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Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cBir dilde ba\u015fka dillerden ne kadar \u00e7ok \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelime varsa, o dilin o kadar eski,\u00a0 zengin \u00a0ve bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr dili oldu\u011funu anlayabiliriz!\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Megrel- Lazca, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi\u2019ndeki en bahts\u0131z dil. Megrel- Laz halk\u0131 da, Sovyet y\u00f6netimindeki en bahts\u0131z halk. N\u00fcfuslar\u0131 az de\u011fildi. Sovyet iktidar\u0131, Megrel- Lazlardan \u00e7ok daha az n\u00fcfuslu halklara k\u00fclt\u00fcrel otonomi verdi. Fakat Megrel- Lazlara k\u00fclt\u00fcrel otonomi vermedi. B\u00fct\u00fcn d\u00fcnyada b\u00f6yle bir bahts\u0131z halk bulunmaz. Bu i\u015f neden b\u00f6yleydi?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: Ne diyeyim. Eski bir s\u00f6z var: \u2018\u0130ste ki versin!\u2019 Biz, Lazlar ve Megreller dilimizin ve kimli\u011fimizin de\u011ferini bilmiyoruz, \u00e7ok kolay kaybediyoruz. Art\u0131k Sovyet d\u00f6nemi de\u011fil, demokrasi zaman\u0131. Her\u015fey a\u00e7\u0131k. Ancak ortal\u0131kta dilini ya\u015fatmak isteyen ka\u00e7 bilin\u00e7li Laz ve Megrel var? \u00c7ok az. Sorun bu. Kendi k\u0131ymetini \u00f6nce sen bileceksin ki, i\u015fte o zaman herkes sana sayg\u0131 duyacak.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: Benim i\u00e7in, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131 ayn\u0131 de\u011ferde ve dilleri de ayn\u0131 derecede de\u011ferli. Kafkasyan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131 da \u00f6yle. Kafkasyan\u0131n her halk\u0131 ve dilleri ayn\u0131 derecede de\u011ferli. Benim i\u00e7in onlar da, onlar\u0131n dilleri de de\u011ferli. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc her dil insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015fahidi. Bu y\u00fczden de bir dil \u00f6l\u00fcnce, insanl\u0131k da \u00f6l\u00fcr. Ben \u00f6yle biliyorum. Tarihin binlerce y\u0131l eski zamanlar\u0131nda, \u015fimdiki G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Megreller, Lazlar ve Svanlar\u0131n ayn\u0131 dili konu\u015ftuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve ayn\u0131 halk oldu\u011funu baz\u0131 tarih\u00e7iler s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor. Siyas\u00ee bir anlay\u0131\u015fla de\u011fil,\u00a0 insanl\u0131k anlay\u0131\u015f\u0131yla \u00a0soruyorum: \u00d6yle miydi? Siz ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? Bu diller ne zaman ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131. \u00c7ok eski zamanlara ili\u015fkin bilgi veren bir kitap var. \u00d6yle biliyorum: \u201cKartlis \u0292xovreba\/ Kartlinin Hayat\u0131\u201d. Bu kitap, bu \u00e7e\u015fit tarihlere ili\u015fkin bilgileri bize aktar\u0131yor mu? Dillerimize ili\u015fkin bilgiler de veriyor mu?!<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> \u201cKartlis \u0292xovreba\u201d, bu dillerin ayr\u0131\u015fmas\u0131na ili\u015fkin hi\u00e7 bilgi vermiyor. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc o kitap yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamanda, diller ayr\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. D\u00f6rt dilin tek dilden \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yalan de\u011fil. \u00d6yle. G\u00fcrcistan ve d\u00fcnyan\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck dilbilimcileri bu i\u015fi kurcalad\u0131lar; \u00f6\u011frendiler ve \u00f6yle yazd\u0131lar. Yaln\u0131zca bizim dillerimiz de\u011fil, her dil \u00f6yle de\u011fil mi? Mesel\u00e2, bug\u00fcn T\u00fcrk\u00e7e, T\u00fcrkmence, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrk\u00e7esi, Gagavuzca, \u00d6zbek\u00e7e ve ba\u015fka diller y\u00fczlerce y\u0131l \u00f6nce bir dil de\u011filler miydi? Yine; Rus\u00e7a, Bulgarca, S\u0131rp\u00e7a, \u00c7ek\u00e7e ve di\u011fer Slav dilleri? B\u00fct\u00fcn diller \u00f6yle. Bu teori do\u011fru ve ben de \u00f6yle inan\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: Her dilin diyalektleri var. T\u00fcrk\u00e7enin de diyaletleri var. Rus\u00e7an\u0131n da diyalektleri var. G\u00fcrc\u00fccenin de diyalektleri var.\u00a0 Lazcan\u0131n da diyalektleri var. Bu \u00e7ok normal. Bu konuya ili\u015fin neler s\u00f6yleyebilirsiniz? Bu birincisi. Di\u011feri de var: Her dilde di\u011fer dillerden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelimeler var. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde d\u00fcnyan\u0131n her dilinde ba\u015fka dillerden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelimeler var. Bu da \u00e7ok normal. Siz ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyors\u0131nuz?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> Tabii! Bu \u00e7ok normal. Baz\u0131 insanlar, akl\u0131 olmayan insanlar, bunu ay\u0131p say\u0131yor. Ancak i\u015f \u00f6yle de\u011fil. Mesel\u00e2, baz\u0131 Megrelleri biliyorum, kafalar\u0131nda ak\u0131llar\u0131 yok, tutmu\u015flar da etimoloji \u201c\u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorlar\u201d. Megrelcede ba\u015fka dillerden kelimeler olmas\u0131n diye yeni kelimeler uyduruyorlar veya daha ileri gidenlerde var; Megrelcede ba\u015fka dillerlerden hi\u00e7 \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelime olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, o kelimeleri ba\u015fka dillerin Megrelceden ald\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar.\u00a0 \u00d6nceleri b\u00f6yle adamlarla kavga ediyorduk.\u00a0 Onlara \u2018b\u00f6yle yapmay\u0131n, etmeyin\u2019 diyordum ancak \u015fimdi b\u0131rakt\u0131m. Bu konuyu \u015f\u00f6yle s\u0131ralayabiliriz: Bir dilde, kom\u015fu dillerden \u00e7ok kelime varsa,\u00a0 bu bize o dili konu\u015fan halk\u0131n kom\u015fu halklarla \u00e7ok aktif ili\u015fkisinin oldu\u011funu g\u00f6sterir: Al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f, gidip gelmeler, sava\u015flar, evlenmeler. Amazon Nehri ormanlar\u0131n\u0131n derinliklerinde yal\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olarak ya\u015fayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck halklar var. Onlara \u2018uncontacted peoples\/ temas kurulmam\u0131\u015f halklar\u2019 deniyor; ortal\u0131kta anadan \u00fcryan dolan\u0131yorlar, \u00e7ok ilkel bir hayat s\u00fcr\u00fcyorlar, kimseyle ili\u015fki kurmuyorlar ve d\u00fcnyada ne olup bitmi\u015f hi\u00e7 haberleri yok.\u00a0 \u0130\u015fte onlar\u0131n dilleri temiz dillerdir. Ancak onlar\u0131n dillerinde ba\u015fka dillerden \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelime yoktur, varsa bile \u00e7ok azd\u0131r. Burada demek istiyorum ki, bir dilde ba\u015fka dillerden ne kadar \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelime varsa, o dil o kadar eski,\u00a0 zengin ve k\u00fclt\u00fcr dilidir. Megrelcenin, \u00e7ok eski ve zengin bir dil oldu\u011funu bununla da g\u00f6r\u00fcyoruz: Dilimizin i\u00e7inde bir yandan Ermeniceden, Arap\u00e7adan, Fars\u00e7adan, Rumcadan, G\u00fcrc\u00fcceden, \u00a0Oset\u00e7eden, T\u00fcrk\u00e7eden, \u00a0Abhazcadan, Svancadan \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelimeler \u00e7ok\u00e7a bulunuyor. \u00d6te yandan da Megrelceden G\u00fcrc\u00fcceye, Abhazcaya, Svancaya, \u00c7erkesceye ve di\u011fer dillere ge\u00e7mi\u015f \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 kelimeler var. Mesel\u00e2: \u00a0\u0573\u0561\u0576\u0573 (\u00e7\u0306an\u00e7\u0306\/ sinek) Ermeniceye eski zamanlarda, Megrel- Laz dilinin dede dili olan Zanca\/ Kolh\u00e7adan ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir kelimedir: Biz Megreller bug\u00fcn de \u00e7\u0306anci diyoruz, Lazlar ise m\u00e7\u0306aci diyor. Ancak Megrelce \u201cgord-i\u201d, (a\u011fa\u00e7 kurba\u011fas\u0131), Ermeniceden (gort\u0306)\/ \u201c\u0563\u0578\u0580\u057f\u201d-dan \u00f6d\u00fcn\u00e7 al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f bir kelime. Abhazca ve Svancaya H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin terimler \u00e7o\u011funlukla Megrelceden girmi\u015ftir, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc eski zamanlarda o topraklarda Megrelce etkili bir dildi ve kom\u015fu k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck halklara H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k ve H\u0131ristiyanl\u0131k terimleri Megrelceden geliyordu.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: Sovyet iktidar\u0131n\u0131n ilk y\u0131llar\u0131nda, \u00f6yle ya da b\u00f6yle, Megreller de, Lazlar da az da olsa k\u00fclt\u00fcrel otonomiye sahiptiler. Yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fil, do\u011fru bilgi. Kendi dillerinde gazeteleri vard\u0131. Okullar\u0131 vard\u0131. Bu ger\u00e7ek. Bu ger\u00e7ek, tarih\u00ee bir bilgi. Bunu iyi biliyoruz. Bu tarihe ili\u015fkin size bir \u015fey soraca\u011f\u0131m. Art\u0131k globalizasyon y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131. \u0130nternet, s\u0131n\u0131r tan\u0131m\u0131yor. Siz ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz? 21. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Lazca ya\u015fayacak m\u0131? Megrelce ya\u015fayacak m\u0131? Size yeni s\u0131n\u0131rlara ve ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u011fa ili\u015fkin bir \u015feyler sormuyorum. Yine s\u00f6ylemeliyim.\u00a0 Yine de soray\u0131m. Orada- burada baz\u0131 ayd\u0131nlar, \u2018Megrel ve Laz anne- babalar, \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na Megrelce\/ Lazca \u00f6\u011fretmediler de o sebeple Megrelce\/ Lazca \u00f6l\u00fcyor\u2019 diyorlar. Bu s\u00f6ylem yanl\u0131\u015f de\u011fil mi?