\/sup><\/p>\n

        Persler, 2.Yezdigerd d\u00f6neminde, b\u00fcy\u00fck bir ordu ile sald\u0131r\u0131p \u00f6nce Ermenistan\u2019\u0131 sonra \u0130berya\u2019y\u0131 (Kartli= G\u00fcrcistan) ele ge\u00e7irdi. Persler\u2019in amac\u0131, bu b\u00f6lgeleri kullanarak Lazika\u2019y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek ve onlar\u0131 m\u00fcttefik haline getirmekti. Ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, Bizans i\u00e7in de, Lazika y\u00f6netim alan\u0131, Persler\u2019in yay\u0131lmac\u0131 politikalar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nemli bir b\u00f6lgeydi. Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Lazika\u2019n\u0131n gelirlerinden y\u00fcksek vergi almas\u0131, Bizans\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 olan ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fun artmas\u0131na neden oldu.<\/p>\n

        Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n uygulad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bask\u0131c\u0131 y\u00f6ntemler, Lazika halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda Bizans kar\u015f\u0131t\u0131 e\u011filimlerin her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn artmas\u0131na neden oldu. Bu e\u011filimlerin, Lazika\u2019da g\u00fc\u00e7lenmesi Persler i\u00e7in bulunmaz bir f\u0131rsatt\u0131. Ancak, Lazika K\u0131ral\u0131 Gubaz, gerek Bizans ve gerekse Persler aras\u0131ndaki \u00e7eli\u015fkilerden yararlanarak, dengeli bir d\u0131\u015f politika uygulamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015farak, y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki halklar\u0131n zarar g\u00f6rmelerini \u00f6nlemek d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesindeydi.<\/p>\n

        K\u0131ral Gubaz\u2019\u0131n Bizans kar\u015f\u0131t\u013132<\/sup>\u00a0ve Persler\u2019le m\u00fcttefikli\u011fe y\u00f6nelik politikas\u0131, Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131 olduk\u00e7a rahats\u0131z etti ve Lazika\u2019ya b\u00fct\u00fcn g\u00fc\u00e7leriyle sald\u0131rd\u0131lar. Y\u0131llarca s\u00fcren sava\u015flardan sonra, 465 y\u0131l\u0131nda Bizans ve Lazika aralar\u0131nda anlayarak \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalara son verdi.<\/p>\n

        Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nderi Gubaz\u2019\u0131n yerine, Tsate Lazika K\u0131ral\u0131 oldu.33<\/sup>\u201d<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        Do\u011fu Roma \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu, Anadolu ve Kafkasya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        Bizans\u2019\u0131n Lazika\u2019y\u0131 Etkisizle\u015ftirme ve B\u00f6lme S\u00fcreci<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u201cLazika k\u0131rallar\u0131n\u0131n, kendilerine sadakat g\u00f6stermeyece\u011fini ve Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundaki Laz n\u00fcfusun da kendileri i\u00e7in ileriye y\u00f6nelik potansiyel bir tehlike oldu\u011funu bilen Bizansl\u0131lar, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netim alt\u0131ndaki Abhaz-Abaza halklar\u0131n\u0131 ve Svanlar\u0131 Lazika\u2019dan ay\u0131rma planlar\u0131n\u0131 uygulamaya koydu. Bizans\u2019\u0131n amac\u0131, Lazika\u2019n\u0131n etno olu\u015fumlar\u0131n\u0131 ve siyasal etkinli\u011fini k\u0131rarak, bu k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde tarih sahnesinden silmekti. Bizansl\u0131lar, gerekti\u011finde de, Abhaz-Abaza, Svan halklar\u0131n\u0131 hem Lazlara ve hem de birbirlerine kar\u015f\u0131 sava\u015ft\u0131rmay\u0131 hesapl\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n

        Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n bu politikalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucu, 5.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n 70\u2019li y\u0131llar\u0131nda Svanlar34<\/sup>, Lazika\u2019dan ayr\u0131ld\u0131. 6. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ikinci yar\u0131s\u0131nda da Bizansl\u0131lar, Abhaz-Abaza halklar\u0131ndan baz\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 destekleyerek, Lazika y\u00f6netiminden ayr\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131lar. Lazika\u2019n\u0131n siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 darald\u0131, kendi etnik s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde bir devlet haline geldi. Bizans, Abhaz-Abazalar\u013135<\/sup>, Lazika ile ayn\u0131 stat\u00fcde kendine ba\u011flad\u0131.<\/p>\n

        Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fu kesiminden \u00c7oruh yata\u011f\u0131na kadar olan b\u00f6lgedeki Laz n\u00fcfusun yo\u011funlu\u011fu da, \u00c7oruh \u00f6tesindeki Lazika\u2019dan Svan, Abhaz-Abazalar\u0131n ayr\u0131lma e\u011filimlerinin Bizans taraf\u0131ndan desteklenmesinde etkili oldu.<\/p>\n

        Belirli bir s\u00fcre\u00e7 sonucunda da, o d\u00f6nemde sadece Lazlar\u2019dan olu\u015fan Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, Abhazya K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019na kat\u0131ld\u0131. 8. y\u00fczy\u0131la gelindi\u011finde art\u0131k Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yoktu.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eski etkinlik alan\u0131nda, n\u00fcfusunu Abhaz-Abazalar, Svanlar, Megrel-Lazlar ve b\u00f6lgeye Kartli\u2019den sonradan g\u00f6\u00e7 eden G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u2019in olu\u015fturdu\u011fu Abkhazya K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 tarih sahnesine \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131. 780\u2019lerde Abhazya K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 kuzeybat\u0131da Nikopsia\u2019ya (\u10e2\u10e3\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1\u10d4 \/Tuapse), g\u00fcneyde ise \u00c7oruh yata\u011f\u0131na uzan\u0131yordu. Kendisini Abhazya k\u0131ral\u0131 ilan eden Leon, 8. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n sonunda, k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Bizans egemenli\u011finden kurtard\u0131. Eski Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7oruh Vadisi\u2019nden Trabzon\u2019a kadar olan Lazlarla mesk\u00fbn etkinlik b\u00f6lgesi ise, yine Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n elinde kald\u0131.36<\/sup>\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
          \"\"
          387 ve 591 y\u0131llar\u0131nda Do\u011fu Roma\/ Bizans ve Sasani\/ Pers \u0130mparatorluklar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          Do\u011fu Karadeniz K\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na G\u00fcrc\u00fc G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cLazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rioni havzas\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcney kesimi, 5. ve 6. y\u00fczy\u0131llardaki Bizans-Pers Sava\u015flar\u0131 nedeniyle, Megrel-Laz n\u00fcfusunun tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 yitirmi\u015fti. Bu y\u00fczden, Arap istilac\u0131lardan etkilenen G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Kartli\u2019den kitlesel olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 ederek bu b\u00f6lgeye yerle\u015fti37<\/sup>. B\u00f6ylece, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131 Laz, H\u0131ristiyanlar\u0131 Megrel olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan Megrel-Lazlar aras\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u2019den olu\u015fan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Gurya\/Acara olarak bilinen tampon b\u00f6lge olu\u015ftu38<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

          Lazika\u2019n\u0131n tarih sahnesinden silinmesinden sonra, Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fu sahillerinde ya\u015fayan Lazlar\u0131 bir\u00e7ok zorluk bekliyordu. Bu olumsuz \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda, Lazlar\u2019\u0131n kuzeydeki karde\u015fleri Megreller de s\u00fcrekli sava\u015f ve i\u015fgaller nedeniyle g\u00fc\u00e7s\u00fcz duruma d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc. Yard\u0131m ula\u015ft\u0131racak g\u00fc\u00e7leri yoktu.\u201d<\/p>\n

          \"\"
          G\u00fcrc\u00fc Krali\u00e7esi Tamara iktidar\u0131nda (1184-1213 ) Kafkasya<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

          G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de Tampon Bir Laz Devleti<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u201cAbhaz, Ran, \u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ Kkahet, Sometlerin K\u0131rali\u00e7esi \u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\/ Tamara39<\/sup>\u00a0zaman\u0131nda aktif bir d\u0131\u015f politika izlendi40<\/sup>. K\u0131rali\u00e7e Tamara d\u00f6neminde, Karadeniz\u2019den Hazar Denizi\u2019ne kadar olan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 etnik k\u00f6kenlerden olan halklar konfederal bir yap\u0131lanmaya gitti. Ha\u00e7l\u0131 Seferleri\u2019nden ve Bizans Saray\u0131\u2019ndaki iktidar \u00e7at\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan yararlan\u0131ld\u0131. Bizans \u00fczerine giden konfederal ordu, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019deki Lazlar\u2019\u0131n da aktif deste\u011fiyle \u00c7oruh\u2019tan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesinde etkili oldu. Ama\u00e7 konfederal yap\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine, etnik olarak Lazlar\u2019dan olu\u015fan bir Laz Devletini de katarak, bu b\u00f6lgede Sel\u00e7uklu ve Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131, konfederal y\u00f6netimin g\u00fcvenli\u011fini bu tampon Laz devletiyle peki\u015ftirmekti41<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

          Latinler\u2019in 1204\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019u i\u015fgal etmeleriyle, Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu zaafa u\u011frad\u0131. Bu geli\u015fmeler, konfederal k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 Trabzon\u2019u i\u00e7ine alacak \u015fekilde geni\u015fletmesine yard\u0131mc\u0131 oldu. Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na Prens David Kommenon ge\u00e7ti. Trabzon y\u00f6resine de Laz n\u00fcfusun ak\u0131\u015f\u0131 h\u0131zland\u013142<\/sup>. Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki, Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n konfederal y\u00f6netimlerinin etkisi ve Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fu kesimlerindeki Lazlar\u2019\u0131n, Bizans boyunduru\u011fundan kurtulmas\u0131 Bizansl\u0131lar\u0131 rahats\u0131z ediyordu43<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

          Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6netiminde, Bizans yanl\u0131s\u0131 gruplar ile Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n konfederal y\u00f6netimlerinin destekledi\u011fi Lazlar aras\u0131nda k\u0131yas\u0131ya bir iktidar m\u00fccadelesi ba\u015flad\u0131. W.E.D. Allen, bu konuda \u015fu tespiti yap\u0131yor: \u2018Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n politika sahnesinde Kasaba Partisi ve Ta\u015fra Partisi aras\u0131nda varolan husumetin ger\u00e7ekte Lazlar ve Grekler aras\u0131ndaki etnik bir husumet oldu\u011funu hat\u0131rlatmak c\u00fcretk\u00e2r bir davran\u0131\u015f olmayacakt\u0131r.\u201944<\/sup><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10e6\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \/Mo\u011follar, Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n olu\u015fturdu\u011fu ve ba\u015f\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fc k\u0131ral\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu konfederal yap\u0131y\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irdi. Bu i\u015fgal 150 y\u0131l kadar s\u00fcrd\u00fc45<\/sup>. Bu yap\u0131 14. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda, Mo\u011fol istilas\u0131ndan kurtularak tekrar ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131na kavu\u015ftu. 15. y\u00fczy\u0131lda ise, bu kez Osmanl\u0131 ve Pers devletleri g\u00fc\u00e7lenmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Bu iki devlet aras\u0131nda, \u00d6n Asya\u2019da h\u00e2kimiyet m\u00fccadelesi ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
            \"\"
            Trabzon \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irmesi (1461)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun Sonu<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201cLazlar\u2019\u0131n, Bizansl\u0131lar\u2019la olan m\u00fccadelesi, 1453\u2019te Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n Bizans \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019na son vermeleriyle bitti. Sultan 2. Mehmet, Karadeniz\u2019i bir Osmanl\u0131 g\u00f6l\u00fc haline getirmek istiyordu46<\/sup>. Tahta \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz 1451\u2019de Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na 50 kad\u0131rga g\u00f6nderdi. Batumi ve Sokhumi\u2019de etkinlik kurarak, bu b\u00f6lgelerde ya\u015fayan Abhaz-Abazalar\u0131, Megrel-Lazlar\u0131 ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcleri y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131na almaya ba\u015flad\u0131. B\u00f6ylelikle, bug\u00fcn Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen b\u00f6lge, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine bir anlamda girdi. Bu yeni durumla, Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 da do\u011fusundan ku\u015fat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu. \u10e1\u10dd\u10ed\u10d8\/ So\u00e7i\u2019den ba\u015flayan, kuzeybat\u0131ya do\u011fru, Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131 ise, K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131ndayd\u0131. Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fu kesimlerinde, bug\u00fcn oldu\u011fu gibi o d\u00f6nemde de ya\u015fayan Rumlar\u2019la \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve s\u00fcrt\u00fc\u015fme i\u00e7indeydiler. Lazlar, bir bak\u0131ma Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmek isteyen Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki durumundayd\u0131.<\/p>\n

            1461\u2019de Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n, Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeleriyle birlikte, Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundaki Lazlar da yava\u015f yava\u015f Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine girmeye ba\u015flad\u013147<\/sup>. Batumi dolay\u0131ndaki Lazlar, kuzeydeki Megrel-Lazlar ise 10 y\u0131l kadar \u00f6nce Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimiyle temasa ge\u00e7mi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

            Trabzon\u2019dan Batumi\u2019ye kadar olan b\u00f6lgede ya\u015fayan Lazlar, 1461 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Trabzon K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Osmanl\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irilmesinden \u00e7ok sonralar\u0131 da, Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n m\u00fcttefiki olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fcklerinden, fiili ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 korudu. Ancak 1580\u2019den sonra ba\u015flayan bir s\u00fcre\u00e7le \u0130slamiyet\u2019e ge\u00e7(iril)di. 1840\u2019lara48<\/sup>\u00a0kadar\u00a0 da derebeylerinin y\u00f6netiminde \u00f6zerk bir yap\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fad\u0131lar.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7indeki Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Osmanl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi ve Laz Derebeyleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            1519\u2019da Trabzon, Batumi\u2019nin de d\u00e2hil edilmesiyle, ayr\u0131 bir eyalet haline getirildi. Bu b\u00f6lgeyi 1640\u2019da dola\u015fm\u0131\u015f olan Evliya \u00c7elebi\u2019ye g\u00f6re, eyaletin be\u015f sanca\u011f\u0131 \u015funlard\u0131: Canik, Trabzon, G\u00f6nye (=Gonia), A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Batumi ve Yukar\u0131 Batumi, Lazistan\u2019\u0131n merkezi G\u00f6nye idi. Kazalar\u0131 ise, Atina (=Pazar), Sumla, Vi\u00e7e\/ Bi\u00e7e (=Witse) ve Arhavi idi49<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimi, G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ni y\u00f6netsel birimlere ay\u0131rd\u0131. Koch, 15 Laz derebeyli\u011fi sayar: Atina (=Pazar, iki), Bulep, Arta\u015fin (=Arde\u015fen), Vi\u00e7e, Kapiste, Arhavi, Kisse, Hopa, Makria (=Makriali), Gonia (G\u00f6nye), Batumi, Maradit (=Maradidi), Perlevan ve \u00c7at derebeylikleri. Son \u00fc\u00e7 derebeylik topraklar\u0131, \u00c7oruh \u00fczerinde, bu nehir vadisini as\u0131l \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\/ \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ Lazistan\u2019dan ay\u0131ran da\u011f\u0131n ard\u0131nda idi50<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            B\u00f6lgenin, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7mesiyle, gerek Trabzon\u2019un do\u011fusundan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere Batumi\u2019yi de i\u00e7ine alan topraklarda ya\u015fayan Lazlar ve gerekse kuzeydeki Megrel- Lazlar ayn\u0131 y\u00f6netimin tebas\u0131 oluyorlard\u0131.\u201d<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de Laz \u0130syanlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201c19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, 1814-1817, 1818-1821 ve 1832-1834 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgelerinde, Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netiminin, derebeylerin yetkilerini k\u0131s\u0131tlamak istemesinden dolay\u0131 Laz isyanlar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u013151<\/sup>. Trabzon Valisi Osman Pa\u015fa, bu ba\u015fkald\u0131r\u0131lara son vermek i\u00e7in, Laz derebeylerinin n\u00fcfuzlar\u0131n\u0131 kurmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131, ancak ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamad\u013152<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            Yeni Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201c1851\u2019de Acara \u00e7evresi, A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 Gurya ile birlikte, kurulmu\u015f olan Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019na ba\u011fland\u013153<\/sup>. 1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131 Rus sava\u015flar\u0131 sonucu Batumi\u2019nin Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesiyle birlikte, Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n merkezi olan Batumi\u2019den Rize\u2019ye ta\u015f\u0131nd\u0131. \u015eemseddin Sami Kamus-ul Al\u00e2m\u2019da bu yeni sancak alan\u0131n\u0131n sahil uzunlu\u011funun 120 km. ve geni\u015fli\u011finin 25-30 km. aras\u0131nda oldu\u011funu, Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Rize, Atina, Hopa isimleriyle \u00fc\u00e7 kazaya, 6 nahiyeye ve 364 k\u00f6ye ayr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 yazar54<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"<\/p>\n

            M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar\u0131n Osmanl\u0131 Topraklar\u0131na G\u00f6\u00e7\u00fc<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201c1877-1878 Osmanl\u0131 Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 sonucunda, yerlisi olduklar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerin ve Batumi\u2019nin Ruslar\u0131n eline ge\u00e7mesinden sonra, M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na kitlesel olarak g\u00f6\u00e7 etti ve \u0130zmid Sanca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde bulunan ve bug\u00fcn de ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelere yerle\u015ftirildi55<\/sup>. Osmanl\u0131-Rus sava\u015flar\u0131nda Laz g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcler Ruslar\u2019a kar\u015f\u0131 Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n saf\u0131nda \u00e7arp\u0131\u015ft\u013156<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            1880-1920 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda yar\u0131m milyon kadar Laz, Batumi\u2019den ba\u015flamak \u00fczere, Krasnodar, Odesa ve Ukrayna\u2019ya kadar uzanan k\u0131y\u0131 \u015feridinde ya\u015famaktayd\u0131. 1926 n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6re, Abhazya\u2019da 1875 M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Laz ya\u015famaktayd\u013157<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            K\u0131r\u0131m Sava\u015f\u0131 (Malakhov)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Ruslar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya Sarkmalar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201cRuslar\u2019\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019ya girebilmeleri, Cengiz Han\u2019\u0131n o\u011fullar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kurulan Alt\u0131n Ordu Devleti\u2019nin miras\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 durumundaki Mo\u011fol hanl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n ortadan kalkmas\u0131 sonucunda ger\u00e7ekle\u015febildi. Ruslar\u2019\u0131n, 16.y\u00fczy\u0131lda Astrahan Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 ele ge\u00e7irmeleri onlara Hazar Denizi\u2019ne ula\u015fman\u0131n yolunu a\u00e7t\u0131. Rusya-\u0130ran s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131 uzunca bir s\u00fcre Terek Nehri ile \u00e7izildi. Bat\u0131da Osmanl\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n K\u0131r\u0131m Hanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 korumalar\u0131, K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131n da \u00c7erkesleri ve di\u011fer Kafkasyal\u0131 halklar\u0131 korumas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131. Osmanl\u0131lar, 1774\u2019te Osmanl\u0131-Rus Antla\u015fmas\u0131 ile K\u0131r\u0131m \u00fczerindeki haklar\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti. K\u0131r\u0131m 1783\u2019te Ruslar taraf\u0131ndan ele ge\u00e7irildi58<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Ruslar\u2019\u0131n b\u00f6lgede etkili olmaya ba\u015flamalar\u0131ndan \u00f6nce, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, bug\u00fcn G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen co\u011frafyada \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131rall\u0131k bulunuyordu. Ba\u015fkent Tiflis olan Kartli K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131, kuzeydo\u011fuda Kahetya K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bat\u0131da da Kutaisi civar\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduran \u0130mereti K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bu k\u0131rall\u0131klar\u0131n ilk ikisini \u0130ranl\u0131lar, sonuncusunu da Osmanl\u0131lar denetliyordu. Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bu \u00fc\u00e7 k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n egemenlik alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kuzeyde So\u00e7i-Sokhumi aras\u0131 Abhazya\u2019ya, Sokhumi-Poti aras\u0131 Megrelya\u2019ya, g\u00fcneyde Poti-Batumi aras\u0131 Gurya\u2019ya aitti. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 prenslik Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya hara\u00e7la ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcneybat\u0131da ise, Samshe ve Saatabego prenslikleri vard\u0131. Bu prensler, zamanla \u0130slamiyet\u2019i benimsedi ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131 birer valilik haline geldi59<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Bug\u00fcn, kin y\u00fckl\u00fc anti-Rus s\u00f6ylemlerine ra\u011fmen G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Transkafkasya\u2019da ilk ayak basabilecekleri yeri \u00c7arist Rusya\u2019ya verdiklerinden dolay\u0131 sorumludur. B\u00fcy\u00fck Katerine\u2019n\u0131n Rusyas\u0131 ile yapt\u0131klar\u0131 1783 Georgievsk Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019yla G\u00fcrc\u00fc askeri yolunun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015f oldular60<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131 ile dostluk anla\u015fmas\u0131 imzalayan K\u0131ral 2. Erekle\u2019nin unvanlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi: \u2018Tanr\u0131n\u0131n izniyle, Y\u00fcce imparatorlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcrmetk\u00e2r\u0131 Kartli-Kahheti K\u0131ral\u0131, Samtshe-Saatabego, kazakhi, Bar\u00e7alo, \u015eam\u015fadile, Kaki, \u015eamahi, \u015eirvan Gence ve Erivan h\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 Erekle 2.\u2019<\/p>\n

