{"id":18779,"date":"2021-03-23T16:54:25","date_gmt":"2021-03-23T21:54:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=18779"},"modified":"2021-03-23T16:54:25","modified_gmt":"2021-03-23T21:54:25","slug":"yeryuzundekilere-merhamet-etmeyenlere-allah-da-merhamet-etmez","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/yeryuzundekilere-merhamet-etmeyenlere-allah-da-merhamet-etmez\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cYERY\u00dcZ\u00dcNDEK\u0130LERE MERHAMET ETMEYENLERE, ALLAH DA MERHAMET ETMEZ!\u201d"},"content":{"rendered":"

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Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u00d6n a\u00e7\u0131klama: Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc misafirim Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge. Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge iktisat\u00e7\u0131, tarih\u00e7i, stratejist ve Kafkasya uzman\u0131. T\u00fcrkiyenin k\u0131ymetli ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 ve yazarlar\u0131ndan kendisi. Yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f kitaplar\u0131 ve bir\u00e7ok makale ve tebli\u011fi var. Ben kendisini 2012 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana tan\u0131yorum. \u00c7erkes \u00c7al\u0131\u015ftay\u0131 yap\u0131l\u0131yordu, \u0130lk o zaman tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131k.\u00a0 O \u00e7al\u0131\u015ftay Kocaeli- Derbentte 25-26 \u015eubat 2012\u2019de (\u00c7.H.\u0130.)\u00c7erkes Haklar\u0131 \u0130nisiyatifi taraf\u0131ndan d\u00fczenlenmi\u015fti. Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit\u00a0 Bilge de, ben de o toplant\u0131ya \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131l\u0131 idik. Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge ile bir s\u00f6yle\u015fi yapt\u0131m. Kendisinin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131ndan konu\u015ftuk. Bu metin, o s\u00f6yle\u015fimize ait. Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz)<\/p>\n

+<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bey, \u00f6nce biyografinizden bahsedin, l\u00fctfen. Nerede ve ne zaman do\u011fdunuz? Hangi okullarda \u00f6\u011frenim g\u00f6rd\u00fcn\u00fcz? Hangi dilleri biliyorsunuz? Bize kendinizden bahsedin, l\u00fctfen!<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u00d6ncelikle s\u00f6yle\u015fi i\u00e7in te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyorum. 1861 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana \u0130stanbul\u2019da ya\u015fayan \u00c7erkes- Kabardey bir ailenin evlad\u0131y\u0131m. 04.08.1963\u2019te \u0130stanbul\u2019da do\u011fdum. Lisans\u0131m\u0131 Gazi \u00dcniversitesi \u0130\u0130BF Ekonomi b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde, y\u00fcksek lisans\u0131m\u0131 \u0130stanbul \u00dcniversitesi SBE Maliye B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnde tamamlad\u0131m. Her iki diplomam da ar\u015fivde de\u011fil evimdedir. \u0130ngilizce ve Frans\u0131zca konu\u015fabilirim, okuyup- anlar\u0131m. Osmanl\u0131can\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn yaz\u0131 t\u00fcrlerini okuyabilirim.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Biliyorum, sizin yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f k\u0131ymetli kitaplar\u0131n\u0131z var. \u201cElinde \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131l Orak\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Macaristan\u0131\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda Esnaf ve Ticaret\u201d, \u201cSultan, Sipahi, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Kafkasya\u201d adl\u0131 yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f kitaplar\u0131n\u0131z var. Bir di\u011fer \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131z da \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devletinde Te\u015frifat ve T\u00f6renler\u201d. Ben, bu kitaplar\u0131n\u0131zdan haberdar\u0131m. Say\u0131s\u0131z da makale ve sunulmu\u015f tebli\u011finiz var. Bu makale tebli\u011flerinizden de haberim var. Ba\u015fka yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f kitab\u0131n\u0131z var m\u0131? Yeni kitap \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131z var m\u0131?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Cen\u00e2b-\u0131 Allah nasip ederse \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Kafkasya\u201d isimli kitab\u0131m\u0131n\u00a0 \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131nda Kafkasya ve Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda yeni bir edisyonunu haz\u0131rl\u0131yorum.\u00a0 \u0130ki cilt 1000-1200 sayfa kadar olacak. Bu kitapla Kafkasya konusundaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131m\u0131 tamamlam\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m. Hemen ard\u0131ndan \u201c18. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u201d ve \u201cKlasik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Tar\u0131m\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ile kaleme almay\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm iki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayaca\u011f\u0131m. Zaten bunlarla ilgili epey kitap, malzeme ve bilgi- belge toplad\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devlet\u2019inde Te\u015frifat ve T\u00f6renler\u201d adl\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131zdan bahsedin bize, l\u00fctfen!<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devlet\u2019inde Te\u015frifat ve T\u00f6renler\u201d isimli kitab\u0131m 17. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda (1670\u2019ler) Tevkii Abdurrahman Pa\u015fa taraf\u0131ndan derlenmi\u015f bir te\u015frifat kanunnamesinin transkripsiyonu ve Osmanl\u0131ca metni. Enderun\u2019da kazan\u0131lan Osmanl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn \u00f6nde gelen temsilcilerinden biri olan Tevkii Abdurrahman Pa\u015fa ve eserleri hakk\u0131nda bir giri\u015f ekledim. Osmanl\u0131 protokol\u00fc konusunda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar\u0131n okumas\u0131 gerekli olan bir eser.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: Her kitab\u0131n\u0131z alan\u0131nda \u00e7ok de\u011ferli ve faydal\u0131 birer kaynak. \u201cElinde \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131l Orak\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Macaristan\u201d, \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda Esnaf ve Ticaret\u201d, \u201cSultan, Sipahi, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d adl\u0131 eserlerinizden konu\u015fal\u0131m, l\u00fctfen! Osmanl\u0131 Y\u00f6netimi, yaln\u0131zca asker\u00ee bir g\u00fc\u00e7 de\u011fildi. Asya, Afrika ve Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n ticar\u00ee, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel, zira\u00ee g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc de b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde y\u00f6netiyordu Osmanl\u0131 Devleti. Bu kitaplar\u0131n\u0131z da, Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n eski medeniyet ikliminin etkisiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar; \u00f6yle biliyorum.\u00a0 Bu kitaplar\u0131n\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7eri\u011finden bize k\u0131saca bahsedin, l\u00fctfen! \u201cElinde \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131l Orak\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131z Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n ziraat ya\u015fam\u0131na ili\u015fkin bize hangi bilgileri veriyor?<\/p>\n

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\u201cElinde \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131l Orak\u201d asl\u0131nda biraz c\u00fcretli, iddial\u0131 ve konusunda b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde hi\u00e7 benzeri olmayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cElinde \u00c7\u0131ng\u0131l Orak\u201d asl\u0131nda biraz c\u00fcretli, iddial\u0131 ve konusunda b\u00fct\u00fcn dillerde hi\u00e7 benzeri olmayan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. 1300-1800 aras\u0131ndaki d\u00f6nemde Anadolu ve Balkanlar\u2019dan, Osmanl\u0131 Macaristan\u0131\u2019na, Kafkasya\u2019dan Habe\u015fistan\u2019a, Cezayir\u2019den K\u0131r\u0131m\u2019a b\u00fct\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 co\u011frafyas\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 tar\u0131m aletleri ve ula\u015f\u0131m vas\u0131talar\u0131 ile bi\u00e7im ve \u00f6zellikleri, bunlar\u0131n tarla tar\u0131m\u0131, ba\u011fc\u0131l\u0131k ve zeytincilikte nas\u0131l kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, s\u00f6z konusu tar\u0131m dallar\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2013 ki Osmanl\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l tah\u0131l (bu\u011fday, arpa), bakliyat, \u00fcz\u00fcm ve zeytin \u00fcretimi \u00e7evresinde d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc -, s\u00f6z konusu alet ve vas\u0131talar\u0131n kimler taraf\u0131ndan, nas\u0131l ve hangi malzemeden yap\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131, fiyatlar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 hukukundaki yerleri anlat\u0131l\u0131yor. \u00c7ok say\u0131da g\u00f6rselin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kitapta Osmanl\u0131 k\u00f6yl\u00fclerinin kulland\u0131klar\u0131 aletler ve vas\u0131talar\u0131n\u00a0 zaman (M.\u00d6. 4000\u2019den 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u2019a) ve mekan i\u00e7inde (Yak\u0131ndao\u011fu ve Akdeniz co\u011frafyas\u0131) yolculuk etmelerine de tan\u0131k oluyorsunuz.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u201cOsmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Macaristan\u0131\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131zla, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Macaristan\u2019\u0131n\u00a0 hangi tarih dilimindeki\u00a0 ili\u015fkilerinden bahsediyorsunuz?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge<\/strong>:\u00a0 Osmanl\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Macaristan\u0131 isimli kitab\u0131m Orta\u00e7a\u011f Avrupas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc devletlerinden olan Macaristan Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn Osmanl\u0131 idaresi alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 1526-1718 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda buralarda kurulan Osmanl\u0131 idar\u00ee te\u015fkilat\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131yor. Kitapta tarihte Macarlar ve 1526 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131-Macar ili\u015fkileri, Osmanl\u0131 Macaristan\u0131\u2019nda kentler, k\u00f6yler, kaleler, garnizonlar, ekonomi, ticaret ve ula\u015f\u0131m konular\u0131nda da b\u00f6l\u00fcmler var. Kitab\u0131m hakk\u0131nda Macaristan Bilimler Akademisi e-sayfas\u0131nda da Macarca bir tan\u0131t\u0131m yaz\u0131s\u0131 yay\u0131nland\u0131. https:\/\/www.reciti.hu\/2014\/2383?fbclid=%20IwAR0ix5e5nK0XfCdD6HnVnaT3HdE4r0Ja-lx1J77xZ9eh4S-4Ufv6bitjfcs<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u201c\u00c7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131mda hemen hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen ya da az bilinen konular\u0131 anlatt\u0131m.\u201d<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda Esnaf ve Ticaret\u201d, \u201cSultan, Sipahi, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131n\u0131zdan bize bahsedin, l\u00fctfen! Ne zaman yay\u0131mland\u0131 bu kitaplar\u0131n\u0131z? Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131zla, bize hangi bilgileri veriyorsunuz?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cSultan, Sipahi, K\u00f6yl\u00fcler, \u0130ktisat\u00e7\u0131lar\u201d isimli kitab\u0131m benim \u0130\u00dc SBE\u00a0 Maliye B\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc\u2019ne sunulan y\u00fcksek lisans tezimin geni\u015fletilmi\u015f h\u00e2li. Osmanl\u0131 toplumunun s\u0131n\u0131fsal yap\u0131s\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u2019nin \u00fcretim tarz\u0131 (Feodalite, Asya Tipi ) tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 ve Osmanl\u0131 tar\u0131m\u0131 gibi konulara da yer veren kuramsal b\u00f6l\u00fcmleri de olan bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma. Marxist olmayan biri taraf\u0131ndan \u201ctarihsel materyalizm\u201d y\u00f6ntemiyle\u00a0 kaleme al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yeleyebilirim. Kitab\u0131n as\u0131l konusu Klasik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da (1300-1600) Osmanl\u0131\u00a0 tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n vergilendirilmesi ve bu vergilendirmenin\u00a0 Smithian vergileme ilkelerine g\u00f6re de\u011ferlendirilmesi.<\/p>\n