\u00a0 Anne- babalar su\u00e7lu, \u00f6yle mi? Eski zamanlar\u0131n siyas\u00ee iklimi su\u00e7lu de\u011fil mi? Asimilasyoncu politikalar su\u00e7lu de\u011fil mi? Bu su\u00e7u anne- babalara y\u00fcklemek ay\u0131p de\u011fil mi? Do\u011fal entegrasyondan de\u011fil, \u00a0\u00a0oradaki- buradaki devletlerin yanl\u0131\u015f politikalar\u0131ndan bahsediyorum.<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>Tabii. \u00a0Su\u00e7 yaln\u0131zca anne ve babalara y\u00fcklenemez. Onlar\u0131n da su\u00e7u var, tabii, Ancak yaln\u0131zca onlar\u0131n su\u00e7u de\u011fil. Onlar\u0131n su\u00e7unun ne oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yleyece\u011fim \u015fimdi. \u00c7evremde insanlar tan\u0131yorum, Megrelce ve Lazca i\u00e7in y\u00fcrekleri ac\u0131 \u00e7ekiyor, Lazca ve Megrelceye ili\u015fkin b\u00fcy\u00fck l\u00e2flar ediyorlar, b\u00f6yle baz\u0131 insanlar var. Ancak bu insanlardan \u00e7o\u011fu \u00a0\u00e7ocuklar\u0131yla yine de Megrelce konu\u015fmuyorlar. Sebep ne? Sebep sizin dedi\u011finiz \u015feyler: Siyas\u00ee iklim, asimilasyon politikalar\u0131. Bu yaln\u0131zca bizim devletlerimizin sorunu de\u011fil, \u00a0d\u00fcnyan\u0131n sorunu. Ancak Avrupa devletleri ve halklar\u0131 anlad\u0131lar ki dilsel ve etnik zenginlik korkulacak bir \u015fey de\u011fil, iyi bir \u015fey. \u00a0Bir devletin i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan halklar ve diller, k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7lendiriyor. O sebepledir ki Avrupa devletleri, kaybolmas\u0131n diye konu\u015fan\u0131 az dillere \u00e7ok para harc\u0131yorlar. \u00a0G\u00fcrcistan da bug\u00fcne kadar Sovyet d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesinin d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kmad\u0131, dil konusunda kim bir \u015fey yapsa, hemen ayr\u0131l\u0131k\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k ve d\u00fc\u015fmanl\u0131k san\u0131yorlar. Bu i\u015fin arkas\u0131nda da Rusyay\u0131 parmaklar\u0131yla i\u015faret ediyor ve \u2018Rusyan\u0131n adam\u0131\u2019 diyorlar. Hemen sana Abhazya ve Tskhinval olaylar\u0131n\u0131 hat\u0131rlat\u0131yorlar. Baz\u0131lar\u0131, \u2018Megrelce, Svanca ve Lazca diye adland\u0131r\u0131lan bir \u015fey yok, yaln\u0131zca G\u00fcrc\u00fcce var, bunlar G\u00fcrc\u00fccenin diyalekti,\u2019 diyor. Bu s\u00f6ylemle ne de\u011fi\u015fir ki? Dilime ister diyalekt de, istersen ne dersen de, o benim i\u00e7in dildir ve ruhumun, y\u00fcre\u011fimin i\u00e7inde ate\u015f gibi tutu\u015fmu\u015f ve yanan\u0131yor. Ben \u00f6l\u00fcnceye kadar da o ate\u015fi hi\u00e7bir \u015fey ve hi\u00e7bir kimse s\u00f6nd\u00fcremez. T\u00fcrkiyede de biraz farkl\u0131 bir durum s\u00f6z konusu. T\u00fcrkiye, Anadoluda ya\u015fayan b\u00fct\u00fcn halklar\u0131n de\u011fil de yaln\u0131zca etnik T\u00fcrklerin devleti. Sert bir sistemi olan bir devlet. T\u00fcrkler bu topraklara geldikleri i\u00e7in onun tarihsel hat\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yorlar. Bu sebeple de korkuyorlar. \u2018Lazlar, K\u00fcrtler, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Rumlar, S\u00fcryanilere dil haklar\u0131n\u0131 verirsek, yar\u0131n bizden otonomi talep edecekler, \u00f6b\u00fcr g\u00fcn de \u00e7\u0131kacaklar ve T\u00fcrkiye par\u00e7alanacak\u2019 diye d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorlar. Onun i\u00e7in de, bir elle ku\u015fa azar- azar bu\u011fday tanelerini verir gibi millete demokratik a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131m yap\u0131yorlar, di\u011fer elle de t\u00fcfekle ni\u015fan al\u0131p at\u0131yorlar. \u0130nternet \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda insanlardan hi\u00e7bir\u015feyin saklan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlar. Yine bir \u015fey var. Sistem ve sistemi destekleyenler, y\u00fcre\u011fimizin ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 bilmiyorlar. Birisi, dili i\u00e7in sesini \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131yor ve y\u00fcksek sesle taleplerini dile getiriyorsa, dil ac\u0131s\u0131 duyurdu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnm\u00fcyorlar; \u2018d\u00fc\u015fman devletler para veriyor da onun i\u00e7in ba\u011f\u0131r\u0131yor\u2019 diyorlar. Rusyada Udmurt milliyetinden bir adam vard\u0131; \u00a0Albert Razini. Bu ya\u015fl\u0131 adam, \u2018dilimiz \u00f6l\u00fcyor, \u00e7are bulaca\u011f\u0131z\u2019 diyerek \u00e7e\u015fitli faaliyetler y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcyordu: Yaz\u0131yor, okuyor, faaliyetlerde bulunuyordu. Yani dilini ya\u015fatmak isteyen bir insan\u0131n\u0131n yapaca\u011f\u0131 i\u015fleri yap\u0131yordu. \u2018ABD ve Avrupa para veriyor, zenginle\u015fti; d\u00fc\u015fmanm\u0131zd\u0131r, Rusyay\u0131 par\u00e7alamak istiyor\u2019 diye bu adam i\u00e7in neler neler s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlard\u0131. Birg\u00fcn, 2019\u2019un 10 Eyl\u00fcl\u2019\u00fcnde, Udmurtistan\u0131n ba\u015fkenti \u0130jevski meydan\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Elinde bir pankart tutuyordu: \u201cYar\u0131n dilim \u00f6lecekse, ben bug\u00fcnden \u00f6l\u00fcme haz\u0131r\u0131m\u201c diye. Rusla\u015ft\u0131rma politikas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131, \u2018dilim \u00f6l\u00fcrse, ben de \u00f6lece\u011fim\u2019 diyerek benzin d\u00f6kt\u00fc ve kendisini yakt\u0131. Yani, sistem b\u00f6yle bir \u015feyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemiyor; dil ac\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar a\u011f\u0131r oldu\u011funu kimse kavram\u0131yor. Adam, kendisini yakana kadar kimse onun y\u00fcrek ac\u0131s\u0131na inanm\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> Siz de iyi biliyorsunuz, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 1921\u2019den 1991\u2019e kadar G\u00fcrcistan, S.S.C.B. devleti i\u00e7indeydi. O d\u00f6nemde Abhazya da G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n i\u00e7indeydi. Lazca gazete-ders kitaplar\u0131 1928\u2019den 1938\u2019e kadar \u0130skender Tzita\u015fi\u2019nin ad\u0131yla Sohum kentinde yay\u0131nland\u0131. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 yine ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n ba\u015fkenti Tifliste de Lazca kitaplar yay\u0131nland\u0131: Arnold \u00c7ikobava\u2019n\u0131n \u201c\u00c7\u0306anuri T\u0306ekst\u0306ebi\/ Lazca Metinler\u201d 1929\u2019da ve \u0130oseb Qip\u015fidze\u2019nin \u201cLazuri t\u0306ekst\u0306epe\/ Lazca Metinler\u201d 1939\u2019da ba\u015fkent Tifliste yay\u0131nland\u0131. Belki ayn\u0131 d\u00f6nemde yay\u0131nlanm\u0131\u015f di\u011fer Lazca kitaplar da var ancak ben bilmiyorum. Ancak iyi biliyorum, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131 1940\u2019l\u0131 y\u0131llardan 1970\u2019li y\u0131llara kadar G\u00fcrcistanda da, Abhazyada da Lazca kitaplar yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131. Akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bahsetmiyorum. \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\/ Lazca Metinler\u201d gibi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalardan bahsediyorum.\u00a0 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131 yukar\u0131, 1940\u2019dan 1970\u2019e kadar Lazca kitaplar G\u00fcrcistanda neden yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131? Bu i\u015fin sorumlusu kim veya kimler? 1970\u2019den sonra G\u00fcrcistanda yine Lazca kitaplar yay\u0131nland\u0131: Guram K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u2019n\u0131n \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\/ Lazca Metinler- 1\u201d 1972\u2019de, \u0130rine Asatiani\u2019nin \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\/ Lazca Metinler\u201d 1974\u2019de, \u201cLazuri P\u0306aramit\u0306epe\/ Lazca Masallar\u201d 1982\u2019de ve Guram K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u2019n\u0131n \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\/ Lazca Metinler- 2\u201d 1993\u2019te yay\u0131nland\u0131, ba\u015fkent Tifliste.\u00a0 Di\u011ferleri varsa da, ben bilmiyorum. Elimde yok. Ancak \u00e7o\u011funlukla 1940\u2019dan 1970\u2019e kadar Lazca kitap G\u00fcrcistanda yay\u0131nlanmad\u0131. Ni\u00e7in?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>Ne diyeyim, sizin ortaya koydu\u011funuz bu istatisti\u011fe ili\u015fkin ben hi\u00e7 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmedim. Benim dosyalar\u0131mda g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm, 1946, 1947, 1948 ve 1949 y\u0131llar\u0131nda \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f Megrelce \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n notalar\u0131 var. Yani Megrelce \u015fark\u0131lar\u0131n s\u00f6zleri ve notalar\u0131 var, onlardan ba\u015fka bir \u015fey g\u00f6remedim. Ne diyeyim, haberim yok. O zamanlarda, akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar vard\u0131: Mesel\u00e2, Sergi J\u011fent\u0306i\u2019nin \u201c\u00c7\u0306anur- Margaluri\u015fi fonet\u0306i\u011fi\/ Lazca- Megrelcenin Foneti\u011fi\u201c 1953\u2019te \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131; bu \u015fimdi hat\u0131rlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m. Ba\u015fkalar\u0131 da var, ancak y\u0131llar\u0131n\u0131 ve adlar\u0131n\u0131 \u015fimdi hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum. \u2018Akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 yay\u0131nlad\u0131k da metinleri yay\u0131nlamay\u0131n\u2019 diye bir tamim yay\u0131nland\u0131 m\u0131,\u00a0 \u00f6yle bir siyaset mi g\u00fcd\u00fcyorlard\u0131 o otuz y\u0131l s\u00fcresince, bundan hi\u00e7 haberim yok. Akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yay\u0131nlad\u0131larsa, metin yay\u0131nlamak da akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, tabii. Bir dilbilimci bir k\u00f6ye gider ve metinleri halktan derler, sonra da geni\u015f bir \u00f6ns\u00f6zle bu metinleri bir araya getirir. Qip\u015fidze\u2019nin, K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u2019n\u0131n, Mar\u2019\u0131n, J\u011fent\u0306i\u2019nin, Khubua\u2019n\u0131n metinleri, hepsi akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma, bana \u00f6yle geliyor. 