            1783\u2019te K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019\u0131 ilhak etmelerinden sonra, Ruslar ertesi y\u0131l Petrovsk\u2019u ve kentin Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019daki artb\u00f6lgesini i\u015fgal etti ve Kahetya\u2019y\u0131 kendine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan Kartli (=G\u00fcrcistan) K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131 korumalar\u0131 alt\u0131na ald\u0131lar. Ruslar, Vladikafkas kentini kurdu ve G\u00fcrcistan ile do\u011frudan ili\u015fki kurmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n veren Daryali Bo\u011faz\u0131\u2019n\u0131 a\u00e7t\u0131. Son Kartli (=G\u00fcrcistan) k\u0131ral\u0131, \u00f6l\u00fcrken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vasiyetle, k\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rakt\u0131. 1803\u2019te \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\/ Megrelya, 1804\u2019te \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\/ \u0130mereti ve \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0 \/Gurya Rusya\u2019ya ba\u011fland\u013161<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            (20. y\u00fczy\u0131l ba\u015flar\u0131) Safev\u00ee\/Pers\/ \u0130ran \u015eah\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 ve Rus \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019daki topraklar\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            De\u011fi\u015fen S\u0131n\u0131rlar ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve m\u00fcttefikleriyle, Rusya Bol\u015fevik H\u00fck\u00fcmeti aras\u0131nda imzalanan, 3 Mart 1918 Brest-Litovsk Anla\u015fmas\u0131 ile 1877-78 Osmanl\u0131-Rus Sava\u015f\u0131 tazminat\u0131n\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k olarak Rusya\u2019ya b\u0131rak\u0131lan Batumi, tekrar Osmanl\u0131 y\u00f6netimine ge\u00e7ince, bu y\u00f6rede ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar tekrar Osmanl\u0131 tebaas\u0131 oldu. 30 Ekim 1918\u2019de Mondros M\u00fctarekesi\u2019ni imzalayan Osmanl\u0131 Devleti, m\u00fctareke \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n 2. maddesi uyar\u0131nca Batumi\u2019den \u00e7ekildi. Batumi 1920 Temmuz\u2019una kadar \u0130ngiliz y\u00f6netiminde kald\u0131. \u0130ngilizler, i\u015fgal alt\u0131nda tuttuklar\u0131 b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkasya ile birlikte Batumi\u2019yi de bo\u015faltt\u0131klar\u0131 zaman, buraya G\u00fcrcistan H\u00fck\u00fcmeti el koydu. Bir s\u00fcre Men\u015fevik G\u00fcrc\u00fc H\u00fck\u00fcmeti\u2019nin y\u00f6netiminde kalan Batumi Lazlar\u0131, 16 Mart 1921\u2019de Ardahan ve Artvin\u2019le birlikte T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimine girdi. T\u00fcrk y\u00f6netimine giren bu sancakta yap\u0131lan se\u00e7im sonucu, be\u015f ki\u015fi Batumi milletvekili olarak Birinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Millet Meclisi\u2019ne kat\u0131ld\u0131. Ayn\u0131 tarihte, Moskova\u2019da imzalanan T\u00fcrkiye-Rusya Muhadenet Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ikinci maddesi, Batumi \u015fehir ve liman\u0131yla, Batumi Sanca\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgesinin bir k\u0131sm\u0131 \u00fczerindeki T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin metbuiyet hakk\u0131n\u0131, burada ya\u015fayan ahalinin geni\u015f bir \u00f6zerkli\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 ve T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Batumi Liman\u0131\u2019ndan serbest\u00e7e yararlanmas\u0131 kayd\u0131yla, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019a b\u0131rakmas\u0131yla, 19 Mart\u2019ta T\u00fcrk Ordusu Batumi\u2019den \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Di\u011fer halklarla birlikte Lazlar da G\u00fcrc\u00fc y\u00f6netimine girdi. Sovyetler Birli\u011fi, anla\u015fman\u0131n h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine uyarak bu b\u00f6lgede Acarya (=A\u00e7\u0306aristan) \u00d6zerk Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kurdu ve Batumi de bu y\u00f6netimin merkezi oldu62<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            16 Mart 1921 T\u00fcrk-Rus Anla\u015fmas\u0131 \u00fczerine, bir k\u0131s\u0131m M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Laz T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye g\u00f6\u00e7 etmek zorunda kald\u013163<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Niko Marr ve eseri<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Osmanl\u0131 Lazlar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar\u0131 \u0130\u00e7in M\u00fccadeleleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201cBilim adam\u0131 \u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\/ Niko Marr, 1910 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Lazistan\u0131\u2019na dilbilim \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in gitti\u011finde, kendisiyle tan\u0131\u015fan Laz ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 \u0131srarla ihtiya\u00e7 duyduklar\u0131n\u0131n Laz dili grameri oldu\u011funu, b\u00f6yle bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmay\u0131 yabanc\u0131 dilde de olsa T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u00e7evirerek yararlanabileceklerini belirtmi\u015flerdir64<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Niko Marr, alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda Faik Efendi ad\u0131nda bir Laz ayd\u0131n\u0131yla tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Faik Efendi\u2019nin Sultan Abd\u00fclhamid d\u00f6neminde Lazca Alfabe olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in giri\u015fimlerde bulundu\u011funu, bu \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netim taraf\u0131ndan ho\u015f kar\u015f\u0131lanmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, Faik Efendi\u2019nin tutuklanarak zindana at\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve dok\u00fcmanlar\u0131n\u0131n ate\u015fe verildi\u011fini yazar.<\/p>\n

            \u0130stanbul\u2019da Laz Dernekleri<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Lazlar\u2019\u0131n 1914\u2019te kurulan Laz Talebe Cemiyeti ve 1919\u2019da kurulan Laz Tek\u00e2m\u00fcl-\u00fc Milliye Cemiyeti, ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 olmayan, ancak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck g\u00fcden Lazlar\u2019\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 aras\u0131ndad\u0131r65<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Laz takas\u0131<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Lazlar\u0131n Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131\u2019na ve Cumhuriyete Katk\u0131lar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201cLazlar\u2019\u0131n, k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kay\u0131klar\u0131yla olan denizcilik faaliyetleri, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Aral\u0131klarla gelen engellemelere ra\u011fmen b\u00fcy\u00fck miktarda silah ve m\u00fchimmat Batumi\u2019den Samsun\u2019a Laz takalar\u0131yla ta\u015f\u0131nd\u013166<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Lazlar, di\u011fer Osmanl\u0131 tebaalar\u0131 gibi, Cumhuriyet\u2019in kurulmas\u0131nda fedak\u00e2rl\u0131kta bulundular, emek verdiler.<\/p>\n

            Cumhuriyet d\u00f6nemiyle birlikte, y\u00f6netime h\u00e2kim olan tek ulus, tek dil anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131 \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131 la\u011fvedildi. Eskiden Lazistan Sanca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7inde yer alan ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Lazlar\u2019\u0131n yo\u011funlukla ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131, Pazar, Arde\u015fen ve F\u0131nd\u0131kl\u0131 Rize iline, Arhavi ve Hopa il\u00e7eleri de Artvin iline ba\u011fland\u0131. Bu y\u00f6relerdeki tarihsel yerle\u015fim birimlerinin adlar\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirildi\u201d 67.<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            Almanya\u2019da yay\u0131nlanan \u201cLazuri Ambarepe\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde T\u00fcrkiye Lazlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201c1984\u2019te Lazlara y\u00f6nelik olarak Fahri Lazo\u011flu\/ Wolfgang Feurstein\u2019n\u0131 haz\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 Lazuri Alfabe (Laz Alfabesi); Osman Tamtruli\u2019nin nananena-Lazuri Berepe\u015feni (Anadil-\u00c7ocuklar \u0130\u00e7in Lazlar); Lazuri Ambarepe (Lazca Haberler) Lazebura ve Mjora gibi yay\u0131nlar ve 1992\u2019de kendisini deklare eden Laz Dilini ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Vakf\u0131 Giri\u015fim Komitesi, 1993\u2019de yay\u0131n hayat\u0131na ba\u015flayan ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e ve Lazca olarak yay\u0131mlanan Ogni Dergisi, Zu\u011fa\u015fi Berepe (Denizin \u00c7ocuklar\u0131) adl\u0131 m\u00fczik toplulu\u011fu ve Lazca \u015fark\u0131lar s\u00f6yleyen Birol Topalo\u011flu T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Lazlar\u0131n siyasi ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131 olmayan, ancak k\u00fclt\u00fcrel nitelikli faaliyetlerine \u00f6rnek say\u0131labilir. Ayr\u0131ca, 1992\u2019de Almanya\u2019da bir grup Laz ayd\u0131n taraf\u0131ndan kurulan ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Lazolog Wolfgang Feurstein\u2019\u0131n s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc G\u00fcney Kafkas Dilleri ve K\u00fclt\u00fcrleri Derne\u011fi ve ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 Selma Ko\u00e7iva\u2019n\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 Laz Dili ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc Ya\u015fatma ve Koruma Birli\u011fi de \u00f6nemli kurumlard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n