\u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbul\u2019unda Esnaf ve Ticaret\u201d ise benim uluslararas\u0131 sempozyumlarda sundu\u011fum ilk \u00fc\u00e7\u00fc Osmanl\u0131 \u0130stanbulu\u2019nda bakkal, b\u00f6rek\u00e7i-\u00e7\u00f6rek\u00e7i ve berber esnaf\u0131n\u0131, sonuncusu ise\u00a0 \u0130stanbul ile Kafkasya\u2019daki iskeleler aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan ticareti, ticarete konu mallar\u0131, bu faaliyette yer alan t\u00fcccarlar\u0131, gemileri ve gemicileri ele alan d\u00f6rt bildirimden olu\u015fuyor. Kitapta s\u00f6z konusu bildiri metinlerine ilaveler de yapt\u0131m. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmada hemen hi\u00e7 bilinmeyen ya da az bilinen konular\u0131 anlatt\u0131m.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kimi yazarlar Kafkasyadan bahsediyor ve yaz\u0131yorlar. Ancak \u00e7o\u011fu yazar genellikle bug\u00fcnk\u00fc siyas\u00ee ve ideolojik duygu va anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla yaz\u0131yorlar; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 tamamen objektif de\u011fil, b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak faydal\u0131 de\u011fil \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131. Bu yazarlar, tarihe de bug\u00fcnk\u00fc siyas\u00ee ve ideolojik duygu ve anlay\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla bak\u0131yorlar ve \u00f6ylece de yaz\u0131yorlar.\u00a0 Bu sebeple de bu yazarlar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 objektif ve tamamen faydal\u0131 de\u011fil. Sizin, bu sahada\u00a0 objektif anlay\u0131\u015fla yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f eserleriniz var. Onlardan biri \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya\u201d. Di\u011fer kitab\u0131n\u0131z da \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Kafkasya\u201d. Osmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya\u201d adl\u0131 kitab\u0131n\u0131zla Kafkasyan\u0131n hangi b\u00f6lgelerinden, hangi halklar\u0131ndan ve onlar\u0131n hangi ili\u015fkilerinden bahsediyorsunuz? Bu kitab\u0131n\u0131z ne zaman yay\u0131nland\u0131?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya\u201d n\u0131n ilk bask\u0131s\u0131 2012 y\u0131l\u0131nda (XX + 689 sayfa), geni\u015fletilmi\u015f ve g\u00f6zden ge\u00e7irilmi\u015f\u00a0 ikinci bask\u0131s\u0131 2015 y\u0131l\u0131nda (XXV + 738 sayfa ) yay\u0131nland\u0131. Bug\u00fcn her iki bask\u0131 da t\u00fckenmi\u015ftir. Kitapta 1454-1829 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki 375 y\u0131l boyunca Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee tarihi, Osmanl\u0131, Rusya ve \u0130ran imparatorluklar\u0131 ile yerel devletlerin Kafkasya i\u00e7in verdikleri m\u00fccadeleler, an\u0131lan imparatorluklar\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da g\u00f6rev yapan generalleri, b\u00fcrokratlar\u0131 ve askerlerinin hayatlar\u0131 ve faaliyetleri, bu d\u00f6nemde hem Kuzey Kafkasya, hem de G\u00fcney Kafkasya halklar\u0131n\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc, ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 zorluklar, ac\u0131lar, k\u0131r\u0131mlar ve var olma m\u00fccadelelerini ele ald\u0131m. Kitapta siyas\u00ee ve asker\u00ee tarih d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda b\u00fct\u00fcn Kafkas halklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00fcndelik hayat\u0131, k\u00f6yler, kentler, kaleler ve garnizonlar, tar\u0131m, zanaat, ticaret, k\u00f6le ticareti, deniz ula\u015f\u0131m\u0131, \u0130slamla\u015fma konular\u0131 da ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 ve san\u0131r\u0131m renkli bir bi\u00e7imde ele al\u0131n\u0131yor. Kitab\u0131m\u0131n halen \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmakta oldu\u011fum yeni bir edisyonu muhtemelen 2020 y\u0131l\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131nda \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya ve Kafkasyal\u0131lar\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda piyasaya \u00e7\u0131kacak. \u201cOsmanl\u0131 \u00c7a\u011f\u0131\u2019nda Kafkasya\u201d kitab\u0131m\u0131n \u00f6n haz\u0131rl\u0131k, kaynak, bilgi ve belge toplama ve okuma s\u00fcreci 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda ba\u015flad\u0131 ve h\u00e2len s\u00fcr\u00fcyor. Son edisyonun yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131n ard\u0131ndan bu konudaki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 gen\u00e7 bilim insanlar\u0131 ve ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 uzmanlara b\u0131rakaca\u011f\u0131m. Onlar\u0131n benimkinden ve mevcut di\u011fer kitaplardan daha iyilerini ortaya koyacaklar\u0131na inanc\u0131m tamd\u0131r. \u015eimdiden hepsine ba\u015far\u0131lar diliyorum.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Kafkasya\u201d adl\u0131 bir ba\u015fka kitab\u0131n\u0131z daha var. Bu kitab\u0131n\u0131z ne zaman yay\u0131nland\u0131. Hangi alanlara ili\u015fkin bilgiler veriyorsunuz bu kitab\u0131n\u0131zla?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Kafkasya\u201d, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nland\u0131 (295 sayfa) ve halen t\u00fckenmi\u015f durumda.\u00a0 Bu kitab\u0131 \u201cOsmanl\u0131 Devleti ve Kafkasya\u201d n\u0131n ilk versiyonu olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bey! biliyorum, siz de \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131n\u0131n o zamanki \u00c7ar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan Kafkasyadan zorla s\u00fcr\u00fclen insanlar\u0131n soyundans\u0131n\u0131z. Siz ka\u00e7\u0131nc\u0131 nesildensiniz? Sizinkiler ne zaman ve hangi \u015fekilde muhacir olmu\u015flar?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong> \u0130mam \u015eamil\u2019in Kabardey\u2019deki naiplerinden olan \u00c7agadu Abd\u00fclkadir Efendi, \u0130mam \u015eamil\u2019in teslkim olmas\u0131ndan (1859) sonra\u00a0 Kabardey ve Osetya\u2019daki soylular ve din adamlar\u0131yla birlikte 1861 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 topraklar\u0131na s\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcyor. Abd\u00fclkadir Efendi 1877-1878 y\u0131l\u0131nda yeniden Kafkasya\u2019ya ge\u00e7iyor. Orada hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybediyor. O\u011flu Mehmed istanbul\u2019da kal\u0131yor, onun o\u011flu Haf\u0131z Hasan Efendi medrese tahsilinden sonra \u015eeyh\u00fclislam Esad Efendi K\u00fct\u00fcphanesi Haf\u0131z-\u0131 K\u00fct\u00fcb\u2019\u00fc ve Ayasofya\u00a0 Evk\u00e2f\u0131 Kayy\u0131mba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rey yap\u0131yor. Onun o\u011flu Mehmed Sad\u0131k Bey (1890-1951) Enderun-\u0131 H\u00fcm\u00e2y\u00fbn\u2019da tahsil g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. 1909\u2019da Enderun tasfiye oldu\u011funda Sofrac\u0131ba\u015f\u0131, 1916 y\u0131l\u0131nda 2. Kilerci ve 1918 y\u0131l\u0131nda Kilerciba\u015f\u0131 (ser kilari-i Hazret-i \u015eehriyar\u00ee) oluyor. 1924 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar Osmanl\u0131 Saray\u0131\u2019n\u0131n son kilerciba\u015f\u0131s\u0131 olarak g\u00f6rev yap\u0131yor. Mehmed Sad\u0131k Bey\u2019in annesi Huriye Han\u0131m Abaza soylular\u0131ndan Presn Mar\u015fan Hasan Bey\u2019in o\u011flu Mahmud Bey\u2019in k\u0131z\u0131. Mahmud Bey S\u00fcvari kola\u011fas\u0131 iken 1877\u2019de Plevne\u2019de \u015fehir oluyor. Mehmed Sad\u0131k Bey\u2019in ilk han\u0131m\u0131 Piraye Kalfa (\u00f6l. 1912), Sultan V.Mehmed Re\u015fad\u2019\u0131n hususi\u00a0 dairesinde g\u00f6revli Abhaz bir sarayl\u0131. \u00c7ocuklar\u0131 Mehmed Saim Nahit Bilge (1911-1976) bendenizin babas\u0131 oluyor. B\u00fcy\u00fckbabam\u0131n di\u011fer e\u015finden amcam Tevhid Bilge (1919-1987) ve halam Meclube Necla Bilge (1926-1996) do\u011fuyorlar. Anneannem \u015eerife \u00d6z\u00fcsad\u0131\u00e7\u2019\u0131n (1905-1958) babas\u0131 Ahmed Bey de b\u00fcy\u00fck s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde Sinop-Gerze\u2019ye gelen bir \u015eaps\u0131\u011f ailenin \u00e7ocu\u011fu (aile sonrada Peker soyad\u0131n\u0131 al\u0131yor). Kafkasya ile deniz ticareti yapan bir geminin sahibi ve kaptan\u0131.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: Size yine soray\u0131m: Yeni kitap projeleriniz var m\u0131? M\u00fcjdeli haberleriniz var m\u0131? Bize projelerinizden bahsedin, l\u00fctfen!<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge<\/strong>:\u00a0 Yukar\u0131da arz etti\u011fim gibi \u201c18. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda Osmanl\u0131 Devleti\u201d ve \u201cKlasik \u00c7a\u011f\u2019da Osmanl\u0131 Tar\u0131m\u0131\u201d ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 iki kitap projem var. Ne zaman biter Allah bilir.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: \u00a0Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bey; ben \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 de\u011filim. Baba taraf\u0131mdan Laz, anne taraf\u0131mdan da \u00c7erkes kan\u0131 da ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131m i\u00e7in \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 olacak durumum yok. Ben bu \u00fclkenin evl\u00e2d\u0131y\u0131m. Bu duygu ve anlay\u0131\u015fla s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum. Bizler iyi vatanda\u015flar\u0131z. Devlete vergi veriyoruz. Devlet bizi askere ald\u0131.\u00a0\u00a0 \u00c7anakkale Sava\u015f\u0131nda da, Birinci B\u00fcy\u00fck Sava\u015f\u0131n\u0131n her Cephesinde de, Kurtulu\u015f Sava\u015f\u0131nda da,\u00a0 Kore Sava\u015f\u0131nda da, K\u0131br\u0131s Sava\u015f\u0131nda da biz de kan verdik. Canla-ba\u015fla ortak Vatan\u0131m\u0131z i\u00e7in \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131k. TRT- \u00c7erkes, TRT Laz yok, ancak TRT-K\u00fcrt mevcut ve 7\/24 yay\u0131n yap\u0131yor. Bu duruma ili\u015fkin siz ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Ben de \u0131rk\u00e7\u0131 de\u011filim. Irk\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve etnik ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 da sevmem. Benim baba taraf\u0131m \u00c7erkes Kabardey, babannem ve babam\u0131n babaannesi Abhaz, annemin babas\u0131 T\u00fcrk, anneannem \u00c7erkes. Ben hayat\u0131m\u0131n 19 y\u0131l\u0131 boyunca bu \u00fclkeye can\u0131m pahas\u0131na hizmet ettim. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan ve bu \u00fclkenin renklerini\u00a0 te\u015fkil eden her halk\u0131n kendi dil ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenmesi gerekti\u011fini ve buna haklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de ya\u015fayan Kafkas k\u00f6kenli halklar\u0131n (\u00c7erkes, Abhaz, \u00c7e\u00e7en, Oset, Da\u011f\u0131stan Halklar\u0131, G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Laz) ve Ermenilerin kendi dilinde yay\u0131n yapan radyo ve tv kanallar\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan yanay\u0131m. Teknik destek TRT veya T\u00fcrk Telecom\u2019dan al\u0131nabilir. K\u00fclt\u00fcr, e\u011flence, m\u00fczik, belgesel, s\u00f6yle\u015fi gibi programlar her halk taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanabilir. Radyolar her dilde 7\/24 yay\u0131n yapabilir. Buna kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k TV yay\u0131nlar\u0131 ise bug\u00fcnk\u00fc rekabet ve maliyet \u015fartlar\u0131nda belki de \u201cKafkas TV\u201d ad\u0131 alt\u0131nda 7\/24 ortak yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Biliyorum, siz de benim gibi bir hayvan seversiniz. Kediniz de var; \u00f6yle biliyorum. Baz\u0131 insanlar hayvanlara zarar veriyor. Bu t\u00fcr zul\u00fcmleri \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in, bizler neler yapmal\u0131y\u0131z?<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong> At, k\u00f6pek, kedi ve ku\u015f ba\u015fta olmak \u00fczere hayvanlar\u0131 ve tabiat\u0131 \u00e7ok severim. Kendi kedim yok. 13 y\u0131l \u201cBibo\u201d isimli bir sultan papa\u011fan\u0131m vard\u0131. 3 Ekim 2018\u2019de \u00f6ld\u00fc. Hat\u0131rlad\u0131k\u00e7a hala g\u00f6zlerim doluyor. Ortado\u011fu co\u011frafyas\u0131nda en zor \u015fey kad\u0131n, \u00e7ocuk, hayvan ve a\u011fa\u00e7 olmakt\u0131r. Tabiata ve onun ba\u011fr\u0131nda ya\u015fayan canl\u0131lara sahip \u00e7\u0131kmal\u0131y\u0131z.\u00a0 Bu insan olarak da inan\u00e7 sahibi isek m\u00fcmin olarak da g\u00f6revimiz asl\u0131nda. Evimize canl\u0131 hayvan al\u0131rken onlar\u0131n da hasta olabileceklerini, yaramazl\u0131k ve huysuzluk yapabileceklerini, mesele, ihtiya\u00e7 ve s\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 olabilece\u011fini unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Bunlara dayanamayacak isek evimize hayvan almamal\u0131y\u0131z. D\u00fcnya sadece insanlara ait de\u011fil bunu hi\u00e7 unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z. Bir de \u015funu unutmamal\u0131y\u0131z: Hz. Muhammed der ki \u201cYery\u00fcz\u00fcndekilere merhamet etmeyenlere, Allah da merhamet etmez\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bey, ben size \u00e7ok te\u015fekk\u00fcr ediyorum. Sorular\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a ve ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak cevap verdiniz. Ba\u015fka soraca\u011f\u0131m bir \u015fey yok. Sizin s\u00f6yleyece\u011finiz ba\u015fka bir \u015fey varsa, buyurun l\u00fctfen belirtin.<\/p>\n