1940-1970 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bir yasa\u011f\u0131n bulundu\u011funa ili\u015fkin ne haberim var, ger\u00e7e\u011fini s\u00f6ylersem, ne de d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fcm. Megrelce ve Lazca gazeteleri yasaklamakla Megrelce ve Lazca metinleri yasaklamak ayn\u0131 \u015fey de\u011fil. \u00d6yle olsayd\u0131, haberimiz olurdu. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da haberimin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir konu oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bir \u015fey diyemem, spek\u00fcl\u00e2syon yapamam.<\/p>\n Ali ihsan Aksamaz<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 Balt\u0131k cumhuriyetlerine ili\u015fkin bilgim yok. Zaten \u015fimdi \u00f6nemli de de\u011fil. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc Kafkasyadan bahsediyoruz. Ancak 1991\u2019e kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyet Cumhuriyetleri vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n dilleri Kiril alfabesiyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131.\u00a0 Fakat G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesiyle ve Ermenice de Ermeni alfabesiyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Kremlin iktidar\u0131, bu siyasetiyle neyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu. Bu birinci soru. Ayn\u0131 d\u00f6neme ili\u015fkin bir ba\u015fka sorum daha var: G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, Sovyetler Birli\u011fi d\u00f6neminde geli\u015fti. 1918\u2019den 1921\u2019e kadar ve 1921\u2019den 1992\u2019ye kadar G\u00fcrcistanda G\u00fcrc\u00fcce e\u011fitim veren ka\u00e7 tane okul vard\u0131? 1938\u2019e kadar Abazaca- Abhazca Latin alfabesiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu.\u00a0 1938\u2019den 1954\u2019e kadar Abhazca ni\u00e7in G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesiyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131? Ve yine Abhazca neden 1954\u2019den g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar Kiril alfabesiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131yor? Kremlin iktidar\u0131, bu siyasetiyle neyi ama\u00e7l\u0131yordu? Siz bu konuya ili\u015fkin ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ve Ermenice, Sovyet d\u00f6nemine kadar, 15 y\u00fczy\u0131l boyunca G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Ermeni alfabesiyle yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Sovyet d\u00f6neminde bu diller hangi alfabeyle yaz\u0131lacakt\u0131 ki? Bu dillerin \u00e7ok eski yaz\u0131 gelenekleri vard\u0131. Kendi alfabeleri vard\u0131. Bu sebeple de G\u00fcrc\u00fcce, G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesiyle ve Ermenice de Ermeni alfabesiyle yaz\u0131ld\u0131. Sovyet Y\u00f6netimi, yaz\u0131 gelene\u011fi fazla olmayan veya hi\u00e7 olmayan halklara yeni alfabeler haz\u0131rlad\u0131. Bana sorarsan\u0131z, bir dil yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyat\u0131na ba\u015fl\u0131yorsa, hangi alfabenin o halk\u0131n dili i\u00e7in uygun oldu\u011funa dilbilimciler ve halk beraber kararla\u015ft\u0131racak. Bir dil i\u00e7in hangi alfabenin uygun oldu\u011funu dilbilimciler bilir. O halk da bir veya ikinci bir alfabeyle yazma prati\u011fine sahiptir; o alfabeye al\u0131\u015fk\u0131nd\u0131r. Sovyetler d\u00f6nemindeki baz\u0131 dilbilimciler, yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyatlar\u0131 yeni olu\u015fturulacak say\u0131ca az halklar\u0131n alfabelerini se\u00e7erken objektif bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla hareket ettiler. Ancak baz\u0131 dilbilimciler, siyas\u00ee bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla hareket ettiler. Yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyat\u0131 olu\u015fturulacak bir dilin hangi k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn, hangi k\u00fclt\u00fcrel konj\u00f6nkt\u00fcr\u00fcn i\u00e7inde oldu\u011funa da bak\u0131larak o dilin yaz\u0131 sistemi olu\u015fturuldu. \u00d6rnek vereyim: Dilbilimciler, \u00c7e\u00e7encenin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda bug\u00fcne kadar \u00fc\u00e7 alfabe kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 biliyorlard\u0131: Arap alfabesi, Latin alfabesi ve Kiril alfabesi. Ancak \u00c7e\u00e7enistanda 2020\u2019nin Kas\u0131m\u2019\u0131nda, bir caminin alt\u0131ndaki y\u0131\u011f\u0131nt\u0131lar aras\u0131nda eski bir ta\u015f bulundu. Bu ta\u015f\u0131n \u00fczerinde eski G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi Asamtavruli ile \u00c7e\u00e7ence bir \u015feyler yaz\u0131yordu. Bu metnin dili \u00c7e\u00e7ence fakat yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 alfabe eski G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesiydi. Bu \u00f6rnek bize ne s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor?\u00a0 \u00c7e\u00e7enler, H\u0131ristiyan olduklar\u0131 d\u00f6nemde din\u00ee metinleri yazmak i\u00e7in G\u00fcrc\u00fc-Asomtavruli alfabesini kullan\u0131yorlard\u0131. Ancak sonra \u00c7e\u00e7enler M\u00fcsl\u00fcman oldular ve onun i\u00e7in de din\u00ee metinlerde Arap Alfabesini kulland\u0131lar. Sovyet\u0306 iktidar\u0131 gelince de \u00c7e\u00e7en yaz\u0131l\u0131 edebiyat\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturmak i\u00e7in Kiril alfabesinin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na karar\u0131 verildi. \u00c7e\u00e7ence i\u00e7in Kiril alfabesini haz\u0131rlad\u0131lar. Abhaz alfabesi i\u00e7in ne diyeyim: Benim bildi\u011fim, 1938\u2019de b\u00fct\u00fcn Sovyetlerde bir kanun \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131. Bu kanun, bir \u00f6zerklik i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck dillerin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda, ba\u011fl\u0131 bulunduklar\u0131 o cumhuriyetin devlet dilinin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan alfabenin kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na ili\u015fkindi. Bu \u00e7er\u00e7evede de, G\u00fcrcistanda devlet dili G\u00fcrc\u00fccenin yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, G\u00fcrcistana ba\u011fl\u0131 \u00f6zerk cumhuriyette konu\u015fulan Abhazcan\u0131n yaz\u0131lmas\u0131nda da G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi haz\u0131rlanmaya ba\u015fland\u0131. Bu proje; Akaki \u015eanidze, Simon Cana\u015fia ile Abhaz taraf\u0131ndan Dimitri Gulia ve \u00e7evresindekilerin projesiydi. G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi temelli Abhaz alfabesi b\u00f6yle olu\u015ftu. Dimitri Gulia, Simon Cana\u015fia ve Akaki \u015eanidze,\u00a0 ortak bir proje ortaya koydular ve kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131lar. 1954\u2019den itibaren de, Dimitri Gulia\u2019n\u0131n, kendisi ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc Papaz, Davit Ma\u00e7\u0306avariani\u2019nin 1892\u2019de beraber haz\u0131rlad\u0131klar\u0131 Kiril alfabesi temelli Abhaz alfabesine d\u00f6n\u00fcld\u00fc. Abhazcan\u0131n 1938\u2019den itibaren G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi temelli Abhaz alfabesiyle yaz\u0131lmas\u0131 emrini Lavrenti Berian\u0131n verdi\u011fi ve o \u00f6lene kadar Abhazlar\u0131n o alfabeyi kullanmaya zorland\u0131\u011f\u0131 da s\u00f6yleniyor. Okullara ili\u015fkin bir bilgim yok; bir \u015fey s\u00f6yleyemem. Ancak bug\u00fcn G\u00fcrcistandaki mevcut okullar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun Sovyet d\u00f6neminde a\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebilirim. Sovyet d\u00f6nemine kadar G\u00fcrcistanda o kadar okul yoktu. 1918-1921 aras\u0131nda G\u00fcrcistan Demokratik Cumhuriyeti, nas\u0131l okul a\u00e7acakt\u0131 ki, gece- g\u00fcnd\u00fcz d\u0131\u015f ve i\u00e7 sorunlarla u\u011fra\u015f\u0131yordu.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u00c7ok eski tarih bir yandan \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli \u00f6te yandan da o kadar da \u00f6nemli de\u011fil. Ben b\u00f6yle biliyorum ve b\u00f6yle s\u00f6yleyebilirim. Bu, belki de \u00e7eli\u015fkili bir durum. Ne diyeyim?! Do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylersem, yine de tarih \u00f6nemli; b\u00f6yle biliyorum. \u015eimdi size bir sorum var: Do\u011frusunu s\u00f6ylersem, bu soruyu \u015fimdiye kadar T\u00fcrkiyedeki bir\u00e7ok \u00c7veneburi\/ G\u00fcrc\u00fc ayd\u0131n\u0131na da birka\u00e7 defa sordum. Ancak onlar bana cevap vermedi. Ni\u00e7in, bilmiyorum. \u015eimdi o soruyu size soray\u0131m: \u201cKartvel\u201d, bu terim ne zaman ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: Ben tarih alan\u0131nda profesyonel bir ki\u015fi de\u011filim. Kendim i\u00e7in okuyorum ve baz\u0131 \u015feyleri de duymu\u015flu\u011fum var. \u201cKartvel\u201d, ge\u00e7 zamanda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir etnonim. D\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum ki, bu, G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n\u0131n merkez\u00ee vilayeti Kartli\u2019den ve Kartli milletinden geliyor. \u201cKartveli\u201d ve \u201cSakartvelo\u201c \u00a010. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra, belki de 11- 12. y\u00fczy\u0131llarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor ve oradan da bug\u00fcne kadar geliyor.