            \"\"
            M\u00e7\u0306ita Murun\u0292xi\u201d (\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201d) adl\u0131 Lazca gazete ve Alboni (Alfabe)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

            Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Lazlar\u0131<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            Sovyet y\u00f6netiminin ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda olduk\u00e7a \u00f6zg\u00fcr olan, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Lazlar\u0131, n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131na kendi etnik kimlikleriyle kaydedildi. Lazca okullar a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131. Laz \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kendi anadillerinde de e\u011fitim g\u00f6rmeye ba\u015flad\u0131. Lazca, 1920\u2019li y\u0131llarda yaz\u0131l\u0131 bir dil haline geldi. Latin Alfabesi\u2019ne dayal\u0131 bir alfabe kullan\u0131ma sokuldu. Lazca ders kitaplar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, k\u00fclt\u00fcr hayat\u0131yla ilgili kitaplar da yay\u0131mlanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Lazca tiyatro eserleri sergilendi, gazete ve bro\u015f\u00fcrler \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131ld\u0131. Bu s\u00fcre\u00e7 i\u00e7inde \u10db\u10ed\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8 \/ \u201cM\u00e7\u0306ita Murun\u0292xi\u201d (\u201cK\u0131z\u0131l Y\u0131ld\u0131z\u201d) adl\u0131 bir de gazete yay\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Lazlar, 1939\u2019dan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere n\u00fcfus kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d68<\/sup>\u00a0olarak kaydedildi. 1937-38 d\u00f6neminde Lazlar\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck bilim adam\u0131, \u015fair ve Lazca okullar direkt\u00f6r\u00fc \u10d8\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0 \u10ed\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\/ \u0130skender Tzita\u015fi katledildi. Laz Halk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00f6nderleri bask\u0131lara u\u011frad\u0131. Laz Halk\u0131\u2019n\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcr \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gaddarca engellendi. G\u00fcrc\u00fc okullar\u0131nda e\u011fitime zorlanarak, Laz Dili\u2019nin \u00f6l\u00fc bir dil haline getirilmesi s\u00fcreci h\u0131zland\u0131r\u0131lmak istendi.<\/p>\n

            1949\u2019da, Lazlar\u2019\u0131n tarihsel yerle\u015fim alan\u0131 olan, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan Y\u00f6resi\u2019nden binlerce Laz Kazakistan\u2019a s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. Toplam n\u00fcfuslar\u0131 20 bine indirgendi. Bu insanlar s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fckleri yerlerde eritilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u013169<\/sup>. T\u00fcrkiye s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na yak\u0131n b\u00f6lgelerden, Do\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de ya\u015fayan M\u00fcsl\u00fcman soyda\u015flar\u0131ndan kopart\u0131lan bu insanlar\u0131n neden b\u00f6yle bir tehcire tabi tutulduklar\u0131 ve su\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011fu halen anla\u015f\u0131labilmi\u015f de\u011fildir. Tekrar kopart\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 topraklar\u0131na d\u00f6nebilmeleri i\u00e7in de hi\u00e7bir giri\u015fimde bulunulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

            II-K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Ya\u015fam<\/strong>1<\/sup><\/p>\n

            \u201cLazlar, bir veya iki G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Rus dilbilimcisi d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, y\u00fczeysel olarak bile incelenmemi\u015flerdir. Dilleri, gelerek ve g\u00f6renekleri, sahillerinin arkeolojisinin titiz, bilimsel bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmayla incelenmesi tarihsel bir\u00e7ok soruna \u0131\u015f\u0131k tutacakt\u0131r2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Ge\u00e7ti\u011fimiz y\u00fczy\u0131l (19. yy.), Kuzey Kafkasya ve Transkafkasya\u2019da yap\u0131lan arkeolojik kaz\u0131lar, Argonotika\u2019da korunan, Bronz \u00c7a\u011f d\u00f6neminde, Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fu sahilleri etraf\u0131nda varolan refah ve uygarl\u0131k hakk\u0131ndaki hik\u00e2yeyi teyit etmi\u015ftir3<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Lazlar\u2019\u0131n madd\u00ee ve manev\u00ee k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerinin, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgeyle s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkisi vard\u0131r4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

            Lazlar\u2019\u0131n madde ve manevi k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerine ili\u015fkin veriler, alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 yapacak yerli ve yabanc\u0131 bilim adamlar\u0131n\u0131n ilgisini olduk\u00e7a \u00e7ekecek zenginliktedir.<\/p>\n

            Lazlarda Yap\u0131c\u0131l\u0131k<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u201cLazlar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011fu yap\u0131 ustas\u0131d\u0131r. Esas olarak yar\u0131 k\u00e2gir tipte yapt\u0131klar\u0131 evler birer sanat eseridir. Sekize kadar varan direkler \u00fczerine kurulan erzak depolar\u0131 hemen g\u00f6ze \u00e7arpar5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar, Laz yap\u0131lar\u0131 genellikle yontulmam\u0131\u015f, yuvarlak kereste ile yap\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. Bina temeli ta\u015fla \u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr, toprak y\u00fczeyinde yeteri kadar y\u00fckseltildikten sonra, kereste ile duvarlar olu\u015fturulurdu. Bu duvarlar \u00fczerine, tam ortadan boydan boya kalas uzat\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131. \u00c7at\u0131, bu kalas\u0131n iki taraf\u0131nda olu\u015fturulurdu.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Yeni bitirilen bir evde, oca\u011f\u0131n ilk tutu\u015fturulmas\u0131 i\u015flemi b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131rd\u0131. Ate\u015fi tutu\u015fturacak olan ki\u015finin, anne ve babas\u0131 sa\u011f bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu olmas\u0131 u\u011furlu say\u0131l\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n

              Eski Laz evleri, \u00e7ok zarif, ince el oymac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00f6rnekleriyle bezelidir. \u0130\u015flenen motifler aras\u0131nda, \u00fcz\u00fcm \u00e7ubu\u011fu motifi olduk\u00e7a yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Ta\u015f \u00fczerine bitki ve hayvan motifleri i\u015flemek Lazlar\u2019\u0131n binlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k geleneklerindendir6<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              Laz ustalar taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan ve geleneksel motiflerle bezenmi\u015f evlere Acarya, Gurya, Megrelya ve \u0130meretya\u2019da g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile s\u0131kl\u0131kla rastlamak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.\u201d<\/p>\n

              Megrellerde D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Do\u011fum<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cHamile kad\u0131n a\u011f\u0131r y\u00fck kald\u0131rmamal\u0131 ve gece yolculu\u011funa \u00e7\u0131kmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Ayr\u0131ca ceviz ve f\u0131nd\u0131k gibi yiyeceklerden ka\u00e7\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekir. Buna uymayan kad\u0131nlar\u0131n \u00e7illi bebek do\u011furaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Kad\u0131n\u0131n, hamileli\u011finin dokuzuncu ay\u0131nda avluda oturup, ete\u011fine m\u0131s\u0131r ufalayarak ata yedirmesi de u\u011furlu say\u0131l\u0131r. Lo\u011fusan\u0131n s\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcn bol olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, ba\u015f\u0131na boz renkli bir ta\u015f as\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Bebek do\u011far do\u011fmaz, ev halk\u0131 bebe\u011fin cinsiyetini sorar. Erkekse \u00e7ok sevinilir. Evin balkonuna \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r ve havaya birka\u00e7 el silah at\u0131l\u0131r. Silah atma i\u015fi, erkeklerin bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlarda, kad\u0131nlar taraf\u0131ndan da yerine getirilebilir. Daha sonra bebe\u011fin babas\u0131na m\u00fcjdeci ko\u015fturulur. M\u00fcjdeci \u00f6d\u00fcls\u00fc b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              Lo\u011fusa kad\u0131n\u0131 ziyaret etmek, ancak kad\u0131nlara d\u00fc\u015fer. Erkek karde\u015fleri \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnden sonra ziyarete gidebilir. Bebek, ziyarete giden akrabalar\u0131n kuca\u011f\u0131na konur, hediye beklenir.<\/p>\n

              Bebe\u011fin kesilen g\u00f6bek kordonu cami avlusuna g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. B\u00f6ylelikle bebe\u011fin ak\u0131ll\u0131 olaca\u011f\u0131na inan\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Bebe\u011fin sa\u011fl\u0131k durumunu izlemek ve onun uzun \u00f6m\u00fcrl\u00fc olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, k\u0131rk g\u00fcn s\u00fcreyle, terazinin bir kefesine bebek, di\u011fer kefesine a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca taze bal\u0131k konur. Bebe\u011fin a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca taze bal\u0131k, her g\u00fcn topra\u011fa g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr. Bu gelenekle. Bebe\u011fin k\u00f6t\u00fc kaderden uzakla\u015fmas\u0131 umut edilir.<\/p>\n

              Bebe\u011fe ait bezler ve giysiler, g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131ndan sonra avluda, ipte b\u0131rak\u0131lmaz. E\u011fer unutulursa, giysiler ate\u015f \u00fczerinde gezdirilerek, \u00fczerine sindi\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlar uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r. Ak\u015fam ezan\u0131ndan sonra eve gelen, evin erkekleri de bebe\u011fi do\u011frudan kucaklar\u0131na alamaz. Yanan oca\u011f\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131na gider, giysilerini silkeleyerek k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlardan ar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

              Do\u011fumdan bir hafta sonra, bebe\u011fe isim konur. \u00c7ocu\u011fa isim koyma hakk\u0131, dede ve nineye aittir. E\u011fer onlar sa\u011f de\u011filse, bu hak anne ve babaya ge\u00e7er.\u201d<\/p>\n