Sad\u0131k M\u00fcfit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Ben de hem s\u00f6yle\u015fi imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131 verdi\u011finiz i\u00e7in hem de Lazlar hakk\u0131ndaki k\u0131ymetli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131z i\u00e7in size \u00e7ok te\u015fekk\u00fcr ederim. Sevgi ve sayg\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131 sunar\u0131m.<\/p>\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cK\u0306o\u00e7is kiana\u015fi k\u0306arta \u015furoni\u015fa merhameti va aqva\u015fi,\u00a0 Allahisti em k\u0306o\u00e7i\u015fa merhameti va aqven!\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

(Go\u0292\u0306otkvala: And\u011faneri sumari \u00e7kimi ren Sadik Mufit Bilge. Sadik Mufit Bilge ren ek\u0306onomist\u0306i, matarixe, st\u0306rat\u0306ejist\u0306i do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi eksp\u0306ert\u0306i. Turkiye\u015fi \u011firsoni mago\u015fogore do m\u00e7\u0306arupe\u015fi art- arti ren emu. Gami\u00e7kvineri ketabepe do ardido mak\u0306ale do tebli\u011fepe ku\u011fun Sadik Mufit Bilges. Ma emu vi\u00e7inop 2012 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen doni. \u0130pti kok\u0306optit emindros. Aya rt\u0306u \u00c7erkesuli \u00c7ali\u015ftayis.\u00a0 Aya ok\u0306oxtala i\u0292\u0306opxineret\u0306u Derbent\u0306is no\u011fa K\u0306ocaelis, 25- 26 K\u0306undura 2012 \u0292\u0306anas. Ok\u0306oxtala\u00a0 i\u0292\u0306opxineret\u0306u (\u00c7.H.\u0130.) \u00c7erkesuli Hak\u0306epe\u015fi \u0130nisiyat\u0306ifi\u015fk\u0306elen. Sadik Mufit Bilgeti, mati coxineri vort\u0306it eya ok\u0306oxtala\u015fa.\u00a0 Sadik Mufit Bilge k\u0306ala ar int\u0306erviu dop\u0306i ma. \u00c7kin molap\u015finit biyografi do no\u00e7ali\u015fepe mu\u015fi\u015fen. Edo aya no\u00e7\u0306are ren \u00e7kini int\u0306erviu\u015fi. Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi)<\/p>\n