<\/p>\n Ali ihsan Aksamaz<\/strong>: T\u00fcrk Anayasas\u0131n\u0131n 66. maddesine g\u00f6re, T\u00fcrkiye Cumhuriyetinin her vatanda\u015f\u0131 T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr. Bu tarif etnik de\u011fil, vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n siyas\u00ee tarifitir. T\u00fcrk devleti \u00f6nceden di\u011fer anadillerini tan\u0131m\u0131yordu. \u015eimdi \u00f6yle de\u011fil. Yeterli veya de\u011fil, T\u00fcrk okullar\u0131nda di\u011fer anadilleri de se\u00e7meli ders oldu.\u00a0\u00a0 G\u00fcrcistanda da vatanda\u015fl\u0131k ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde mi? G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n her vatanda\u015f\u0131 \u201cKartvel\u201d olarak m\u0131 adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Biliyorsunuz, G\u00fcrcistanda Ermeniler, Azerbaycan T\u00fcrkleri, S\u00fcryaniler, Abhaz- Abazalar da ya\u015f\u0131yor. Onlar da \u201cKartvel\u201d olarak m\u0131 \u00a0adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? Yoksa yaln\u0131zca Laz, Megrel,\u00a0 Svan ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcler mi \u201cKartvel\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor? G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n; Abhazcay\u0131, Ermeniceyi, S\u00fcryaniceyi, Azeri T\u00fcrk\u00e7esini tan\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00a0biliyorum. Bu anadillerini konu\u015fan G\u00fcrcistan vatanda\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n baz\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar\u0131 oldu\u011funu biliyorum. G\u00fcrcistan devleti; Megrelce, Lazca do Svancaya da k\u00fclt\u00fcrel haklar verir mi? \u00dcmidiniz var m\u0131? Siz ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorsunuz?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> G\u00fcrcistandaki vatanda\u015fl\u0131k sizdeki gibi de\u011fil. Sovyet y\u00f6netiminden 1999\u2019a \u00a0(ya da 2000\u2019e kadar olan vatanda\u015fl\u0131k durumunu \u015fimdi bu tarihi iyi hat\u0131rlam\u0131yorum) herkesin pasaportuna etnisitesi yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Ermeninin pasaportuna Ermeni yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. Azerinin pasaportuna Azeri yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. B\u00f6yledi. Sonra bunu kald\u0131rd\u0131lar. \u015eimdi pasaportta yaln\u0131zca \u201cG\u00fcrcistan vatanda\u015f\u0131\u201d yaz\u0131yor. Bu kanununa ili\u015fkin \u015f\u00f6yle denildi: Devletin vatanda\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 etnisitelerden insanlar olur. Ancak hepimiz ayn\u0131 devletin vatanda\u015flar\u0131y\u0131z. Bana sorarsan\u0131z, bu normal bir kanun. Bu uygulamada yanl\u0131\u015f bir \u015fey yok. Sen Ermeniysen, ol, G\u00fcrcistan vatanda\u015f\u0131s\u0131n. Bu ger\u00e7ek. T\u00fcrkiye gibi, \u2018burada ya\u015fayan herkes T\u00fcrkt\u00fcr\u2019 gibi, \u201cG\u00fcrcistanda ya\u015fayan herkes Kartveldir\u201d diye bir uygulama \u00a0G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan vatanda\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda iyi kar\u015f\u0131lanmazd\u0131 .<\/p>\n 20 y\u0131ldan fazlad\u0131r bu kanuna G\u00fcrc\u00fc milliyet\u00e7ileri kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yor: \u2018Pasaportlardan etnisitemizi niye \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131lar. G\u00fcrc\u00fc oldu\u011fumuzu neden yazm\u0131yorlar. Eski uygulamaya d\u00f6nelim, \u00f6yle yazd\u0131ral\u0131m,\u2019 diye kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorlar.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n b\u00fct\u00fcn vatanda\u015flar\u0131 de\u011fil, yaln\u0131zca G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Lazlar, Megreller, Svanlar ve Batslar\/ Tu\u015flar \u201cKartvel\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yor. G\u00fcrcistan\u0131n di\u011fer milliyetlerden halklar\u0131 bunu kabul etmiyor ve \u201cKartvel\u201d olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Neyseler onu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorlar. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla da Ermeni \u201cKartvel\u201ddir, Abhaz \u201cKartvel\u201ddir, Azeri \u201cKartvel\u201ddir diye kimse kabul etmiyor.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrcistan Anayasas\u0131nda iki dil, resm\u00ee devlet dili say\u0131l\u0131yor: G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ve (Abhazya topraklar\u0131nda) Abhazca. Di\u011ferlerinin; Ermenilerin, Azerilerin ve Osetlerin Anadili haklar\u0131 var: Anadillerinde gazeteler, okullar, tiyatrolar, devlet televizyonunda programlar var. Ancak G\u00fcrcistanda Megrelce, Svanca, Lazcan\u0131n hi\u00e7bir k\u00fclt\u00fcrel hakk\u0131 yok. Yani, devlet; Megrelce, Svanca ve Lazca gazete \u00e7\u0131karmaya, radyoya, tiyatroya, okula, televizyonu destek vermiyor. Megrelce, Svanca ve Lazca bir \u015feyler yap\u0131yorsan, bunu kendi imk\u00e2nlar\u0131nla yapacaks\u0131n. Devlet yaln\u0131zca Megrelce, Svanca ve Lazca akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 destekliyor.<\/p>\n Ancak, \u00f6nceden de s\u00f6yledim, \u015fimdi de s\u00f6yl\u00fcyorum: Zaman ge\u00e7iyor, insanlar de\u011fi\u015fiyor. G\u00fcrcistanda da yeni nesil geliyor. Onlar\u0131n bu konulardaki d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi de\u011fi\u015fiyor. Bug\u00fcn yaln\u0131zca Megrellerden de\u011fil, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden de insanlar tan\u0131yorum. Megrelce, Svanca, Lazcaya resm\u00ee stat\u00fc verilmesi ve okullarda bu dillerin derslerinin okutulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in onlar da bizi destekliyor. \u00c7\u0131k\u0131yorlar ve devlete bask\u0131 yap\u0131yorlar: \u2018Bu diller kayboluyor. Bu dillerin kaybolmamas\u0131 i\u00e7in bir \u015feyler yapal\u0131m,\u2019 diyorlar. \u00a015- 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ben bu konularda \u00e7ok karamsard\u0131m. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc 15- 20 y\u0131l \u00f6nce b\u00f6yle insanlar G\u00fcrcistanda yoktu. Bug\u00fcn, yar\u0131nki g\u00fcnlerimize daha umutla bak\u0131yorum.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz:<\/strong> \u201cMigrel\/ Mingrel\/ Megrel\/ Margali\u201d, bu terim nereden geliyor? Nereden ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131? \u2018Orgu\/ ekmek\u2019den geldi\u011fini duydum. \u00d6yle mi?!\u00a0 \u2018Megrel de\/ Margali de\u2019, \u2018eken\u2019den\/ \u2018ekici\u2019den \u00a0geliyor diye duydum. \u00d6yle mi? \u2018Ma- rg(-v)ali\u2019, \u2018ekici\u2019den geliyor, \u00f6yle mi?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>\u2018Margali\u2019nin\/ \u2018Megrel\u2019in \u2018ekmek\u2019ten geldi\u011fi s\u00f6ylemek \u00e7ok ilkel bir etimoloji yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131. \u2018Margali\u2019, \u2018Egrisi\u2019den geliyor. \u2018Margali\u2019nin G\u00fcrc\u00fcce kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u2018M-egr-el-i\u2019, \u2018Egr-is\u2019te ya\u015fayan ve bu kelime \u2018Egr-i\u2019 milletini i\u015faret ediyor. \u2018Margali\u2019nin de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum: \u2018M-arg-al-i\u2019. Yani, \u2018Arg-is\u2019te ya\u015fayanlar. Eski zamanlarda Megreller\/ Margallar topraklar\u0131na \u2018Arg-\u2018 dedilerse, \u2018M-arg-al-i\u2019, y\u00fczde y\u00fcz oradan geliyor. Abhazlar bug\u00fcn bile, biz Megrellere\/ Margallara \u2018\u0430\u0433\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0430 || A\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0430(Ag\u10f7rua || Agrua)\u2019 diyorlar. Ermeniler, \u2018Egrisi\u2019ye \u2018\u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580 (Eger)\u2019 diyorlarm\u0131\u015f ve \u2018Egrisi\u2019de ya\u015fayan Margal-Lazlar\u0131n atalar\u0131 da \u201cs\u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0581 (Egera\u0292)\u201d. Yani, \u2018M-egr-el-i\u2019\/ \u2018M-arg-al-i\u2019, \u2018Agrua\u2019 ve \u2018Eger-a\u0292\u2019\u0131n semanti\u011fi ayn\u0131. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu tan\u0131mlamalar ayn\u0131 yap\u0131ya sahipler. Svanlar, Megrel\u2019e\/ Marga\u2019la \u2018im\u0131zan\u2019 diyorlar. Megrellere\/ Margallara \u2018Zanar\u2019, Megrelceye de \u2018Luznu\u2019 diyorlar. Dilbilimciler de, bu ad\u0131 buradan ald\u0131lar ve Lazca ile Megrelce i\u00e7in ayn\u0131 varsay\u0131msal ad\u0131 kulland\u0131lar: \u201cZanuri\u201d.<\/p>\n Devam\u0131 edecek\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n (\u00d6nerilen Okumalar-2:<\/strong> Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201cKafkasya\u2019dan Karadeniz\u2019e Lazlar\u0131n Tarihsel Yolculu\u011fu\u201d, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1997; Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201cDil-Tarih-K\u00fclt\u00fcr- Gelenekleriyle Lazlar, 1. Bask\u0131, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2000; 2. Bask\u0131, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2014; Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201cDo\u011fu Karadeniz\u2019de Resm\u00ee \u0130deolojiler Ku\u015fatmas\u0131\u201d, 1. Bask\u0131, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2003; 2. Bask\u0131, Belge Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012; Bayram Ali \u00d6z\u015fahin, \u201cKapitalizm her \u015feyi a\u015f\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131yor, \u00f6\u011f\u00fct\u00fcyor, eritiyor ve kaybediyor\u201d, 14 VIII 2019, circassiancenter.com; B. G. Hewitt ve Z. K. Khiba (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201c Megrelce Bir Masal: Kuzey R\u00fczg\u00e2r\u0131 ve G\u00fcne\u015f\u201d, Kafkasya Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, say\u0131 5, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1998; \u00c7a\u011flayan \u015ei\u015fman\/ Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201cM. Recai \u00d6zg\u00fcn: Okulda Lazca Konu\u015fanlarla M\u00fccadele kolundayd\u0131m\u201d, Yeni Kafkasya Gazetesi, Say\u0131 8, \u0130stanbul, 2003; Datua Biskaia, \u201cKartvelist Nedir?