              Evlilik<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201cEvlendirilecek o\u011flu olan anne, uzunca bir s\u00fcre o\u011fluna uygun bir k\u0131z arar. K\u0131z\u0131, bir d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde veya imecede g\u00f6r\u00fcr. \u00d6nce delikanl\u0131ya, bir k\u0131z be\u011fendiklerini s\u00f6yler. Delikanl\u0131, r\u0131za g\u00f6sterirse, k\u0131z taraf\u0131na bir el\u00e7i g\u00f6nderilir. K\u0131z\u0131n ailesinden kad\u0131nlar, k\u0131za el\u00e7iden bahseder. E\u011fer k\u0131za, r\u0131za g\u00f6sterirse, k\u0131z\u0131 resmen isteme giri\u015fiminde bulunulur. \u00d6nce, delikanl\u0131n\u0131n annesi, k\u0131z\u0131n annesine, k\u0131z istemeye niyetli olduklar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yler. Her iki taraf\u0131n anneleri, k\u0131z isteme tarihini belirler. Erkek taraf\u0131, \u00fc\u00e7 kad\u0131n ve \u00fc\u00e7 erkekle k\u0131z evine gider. K\u0131z taraf\u0131 da, \u00fc\u00e7 erkek ve a\u00e7 kad\u0131nla gelenleri kar\u015f\u0131lar. Her iki taraf\u0131n yeti\u015fkinleri g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmeye oturur. Gen\u00e7 k\u0131z odas\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kmaz8<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              S\u00f6z kesildikten sonra kenti inilir ve k\u0131za birka\u00e7 kat giysi, alt\u0131n, patiska, oya i\u00e7in boncuklu yazmalar al\u0131n\u0131r. Damada da bir y\u00fcz\u00fck al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Ni\u015fan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn\u00fcn zaman\u0131 belirlenir ve herkes davet edilir. \u00c7a\u011fr\u0131lanlar\u0131n bir k\u0131sm\u0131 k\u0131z evine, bir k\u0131sm\u0131 erkek evine gider. Ni\u015fan, k\u0131z evinde yap\u0131l\u0131r. Damat, evinde yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r, ni\u015fan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcne getirilmez. K\u0131z taraf\u0131, k\u0131z\u0131 s\u00fcsler, en g\u00fczel elbiselerini giydirir. Kad\u0131nlardan biri, k\u0131z\u0131n nedimesi olur ve t\u00f6ren boyunca k\u0131z\u0131n yan\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmaz.<\/p>\n

              Erkek taraf\u0131, k\u0131z evinin kap\u0131s\u0131na gelir. Damad\u0131n sa\u011fd\u0131c\u0131 gelenlerin \u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcnde, \u201cburadan \u00f6teye gidemeyiz, ayaklar\u0131m\u0131z a\u011fr\u0131yor, ni\u015fanl\u0131 k\u0131z gelip bizi g\u00f6t\u00fcrs\u00fcn\u201d denir. Ni\u015fanl\u0131 k\u0131z, ba\u015f\u0131 \u00f6n\u00fcnde nedimesiyle birlikte gelir. K\u0131z\u0131n ba\u015f\u0131, bir yazma ile \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcd\u00fcr. Sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 yazmay\u0131 kald\u0131r\u0131r. Herkes \u2018ne kadar g\u00fczel k\u0131z\u2019 der. Hep birlikte gen\u00e7 k\u0131z alk\u0131\u015flan\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece erkek taraf\u0131, ni\u015fanl\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131n evine girer. Birlikte yemek yenir.<\/p>\n

              Yemekten sonra, ni\u015fan sand\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131r. Ni\u015fanl\u0131 k\u0131za y\u00fcz\u00fck tak\u0131l\u0131r. Damada ise, y\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fc g\u00f6nderilir. Al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olan b\u00fct\u00fcn e\u015fyalar, gelenlere g\u00f6sterilir. Daha sonra, erkek taraf\u0131 ni\u015fanl\u0131 k\u0131z\u0131 \u00e7a\u011f\u0131rarak \u00f6n\u00fcnde sayg\u0131 duru\u015funda bulunur.<\/p>\n

              Ni\u015fandan sonra, damat yan\u0131na birka\u00e7 ki\u015fi alarak ni\u015fanl\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n evine gider. Damat oturmadan kimse sofraya oturmaz. Yemekten sonra k\u0131z, erkek, gen\u00e7ler birlikte oturur ve \u2018tek mi \u00e7ift mi\u2019 oynar. Yeti\u015fkinler erken uyur, evi gen\u00e7lere b\u0131rak\u0131r. Gen\u00e7ler de sabaha kadar e\u011flenir, t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6yler ve oynar. B\u00f6ylelikle h\u0131s\u0131ml\u0131k ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f olur.<\/p>\n

              Ni\u015fanl\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6neminde gen\u00e7ler, gizli gizli konu\u015fmak i\u00e7in bir araya gelir.<\/p>\n

              Ni\u015fanl\u0131l\u0131k d\u00f6neminde ni\u015fanl\u0131lar, her iki ailenin yard\u0131m\u0131na \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130ki aile de, birbirine i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc bak\u0131m\u0131ndan yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur.<\/p>\n

              \u0130ki, \u00fc\u00e7 sene h\u0131s\u0131ml\u0131kla ge\u00e7er ve s\u0131ra d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne gelir.<\/p>\n

              \u00d6nce, e\u015fya almak i\u00e7in kente inilir. Mantodan \u015femsiyeye kadar her \u015fey sat\u0131n al\u0131n\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne kat\u0131lacak olanlar, ni\u015fanda oldu\u011fu gibi ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131r. Erkek taraf\u0131ndan kad\u0131nlar, gelin i\u00e7in boh\u00e7a haz\u0131rlar. Yanlar\u0131na erkekleri de alarak k\u0131z evine gelin almaya gider.<\/p>\n

              Gelin almaya gidince, erkekler horona durur. Daha sonra, oca\u011fa \u00e7ukali (k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck kazan) as\u0131l\u0131r. Horona duranlar ocak ba\u015f\u0131nda t\u00fcrk\u00fc s\u00f6yler.<\/p>\n

              Gelin, baba evinden \u00e7\u0131karken, bir kolundan erkek karde\u015fi, di\u011fer kolundan da erkek taraf\u0131ndan biri tutar. Gelin k\u0131z, evden \u00e7\u0131karken, erkek karde\u015fi havaya birka\u00e7 el ate\u015f a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

              Hep birlikte erkek evine do\u011fru yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131l\u0131r. Damad\u0131n evine yakla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gelinin nedimesi \u2018buradan \u00f6teye gidemem\u2019, diye dayat\u0131r. Damat, sa\u011fd\u0131c\u0131yla birlikte gelir ve biraz \u00f6tede durur.<\/p>\n

              Damat, \u00f6nce refakat ederek erkekleri d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn evine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. K\u0131z taraf\u0131 kad\u0131nlar\u0131 yolu kapat\u0131r, bir t\u00fcrl\u00fc eve girmez. Damat istediklerini yerine getirir, kad\u0131nlar da yolu a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

              Yolun bir ucunda gelin k\u0131z, di\u011fer ucunda damat durur. Damat \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda gelir ve cebinden k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7\u00fck\u00fc kesilmi\u015f renkli k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131klar \u00e7\u0131kararak gelinin ba\u015f\u0131na savurur. Gelinin nedimesi de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde, damada renkli k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck k\u00e2\u011f\u0131t\u00e7\u0131klardan savurur.<\/p>\n

              Gelin, erkek evine girerken, yol boyunca \u015femsiyesini a\u00e7arak y\u00fcr\u00fcr. Damat, gelinin \u015femsiyesini elinden al\u0131r, kapat\u0131r ve geri verir. Gelin de \u015femsiyeyi a\u00e7ar ve \u00f6yle y\u00fcr\u00fcmeye devam eder. Bu, \u00fc\u00e7 kez tekrarlan\u0131r, en sonunda \u015femsiye gelinin elinde a\u00e7\u0131k kal\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Damat, gelini koluna takarak d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn evine ilerler. Damad\u0131n karde\u015fi, k\u00e2\u011f\u0131ttan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f s\u00fcsleri gelin ve damad\u0131n boynuna dolar, eve girilir.<\/p>\n

              Damat, geline evin d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015fesini gezdirir. Gelin, kap\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6n\u00fcne oturtulur ve kuca\u011f\u0131na k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir \u00e7ocuk verilir. Gelin, cebindeki bir mendili \u00e7ocu\u011fa verir. Damat gelir gelir ve gelini odas\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Gelin, \u00fc\u00e7 kez yata\u011fa oturur, kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Herkesin bulundu\u011fu en b\u00fcy\u00fck odaya bir sand\u0131k konur ve gelin bunun \u00fczerine oturtulur. T\u00fcrk\u00fcler s\u00f6ylenir ve\u00a0\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\/ horona durulur. Damat da horona \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131r. Kad\u0131nlar horonda seyircidir. Yaln\u0131zca baz\u0131 ihtiyar kad\u0131nlar horona durur.<\/p>\n

              Sofra kurulur ve nedime ile sa\u011fd\u0131\u00e7 sofraya oturur. Gelinin nedimesi olmayacak \u015feyler ister. Erkek taraf\u0131, bunlar\u0131 yerine getirmek zorundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Yemekten sonra, artan pilavlar bir araya toplan\u0131r ve \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7atal saplan\u0131r. \u00c7atallar\u0131n \u00fczerine bir mendil at\u0131l\u0131r. Damad\u0131n bu mendili kapmas\u0131 beklenir. Damat ile gelin beraber oturarak, mendil kapmaca oynar.<\/p>\n

              Damat ile gelin yan yana durduklar\u0131nda, kavrulmu\u015f f\u0131nd\u0131klardan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f uzunca bir zincir ile birbirlerine ba\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn sonra, gelin baba evine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Damat, bir gece kal\u0131r ve d\u00f6ner. Gelin, baba evinde \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcn kal\u0131r ve baklava ve b\u00f6rekle geri d\u00f6ner.<\/p>\n

              Evlerine d\u00f6nd\u00fckten sonra, gelin ile damat yaln\u0131z b\u0131rak\u0131l\u0131r. Evin b\u00fcy\u00fckleri ba\u015fka ailelere kalmaya gider9<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

              Megrellerde a\u011f\u0131t (<\/strong>Pranishnikoff, 1884)<\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u00d6l\u00fcm<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