+<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Sadik Mufit Begi, \u0292\u0306oxle biyografi tkvani\u015fen molap\u015finat! So do mundes ye\u00e7kindit? Namu n\u0292\u0306opulapes igurit? Namu nenape gi\u00e7kinan? Dudi tkvani\u015fen molami\u015finit, mu iqven!<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge<\/strong>: Aya int\u0306erviu \u015feni \u015fukuri gi\u0292\u0306umert ma ipti. (1861) vit\u0306o ovro o\u015fi do sume ne\u00e7i do ar \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen doni no\u011fa \u0130st\u0306anbolis skideri \u00c7erkesuli-K\u0306abardeyuli oca\u011fi\u015fi skiri vore ma. Ma yep\u00e7kindi (4) Maria\u015fina (1963) vit\u0306on \u00e7xoro o\u015fi do sume ne\u00e7i do sum \u0292\u0306anas, no\u011fa\u00a0 \u0130st\u0306anbolis. Ma doviguri Lisansuri gamantana- gurapa Gazi Universit\u0306et\u0306i\u015fi \u0130\u0130BF-\u015fi Ek\u0306onomi\u015fi Burmes. Ma vo\u00e7odini\u00a0\u00a0 ma\u011fali lisansi \u00e7kimi \u0130st\u0306anboli\u015fi Universit\u0306et\u0306i\u015fi SBE-\u015fi Maliye\u015fi Burmes. Jur dip\u0306lomati arkivis vardo, oxoris komi\u011fun ma. \u0130nglisuri do Fransuli nenape komi\u00e7kin; aya nenapeten \u00e7\u0306areli ketabepeti domak\u0306itxen-oxoma\u0292\u0306onen.\u00a0 Ma domak\u0306itxen Osmanuri no\u00e7\u0306arepe\u015fi k\u0306arta t\u0306ip\u0306i.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Ma mi\u00e7kin, tkvan gami\u00e7kvineri ketabepe kogi\u011funan. \u201cXe\u00e7\u0306ep\u0306a Mangali Xe Mu\u015fis\u201d, \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Macaristani\u201d, \u201cEsnafi do Ticareti Osmanli\u015fi \u0130st\u0306anbolis\u201d, \u201cSultani, Sipahi, Oput\u0306arepe, Ek\u0306onomist\u0306epe\u201d, \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi Oras\u201d, \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u201d coxoni gami\u00e7kvineri ketabepe kogi\u011funan. Ar majura no\u00e7ali\u015fe tkvaniti ren \u201cTe\u015frifati do Torenepe Osmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ales\u201d. Aya ketabepe tkvani\u015fen ambaroni vore ma. Uk\u0306oro\u0292xuti ognaperi tebli\u011fepe kogi\u011funan tkvan. Aya tebli\u011fepe tkvani\u015fi namtinepe\u015fenti ambari komi\u011fun ma. \u00c7kva gami\u00e7kvineri ketabi gi\u011funani?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Cenabi Allahik ma gza mom\u00e7u na, \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi Oras\u201d coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimi\u015fi a\u011fani edisyoni pxazirup ma \u201cK\u0306afkasia do K\u0306afk\u0306asurepe Osmanli\u015fi Oras\u201d coxoten. Aya ketabi gami\u00e7kvinasunon jur cildoni (1000-1200) vit\u0306o\u015fi- vit\u0306o\u015fi do jur o\u015fi but\u0306k\u0306a\u015fa. Aya ketabiten, K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fen ambaroni no\u00e7ali\u015fe \u00e7kimi vo\u00e7odinaminon ma. Emu\u015fk\u0306ule astaxolo \u201cOsmani\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale (18.) vit\u0306o maovrani O\u015f\u0292\u0306anuras\u201d do \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Xa\u00e7ka K\u0306lasik\u0306uri Oras\u201d coxoni jur ketabiti o\u00e7\u0306aru guris mek\u0306amilaps. Mtini gi\u0292\u0306vat; a\u0292\u0306i\u015fakis aya jur no\u00e7ali\u015fe \u00e7kimi \u015feni, dido ketabi, malzeme do \u00e7kinapa-rabisk\u0306a dop\u0306k\u0306orobi ma.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: \u201cTe\u015frifati do Torenepe Osmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ales\u201d coxoni no\u00e7ali\u015fe tkvani\u015fen molami\u015finit, mu iqven!<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong> \u201cTe\u015frifati do Torenepe Osmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ales\u201d coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimi ren Tevkuri Abdurrahman Pa\u015fa\u015fk\u0306elen nok\u0306orobe Osmanuri te\u015frifati\u015fi k\u0306anonname\u015fi t\u0306ransk\u0306ripsiyoni. Aya no\u00e7ali\u015fe mu\u015fi gami\u00e7kvineri ren\u00a0 (17.) vit\u0306o ma\u015fkvitani o\u015f\u0292\u0306anuras (1670-epes). Sarayi\u015fi n\u0292\u0306opula Enderunis me\u00e7ameri Osmanli\u015fi k\u0306ult\u0306uri\u015fi \u0292oxle-xtimupe\u015fi art-arti ren Tevkuri Abdurrahman Pa\u015fa. Tevkuri Abdurrahman Pa\u015fa\u015fi skidala do no\u00e7ali\u015fepe\u015fi ambariti komep\u00e7i ma aya ketabi\u015fi amaxtimoni no\u0292\u0306iles. Ar mitxanis Osmanli\u015fi p\u0306rot\u0306ok\u0306oli\u015fa toli aqva\u015fi, aya noxvene ok\u0306itxu\u015fi ren emu.\u00a0 Aya no\u00e7ali\u015fe dva\u00e7\u0306ironi ren emk\u0306ata k\u0306o\u00e7epe \u015feni; aya mi\u00e7kit\u0306an.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> K\u0306arta ketabi tkvani dido \u011firsoni do pelaperi ren. A\u0292\u0306iti \u201cXe\u00e7\u0306ep\u0306a Mangali Xe Mu\u015fis\u201d, \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Macaristani\u201d, \u201cEsnafi do Ticareti Osmanli\u015fi \u0130st\u0306anbolis\u201d, \u201cSultani, Sipahi, Oput\u0306arepe, Ek\u0306onomist\u0306epe\u201d coxoni ketabepe tkvani\u015fen b\u011far\u011falat! Osmanli\u015fi xe\u0292ala, xvala askeruli menceli va rt\u0306u. Asia, Afrik\u0306a do Avrop\u0306a\u015fi ticaretuli, k\u0306ult\u0306uruli, xa\u00e7ka\u015fi menceliti didopeten oktalapt\u0306u Osmanli\u015fi xe\u0292alak.\u00a0\u00a0 Aya ketabepe tkvaniti, Osmanli\u015fi mcve\u015fi medeniyet\u0306uri ik\u0306limi\u015fi landeten ye\u00e7kindineri ren; e\u015fo komi\u00e7kin.\u00a0 Aya ketabepe tkvani\u015fen molami\u015finit, mu iqven! \u201cXe\u00e7\u0306ep\u0306a Mangali Xe Mu\u015fis\u201d coxoni ketabi tkvanik mu ambarepe mom\u00e7apan Osmanli\u015fi xa\u00e7ka\u015fi skidala\u015fen?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u0130ri\u015fen \u0292\u0306oxle\u00a0 otkvalu\u015fi vore ma; \u201cXe\u00e7\u0306ep\u0306a Mangali Xe Mu\u015fis\u201d coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimi; arm\u0292ika guroni, idialoni do umengaperi ren spero mu\u015fis; a\u0292\u0306i\u015fakis majura nenapetenti gami\u00e7kvineri ar \u00e7kva no\u00e7ali\u015fe va ren. (1300-1800) vit\u0306o sum- vit\u0306o ovro o\u015f\u0292\u0306anurepe\u015fi Anat\u0306olia do Balk\u0306anepe\u015fen Osmanli\u015fi Macaristani\u015fa, K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fen\u00a0 Habe\u015fistani\u015fa, Cezayiri\u015fen K\u0306irimi\u015fa, mtelo Osmanli\u015fi co\u011frafyas, Osmanli\u015fi oput\u0306arepe\u015fk\u0306elen xmareli xa\u00e7ka\u015fi alet\u0306epe do gexedu- otiru\u015fi vasitape k\u0306ala\u00a0 entepe\u015fi\u00a0 suveri do muperoba, entepe\u015fi oxmarinu qona\u015fi xa\u00e7ka, maba\u011foba do zeytini\u015fi xa\u00e7ka; aya xa\u00e7kape\u015fi suverepe (gi\u00e7kinan; Osmanli\u015fi xa\u00e7ka \u0292\u0306oxle- mxtimu rt\u0306u \u00e7xvari (dik\u0306a, keri), bak\u0306liyat, qur\u017eeni do zeytini\u015fi mono\u00e7ane\u015fi speros o\u015f\u0292\u0306anurepe\u015f morgvalis) aya alet\u0306i do vasitape\u015fi\u00a0 ustape, oxvenu\u015fi suverepe do malzemepe mutepe\u015fi, pasepe do entepe\u015fi sva Osmanli\u015fi huk\u0306uk\u0306is steri ambarepe me\u00e7aps aya no\u00e7ali\u015fe \u00e7kinik.\u00a0 Ketabis ge\u017eis uk\u0306oro\u0292xu suretiti. (Krist\u0306e\u015fen \u0292\u0306oxleni (4000) otxo vit\u0306o\u015fi \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen (19.) vit\u0306o ma\u00e7xorani o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura\u015fakis) Osmanli\u015fi oput\u0306arepe\u015fk\u0306elen xmareli alet\u0306epe do vasitape\u015fi ora do svalepe\u015fi (Xolosoni Yulva do X\u00e7emzo\u011fa\u015fi co\u011frafya\u015fi) magzaloba\u015fen on\u00e7\u0306eloni do gok\u0306vironi ambarepe gaqven aya ketabi ok\u0306itxuten.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Macaristani\u201d coxoni ketabi tkvaniten, Osmanli do Macaristani\u015fi munasebet\u0306epe\u015fi namu spero\u015fen molami\u015finapt?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 O\u015fke o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura\u015fi iri\u015fen k\u0306ap\u0306et\u0306i oxen\u0292alepe\u015fen Macaristani\u015fi Omape\u015fen ambarepe me\u00e7aps Osmanli\u015fi Macaristani coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimik. Macaristani\u015fi Omape rt\u0306u didopeten Osmanli\u015fi oktala\u015fi doloxe (1526-1718) vit\u0306o xut o\u015fi do e\u00e7i do an\u015fi- vit\u0306o \u015fkvit o\u015fi do vit\u0306o ovro \u0292\u0306anape\u015fi \u015fkas. Edo Osmanli\u015fi ekoni oktaluri sist\u0306emi\u015fenti mola\u015finaps ketabi \u00e7kimik.\u00a0 Macarepe\u015fi tarixuri muxuri do (1526) vit\u0306o xut o\u015fi do e\u00e7i do an\u015fi \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis Osmanli-Macari munasebetepe, Osmanli\u015fi Macaristani\u015fi no\u011fape, oput\u0306epe, cixape, garnizonepe, ek\u0306onomi, ticareti, gexedu-otirupe\u015fi\u00a0 vasitape\u015fen ambaroni no\u0292\u0306ilepeti ge\u017ein ketabis. Ketabi \u00e7kimi\u015fi o\u00e7inapu \u015feni ar ambariti gami\u00e7kvinu Macaristani\u015fi ilimepe\u015fi Ak\u0306ademia\u015fi e-but\u0306k\u0306as\u00a0 )<\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.reciti.hu\/2014\/2383?fbclid=%20IwAR0ix5e5nK0XfCdD6HnVnaT3HdE4r0Ja-lx1J77xZ9eh4S-4Ufv6bitjfcs<\/a><\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: \u201cEsnafi do Ticareti Osmanli\u015fi \u0130st\u0306anbolis\u201d do \u201cSultani, Sipahi, Oput\u0306arepe, Ek\u0306onomist\u0306epe\u201d coxoni ketabepe tkvani\u015fenti molami\u015finit, mu iqven! Mundes gami\u00e7kvinu aya ketabepe tkvani? Mu ambarepe me\u00e7apt aya no\u00e7ali\u015fepe tkvaniten?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cEsnafi do Ticareti Osmanli\u015fi \u0130st\u0306anbolis\u201d coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimi ren \u0130U-\u015fi SBE-\u015fi Maliye\u015fi Burmes me\u00e7ameri ma\u011fali lisansi\u015fi t\u0306ezi \u00e7kimi\u015fi mon\u017eineri do xampineri xali. Osmanli\u015fi lamtinala\u015fi sinifuri mo\u0292\u0306opxu, Osmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale\u015fi omralu\u015fi suveri\u015fen (Feodaluri, Asialuri suveri\u015fen) k\u0306oment\u0306arepe do Osmanli\u015fi xa\u00e7ka steri ambarepe do muessesuri no\u0292\u0306ilepeti ku\u011fun aya no\u00e7ali\u015fes. Marksist\u0306i va vore ma, mara \u201ctarixuri mat\u0306eryalizmi\u015fi\u201d suveriten i\u00e7\u0306arinu aya no\u00e7ali\u015fe; e\u015fo matkven ma. (1300-1600) vit\u0306o sumi o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura\u015fen vit\u0306o an\u015fi o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura\u015fa, \u201cOsmanli\u015fi xarci\u015fi sist\u0306emi K\u0306lasik\u0306uri Oras\u201d, do aya xarci\u015fi sist\u0306emi,\u00a0 Smit\u0306iani\u015fi xarci\u015fi sist\u0306emi\u015fi p\u0306rensip\u0306eten oxandu ren aya ketabi \u00e7kimi\u015fi mtini tema.<\/p>\n