\u201d, chkineburi.wordpress.com, 11 XI 2014; \u201cDemokratik G\u00fcrc\u00fcler Platformu\u2019ndan Nevzat Kaya\u2019n\u0131n R\u00f6portaj\u0131\u201d, (Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201cLaz Ayd\u0131nlar\u0131 ve Sorumluluk\u201d, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2011); Emre Ata Lyoizi\u015fi, \u201cMegreller ve Megrelya Sorunu\u201d, kolkhoba.org; Erkan Karag\u00f6z, \u201cG\u00fcneybat\u0131 Kafkas Demokratik Cumhuriyeti\/ Kelebek \u00d6m\u00fcrl\u00fc Cumhuriyet 1917- 1919\u201d, Ki\u015fisel Yay\u0131nlar, \u0130stanbul, 2020; Erol K\u0131l\u0131\u00e7 Kutelia, \u201cHer Anadili Kutsald\u0131r!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 6 III 2021; Faruk Benli, \u201cMamoylar Aile Tarihi\u201d, Kendi Yay\u0131n\u0131, Gurup Matbaac\u0131l\u0131k, Ankara, 2005; Fuat D\u00fcndar, \u201cN\u00fcfus Say\u0131mlar\u0131nda Laz, G\u00fcrc\u00fc \u00c7erkes ve Abaza\u201d, Kafkasya Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Say\u0131 1, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1997; Fuat D\u00fcndar, \u201cKafkasya Hakk\u0131ndaki Yasakl\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar (1920- 1944)\u201d, Kafkasya Yaz\u0131lar\u0131, Say\u0131 2, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1997; Fuat D\u00fcndar, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye N\u00fcfus Say\u0131mlar\u0131nda Az\u0131nl\u0131klar\u201d, \u00c7iviyaz\u0131lar\u0131 Yay\u0131nevi, \u0130stanbul, 1999; Gazi Mustafa Kemal, \u201cNutuk\/ Gazi Mustafa Kemal taraf\u0131ndan 1927\u201d,\u00a0 11. Bask\u0131, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2012; Gen\u00e7a\u011fa Karafazl\u0131\/ H. Fehmi Demir, \u201cLazlardan, Laz Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 Anabilim Dal\u0131 istemi\u201d, evrensel.net, 30 VIII 2012; George Hewitt (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201cG\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Megrel- Lazlar\u2019\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar\u0131\u201d, Ayl\u0131k Sosyalist K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi Birikim, Say\u0131 85, Birikim Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1996; Giga Kavtaradze, \u201cHayat yaln\u0131zca para ve yemek de\u011fil!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 16 I 2021\/ gurcuhaber.com\/ circassiancenter.com; Givi Kar\u00e7ava, \u201cGom\u0292xaderi \u0130zmoce I- II- III\u201d, Skani Nena, say\u0131lar 2, 3, 4, Laz K\u00fclt\u00fcr Derne\u011fi Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2009- 2010; Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava, \u201cMegrel mutfa\u011f\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n \u00e7ok zengin mutfaklar\u0131ndan biri!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 27 IV 2021\/ circassiancenter.com\/ gurcuhaber.com; G\u00fclcan Y\u00fcksel As\u0131lyaz\u0131c\u0131, \u201cD\u00f6rt elle Lazca i\u00e7in sava\u015fan biri olup \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131m!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 29 III 2021\/ circassiancenter.com\/ gurcuhaber.com; \u00a0G\u00fcng\u00f6r \u015eenkal, \u201cHalk Ekini \u0130\u00e7inde VIII\/ B\u00f6l\u00fcnm\u00fc\u015f A\u015fklar Toplam\u0131\u201d, Kur\u015fun Kalem Dergisi, Say\u0131 26, \u0130stanbul, 2013; Haldun \u00d6zkan, \u201cErkan Temel: \u201cOrtak Paydam\u0131z Lazcad\u0131r\u201d, Jineps Gazetesi, \u0130stanbul, 1 VII 2006; Hasan Oral, \u201cSima Laz K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Dayan\u0131\u015fma Vakf\u0131 Anayasa Teklifi Metni\u201d, slideshare.net; Hasan Uzunhasano\u011flu, \u201cLazca, bir diyalekt (a\u011f\u0131z, \u015five) de\u011fil, bir dildir!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 8 I 2021\/ circassiancenter.com; H\u00fcsn\u00fc G\u00fcrbey- Mahsuni G\u00fcl, \u201cMill\u00ee Emniyet Hizmeti\u2019nin Ekalliyetler Raporu\u201d, K\u00fcrt Tarihi Dergisi, Say\u0131 39, \u0130smail Be\u015fik\u00e7i Vakf\u0131 Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2020; \u0130brahim S\u0131rr\u0131 Top\u00e7uo\u011flu, \u201cSava\u015f Yaras\u0131- 1, 2 (An\u0131)\u201d, Kendi Yay\u0131n\u0131, G\u00fcryay Matbaas\u0131, \u0130zmir, 1975;\u00a0 \u0130brahim S\u0131rr\u0131 Top\u00e7uo\u011flu, \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de \u0130lk Sendika Sar\u0131k\u0131\u015fla\u2019da\/ 1932\u201d, \u00d6nc\u00fc Kitapevi, \u0130stanbul, 1975; \u0130brahim S\u0131rr\u0131 Top\u00e7uo\u011flu, \u201cNeden 2 Sosyalist Partisi-1946\/ TKP Kurulu\u015fu ve M\u00fccadelesinin Tarihi- 1, 2, 3\u201d, Kendi Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1976; \u0130brahim S\u0131rr\u0131 Top\u00e7uo\u011flu, \u201cSava\u015f ve Dostluk\/ T\u00fcrk- Sovyet \u0130li\u015fkileri\u201d, Kendi Yay\u0131n\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1979; \u00a0\u0130smail Avc\u0131 Bucakli\u015fi, \u201cLazlar \u00dczerine Kartvelist Tezler\u201d, kolkhoba.org; \u0130smet Bozba\u011f, \u201cAtat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn Sofras\u0131\u201d, Emre Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1995; \u0130smet Konak, \u201cMustafa Suphi\u2019nin Rus \u0130\u00e7 Sava\u015f\u0131ndaki Rol\u00fc\u201d, ayrintidergi.com.tr, 1 XI 2017; Joakim Enwall (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201cQazaki\u015fi Gazeti\u201d, Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr Dergisi, Say\u0131 5, \u0130stanbul\/ 1994\/ Ala\u015fara Dergisi, Say\u0131 9-10, Nart Yay\u0131nc\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, 1995- 1996;\u00a0 Josef Stalin (\u00c7eviri: Muzaffer Erdost), \u201cMarksizm ve Ulusal Sorun ve S\u00f6m\u00fcrge Sorunu\u201d, Sol Yay\u0131nlar, Ankara, 1994; K\u00e2z\u0131m Karabekir, \u201c\u0130stikl\u00e2l Harbimiz\u201d, Yap\u0131 Kredi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2019; \u201cKolkhuri Podkast Edit\u00f6r\u00fc ,\u201cKa\u00e7 bin y\u0131ll\u0131k dil yava\u015f yava\u015f yok olma noktas\u0131nda!\u201d, sonhaber.ch, 28 I 2021\/ circassiancenter.com; <\/strong>La\u015fa K\u0306odua, \u201cBiz Megreller de Laz\u0131z!\u201d, shangulishialiihsanaksamaz.blogspot.com, 27 IX 2019\/ circassiancenter.com; \u201cLazlar da anadilde e\u011fitim istiyor\u201d, hurriyet.com.tr, 9 IX 2002; Lord Kinross, \u201cAtat\u00fcrk: Rebirth of a nation\u201d, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1965; \u201cMahkemeye g\u00f6re \u2018Laz\u2019 kelimesi ama\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131\u201d, demokrathaber.org, 23 XII 2012)<\/p>\n +<\/p>\n No\u0292\u0306ile 2<\/p>\n \u201cN<\/strong>enas<\/strong> muk\u0306oti<\/strong> e\u0292xeri<\/strong> zit\u0306ape<\/strong> u\u011fun, ek\u0306oti xampa do mcve\u015fi, k\u0306ult\u0306uruli nena naren ma\u017eirenan<\/strong>!\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Margalur-Lazuri ren Sovyeturi p\u0306eriodi\u015fi iri\u015fen ubedineri nena. Margal-Lazi xalk\u0306i ren Sovyeturi p\u0306eriodi\u015fi iri\u015fen ubedineri xalk\u0306i. Nufusitenti \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a var t\u0306es. Sovyeturi xe\u0292alak Margal- Lazepe\u015fen dido \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a xalk\u0306epes k\u0306ult\u0306uruli avt\u0306onomi kome\u00e7u do Margal- Lazepes var. Amk\u0306ata ubedineri xalk\u0306i mtel dunyasti va i\u017eiren. Mu\u015feni a\u015fo rt\u0306u aya dulya?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: Mu ptkva. Ar mcve notkvame ren – \u201cik\u0306vandi do meg\u00e7asenia.\u201d \u00c7kin, Lazepe do Margalepek nena \u00e7kini\u015fi do ident\u0306oba \u00e7kini\u015fi k\u0306imeti va mi\u00e7kinan, dido perpu govndinupt. And\u011fa Sovyeturi ora va ren, demok\u0306rat\u0306ia\u015fi ora ren, iri xolo gon\u0292\u0306k\u0306imeri ren, ama nena\u015fi oskedinu na gorupan nak\u0306o k\u0306o\u00e7i gi\u00e7kinan Lazepe\u015fi do Margalepe\u015fi o\u015fkendas? Dido \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a. P\u0306roblemi aya ren. Ti skani\u015fi k\u0306imeti si gi\u00e7kit\u0306asinon, emoras irik saygi go\u011fodasinon.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: \u00c7kimi \u015feni dunya\u015fi xalk\u0306epe artneri ren. Edo entepe\u015fi nenapeti ark\u0306areli k\u0306imet\u0306oni ren. K\u0306afk\u0306asya\u015fi mteli xalk\u0306epeti e\u015fo. K\u0306afkasya\u015fi k\u0306arta xalk\u0306i do entepe\u015fi k\u0306arta nena ark\u0306areli k\u0306imet\u0306oni ren. Entepeti, nenape mutepe\u015fiti k\u0306imot\u0306oni ren \u00e7kimda. Emu\u015feniki k\u0306arta nena k\u0306o\u00e7inoba\u015fi \u015fahidi ren. Edo ar nena \u011fura\u015fi, k\u0306o\u00e7inobati \u011furun. Ma e\u015fo mi\u00e7kin. \u201cTarixi\u015fi \u015filyapeten mcve\u015fi orapes, a\u0292\u0306ineri Kortupes, Margalepes, Lazepes do Svanepes ar nena u\u011fut\u0306esya, ar xalk\u0306i rt\u0306esya\u201d zop\u0306onan namtini matarixepek? P\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri gagnapaten var, k\u0306o\u00e7inoba\u015fi gagnapaten gk\u0306itxupt ma: e\u015fo rt\u0306ui? Tkvan mu izmont? Aya nenape mundes uk\u0306ui\u0292\u0306k\u0306es? Dido mcve\u015fi orape\u015fen ambaroni ar ketabi koren. E\u015fo mi\u00e7kin: \u201cKartlis \u0292xovreba\/ Kartli\u015fi skidala\u201d. Aya ketabik amk\u0306ata tarixepe\u015fen ambaepe mom\u00e7apani? Nenape \u00e7kini\u015fenti ambaepe mom\u00e7apani?!