              \u201c\u00d6len ki\u015finin ba\u015f\u0131nda akrabalar\u0131 n\u00f6bet tutar. Bunun nedeni, \u00f6lenin v\u00fccuduna k\u00f6t\u00fc ruhlar\u0131n girip yerle\u015fmesini \u00f6nlemektir. \u00d6lenin ruhu, bedeninden \u00e7\u0131kar \u00e7\u0131kmaz v\u00fccudu, elleri, ayaklar\u0131 ve g\u00f6z\u00fc d\u00fczeltilir. Kad\u0131nlar odaya dolu\u015farak feryada ba\u015flar. Feryatlar\u0131 duyan k\u00f6y halk\u0131, birinin evinde \u00f6l\u00fcm oldu\u011funu anlar ve \u00f6l\u00fc evine ko\u015far10<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              \u00d6len ki\u015fi, 24 saat misafir al\u0131konur. E\u011fer uzaktan gelecek akrabalar bekleniyorsa bu s\u00fcre uzat\u0131labilir. \u00d6l\u00fc, orta odada, geni\u015f ve sert bir divan \u00fczerine konur ve \u00fcst\u00fc beyaz bir \u00e7ar\u015fafla \u00f6rt\u00fcl\u00fcr. Varsa anne ve babas\u0131, ba\u015fucunda oturur. Karde\u015f ve yak\u0131n akrabalar\u0131 \u00e7evresine dizilir. Uzaktan gelen akrabalar feryatla \u00f6l\u00fc evine girer. \u00d6nce, evdekilerle sarma\u015f dola\u015f olunur, g\u00f6zya\u015f\u0131 d\u00f6k\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u00d6lenin y\u00fcz\u00fc a\u00e7\u0131larak bak\u0131l\u0131r, \u00fczerine kapanarak a\u011flan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

              Kom\u015fular, bu ac\u0131l\u0131 g\u00fcnde yard\u0131mc\u0131 olur. Kimisi mezar\u0131 haz\u0131rlar, kimisi tabut yap\u0131m\u0131na giri\u015fir.<\/p>\n

              \u00d6l\u00fc, evden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131l\u0131rken \u00e7a\u011fl\u0131klar duyulur. \u00d6len, tabutla mezara konur, ancak tabuta kapak \u00f6rt\u00fclmez. G\u00f6mme i\u015fleminden sonra mezar\u0131n iki ba\u015f\u0131na birer tahta kaz\u0131k \u00e7ak\u0131l\u0131r. Birinin \u00fczerine \u00f6lenin kimli\u011fi yaz\u0131l\u0131r11<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

              Gelene\u011fe g\u00f6re; gurbette \u00f6len bir Laz mutlaka baba oca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclmeli ve akrabalar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclmelidir12<\/sup>.\u201d<\/p>\n

              Dipnotlar:<\/strong><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar\u2019\u0131n k\u00fclt\u00fcrel ya\u015famlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin, yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f g\u00fcncel alan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, \u00e7e\u015fitli kaynaklardan \u00f6zet al\u0131nt\u0131lar aktarmakla yetiniyorum.<\/li>\n
              2. W.E.D. Allen, Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz (\u00e7ev.), Eski Lazistan, Tarih ve Toplum, Say\u0131 143, Kas\u0131m 1995.<\/li>\n
              3. W.E.D. Allen, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
              4. Wolfgang Feurstein, Bir Alman G\u00f6z\u00fcyle Lazlar, Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, Say\u0131 2, Ocak 1994.<\/li>\n
              5. W.Feurstein, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
              6. Muhammed Vanili\u015fi\/Ali Tandilava, Hayri Hayrio\u011flu (\u00e7ev.), Lazlar\u0131n Tarihi, s.106, Ant Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1992.<\/li>\n
              7. \u201c… Ailede, erkek bir \u00e7ocuk do\u011fdu\u011funda, m\u00fcjdeci sevin\u00e7li haberi ev d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki kocaya ula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r. Sevin\u00e7li baba, m\u00fcjdeciye hediyeler verir, silahlar patlat\u0131l\u0131r, ailenin b\u00fct\u00fcn bireyleri sevinir. Di\u011fer taraftan, bir k\u0131z \u00e7ocu\u011fu d\u00fcnyaya geldi\u011finde durum hemen hemen sessizlikle kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131r…\u201d<\/em>(Tedo Sakhokia, Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz (\u00e7ev.), Megrel-Laz K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcnde Akrabal\u0131k, Evlenme ve Cenaze, Tarih ve Toplum, Say\u0131 140, A\u011fustos 1995.<\/li>\n
              8. \u201cEvlenme \u00e7a\u011f\u0131na girmi\u015f olan bir Megrel k\u0131z\u0131, farkl\u0131 soyad ta\u015f\u0131yan bir erkekle bulu\u015fmaktan \u00e7ekinir ve birbirlerine a\u015fklar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamak durumunda olduklar\u0131nda bile, onunla tek ba\u015f\u0131na konu\u015fmay\u0131 uygunsuz bir davran\u0131\u015f olarak de\u011ferlendirir. Evlenece\u011fi erkekle bir araya gelip konu\u015fmak isteyen k\u0131z, ancak kendi akrabas\u0131 olan bir k\u0131z\u0131n da bulunaca\u011f\u0131 ve konu\u015fmalara arac\u0131l\u0131k yapaca\u011f\u0131 bir ortamda g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015febilir… Bir \u00e7ift evlendiklerinde, her ikisinin geldi\u011fi aileler kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 akraba olur. Bu iki aile akraba olduklar\u0131ndan, Megrel t\u00f6resine g\u00f6re, bir kez daha bu iki aileden gen\u00e7ler e\u015f se\u00e7emez…\u201d<\/em>(T.Sakhokia, a.g.y.)<\/li>\n
              9. Nezire Ko\u00e7iva, Laz D\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc (Lazuri \u00c7\u0306anda), Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, Say\u0131 6, Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim 1994.<\/li>\n
              10. \u201c… Her iki toplumda (Megreller ve Lazlar) \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn evine giderken, cenazeye ya da \u00f6l\u00fcye gidiyorum denmez. A\u011flamaya gidiyorum denir.\u201d<\/em>(\u0130rfan Unutmaz, H\u00fcseyin Ke\u00e7e, Lazlar\u0131n H\u0131ristiyan Akrabalar\u0131, Kimliklerini Arayan Megreller, Atlas Ayl\u0131k Gezi Dergisi., s.10, Ocak 1994)<\/li>\n
              11. M.Vanili\u015fi \/ A.Tandilava, a.g.k., s.150.<\/li>\n
              12. 12. \u201cBir Megrel nerede \u00f6l\u00fcrse \u00f6ls\u00fcn, akrabalar\u0131 cenazesini istirahat i\u00e7in evine getirmek, a\u011flamak ve ata topra\u011f\u0131nda g\u00f6mmek zorundad\u0131r. Bu gelenek bazen b\u00fcy\u00fck yanl\u0131\u015f anlamalar\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karmaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle, bir ki\u015fi \u015fehirde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde orada g\u00f6m\u00fcl\u00fcr ve akrabalar\u0131 da cenazeyi kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcnde topra\u011fa vermek i\u00e7in mezar\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Ancak \u00f6l\u00fcn\u00fcn mezar\u0131n\u0131 a\u00e7mak i\u00e7in yerel y\u00f6netimden izin, y\u00f6netimin emirlerine g\u00f6re \u00e7e\u015fitli formaliteleri yerine getirmeyi gerektirir ve bu da zaman al\u0131r. Bir Megrel, yasalar\u0131n isteklerine, kendisine ku\u015faklar boyu ula\u015fan geleneklerden daha az \u00f6nem verir, gizlice mezar\u0131 kazar ve cenazeyi oradan \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131r. Cesedi keserek par\u00e7alara ay\u0131r\u0131r, b\u00f6ylelikle cenazeyi gizlice ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 daha kolay olur. Son olarak cesedi \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmeye ve kokmaya kar\u015f\u0131 tuzlar ve k\u00fcfesine koyarak kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcne g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. Orada a\u00e7\u0131k olarak a\u011flar ve topra\u011fa verir. B\u00f6ylece d\u00fcr\u00fcst\u00e7e, cenazesine kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00f6revini yerine getirmi\u015f olur. E\u011fer cenaze kendi k\u00f6y\u00fcnde g\u00f6m\u00fclmezse huzura ermemi\u015f olur.\u201d<\/em>(T. Sakhokia, a.g.y.)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n



                <\/p>\n

                Faydalan\u0131lan Kaynaklar\/ \u00d6nerilen Okumalar:<\/strong>\u00a0\u201cLazlar\u201d, Birikim Sosyalist Dergi, say\u0131 71-72, Mart- Nisan 1995, Birikim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul; \u201cKafkasyadan Karadenize Lazlar\u0131n Tarihsel Yolculu\u011fu\u201d, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, 1997, \u0130stanbul; \u201cDil Tarih K\u00fclt\u00fcr Gelenekleriyle Lazlar\u201d 1. Bask\u0131, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2000; 2. Bask\u0131, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2014, \u0130stanbul<\/p>\n

                (G\u00fcncel foto\u011fraf ve harita kaynaklar\u0131<\/strong>: wikipedia,\u00a0sites.google.com\/site\/georgiaconfliqt<\/a>, agenda.ge, azizyardimli.com, tanridag-yolcusu.tumblr.com, theculturetrip.com\/europe\/Georgia, www.kirmizilar.com, ozhanozturk.com,vikipedi, kolkhoba.org, finchannel.com, ortodokslartoplulugu,h\u00fcrriyet gazetesi, karagoz.net, Lazca.org, lazi k\u00fclt\u00fcr yay\u0131nlar\u0131)<\/p>\n