Ma tebli\u011fepe vognaperet\u0306i opape\u015fdoloxeni simp\u0306ozyumepes: Aya tebli\u011fepe \u00e7kimi\u015fi iptineri sumis e\u015fo coxont\u0306u: \u201cBak\u0306k\u0306ali, mabore\u011fe- ma\u00e7ore\u011fe do berberoba\u015fi esnafi Osmanli\u015fi \u0130st\u0306anbolis\u201d. \u00c7odinuri tebli\u011fi \u00e7kimi\u015fi tema rt\u0306u \u201c\u0130st\u0306anboli do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi isk\u0306elepe\u015fi \u015fkas xveneri ticareti, eya ticaretepe\u015fi malepe, eya dulyape\u015fi turcarepe, k\u0306aravepe do mzo\u011farepe\u201d. Aya ketabi \u00e7kimis ge\u017ein eya otxo tebli\u011fi \u00e7kimi. Mara aya tebli\u011fepe mon\u017eineri renan; voxampi ma do e\u015fo gami\u00e7kvinu ketabi \u00e7kimi. U\u015figneri varna arm\u0292ika \u015figneri ambarepe vognapi ma aya ketabiten.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: And\u011faneri nd\u011fas, namtini m\u00e7\u0306arupek and\u011faneri K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fen mola\u015finapan do \u00e7\u0306arupan. Mara dido m\u00e7\u0306aruk didopeten and\u011faneri p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri do ideolojiuri zmona do gagnapa mutepe\u015fiten \u00e7\u0306arupan; entepe\u015fi no\u00e7ali\u015fepe mtelo objekt\u0306uri va renan, mtelo pelaperiti va renan. Amk\u0306ata m\u00e7\u0306arupek tarixisti and\u011faneri\u00a0 p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri do ideolojiuri zmona do gagnapa mutepe\u015fiten menda\u0292\u0306k\u0306edupan do e\u015fo \u00e7\u0306arupan; emu\u015feniti amk\u0306ata m\u00e7\u0306arupe\u015fi eya no\u00e7ali\u015fepeti objekt\u0306uri do mtelo pelaperi va renan. Tkvan objekt\u0306uro gami\u00e7kvineri jur ketabi kogi\u011funan aya speros. Entepe\u015fi arteri ren \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi oras\u201d. Majura ketabi tkvaniti ren \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u201d. K\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi oras\u201d coxoni ketabi tkvaniten, K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi namu muxurepe\u015fen, namu xalk\u0306epe\u015fen do entepe\u015fi namu munasebet\u0306epe\u015fen mola\u015finapt? Mundes gami\u00e7kvinu aya ketabi tkvani?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong> \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi oras\u201d coxoni ketabi\u015fi maartani gama\u00e7kva kogamaxtu (2012) jur vit\u0306o\u015fi do vit\u0306o jur \u0292\u0306anas (XX + 689 but\u0306k\u0306a). Aya ketabi\u015fi mon\u017eineri do xampineri majurani gama\u00e7kvati kogamaxtu jur vit\u0306o\u015fi do vit\u0306o xut \u0292\u0306anas (XXV + 738 but\u0306k\u0306a ). And\u011faneri nd\u011fas, ketabi\u015fi aya jur gama\u00e7kva\u015fenti ar k\u0306op\u0306ia doskidu xes, di\u00e7odu. (1454-1829) vit\u0306o otxo o\u015fi do jure ne\u00e7i do vit\u0306o otxo- vit\u0306o ovro o\u015fi do e\u00e7i do \u00e7xoro \u0292\u0306anape\u015fi \u015fkas (375) sum o\u015fi do sume ne\u00e7i do vit\u0306o xut \u0292\u0306anape\u015f morgalis, K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri do askeruli tarixi, Osmanli, Rusia do \u0130rani\u015fi imp\u0306eriape k\u0306ala svalyaruli oxen\u0292alepe\u015fi K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi dixape \u015feni ok\u0306ok\u0306idinupe, aya imp\u0306eriape\u015fi K\u0306afk\u0306asias vazifoni generalepe, burok\u0306rat\u0306epe do askerepe\u015fi skidalape do no\u00e7ali\u015fepe, emindroneri O\u00e7ildre K\u0306afk\u0306asia do Omjore\u00a0 K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi xalk\u0306epe\u015fi mteli, entepe\u015fi \u00e7\u0306vinepe, cenosidepe do entepe\u015fi renoba\u015fi ok\u0306ok\u0306idinupe\u015fen m\u00e7\u0306ipa\u015fa\u015fi ambarepe vognapi ma aya ketabiten. P\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri do askeruli tarixi\u015f gale; mtel K\u0306afk\u0306asuri xalk\u0306epe\u015fi k\u0306arta d\u011faneri skidala, oput\u0306epe, no\u011fape, cixape do garnizonepe, xa\u00e7ka, zanaati, ticareti, kyole\u015fi ticareti, zo\u011fa\u015fi dulyape, xalk\u0306epe\u015fi \u0130slamizasyoni\u015fenti k\u0306ut\u0306ali\u015fa ambarape komep\u00e7i ma; aya ambarepe mskva\u015fa moli\u015finen, e\u015fo doma\u0292\u0306onen ma. Aya ketabi\u015fi a\u011fani edisyoni \u015feni, xolo ti\u015fen k\u0306udeli\u015fa \u015furdoguriten vixandep ma. \u201cKafk\u0306asia do K\u0306afk\u0306asurepe Osmanli\u015fi Oras\u201d coxoten gamaxtasunon aya ketabi \u00e7kimi\u00a0 (2020) jur vit\u0306o\u015fi do e\u00e7i \u0292\u0306ana\u015fi ge\u00e7k\u0306alas. \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306asia Osmanli\u015fi Oras\u201d coxoni ketabi \u00e7kimi\u015fi go\u0292\u0306ono\u00e7ali\u015fe, odude, \u00e7kinapa do rabisk\u0306a ok\u0306orobu\u00a0 do ok\u0306itxu\u015fi p\u0306rosesi kogeo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306u (1989) vit\u0306on \u00e7xoro o\u015fi do otxo ne\u00e7i do vit\u0306on \u00e7xoro \u0292\u0306anas. Edo aya p\u0306rosesis voret \u00e7kin. Aya ketabi\u015fi \u00e7odina edisyoni gamaxta\u015fi, aya spero\u015fen xe mozdu\u015fa toli komi\u011fun ma\u00a0 a\u011fanmordale \u00e7kinerk\u0306o\u00e7epe do mago\u015fogore eksp\u0306ert\u0306epe\u015fi\u00a0 oxandu \u015feni.\u00a0 Entepe\u015fi no\u00e7ali\u015fepe, \u00e7kimepe\u015fen do gami\u00e7kvineri majurape\u015fen \u00e7kva k\u0306ai iqvasunonan; ma e\u015fo vicer ti\u015fen k\u0306udeli\u015fa. Entepe\u015fa imendi komi\u011fun do a\u0292\u0306i\u015fen entepes iris gecginoba vu\u0292\u0306umer ma.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u201d coxoni ar \u00e7kva ketabi \u00e7kva kogi\u011funan. Mundes\u00a0 gami\u00e7kvinu aya ketabi tkvani? Edo K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fi namu sperope\u015fen mola\u015finapt aya ketabi tkvaniten?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u201d coxoni ketabi kogamaxtu 2005 \u0292\u0306anas (295 but\u0306k\u0306a) do a\u0292\u0306i ar k\u0306op\u0306ia mu\u015fiti xes va doskidu, di\u00e7odu. Aya ketabi ren \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale do K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u201d coxoni ketabi\u015fi iptineri versiyoni; e\u015fo matkvenan \u00e7kin.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Sadik Mufit Begi! Ma mi\u00e7kin, tkvanti Rusya\u015fi \u0130mp\u0306eria\u015fi emindroneri \u0292ari k\u0306elen K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fen u\u00e7vaten get\u0306k\u0306o\u00e7ineri oca\u011fepe\u015fi di\u0292xiri\u015fen ret. Nak\u0306otxani tasi\u015fen ret tkvan? Mundes do namu gzalepeten mohaciri gamaxterenan tkvanepe?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong> \u0130mam \u015eamilik emindroneri \u0292ari\u015fi askeri\u015fa diteslimu \u015fk\u0306ule (1859 \u0292\u0306anas), \u0130mam \u015eamili\u015fi K\u0306abardeyuri naipe\u015fen \u00c7agadu Abdulkadir Efendi, K\u0306abardeyuli do Osuri \u0292\u0306oxle-mxtimupe dini\u015fk\u0306o\u00e7epe k\u0306ala Osmanli\u015fi dixape\u015fa i\u00e7vineren 1861 \u0292\u0306anas. Abdulkadir Efendi xolo mek\u0306axteren K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fa 1877-1878 \u0292\u0306anas. Emeristi do\u011fureren. Bi\u00e7\u0306i mu\u015fi Mehmedi doskidun emindroneri nanano\u011fa \u0130st\u0306anbolis. Mu\u015fi bi\u00e7\u0306i Hafiz Xasan Efendi Medrese\u015fi gamantana- gurapa \u015fk\u0306ule, ixanderen \u015eeyhulislami Esad Efendi K\u0306utupxana\u015fi Xafizi Kutubo do Ayasofya\u015fi Evkafi\u015fi Kayyimba\u015fo. Bi\u00e7\u0306i mu\u015fi Mehmed Sadik Begi igureren Enderuni\u00a0 Humayunis (1890-1951 \u0292\u0306anape\u015fi \u015fkas). Enderuni kaizdinu\u015fi 1909 \u0292\u0306anas; 1916 \u0292\u0306anas Sofraciba\u015f\u0131, 1916 \u0292\u0306anas 2. Makilere do 1918 \u0292\u0306anas Kilerciba\u015fi (ser kilari-i Hazret-i \u015eehriyari) iqven. 