<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> \u201cKartlis \u0292xovrebak\u201d am nenape\u015fi ok\u0306o\u0292\u0306k\u0306imu \u015feni mutu va zop\u0306ons, mu\u015feni do, am kitabi na i\u00e7\u0306aru oras, nenape ok\u0306o\u0292\u0306k\u0306imeri kort\u0306u a\u00e7kva. Otxi xolo nena ar nena\u015fe nagamulun, eya m\u0292udi va ren. E\u015fo ren. Okortura\u015fi do dunya\u015fi didi nenam\u00e7kinacepek a\u015fo gama\u00e7xik\u0306es, digures do so\u011funi a\u015fo do\u00e7\u0306ares. Xvala \u00e7kini nenape var do, k\u0306arta nena e\u015fo va reni? Misali, and\u011fa Turkuli, Turkmenuli, Azerbaicanuli, Gagavuzuri, Uzbek\u0306uri do \u00e7kva nenape o\u015fi do o\u015fi \u0292\u0306anape\u015fi \u0292\u0306oxle ar nena va rt\u0306esi? Xolo, Rusuli, Bulgaruli, Serbuli, \u00c7exuri do \u00e7kva Slavuri nenape? Mteli nenape e\u015fo renan. A\u015foki, am teori \u0292\u0306ori ren do ma eya\u015fi vicer.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: K\u0306arta nenas dialekt\u0306epe ku\u011fun. Turkuli nenasti dialekt\u0306epe ku\u011fun. Rusuli nenasti dialekt\u0306epe ku\u011fun. Kortuli nenasti dialekt\u0306epe ku\u011fun. Lazuri nenasti dialekt\u0306epe ku\u011fun. Aya dido normali ren. Tkvan aya tema\u015fen muepe gatkvenan? Aya ren maartani. Majurati koren: k\u0306arta nenas majura nenape\u015fen e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape ku\u011fun. And\u011faneri nd\u011fas dunya\u015fi k\u0306arta nenas majura nenape\u015fen e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape ku\u011fun. Ayati dido normali ren. Tkvan mu izmont?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> Moro mu! Aya dido normali ren. Bazi k\u0306o\u00e7epes, nosi navar u\u011funan k\u0306o\u00e7epes aya onc\u011foroni mutxani da\u0292\u0306onenan, mara a\u015fo va ren. Misali, bazi Margalepe komi\u00e7kin, tis jur mcixi nosi var u\u011funan do et\u0306imologia\u015fen \u201ci\u00e7ali\u015fepan\u201d. Margaluri nenas e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape mot u\u011fut\u0306asia do, a\u011fani zit\u0306ape moingonapan, vana-ti, daha mendra naulunanpeti koren do Margaluris \u00e7kar e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape var u\u011fun, \u00e7kva nenapek Margaluri\u015fen e\u00e7\u0306opesia zop\u0306onan. \u0292\u0306oxle do \u0292\u0306oxle entepe k\u0306ala ok\u0306ovak\u0306idet\u0306it, a\u015fo mo ikipt ma vu\u0292\u0306umert\u0306i, mara a\u0292\u0306i meva\u015fkvi do mutu var. Am ondi a\u015fo gamamasvarenan: Ar nenas man\u017eageri nenape\u015fen e\u0292xeri dido zit\u0306ape u\u011fun-na, aya mo\u0292\u0306iramanki, am nena na\u011far\u011falaps xalkis man\u017eagerepe k\u0306ala dido akt\u0306iuri k\u0306ont\u0306akt\u0306i u\u011fut\u0306u: Gama\u00e7amu- e\u00e7\u0306opinu, oxtimu- moxtimu, k\u0306ik\u0306inape, artik\u0306arti k\u0306ala o\u00e7ilu do okomocu. Amazoni\u015fi \u011fali\u015fi mt\u0306k\u0306apes name\u015faxenan \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a xalkepe koren, entepes \u201cuncontacted peoples\u201d u\u0292\u0306umenan, mu\u015feniki, and\u011fa\u015fakis t\u0306et\u0306eli gulunan, go\u011fo skidalaten skidunan, miti k\u0306ala k\u0306ont\u0306akt\u0306i var ikipan do dunyas mupe iqveren, eya\u015fi \u00e7kar ambari var u\u011funan. Entepe\u015fi nenape ren st\u0306eriluri nenape – e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape \u00e7kar var u\u011funan do ku\u011funannati-na – dido m\u0292ika. Amuten mu ptkvaminon: Nenas muk\u0306oti e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape u\u011fun, ek\u0306oti xampa do mcve\u015fi, k\u0306ult\u0306uruli nena naren ma\u017eirenan. Margaluri nena dido mcve\u015fi do zengini nena naren, amutenti b\u017eiropt: Nena \u00e7kini\u015fi doloxe ar k\u0306ele Sumexuri\u015fen, Arabuli\u015fen, Farsuli\u015fen, Ber\u017eenuli\u015fen, Kortuli\u015fen, Osuri\u015fen, Turkuli\u015fen, Apxazuri\u015fen, Svanuri\u015fen e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape dido i\u017eiren do majura k\u0306ele Margaluri\u015fen e\u0292xeri zit\u0306ape op\u015fun Kortuli, Apxazuri, Svanuri, \u00c7\u0306erk\u0306ezuli do \u00e7kva nenapes. Misali: Sumexuri \u0573\u0561\u0576\u0573 (\u00e7\u0306an\u00e7\u0306) mcve\u015fi oras, Margalur-Lazuri\u015fi p\u0306ap\u0306uli nena\u015fen e\u0292xeri ren: Margalepek and\u011fati \u00e7\u0306anci vu\u0292\u0306omert, Lazepek m\u00e7\u0306aci. Mara, Margaluri gord-i, (maqaqi), Sumexuri \u0563\u0578\u0580\u057f-\u015fen (gort\u0306) e\u00e7\u0306opineri ren. Apxazuri do Svanuri nenape\u015fa Xrist\u0306ianuli t\u0306erminologia\u015fi dido Margaluri\u015fen amaxteen, mu\u015feni do am let\u0306apes mcve\u015fi oras Margaluri hegemoni nena ort\u0306u do Xrist\u0306ianoba do Xrist\u0306ianuli t\u0306erminologia Margaluri\u015fen ulut\u0306u man\u017eageri \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a xalk\u0306epe\u015fa.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi<\/strong>: Sovyeturi xe\u0292ala\u015fi iptineri \u0292\u0306anapes, e\u015fo ptkvat na, a\u015fo ptkvat na, Margalepesti, Lazepesti am\u0292ika nart\u0306u nati k\u0306ult\u0306uruli avt\u0306onomia ku\u011fut\u0306es. Aya xilafi var, \u0292\u0306ori rt\u0306u. Gazetape ku\u011fut\u0306es. N\u0292\u0306opulape ku\u011fut\u0306es. Aya ren m\u0292xade. Aya ren m\u0292xade tarixi. Aya k\u0306aixe\u015fa mi\u00e7kinan. Mara eya tarixi\u015fen mutu va gk\u0306itxaminonan. A\u00e7kva globalizasyoni\u015fi o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura ren. \u0130nt\u0306ernet\u0306ik sinori va i\u00e7inops. Tkvan mu izmont? Ma-21 o\u015f\u0292\u0306anuras Lazuri nena skidasioni? Margaluri nena skidasinoni? A\u011fani sinorepe\u015fen do sep\u0306arat\u0306izmi\u015fen mutu va gk\u0306itxupt. Xolo otkvalu\u015fi vore. Xoloti gk\u0306itxat: Ekoni- akoni namtini gamantanerepek \u201cMargali do Lazi nana- babapek berepe mutepe\u015fis Margaluri\/ Lazuri va dogures do emu\u015feni Margaluri\/ Lazuri nenape \u011furunya\u201d zop\u0306onan. Aya xilafi va reni?\u00a0 Nana- babape k\u0306abaet\u0306oni renan. E\u015foi?! Emorape\u015fi p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri ik\u0306limi k\u0306abaot\u0306oni va reni? Asimilasyonist\u0306uri p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306ape k\u0306abaet\u0306oni va reni? Nana- babas k\u0306abaet\u0306i mok\u0306idu onc\u011fore va reni? Buncinaluri ent\u0306egrasyoni\u015fen var,\u00a0 ekoni- akoni oxan\u0292alepe\u015fi xilafi p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306ape\u015fen molap\u015finap.<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>Moro. Nana do baba\u015fa xvala k\u0306abaet\u0306i var muik\u0306iden. Entepe\u015fi k\u0306abaet\u0306iti koren, moro, mara xvala entepe\u015fi k\u0306abaet\u0306i va ren. Entepe\u015fi k\u0306abaet\u0306i mu ren eya ptkvaminon a\u0292\u0306i: \u00c7kimi gomtis dido k\u0306o\u00e7i vi\u00e7inop, Margalepe do Lazepe, nena \u015feni guri naa\u0292\u0306k\u0306unenan, Lazuri do Margaluri \u015feni ma\u011fala nenape natkumenan do bazi nena\u015fi akt\u0306ivist\u0306iti koren. Mara, am k\u0306o\u00e7epe\u015fen didopek berepes xoloti var u\u011far\u011falnan Margaluri. Sebebi mu ren? Sebebi ren tkvan natkvit ondepe: P\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri ik\u0306limi, asimilasyonist\u0306uri p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306ape. Aya xvala \u00e7kini devletepe\u015fi p\u0306roblemi va ren, dunya\u015fi p\u0306roblemi ren. Mara, Avrup\u0306a\u015fi devletepek do xalk\u0306epek koxo\u0292\u0306ones-ki, lingvist\u0306uri do etnik\u0306uri zenginoba o\u015fkurinoni ondi va ren, k\u0306ai ondi ren, edo eyaletlu\u011fi devleti\u015fi doloxe naskidun xalk\u0306epes do nenapes, k\u0306ult\u0306urape\u015fi \u00e7\u0306e\u015fidobas gyamp\u0306onen. Emu\u015feni renki, Avrup\u0306a\u015fi devletepek dido para xarcupan do mo gondinut\u0306as yado, \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a nenapes nu\u015fvelapan. Okorturas and\u011fa\u015fakis Sovyet\u0306uri osimadu\u015fi gale va gamalu, nena \u015feni k\u0306o\u00e7ik mutu tkvas-na, emedeni sep\u0306arat\u0306izmi do du\u015fmanoba da\u0292\u0306onenan, Rusya\u015fk\u0306ele k\u0306iti megi\u011firapan do Rusi\u015fi k\u0306o\u00e7i reya gi\u0292\u0306omenan, Apxazeti\u015fi do \u0292xinvali\u015fi ambarepe gogo\u015finapan, bazepek, Margaluri, \u015eonuri do Lazuri nena nacoxons e\u015fo mutu va ren, xvala Kortuli nena ren do iri emu\u015fi dialekt\u0306i renia zop\u0306onan. Amuten mu iktiren? Nena \u00e7kimis ginon dialekt\u0306i ucoxi, mutu ginon ucoxi, eya \u00e7kimi \u015feni xoloti nena ren do \u015furi do guri \u00e7kimi\u015fi doloxe da\u00e7xiri steri gzun do i\u00e7\u0306ven. Edo ma va b\u011fura\u015fa, em da\u00e7xiri mutus do mitis va askurinen. Turkiesti am\u0292ika \u00e7kvaneri xali u\u011fun. Turkie Anat\u0306olias naskidunan xalk\u0306epe\u015fi devleti var do etnik\u0306uri Turkepe\u015fi devleti ren. Sert\u0306i sist\u0306emi nau\u011fun ar devleti ren. Turki em let\u0306ape\u015fa moxtimeri naren, emu\u015fi ist\u0306oriuli gono\u015fine ku\u011fun milletis do emu\u015feni a\u015fkurinenan, Lazepes, Kurdepes, Kortupes, Sumexepes, Surianurepes, Ber\u017eemepes nena\u015fi hak\u0306epe mep\u00e7at-na, \u00e7\u0306umani ot\u0306onomi mak\u0306vandasunonan, gend\u011faniti gamaxtasunonan do Turkie ok\u0306ipa\u015fasunonia du\u015funan. emu\u015feni, demok\u0306rat\u0306iuli gon\u0292\u0306k\u0306imeroba iado, ar xeten \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a-\u00e7\u0306it\u0306a dik\u0306a\u015fi k\u0306ak\u0306alepe dub\u011fapan miletis k\u0306vin\u00e7epe steri, majura xeten asimilasioni\u015fi tupe\u011fi no\u011firaman do istomernan. Var u\u00e7kinanki, int\u0306ernet\u0306i\u015fi oras k\u0306o\u00e7i\u015fa mutu va gampulen. Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Tkvanti k\u0306aixe\u015fa gi\u00e7kinan, e\u015fo ptkvat na, a\u015fo ptkvat na, 1921 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1991 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fak Gurcistani Sovyeturi oxen\u0292ale\u015fi doloxe rt\u0306u. Apxazetiti Gurcistani\u015fi doloxe rt\u0306u aya p\u0306eriodis. Lazuri gazeta-ketabepe 1928 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1938 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fak \u0130skender \u0292\u0306it\u0306a\u015fi\u015fi coxoten no\u011fa Soxumis gami\u00e7kvinu. E\u015fo ptkvat na, a\u015fo ptkvat na, xolo artneri p\u0306eriodis, Lazuri ketabepe gami\u00e7kvinu Gurcistani\u015fi nanano\u011fa Tbilisisti: Arnold \u00c7ikobava\u015fi \u201c\u00c7\u0306anuri T\u0306ekst\u0306ebi\u201d 1929 \u0292\u0306anas do \u0130oseb Qip\u015fi\u017ee\u015fi \u201cLazuri t\u0306ekst\u0306epe\u201d 1939 \u0292\u0306anas nanano\u011fa Tbilisis gami\u00e7kvinu. Beki artneri p\u0306eriodis gami\u00e7kvineri majura Lazuri ketabepeti koren mara ma va mi\u00e7kin. Mara ma k\u0306aixe\u015fa komi\u00e7kin 1940-oni \u0292\u0306anape\u015fen 1970-oni \u0292\u0306anape\u015fak Gurcistanisti, Apxazetisti Lazuri ketabepe va gami\u00e7kvinu. Ak\u0306ademiuri no\u00e7ali\u015fepe\u015fen va molap\u015finap. \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\u201d steri no\u00e7ali\u015fepe\u015fen molagi\u015finapt.\u00a0 E\u015fo ptkvat na, a\u015fo ptkvat na,1940 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1970 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fak Lazuri ketabepe mu\u015feni va gami\u00e7kvinu Gurcistanis? Mi ren vana miepe renan aya dulya\u015fi co\u011fabiname\u00e7aps k\u0306o\u00e7i? 1970 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fk\u0306ule xolo Lazuri ketabepe gami\u00e7kvinu Gurcistanis: Guram K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u015fi \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe- 1\u201d 1972 \u0292\u0306anas, \u0130rine Asatiani\u015fi \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe\u201d 1974 \u0292\u0306anas, \u201cLazuri P\u0306aramit\u0306epe\u201d 1982 \u0292\u0306anas do Guram K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u015fi \u201cLazuri T\u0306ekst\u0306epe- 2\u201d 1993 \u0292\u0306anas gami\u00e7kvinu nanano\u011fa Tbilisis.\u00a0 Majurapeti ren na, ma va mi\u00e7kin. Xes va mi\u011fun. Mara didopeten 1940 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1970 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fak Lazuri ketabi va gami\u00e7kvinu Gurcistanis. Mu\u015feni?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>Mu gi\u0292\u0306vat, tkva k\u0306aixe\u015fa na \u017eirit st\u0306at\u0306ist\u0306i\u011fi \u015feni ma \u00e7kar va vidu\u015funi. Ma na b\u017eiri dosyape \u00e7kimis, 1946, 1947, 1948 do 1949 \u0292\u0306anapes gamaxtimeri Margaluri birapape\u015fi not\u0306epe koren. Yani Margaluri birapa\u015fi t\u0306ekst\u0306epe Margaluri nenaten do not\u0306epe ren, emu\u015fen \u00e7kva daha va ma\u017eiru. Mu ptkva, ambari va mi\u011fun. Emorapes, ak\u0306ademiuri oxandupe kort\u0306u: Misali, Sergi J\u011fent\u0306i\u015fi \u201c\u00c7\u0306anur- Margaluri\u015fi fonet\u0306i\u011fi\u201d gamaxtu 1953-s, a\u0292\u0306i nagoma\u015finu. \u00c7kvapeti koren, ama \u0292\u0306anape do coxope va m\u015funs a\u0292\u0306i do, ak\u0306ademiuri no\u00e7ali\u015fepe gamo\u015fkvit do t\u0306ekst\u0306epe mo gamo\u015fkumertya\u015fi mutu emri gami\u00e7kvinui, e\u015fo p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306a u\u011fut\u0306esi am 30 \u0292\u0306anas, amu\u015fi \u00e7kar ambari va mi\u011fun. Ak\u0306ademiuri gamo\u00e7kvat\u0306es-na, t\u0306ekst\u0306i\u015fi gama\u00e7kvinuti ak\u0306ademiuri dulya ren, moro mu ren – ar nenam\u00e7kinacek oput\u0306e\u015fa ulun do t\u0306ekst\u0306epe k\u0306orobups, uk\u0306a\u00e7xe kit\u0306abis didi ar go\u0292\u0306otkvala uxvenups do am t\u0306ekst\u0306epe gedumers. Qip\u015fi\u017ee\u015fi, K\u0306art\u0306ozia\u015fi, Mari\u015fi, J\u011fent\u0306i\u015fi, Xubua\u015fi t\u0306ekst\u0306epe iri ak\u0306ademiuri no\u00e7ali\u015fepe ren, ma a\u015fo doma\u0292\u0306onen. Do 1940-1970 yasa\u011fi i\u0292\u0306opxinuya\u015fi ne ambari mi\u011fun do mtini gi\u0292\u0306vat-na, ne vidu\u015fun. Margaluri do Lazuri k\u0306azet\u0306ape\u015fi yasa\u011fi o\u0292\u0306opxinu do Margaluri do Lazuri t\u0306ekst\u0306epe\u015fi yasa\u011fi o\u0292\u0306opxinu ar va ren. A\u015fo rt\u0306uk\u0306o-na, ambari domaqveet\u0306es. Edo, ambari navami\u011fun ondi \u015feni mutu va matkven, sp\u0306ek\u0306ulasyoni va maxvenen.<\/p>\n Ali ihsan Aksamazi<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 Balt\u0306ik\u0306uri cumhuriyetepe\u015fen ambari va mi\u011fun; a\u0292\u0306i ak becititi va ren. K\u0306afk\u0306asya\u015fen molap\u015finapt do emu\u015feni. Mara, 1991 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fa, mteli Sovyeturi cumhuriyetepe\u015fi nenape K\u0306iriluri alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinu. Mara Kortuli, Kortuli alboniten do Sumexuriti, Sumexuri alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinu. K\u0306remlini xe\u0292alak aya siyasetiten mu no\u011fira u\u011fut\u0306u? Aya ren maartani k\u0306itxala. Majuraniti komi\u011fun artneri p\u0306eriodi\u015fen: Kortuli nena artneri p\u0306eriodis ipukiru. 1918 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1921 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fa do 1921 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1992 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fa muk\u0306o Kortuli n\u0292\u0306opula kort\u0306u Gurcistanis? 1938 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis Apxazuri nena Latinuri alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinet\u0306u.\u00a0 1938 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen 1954 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis Apxazuri nena mu\u015feni Kortuli alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinu. Edo xolo Apxazuri nena mu\u015feni K\u0306iriluri alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinu 1954 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fen and\u011faneri nd\u011fa\u015fa? K\u0306remlini xe\u0292alak aya siyasetitenti mu no\u011fira u\u011fut\u0306u. Tkvan amu\u015feni mu izmont?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: Kortuli do Sumexuri nenape Sovyet\u0306uri p\u0306eriodi\u015fa 15 o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura Kortuli do Sumexuri alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinet\u0306u do Sovyet\u0306uri oras \u00e7kva nam alboniten i\u00e7\u0306arinasunt\u0306u? Am nenapes o\u00e7\u0306aru\u015fi didi adeti ku\u011fut\u0306es, mu\u015fi albonepeti ku\u011fut\u0306es do emu\u015feni am albonepeten i\u00e7\u0306arinu. O\u00e7\u0306aru\u015fi didi k\u0306ult\u0306ura vana \u00e7kar navaru\u011fut\u0306es xalk\u0306epesti a\u011fani albonepe uxvenes. Ma mk\u0306itxatna, ar nenak m\u00e7\u0306aralobas gyo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306aps-na, nam alboni emu\u015feni moxva iqven, eya\u015fi k\u0306arari nenam\u00e7kinacepek do xalk\u0306ik beraberi me\u00e7asunonan. Nenam\u00e7kinacepes ku\u00e7kinan, ar nena\u015feni nam alboni daha memskvaneri do moxva iqven, xalk\u0306isti ar vara majurani alboniten on\u00e7\u0306aru\u015fi p\u0306rakt\u0306i\u011fi ku\u011fun, eya albonis gegaperi ren. Sovyet\u0306uri oras, bazi nenam\u00e7kinacepek obiekt\u0306uri me\u0292\u0306k\u0306omiluten go\u015fa\u0292xunupt\u0306es \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a nenape \u015feni a\u011fani albonepe, bazepekti siyaset\u0306uri me\u0292\u0306k\u0306omiluten. Xolo, nam k\u0306ult\u0306ura\u015fi, nam k\u0306ult\u0306uruli k\u0306onjonkt\u0306uri\u015fi doloxe ren ar nena, emu\u015fi gyora didgenon \u00e7\u0306aroni sist\u0306emi. Misali gi\u0292\u0306vat: Nenam\u00e7kinacepes u\u00e7kit\u0306es-ki \u00c7e\u00e7enuri nenas and\u011fa\u015fakis sum alboni kixmarinu: Arap\u0306uri, Latinuri do K\u0306iriluri. Ama, 2020 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fi \u0292\u0306ilvas, \u00c7e\u00e7netis, ar came\u015fi dolokverepe\u015fi tude mcve\u015fi ar kva ki\u017eiru, kvas mcve\u015fi Kortuli alboniten mutxanepe non\u00e7\u0306ars. Na non\u00e7\u0306ars metini \u00c7e\u00e7enuri nenaten n\u00e7\u0306areli ren, ama boncape Asomtavruli u\u011fun. Ayak mu mi\u0292\u0306omenan \u2013 \u00c7e\u00e7enepe Xrist\u0306iani rt\u0306es\u015fi, on\u00e7\u0306aru\u015feni Asomtavruli alboni ixmart\u0306eenan. Ama, uk\u0306a\u00e7xe \u00c7e\u00e7enepe dimuslimanes do emu\u015feni Arapuri alboni u\u011fut\u0306es, Sovyet\u0306uri xe\u0292ala moxtu\u015fi, a\u015fo \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a nenape \u015feni k\u0306iriluri albonepe\u015fi oxvenu\u015fi k\u0306arari ni\u00e7inu do \u00c7e\u00e7enuristi K\u0306iriluri alboni duxazires. Apxazuri alboni\u015fi mu gi\u0292\u0306vat: Ma nami\u00e7kin 1938 \u0292\u0306anas Soviet\u0306epes ar k\u0306anoni kogamaxtu, am k\u0306anonik zop\u0306ont\u0306uki, avt\u0306onomiapes naskidunan \u00e7\u0306it\u0306a nenape \u015feni devleti\u015fi nena \u015feni naixmarinen alboni vixmarat minonania. A\u015fopeten, Apxazuri nena \u015feni Kortuli alboni\u015fi sist\u0306emi\u015fi oxaziru kogyo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306u. Nak\u0306otxani p\u0306roje kort\u0306u: Ak\u0306ak\u0306i \u015eani\u017ee\u015fi, Simon Cana\u015fia\u015fi do Apxazepe\u015fik\u0306ele Dimit\u0306ri Gulia\u015fi do mu\u015f niha\u015fba\u015fi p\u0306rojepe. \u0130ri Kortuli alboni\u015fi sist\u0306emi\u015fi jin xveneri. So\u011funi, Dimit\u0306ri Guliak, Simon Cana\u015fiak do Ak\u0306ak\u0306i \u015eani\u017eek orta\u011fi p\u0306roje dote\u015fkiles do eya\u015fi oxmarus kogyo\u00e7\u0306k\u0306es. 1954 \u0292\u0306anas, Dimit\u0306ri Guliak, mu\u015fi do Kortu p\u0306ap\u0306azi, Davit ma\u00e7\u0306avariani\u015f xe\u015fen 1892 \u0292\u0306anas xveneri K\u0306iriluri alboni goktinu. Zop\u0306onanki, Kortuli alboniten on\u00e7\u0306aru Beria\u015fi emri rt\u0306u do Beriak va \u011furu\u015fakis, Apxazepek zoriten Kortuli alboni ixmaresia. N\u0292\u0306opulape\u015fi ambari va mi\u00e7kin, mutu va matkven. Namatkven eya ren-ki, and\u011fa nami\u011funan n\u0292\u0306opulape\u015fen didope Soviet\u0306uri orapes geidginu. Soviet\u0306uri orape\u015fa ek\u0306o n\u0292\u0306opula va rt\u0306u. 1918-1921 \u0292\u0306anapesti, Okortura\u015fi Demok\u0306rat\u0306iuli Cumhuriyetik muk\u0306o n\u0292\u0306opula gedgasunt\u0306u, seri do nd\u011faleri galeni do doloxeni p\u0306roblemepe k\u0306ala ibodert\u0306u.