                Dipnotlar<\/strong><\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. \u201cBug\u00fcn kendilerine Laz ad\u0131n\u0131 veren ve Lazca konu\u015fan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir topluluk, Hopa-Pazar il\u00e7elerinde ya\u015famaktad\u0131r\u2026 Laz ad\u0131n\u0131n Karadeniz\u2019in g\u00fcneydo\u011fu b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcndeki halk i\u00e7in fark g\u00f6zetilmeden kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ilmi bak\u0131mdan tamam\u0131yla sak\u0131ncal\u0131d\u0131r.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(T\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi, Lazlar maddesi, cilt 22, s.498, Milli E\u011fitim Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Ankara, 1975).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  G\u00fcrc\u00fc kaynaklar\u0131; Lazlar\u0131 \u00c7\u0306ani, Megrel- \u00c7\u0306ani, Megrel-Laz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131rlar. \u00c7\u0306ani, farkl\u0131 dillerde Tsan, Tzan, Tzannes, Chan, Tchan, \u00c7an, San, \u00c7\u0306an, \u00c7anivk, Tjani, Chani \u015fekillerinde de yaz\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7\u0306ani s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn farkl\u0131 dillerde, farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131m\u0131ndan kaynaklanan birtak\u0131m kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131klar s\u00f6z konusu oluyorsa da, as\u0131l kar\u0131\u015f\u0131kl\u0131k ayn\u0131 s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, akraba ancak farkl\u0131la\u015fm\u0131\u015f kavimleri tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lmas\u0131ndan kaynaklanabilmektedir. Lazlara, \u00c7\u0306ani denmesinin, Lazlar\u2019\u0131n M.S. 1.y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren, \u00c7\u0306ani\u2019nin de\u011fi\u015fik telaffuzu olan Tzan ad\u0131yla da bilinen Makronlar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 g\u00fcneydo\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019e yerle\u015fmeleri ve y\u00f6re ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015fmi\u015f olan \u00c7\u0306ani isminin kendilerine de verilmesinden kaynakland\u0131\u011f\u0131 yorumu yap\u0131labilir. Ancak unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r ki, gerek Tzanlar ya da Makronlar, Kolkheti k\u00fclt\u00fcr alan\u0131 i\u00e7indeki kavimlerdi.<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. Farkl\u0131 dillerde: Kolkhis, Colchis, Kolkis, Qulha, Kolhis, Kolhida, Kolkhide, Kolkhis, Kolchis, Kolkhit, Kolkya, Kol\u00e7is, Kolkha, Kolkheti, \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    \u201cKolkhis: Anadolu\u2019nun kuzeydo\u011fu ucu da dahil olmak \u00fczere Do\u011fu Karadeniz y\u00f6resine Hellenler\u2019in verdi\u011fi ad.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Bilge Umar, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki Tarihsel Adlar, s. 453, \u0130nk\u0131lap Kitabevi, \u0130stanbul, 1993).<\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. Peter Alford Andrews, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Etnik Gruplar, s.312 (R\u00fcdiger Bennighaus, Lazlar), Ant\/ T\u00fcmzamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1992;15 Laz K\u0131ral\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki a\u00e7\u0131klama i\u00e7in bkz.: Bedia Leba, \u201cOlafu\/ Halkbilimci Wolfgang Feurstein\u2019la S\u00f6yle\u015fi\u201d, Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, say\u0131 5, Temmuz- A\u011fustos 1994, \u0130stanbul.<\/li>\n
                    2. M. F. K\u0131rz\u0131o\u011flu, a.g.y., s.425-427.<\/li>\n
                    3. Gerg Am\u0131cba, Hayri Ersoy (\u00e7ev.), Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019da Abhazlar, Lazlar, s.7, Nart Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1993.<\/li>\n
                    4. Aktaran: S. Cana\u015fia, N.Berdzeni\u015fvili, Mehmet \u00d6zata (\u00e7ev.), T\u00fcrkiye\u2019den Hakl\u0131 istemlerimiz, Tarih ve Toplum, say\u0131 46, Ekim 1987.<\/li>\n
                    5. Sh. Meskhia, An Outline Of Georgian History, s.9, Tbilisi, 1968, aktaran: \u015ealva Tevzadze, \u00c7veneburi Kafkasoloji dergisi, say\u0131 4, Stockholm, 1977.<\/li>\n
                    6. Encyclopedia Americana, (Colchis), cilt 7, s.219.<\/li>\n
                    7. Fahrettin \u00c7ilo\u011flu, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Tarihi, s.34, Ant Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1993.<\/li>\n
                    8. Hayri Ersoy, Aysun Kamac\u0131, \u00c7erkes Tarihi, s.23, T\u00fcmzamanlar Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1992.<\/li>\n
                    9. F. \u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k. s.35.<\/li>\n
                    10. Yurt Ansiklopedisi, c.9, s.6352\/b, Anadolu Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1982-83.<\/li>\n
                    11. M. Lordkipanidze, \u0130.Katcharava, A. Glimpse Of Georgian History, s.6, Tbilisi, 1983.<\/li>\n
                    12. \u0130stanbul \u015eehir Tiyatrosu\u2019nun, Tiflis \u015eehir Tiyatrosu ile ortakla\u015fa 25, 26, 27, 28 Temmuz 1995 g\u00fcnlerinde Rumeli Hisar\u0131\u2019nda sergiledi\u011fi Alt\u0131n Post adl\u0131 oyunun ge\u00e7ti\u011fi ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrcistan olarak bilinen b\u00f6lgenin yerli ahalisi Megrel-Lazlar\u2019d\u0131r. Bu konuda ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgi i\u00e7in bkz.: Tim Severin, Jason\u2019s Voyage, In Search Of The Golden Fleece, National Geographical, Vol. 163, No:3 September, 1985; Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, Efsanevi Yolculuk, Atlas Ayl\u0131k Gezi dergisi, s.30, Eyl\u00fcl 1995.<\/li>\n
                    13. M. Lordkipanidze, \u0130.Katcharava, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    14. M. Lordkipanidze, \u0130. Katcharava, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    15. R. Gachechiladze, A. Chanturia, Soviet Georgia, s.8, Tbilisi, 1977.<\/li>\n
                    16. Bkz. Ksenophon, Tanju G\u00f6k\u00e7\u00f6l (\u00e7ev.) Anabasis (Onbinlerin D\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fc), Sosyal Yay\u0131nlar, \u0130stanbul 1984.<\/li>\n
                    17. Bkz. Homeros, Azra Erhat, A.Kadir (\u00e7ev.) Odysseia, b\u00f6l\u00fcm 12\/72, Can Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1984.<\/li>\n
                    18. R.Gachechiladze, A. Chanturia, a.g.k., s.7.<\/li>\n
                    19. M.Lordkipanidze, \u0130.Katcharava, a.g.y<\/li>\n
                    20. \u015e.Tevzadze, K\u0131sa G\u00fcrc\u00fc Tarihi, \u00c7veneburi Kafkasoloji dergisi, s.2\/3, s.21 Stockholm, 1977.<\/li>\n
                    21. F.\u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k., s.35.<\/li>\n
                    22. F. \u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.y<\/li>\n
                    23. \u015e. Tevzadze, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    24. \u201cMilad\u0131n birinci y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131 i\u00e7inde, Roma \u0130mparatoru Avgostos ile Neron\u2019un h\u00fck\u00fcmdarl\u0131klar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki zamanda, Kafkaslar\u2019dan bat\u0131ya do\u011fru, k\u0131y\u0131 boyunca, yeni ve b\u00fcy\u00fck bir g\u00f6\u00e7 oluyor, Lazlar Do\u011fu Karadeniz B\u00f6lgesi\u2019ne gelip yerle\u015fiyor.\u201d (\u2026) \u201cLazlar\u2019\u0131n oturduklar\u0131 yerlerden s\u00f6z eden eserlere g\u00f6re, Kafkaslar\u2019dan gelen Lazlar, S\u00fcrmene\u2019yi de i\u00e7ine alan Karadeniz\u2019in do\u011fu k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131na yerle\u015fmi\u015flerdir.\u201d<\/em>\u00a0(Mahmut Golo\u011flu, Anadolu\u2019nun Milli Devleti\u00a0 Pontos, s. 108, 109, 110, 111, Ankara, 1973.)<\/li>\n
                    25. Nodar Lomouri, Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz (\u00e7ev.). Egrisi\/ Lazika K\u0131rall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Tarihi, Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, s.5, Temmuz-A\u011fustos 1994.<\/li>\n
                    26. N. Lomouri, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    27. N. Lomouri, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    28. \u015e. Tevzadze. a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    29. H. Ersoy, A.Kamac\u0131, a.g.k., s.31<\/li>\n
                    30. H.Ersoy, A.Kamac\u0131, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                    31. H. Ersoy, A.Kamac\u0131 a.g.y.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      34.N.Lomouri, a.g.y.<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. G. Am\u0131cba, a.g.k., s.91<\/li>\n
                      2. F. \u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k., s.37<\/li>\n
                      3. David Marshal Lang, The Georgians, s.23, Frederick A. Praeger Publisher New York, Washington, 1966.<\/li>\n
                      4. Peter Gold, Frank J.Gillis, Indiana University, Archives of Traditional Music Folklore Istitute, Bloomington, U.S.A.<\/li>\n
                      5. H.Ersoy, A.Kamac\u0131, a.g.k., s.78<\/li>\n
                      6. F. \u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k., s.46<\/li>\n
                      7. Mariam Lordkipanidze, G.B. Hewitt (ed.) Georgia in the XI-XII centuries, s.155, 156, 157, Ganatleba Publishers, Tbilisi, 1987.<\/li>\n
                      8. F. \u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k. s.47<\/li>\n
                      9. Muhammed Vanili\u015fi, Ali Tandilava, Hayri Hayrio\u011flu (\u00e7ev.) Lazlar\u0131n Tarihi, S.39, Ant Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul 1992.<\/li>\n
                      10. Bkz. W.E.D. Allen Ali ihsan Aksamaz (\u00e7ev.) Eski Lazistan, Tarih ve Toplum, say\u0131 143, Kas\u0131m 1995, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/li>\n
                      11. Ahmet \u00d6zkan Mela\u015fvili, G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan, s.69, \u0130stanbul, 1968.<\/li>\n
                      12. Y\u0131lmaz \u00d6ztuna, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti Tarihi, cilt 1, s.122, Faisal Finans Kurumu Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1986.<\/li>\n
                      13. Anthony Bryer, Some Notes On The Laz and (Tzant(l), s.181, Bedi Kartlise, Volume XXI-XXII (No.50-51), Paris, 1966.<\/li>\n
                      14. A. Bryer, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      15. V.Minorsky, Lazlar, \u0130slam Ansiklopedisi, c.7, s.26, Maarif Bas\u0131mevi, \u0130stanbul 1957.<\/li>\n
                      16. V. Minorsky, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      17. Bkz. M.M\u00fcnir Aktepe, Tuzcuo\u011fullar\u0131 \u0130syan\u0131, \u0130.\u00dc. Ed. Fak. Tarih Dergisi, cilt 3, say\u0131 5-6, \u0130stanbul, 1953.<\/li>\n
                      18. V. Minorsky a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      19. F.\u00c7ilo\u011flu, a.g.k. s.79.<\/li>\n
                      20. \u015eemseddin Sami, Fahrettin \u00c7ilo\u011flu, (\u00e7ev. Sad.) Lazlar ve Lazistan, aktaran: \u00c7veneburi K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Dergi, say\u0131 2-3 Mart-Haziran 1993.<\/li>\n
                      21. \u201c\u2026 Batum \u00e7evresinde oturan Lazlar\u2019dan g\u00f6\u00e7 edenler \u0130zmid Sanca\u011f\u0131 dahilinde yerle\u015ftirilmi\u015flerdir (ki toplam 24 aile Laz\u2026 )\u201d<\/em>\u00a01887-88 y\u0131llar\u0131na ait \u201cMuhacirin Arazi Defterleri\u201d\u00a0 (\u0130.\u00dc. K\u00fct. TY, 9126b ve 9129\/b)\u2026 1899\u2019da 100 n\u00fcfus daha gelmi\u015ftir (Y\u0131l. Ar. S.R.M. 2470\u2019de). Kafkasya\u2019dan Anadolu\u2019ya G\u00f6\u00e7ler, Nart Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, istanbul, 1993.<\/li>\n
                      22. Ziya Nur Aksun, Osmanl\u0131 Tarihi, c.4, s.280, \u00f6t\u00fcken Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul.<\/li>\n
                      23. Yura Argun, Hayri Ersoy ve Yal\u00e7\u0131n Karada\u015f (\u00e7ev.) Abhazya\u2019da Ya\u015fam ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr, s. 24, Nart yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1990.<\/li>\n
                      24. Stefanos Yerasimos, Milliyetler ve S\u0131n\u0131rlar, s.227. \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1994.<\/li>\n
                      25. S.Yerasimos, a.g.k., s.276.<\/li>\n
                      26. George Hewitt, Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz (\u00e7ev.) \u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Kom\u015fular\u0131, Birikim say\u0131 78, Ekim 1995.<\/li>\n
                      27. N.Berdzeni\u015fvili, S. Cana\u015fia, Hayri Hayrio\u011flu (\u00e7ev.) G\u00fcrcistan Tarihi, s. 293, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul 1997, S.Yerasimos, a.g.k., s.277.<\/li>\n
                      28. T\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi, (Batumi maddesi), cilt 5, s.414, M. E. Bas\u0131mevi, Ankara, 1952.<\/li>\n
                      29. T\u00fcrk Ansiklopedisi (Lazlar maddesi), a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      30. M. Vanili\u015fi, A.Tandilava. a.g.k, s.71.<\/li>\n
                      31. Bkz.: Tar\u0131k Zafer Tunaya, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Siyasal Partiler, cilt 2, H\u00fcrriyet Vakf\u0131 yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1986. \u0130stanbul\u2019da yay\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenen Tuta do Murun3xi (=Ay ve Y\u0131ld\u0131z) ve \u201cLaz\u0131m\u201d isimli dergiler ise hen\u00fcz n\u00fcshalar\u0131na ula\u015f\u0131lamayan yay\u0131nlardand\u0131r. Bu konuda bkz.: Cumhur Odaba\u015fo\u011flu, Trabzon Do\u011fu Karadeniz Gazete ve Mecmualar\u0131, 1869-1928, s.13, Trabzon, 1987; Dr. Sabahattin \u00d6zel, Milli M\u00fccadelede Trabzon, TTK, Ankara 1991.<\/li>\n
                      32. W.E.D. Allen, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      33. V. Minorsky, a.g.y.<\/li>\n
                      34. \u201c\u2026 1926\u2019daki Sovyet n\u00fcfus say\u0131m\u0131nda 242.990 ki\u015fi Megrel milliyetinden oldu\u011funu beyan etti. 13.218 ki\u015fi de kendisini Svan olarak tan\u0131mlad\u0131. Bug\u00fcn, Megreller\u2019in ve Svanlar\u2019\u0131n veya Megrelce\u2019yi ve Svanca\u2019y\u0131 birinci veya ikinci dil olarak konu\u015fanlar\u0131n kesin say\u0131lar\u0131yla ilgili bilgi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. 1930\u2019lardan beri bu halklar \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irildi. Bunun sonucu olarak e\u011fitilen b\u00fct\u00fcn Svanlar ve Megreller, fiilen Sovyet d\u00f6nemi boyunca e\u011fitim dili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olan okullarda yeti\u015ftiler.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        1920 ve 1930\u2019lar\u0131n yerel Bol\u015fevik Megrel politikac\u0131s\u0131\u00a0<\/em>\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8<\/em>\u00a0\u10df\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0<\/em>\/ \u0130sa<\/em>k\u0306<\/em>i Jvania ve onunla ayn\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc payla\u015fan di\u011fer Megrel ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 Megrelce\u2019nin yaz\u0131ya ge\u00e7irilmesini (ve Megrelya\u2019n\u0131n otonom olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bile) tart\u0131\u015ft\u0131lar. 1930\u2019da (tiraj\u0131 15 bin) Megrelce\u00a0<\/em>\u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8<\/em>\u00a0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/em>\/ Kazaki\u015fi Gazeti\/ K\u00f6yl\u00fcn\u00fcn Gazetesi) yay\u0131mland\u0131.\u00a0<\/em>\u10dc\u10e3\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10e0<\/em>\u00a0\u10eb\u10dd\u10eb\u10e3\u10d0<\/em>\/ Dzhodzhua\u2019dan ba\u015fka di\u011fer bir \u00f6rnek, 1989\u2019da yazan Vano Dgebuadze\u2019dir. Dgebuadze \u015f\u00f6yle anlat\u0131yor:\u00a0<\/em>\u201c\u2026 Hat\u0131rl\u0131yorum, 1938\u2019deydi. Okula baz\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmenler geldi ve soyad\u0131n\u0131 okul kay\u0131tlar\u0131ndan (Megrelce s\u00f6yleni\u015f) Dgebia\u2019dan (G\u00fcrc\u00fcce s\u00f6yleni\u015f) Dgbuadze\u2019ye \u00e7evirdiler. B\u00f6ylece, tek bir k\u00f6yde, bir soyad\u0131n iki yaz\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Okulda Dgebuadze, evde Dgebia. E\u011fitim g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olan erkek karde\u015fimin soyad\u0131 Dgebia, benim soyad\u0131m\u00a0 Dgebuadze\u2019ydi art\u0131k.\u201d<\/p>\n