1924 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis Osmanli\u015fi Sarayi\u015fi \u00e7odina\u00a0 kilerciba\u015fi ren. Mehmed Sadik Begi\u015fi nana Huriye Xanumi ren Abazape\u015fi \u0292\u0306oxle-mxtimupe\u015fen mapaskiri Mar\u015fan Xasan Begi\u015fi skiri Mahmud Begi\u015fi k\u0306ulani. Mahmud Begi t\u0306eren Suvari\u015fi k\u0306olaga. Emindros P\u0306levne i\u0292\u0306opxineren no\u011fa 1877 \u0292\u0306anas. Mehmed Sadik Begi\u015fi maartani \u00e7ili P\u0306iraye K\u0306alfa (\u011fureren 1912 \u0292\u0306anas), rt\u0306eren Sultan Maxurani Mehmed Re\u015fadi\u015fi doxmeli\u00a0 dayres vazifoni Abxazi Sarayoni. Entepe\u015fi berepe\u015fen Mehmed Saim Nahit Bilge (1911-1976) ren \u00e7kimi baba. P\u0306ap\u0306u \u00e7kimi\u015fi majura \u00e7ili\u015fen cumadi \u00e7kimi Tevhid Bilge (1919-1987) do dadi \u00e7kimi Meclube Necla Bilge (1926-1996) ye\u00e7kinderenan. Nana \u00e7kimi\u015fi nana \u015eerife Ozusadi\u00e7i\u015fi baba (1905-1958) Ahmed Begi ren didi sur\u011funis Sinop-Gerze\u015fa moxtimeri ar \u015eapsi\u011fi oca\u011fi\u015fi skiri (oca\u011fi\u015fi uk\u0306a\u00e7xeni gvari ren P\u0306ek\u0306eri); K\u0306afk\u0306asia k\u0306ala zo\u011fa\u015fi ticareti\u015f k\u0306aravi\u015fi mance do k\u0306ap\u0306it\u0306ani.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Ma xolo gk\u0306ixat: A\u011fani ketabi\u015f p\u0306rojepe gi\u011funani? Pukironi ambarepe gi\u011funani? P\u0306rojepe tkvani\u015fenti molami\u015finit, mu iqven!<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Jile mskva\u015fa ptkveret\u0306i ma, \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Oxen\u0292ale 18. O\u015f\u0292\u0306anuras\u201d do \u201cOsmanli\u015fi Xa\u00e7ka K\u0306lasik\u0306uri Oras\u201d coxoni jur ketabi\u015f p\u0306roje komi\u011fun ma. Mundes i\u00e7oden, eyati Allahis u\u00e7kin.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> \u00a0Sadik Mufit Begi; ma razist\u0306i va vore. Razist\u0306i oqopimu\u015fi xaliti va mi\u011fun, baba\u015fen Lazi vore do nana\u015fen \u00c7erkesuli di\u0292xiriti komi\u011fun do emu\u015feni. Ma aya dobadona\u015fi skiri vore do aya zmona do gagnapaten ptkumer. \u00c7kin k\u0306ai dobadonarepe voret. Oxen\u0292ales xarci mep\u00e7apt.\u00a0 Oxan\u0292alek askeroba\u015fa \u00e7kin kemzdes. \u00c7anakkale\u015fi Limasti, Maartani didi Lima\u015fi k\u0306arta Cepesti, Dudmo\u015fletinoba\u015fi Limasti; K\u0306ore\u015fi Limasti, K\u0306ip\u0306risi\u015fi Limasti \u00e7kinti di\u0292xiri mep\u00e7it. \u015eurdoguriten vixandit o\u015fkaruli dobadona \u00e7kini\u015fi artianoba do xelak\u0306aoba \u015feni. TRT\u0306- \u00c7erkesi, TRT\u0306- Lazi va ren, mara TRT\u0306-Kyurduli koren do \u00e7\u0306andinaps 7\/24-s. Tkvan mu isimadept aya xali \u015feni?<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge<\/strong>:\u00a0 Mati razist\u0306i va vore. Razist\u0306oba do et\u0306nik\u0306uro majurape \u00e7kimden omendranu va mom\u0292\u0306ondun. Baba \u00e7kimi\u015fi cinci ren \u00c7erkesuli- K\u0306abardeyuli do baba \u00e7kimi\u015fi nana do baba \u00e7kimi\u015fi dinana mu\u015fi ren Abxazi. Nana \u00e7kimi\u015fi nana ren Turki. Dinana \u00e7kimi ren \u00c7erkesi. Ma \u015furdoguriten vixandi aya dobadona \u015feni \u011fura\u015fmedginoba\u015fi doloxe, skidala \u00e7kimi\u015fi vit\u0306on \u00e7xoro \u0292\u0306ana\u015f morgvalis. Turkiyes skideri do aya dobadona\u015fi perepe k\u0306arti xalk\u0306i; nena do k\u0306ult\u0306uri mu\u015fi oguru\u015fi ren; aya ren entepe\u015fi hak\u0306i ma e\u015fo visimadep. Turkiyes skideri K\u0306afk\u0306asia\u015fen cinconi xalk\u0306epes (\u00c7erkesi, Abxazi, \u00c7e\u00e7eni, Osi, Da\u011fistanuri Xalk\u0306epe, Gurci, Lazi) do Ermenepes aqvan entepe\u015fi nenaten radio- t\u0306elevizyonepe\u015fi k\u0306analepe; ma e\u015fo visimadep. T\u0306ek\u0306nik\u0306uro TRT\u0306 varna Turk-Telek\u2019omis omxvacu ok\u0306vanduti iqven. K\u0306ult\u0306uruli, \u015fenlu\u011fi\u015fi, muzik\u0306uri, rabisk\u0306uri filimepe, ok\u0306otkvala steri\u00a0 p\u0306rogramepe ixvenen k\u0306arta xalk\u0306i\u015fk\u0306elen. Radiopes k\u0306arta nenaten \u00e7\u0306andinape axvenenan 7\/24-s. Edo T\u0306V-\u015fi \u00e7\u0306andinapeti and\u011faneri rek\u0306abet\u0306uri do maliyet\u0306uri gagnabaten, gonepti \u201cK\u0306afk\u0306as T\u0306V\u201d coxoten o\u015fkaruli \u00e7\u0306andina ixvenen 7\/24-s.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: Ma mi\u00e7kin, tkvanti \u00e7kimi steri skindinamaqorope ret. K\u0306at\u0306uti kogiqonunan tkvan; e\u015fo mi\u00e7kin ma.\u00a0\u00a0 Namtini k\u0306o\u00e7epek skindinapes zarari me\u00e7apan. Amk\u0306ata zulumepe o\u011findu \u015feni,\u00a0 muepe oxvenu\u015fi voret \u00e7kin,<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong> \u0292xeni, co\u011fori, k\u0306at\u0306u do k\u0306vinci iptinero, skindinape do buncinas dido p\u0306qorop ma. Ma k\u0306at\u0306u va miqonunun. 13 \u0292\u0306ana\u015f morgvalis, \u201cBibo\u201d coxoni ar sultani\u015f p\u0306ap\u0306a\u011fani komiqonut\u0306u. Bibo domi\u011furu 3 Guma 2018-s. Emu goma\u015fina\u015fi, xoloti gemzuli viqver ma; guris mgarini momixteps. O\u015fkeyulva\u015fi iri\u015fen me\u00e7\u0306ireli dulya ren oxorca, bere, skindina do nca oqopimu. Buncina do mu\u015fi gurp\u0306icis skideri mteli \u015furonepe\u015fa mance gamaxtimu\u015fi voret \u00e7kin. Mtini gi\u0292\u0306vat; ar k\u0306o\u00e7o cera mi\u011funan na, Mumini oqopimuti aya ren \u00e7kini oxvenoni. Ar skidina\u015fi mance viqvat\u015fi, \u0292\u0306oxle\u015fen mi\u00e7kit\u0306an: entepesti axarmelenan, entepesti p\u0306at\u0306inoba do zararoni dulyape axvenenan,\u00a0 mis a\u00e7kinen, gonepti entepes mutu dva\u00e7\u0306irnan do p\u0306roblemepe aqvenen; entepe\u015f nena va u\u011funan, ayati nosis mi\u011fut\u0306an m\u00e7\u0306ipa\u015fa\u015fi. Amk\u0306ata mutupes noxondinu\u015fi menceli va mi\u011funan na, oxoris skindina e\u00e7\u0306opinu\u015fi va voret \u00e7kin. Kiana xvala k\u0306o\u00e7epe\u015fi vardo, aya \u00e7kar va gomo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306ondan. Xolo aya notkvameti va gamo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306ondan: Hz. Muhammedik e\u015fo tkumer: \u201cK\u0306o\u00e7is kiana\u015fi k\u0306arta \u015furoni\u015fa merhameti va aqva\u015fi,\u00a0 Allahisti em k\u0306o\u00e7i\u015fa merhameti va aqven.\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: Sadik Mufit Begi, ma dido \u015fukuri gi\u0292\u0306umert. K\u0306itxalepes mskva\u015fa do m\u00e7\u0306ipa\u015fa\u015fi nena gemiktirit. Ma ok\u0306itxu\u015fi \u00e7kva mutu va minon guris. Tkvan otkvalu\u015fi \u00e7kva mutu gi\u011funan na, eti mi\u0292\u0306vit, mu iqven!<\/p>\n

Sadik Mufit Bilge:<\/strong>\u00a0 Hemi aya ok\u0306otkvala do hemiti Lazepe \u015feni \u011firsoni no\u00e7ali\u015fepe tkvani \u015feni, ma \u015fukuri gi\u0292\u0306umert. Cumaloni qoropa do hurmet\u0306i\u00a0 megim\u00e7inapt.<\/p>\n

+<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/strong>\u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10e1<\/strong> \u10e5\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0<\/strong> \u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0<\/strong> \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d5\u10d0<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong>,\u00a0 <\/strong>\u10d0\u10da\u10da\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d4\u10db<\/strong> \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0<\/strong> \u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10f0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d5\u10d0<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc<\/strong>!\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

(\u10d2\u10dd\u10ec\u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0: \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4. \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4, \u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10df\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7- \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10db\u10e3. \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10db\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e4 2012 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d7\u10d0\u10f2\u10d8\u10e1.\u00a0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10ee\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, 25- 26 \u10d9\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 2012 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u00a0 \u10d8\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10ee\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3 (\u10e9.\u10f0.\u10d8.) \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10f2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u0444\u10d8\u10e8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0.\u00a0 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e3 \u10d3\u10dd\u10de\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10f2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8.\u00a0 \u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8)<\/p>\n