                        Megreller ve Svanlara 60 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d olduklar\u0131 anlat\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen, 1989\u2019daki n\u00fcfus say\u0131mlar\u0131nda kendilerini tan\u0131mlamalar\u0131 \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r. 1989\u2019daki say\u0131mlar, en az\u0131ndan Abhazya\u2019daki Megreller aras\u0131nda \u00f6nemli bir endi\u015feyi a\u00e7\u011f\u0131a \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. Say\u0131m memuruna, kendilerine Megrel olarak\u00a0 kaydettirirlerse herhangi bir \u201columsuz tepki\u201d ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131p kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmayacaklar\u0131n\u0131 sorduklar\u0131na dair birtak\u0131m haberler vard\u0131r. Hem 1979 ve hem de 1989\u2019da Abhazya\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi, n\u00fcfus say\u0131m formlar\u0131n\u0131n say\u0131m memurlar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan kur\u015fun kalemle doldurulmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfi bir politika m\u0131d\u0131r?\u00a0<\/em>(\u2026) Dgebuadze mektubunda \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor: \u00c7ok iyi bilindi\u011fi gibi, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler az say\u0131lar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, G\u00fcrcistan Cumhuriyeti\u2019ni kaybetmemek i\u00e7in Svanlar\u2019\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra b\u00fct\u00fcn Megrelleri G\u00fcrc\u00fc olarak kay\u0131tlara ge\u00e7irdiler\u2026 kendi say\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcksek g\u00f6stermek i\u00e7in. (G.Hewitt, a.g.y.)<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. M\u00fcsl\u00fcman Lazlar\u2019\u0131n, T\u00fcrkiye d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki n\u00fcfuslar\u0131yla ilgili verilerde tutars\u0131zl\u0131klar bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bu konuda bkz.: S.Yerasimos, a.g.k.; Y.Argun, a.g.k.; Radio Liberty, Ocak 1989, Kazakistan\u2019a S\u00fcr\u00fclen Lazlar, Hayri Hayrio\u011flu (\u00e7ev.), aktaran: Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, Say\u0131 1, Kas\u0131m 1993; Abhazya Parlamentosu\u2019nun A\u00e7\u0131klamas\u0131, Kafkasya Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Say\u0131 6, \u0130lkbahar 1999.<\/li>\n
                        2. Aktaran: Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, Say\u0131 6, Eyl\u00fcl-Ekim 1994.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                          Ali İhsan Aksamaz  I- Lazların Tarihçesi Lazlar1, coğrafî, tarihsel ve kültürel olarak, bugün Batı Gürcistan olarak bilinen Kolkheti2 ile ilişkili bir topluluktur. Ali İhsan AKSAMAZ facebook.com\/ali.aksamaz\/ aksamaz@gmail.com Lazlar ve Lazika Kırallığı’na ait bilgiler sanıldığının aksine, hiç de yetersiz değildir. Özellikle Prokopius’un aktardığı Lazika ve Pers savaşlarıyla ilgili bilgilere tamamıyla ulaşılmıştır. Laz kıralları da, tek tek isimleriyle […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[135],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-16635","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yazarlar-ali-ihsan-aksamaz-laz-kulturu","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16635","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16635"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16635\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":16636,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16635\/revisions\/16636"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16635"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16635"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16635"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}