+<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8, \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10d1\u10d8\u10f2\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7! \u10e1\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d7? \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7? \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc? \u10d3\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc!<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e3\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8. (1861) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8-\u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10f2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0 \u10f2\u10d4\u10e4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 (4) \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 (1963) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u00a0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0- \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d8\u10d1\u0424-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u00a0\u00a0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d1\u10d4-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e1. \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10de\u10da\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd, \u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u0424\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc; \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc-\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc.\u00a0 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e2\u10d8\u10de\u10d8.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u201c\u10ee\u10d4\u10ed\u10d4\u10de\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u201d, \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d, \u201c\u10d4\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u201d, \u201c\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d, \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d, \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u201c\u10d7\u10d4\u10e8\u10e0\u10d8\u0444\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u201d. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0. \u10e3\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10da\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10e9\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0, \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4 \u10db\u10d0 \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10ef\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 (1000-1200) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8- \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 (18.) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10d3\u10dd \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7; \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0-\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10de\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10d7\u10d4\u10e8\u10e0\u10d8\u0444\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc!<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4:<\/strong> \u201c\u10d7\u10d4\u10e8\u10e0\u10d8\u0444\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10dc\u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10e8\u10e0\u10d8\u0444\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e2\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d9\u10e0\u10d8\u10e4\u10e1\u10d8\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u00a0 (17.) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 (1670-\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1). \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ea\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4-\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7-\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0. \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10e0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc \u10e4\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d7\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4 \u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10db\u10e3.\u00a0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d5\u10d0\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8; \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u201c\u10ee\u10d4\u10ed\u10d4\u10de\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u201d, \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d, \u201c\u10d4\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u201d, \u201c\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d1\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10d7! \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d0, \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3. \u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0, \u10d0\u0444\u10e0\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd\u10de\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10e5\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e2\u10e3 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5.\u00a0\u00a0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d9\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc; \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc.\u00a0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc! \u201c\u10ee\u10d4\u10ed\u10d4\u10de\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u00a0 \u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0; \u201c\u10ee\u10d4\u10ed\u10d4\u10de\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8; \u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1; \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. (1300-1800) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db- \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e2\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0, \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u00a0 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0, \u10ef\u10d4\u10d6\u10d0\u10f2\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0, \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10e6\u10e0\u10d0\u0444\u10f2\u10d0\u10e1, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3- \u10dd\u10d7\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u00a0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u00a0 \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0, \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d6\u10d4\u10f2\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0; \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 (\u10d2\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc; \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4- \u10db\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10e3 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10e9\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10d3\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0, \u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8), \u10d1\u10d0\u10d9\u10da\u10d8\u10f2\u10d0\u10d7, \u10e7\u10e3\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d6\u10d4\u10f2\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1) \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u00a0 \u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d6\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10f0\u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10d9\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5.\u00a0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10eb\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10ea\u10ee\u10e3 \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8. (\u10e5\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 (4000) \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc (19.) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1) \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10f2\u10e3\u10da\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10e9\u10d4\u10db\u10d6\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10e6\u10e0\u10d0\u0444\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8) \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10dc\u10ed\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10dd\u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10de\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e5. \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e5\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4 (1526-1718) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10ee\u10e3\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8- \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10e8\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e5\u10d7\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e5.\u00a0 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd (1526) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10ee\u10e3\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8-\u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10ef\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3-\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u00a0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1. \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10db\u10d0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4-\u10d1\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1: https:\/\/www.reciti.hu\/2014\/2383?fbclid=%20IwAR0ix5e5nK0XfCdD6HnVnaT3HdE4r0Ja-lx1J77xZ9eh4S-4Ufv6bitjfcs<\/a><\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10d4\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u201d \u10d3\u10dd \u201c\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc! \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10db\u10e3 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201c\u10d4\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10e3-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d1\u10d4-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10d6\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8. \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u0444\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10ee\u10e3, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10db\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc (\u0424\u10d4\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc) \u10d9\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10d4\u10e1\u10e1\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u201c\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10f2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u201d \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4; \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. (1300-1600) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10d0\u10dc\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0, \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d, \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8,\u00a0 \u10e1\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10e1\u10d8\u10de\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0.<\/p>\n

\u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e4\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10dd\u10d6\u10f2\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1: \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3: \u201c\u10d1\u10d0\u10d9\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e6\u10d4- \u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e6\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1\u10dc\u10d0\u0444\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u201d. \u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u201c\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d6\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10da\u10d8\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc; \u10d5\u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10e4\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8. \u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e5\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10df\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc; \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10d1\u10df\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc, \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u00a0 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10df\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10d9\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc; \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d1\u10df\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10dd\u10d1\u10df\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d. \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d. \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10db\u10e3\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7? \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10e3 (2012) \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 (\u10ee\u10ee + 689 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10d0). \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10eb\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10e3 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10ee\u10e3\u10d7 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 (\u10ee\u10ee\u10d5 + 738 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10d0 ). \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10e1, \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3 \u10ee\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d8\u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3. (1454-1829) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd- \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1 (375) \u10e1\u10e3\u10db \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd \u10ee\u10e3\u10d7 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10f2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u0444\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10da\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10db\u10df\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u00a0 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10ef\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10ed\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc. \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4; \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0, \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10ef\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d6\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0, \u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10e5\u10f2\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d6\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0; \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e1\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e4 \u10db\u10d0. \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u00a0 (2020) \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10e9\u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e1. \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4, \u10dd\u10d3\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4, \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10e3\u00a0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d4\u10dd\u10ed\u10d9\u10e3 (1989) \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10dd \u10dc\u10d4\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10ee\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d6\u10d3\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d7\u10dd\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u00a0 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd\u10e8\u10dd\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u00a0 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8.\u00a0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc; \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0 \u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10e3\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10ef\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d5\u10e3\u10ec\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1\u00a0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10e1\u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10e3 2005 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 (295 \u10d1\u10e3\u10e2\u10d9\u10d0) \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10de\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3, \u10d3\u10d8\u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10e3. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8; \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8! \u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10db\u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10e9\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d4\u10e2\u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10e6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d7. \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc? \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10d2\u10d6\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10f0\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ea\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10e1\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d4 (1859 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1), \u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10db \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10f2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d8\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3 \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10e5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0 \u10d4\u0444\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8, \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10f2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4-\u10db\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e9\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc 1861 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10e5\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e0 \u10d4\u0444\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 1877-1878 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d1\u10d8\u10ed\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10ed\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d0\u0444\u10d8\u10d6 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u0444\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0- \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d4, \u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10f2\u10f0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3 \u10d4\u0444\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u0444\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3\u10d1\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u0444\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d5\u10e5\u10d0\u0444\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10f2\u10f2\u10d8\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10dd. \u10d1\u10d8\u10ed\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u00a0 \u10f0\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10f2\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 (1890-1951 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1). \u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10d8\u10d6\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 1909 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1; 1916 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u0444\u10e0\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u0131, 1916 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 2. \u10db\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd 1918 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 (\u10e1\u10d4\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8-\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d6\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7-\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10f0\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8) \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc. 1924 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u00a0 \u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4 \u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4-\u10db\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d0\u10dc \u10ee\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10e3\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10e3\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10e3\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0. \u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1 \u10de\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d8\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10ee\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0 1877 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1. \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10de\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10f2\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u0444\u10d0 (\u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc 1912 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1), \u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10ee\u10db\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u00a0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10f2\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u0444\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d1\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10e1\u10d0\u10d8\u10db \u10dc\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4 (1911-1976) \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0. \u10de\u10d0\u10de\u10e3 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e9\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d4\u10d5\u10f0\u10d8\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4 (1919-1987) \u10d3\u10dd \u10d3\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10ef\u10da\u10e3\u10d1\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d4\u10ef\u10da\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4 (1926-1996) \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u0444\u10d4 \u10dd\u10d6\u10e3\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0 (1905-1958) \u10d0\u10f0\u10db\u10d4\u10d3 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e4-\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e8\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10dd\u10ef\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10e9\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10de\u10d4\u10d9\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8); \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d0\u10de\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d0 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10d7: \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10e4\u10e3\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7, \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc!<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong>\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u10df\u10d8\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10e1\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0, \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4 18. \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10d3\u10dd \u201c\u10dd\u10e1\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e9\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10da\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e3\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u00a0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u0444\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8; \u10db\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4. \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc, \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7. \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d0\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7.\u00a0 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d0\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10e5\u10d4\u10db\u10d6\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1. \u10e9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e5\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d3\u10e3\u10d3\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8; \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d9\u10d8\u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10ea\u10ee\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10e9\u10d8\u10d7. \u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10d7 \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8. \u10d7\u10e0\u10e2- \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d7\u10e0\u10e2- \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e0\u10e2-\u10e5\u10f2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 7\/24-\u10e1. \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e4\u10d7 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8?<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4. \u10e0\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e2\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8- \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d3\u10d4\u10f2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10d1\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8. \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8. \u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d3\u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10db\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4, \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc \u10e9\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8; \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc; \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e4. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 (\u10e9\u10d4\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d1\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8, \u10e9\u10d4\u10e9\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e1\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8) \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd- \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4; \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10e4. \u10e2\u10d4\u10d9\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd \u10d7\u10e0\u10e2 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5-\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u2019\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10ef\u10e3 \u10dd\u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10da\u10e3\u10e6\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8, \u10db\u10e3\u10d6\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u0444\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u00a0 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8\u10e8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc 7\/24-\u10e1. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10e2\u10d5-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8 \u201c\u10d9\u10d0\u0444\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1 \u10e2\u10d5\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc 7\/24-\u10e1.<\/p>\n

\u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10d7. \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc; \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10db\u10d0.\u00a0\u00a0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8,\u00a0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc,<\/p>\n

\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10ef\u10dd\u10e6\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10dd, \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10de\u10e7\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4 \u10db\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10dc\u10e3\u10dc. 13 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1, \u201c\u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10dd\u201d \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8 \u10de\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e2\u10e3. \u10d1\u10d8\u10d1\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3 3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10db\u10d0 2018-\u10e1. \u10d4\u10db\u10e3 \u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10e0 \u10db\u10d0; \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10ee\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10e1. \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d4\u10f2\u10e3\u10da\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d4\u10ed\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e0\u10ef\u10d0, \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4, \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10ef\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e7\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10db\u10e3. \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10de\u10d8\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e8\u10e3\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10ef\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7; 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\u10e1\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10e5<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3<\/strong>\u0444<\/strong>\u10d8\u10d7<\/strong> \u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d2\u10d4<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0 \u10f0\u10d4\u10db\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10f0\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10e3\u10e5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7. \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e7\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u00a0 \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\u10db\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ali İhsan Aksamaz  (Ön açıklama: Bugünkü misafirim Sadık Müfit Bilge. Sadık Müfit Bilge iktisatçı, tarihçi, stratejist ve Kafkasya uzmanı. Türkiyenin kıymetli araştırmacı ve yazarlarından kendisi. Yayınlanmış kitapları ve birçok makale ve tebliği var. Ben kendisini 2012 yılından bu yana tanıyorum. Çerkes Çalıştayı yapılıyordu, İlk o zaman tanıştık.  O çalıştay Kocaeli- Derbentte 25-26 Şubat 2012’de (Ç.H.İ.)Çerkes 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