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> Dido mcve\u015fi tarixi ar k\u0306ele dido beciti ren majura k\u0306eleti ek\u0306onari beciti va ren. Ma a\u015fo mi\u00e7kin do a\u015fo matkven. Aya bekiti p\u0306aradoksuli xali ren; mu mi\u00e7kin?! Mtini gi\u0292\u0306vat na, xoloti tarixi beciti ren; a\u015fo mi\u00e7kin ma. A\u0292\u0306i ar k\u0306itxala komi\u011fun tkvanda: Mtini gi\u0292\u0306vat na, aya k\u0306itxala a\u0292\u0306i\u015fa akoni \u00c7veneburi\/ Gurci gamantanerepesti ar- jur fara p\u0306k\u0306itxi mara entepek nena va gemiktires. Mu\u015feni, va mi\u00e7kin. A\u0292\u0306i eya k\u0306itxala gk\u0306itxat: \u201cKartveli\u201d, aya tkvala mundes ye\u00e7kindu?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava<\/strong>: Ma tarixi\u015fi didi p\u0306ropesioneli va vore, \u00e7kimi \u015feni vik\u0306itxup do bazi mutxanepe\u015fe mignapun. \u201cKartveli\u201d yano namoxtu ar etnonimi ren. Edo, vidu\u015funep-ki, eya Okortura\u015fi o\u015fkenani p\u0306rovin\u0292ia Kartli\u015fen do Kartli\u015fi mileti\u015fen mulun. \u201cKartveli\u201d do \u201cSakartvelo\u201c \u00a010. o\u015f\u0292\u0306anura\u015fi uk\u0306ule, bekiti XI- XII o\u015f\u0292\u0306anurapes ye\u00e7kindun do ekolendo and\u011fa\u015fakis mulun.<\/p>\n Ali ihsan Aksamazi<\/strong>:\u00a0\u00a0 Turkuli dudk\u0306anoni\u015fi ma-66 maddeten, Turkiye\u015fi Cumhuriyeti\u015fi k\u0306arta dobadonari Turki ren. Aya etnik\u0306uri var, p\u0306olit\u0306ik\u0306uri tarifi ren. Turkuli oxen\u0292alek \u0292\u0306oxle\u015fen majura nenape va i\u00e7inoptu. Mara a\u0292\u0306i e\u015fo va ren. Doba\u011fine ren, va ren, majura nananepeti meno\u0292xune dersi ren Turkuli oxen\u0292ales. Gurcistanisti dobadonaroba artneri reni? Gurcistani\u015fi k\u0306arta dobadonaris Kartveli ucoxupani? Gi\u00e7kinan, Gurcistanis Somexepe, Azerbaycani\u015fi Turkepe, Suryanepe, Abxaz- Abazepeti skidunan. Antepesti Kartveli ucoxupani?\u00a0 Vana xvala Lazi, Margali,\u00a0 Svani do Kortupes Kartveli ucoxupani? Gurcistanik Apxazuri nena, Somxuri nena, Suryanuri nena, Azerbaycanuri Turkuli i\u00e7inops, e\u015fo mi\u00e7kin. Edo aya nenanenape\u015fen Gurcistani\u015fi dobadonarepes k\u0306ult\u0306uruli namtini hak\u0306epe ku\u011funan, e\u015fo mi\u00e7kin.\u00a0 Gurcistani\u015fi oxen\u0292alek Margaluri, Lazuri do Svanuri nenapesti k\u0306ult\u0306uruli hak\u0306epe me\u00e7apsi? \u0130mendi gi\u011funani? Tkvan mu izmont?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava:<\/strong> Okorturas tkvanisteri va ren. Soviyet\u0306uri orape\u015fen doni 1999 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis (vana 2000 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fakis, a\u0292\u0306i k\u0306ai va m\u015funs) p\u0306asap\u0306ort\u0306is iris etnisit\u0306e mu\u015fi kun\u00e7\u0306arut\u0306u. Somexis Somexi un\u00e7\u0306arut\u0306u, Azeris Azeri do a\u015fo. Uk\u0306a\u00e7xe moseles. A\u0292\u0306i, xvala \u201cSakartvelos Mokalake\u201d non\u00e7\u0306ars, yani \u201cOkortura\u015fi Dobadonam\u015fine\u201c\/ \u201cG\u00fcrcistan Vatanda\u015f\u0131\u201c. Am k\u0306anoni a\u015fo gamamognapes: Devleti\u015fi doloxe \u00e7kva do \u00e7kva etnisit\u0306e iqven, ama irik xolo ar devleti\u015fi dobadonam\u015fine voret. Ma mk\u0306itxat-na, aya normaluri k\u0306anoni ren. Am k\u0306anonik m\u0292udi mutu va zop\u0306ons – Si sumexi rena, ort\u0306i, ama Okortura\u015fi dobadonam\u015fine re. Aya pakt\u0306i ren. Turkie steri, \u201cak naskidun iri Turki ren\u201d oxvenu moro dido p\u0306at\u0306i iqvasint\u0306u.<\/p>\n Am k\u0306anoni\u015fi k\u0306ar\u015fi 20 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fe dido ren, Kortu na\u0292ionalist\u0306epe gamulunan – p\u0306asap\u0306ort\u0306i\u015fen etnisit\u0306e \u00e7kini mo ezdes, Kortu navoret mot va n\u00e7\u0306arupan, mcve\u015fi adeti govoktinat do xoloti von\u00e7\u0306arapat yado gamulunan.<\/p>\n Kartveli xvala Kortu, Lazi, Megreli, Svani do \u0292\u0306ova-Tu\u015fepe\u015fa icoxinen. \u00c7kvape\u015fa var. \u00c7kvapek K\u0306ebuli var ikipan, Kartveli voretya va zop\u0306onan, Mu na renan eya zop\u0306onan. Edo Sumexi Kartveli ren, Apxazi Kartveli ren, Azerbaicaneli Kartveli ren yado mitik va noka\u00e7aps.<\/p>\n Okortura\u015fi anayasas jur devleturi nena i\u015finen: Kortuli do Apxazuri (Apxazeti\u015fi let\u0306apes). \u00c7kvanenapes – Sumexuri, Azerbaicanuli do Osuri nenapes \u00e7kva hak\u0306k\u0306epe ku\u011funan. Mesela, gazetape, mektebepe, tiat\u0306rope, devleti\u015fi t\u0306elevizionis p\u0306rogramepe. \u00c7kar hak\u0306k\u0306i navaru\u011fun nenape renan Margaluri, \u015eonuri, Lazuri. Yani, devletik am nenapeten ne gazeta gama\u00e7kvinus, ne radios, ne tiat\u0306ros, ne mektebis, ne t\u0306elevizionis mxuci va me\u00e7aps. Am nenapeten mutu ixvenen-na, irixolo p\u0306rivat\u0306uli inisiat\u0306ifi ren. Devletik mxuci name\u00e7aps xvala am nenape\u015fi ak\u0306ademiuri doguru ren.<\/p>\n Ama, \u0292\u0306oxleti ptkvi do a\u0292\u0306iti bzop\u0306on – ora golulun do k\u0306o\u00e7epe iktirenan. Okorturasti a\u011fani nesili mulun do entepe\u015fi osimadu iktiren. And\u011fa, xvala Margali var do, dido Kortu k\u0306o\u00e7i mi\u00e7kin, Margaluri, \u015eonuri, Lazuri nenape\u015fa st\u0306at\u0306u me\u00e7amu \u015feni, mektebepes am nenape\u015fi dersi me\u00e7amu \u015feni mxuci namom\u00e7apan, gamulunan do devletisti noba\u017egapan, am nenape gondinun do va gondinan \u015feni, \u00e7kin mutxanepe p\u0306atminonania. 15-20 \u0292\u0306ana \u0292\u0306oxle ma dido p\u0306esimist\u0306i vort\u0306i, mu\u015feni-do, 15-20 \u0292\u0306ana\u0292\u0306oxle e\u015fo k\u0306o\u00e7epe dido va rt\u0306es, and\u011fa daha gontaneri tolepet mevoxosar \u00e7\u0306umandeli nd\u011fa \u00e7kinis.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamazi:<\/strong> \u201cMargali\u201d, aya tkvala solen mulun? solen ye\u00e7kindu? Vogniki, \u201corgu\u201d\u015fen mulun. E\u015fo reni?!\u00a0 Xolo vogniki, \u201cMargali\u201dti naorgaps k\u0306o\u00e7i\u015fi coxo\u015fen mulun. E\u015foi? \u201cMa- rg(-v)ali”, naorgaps k\u0306o\u00e7i\u015fen mulun, e\u015fo reni?<\/p>\n Givi G. Kar\u00e7ava: <\/strong>\u201cMargali\u201d orgu\u015fen namulun, eya p\u0306rimit\u0306ifi et\u0306imoloji ren. Margali Egrisi\u015fen mulun. Margali\u015fi Kortuli coxo \u201cM-egr-el-i\u201d, Egr-is na skidun, Egr-i\u015fi miletis oxo\u0292\u0306onapaps. Margaliti ayni doma\u0292\u0306onen: M-arg-al-i. yani, \u201cArg-is\u201d na skidunpe. Mcve\u015fi orapes Margalepek let\u0306a mutepe\u015fis \u201cArg-\u201c u\u0292\u0306omert\u0306es-na, M-arg-al-i, 100 % ekolendo mulun. Apxazepek and\u011fati \u0430\u0433\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0430 || A\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0430(Ag\u10f7rua || Agrua) mi\u0292\u0306omenan. Sumexepek Egrisis \u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580 (Eger) ucoxopt\u0306eenan do Egrisis naskidut\u0306u Margal-Lazepe\u015fi p\u0306ap\u0306ulepe s\u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0581 (Egera\u0292). Yani, M-egr-el-i, M-arg-al-i, Agrua do Eger-a\u0292-i\u015fi semant\u0306ik\u0306a ayni ren, ayni k\u0306onst\u0306ruk\u0292ia u\u011funan. Naqonasunon\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n +<\/strong><\/p>\n \u10dc\u10dd\u10ec\u10d8\u10da\u10d4 2<\/p>\n \u201c<\/strong>\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1<\/strong> \u10db\u10e3\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4<\/strong> \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8<\/strong> \u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10e4\u10d0<\/strong> \u10d3\u10dd<\/strong> \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8<\/strong>, <\/strong>\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0<\/strong> \u10dc\u10d0<\/strong> \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc<\/strong> \u10db\u10d0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong>!\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0-\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da-\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8. \u10dc\u10e3\u10f6\u10e3\u10e1\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e1. \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da- \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10ed\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10e3 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da- \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0. \u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e3\u10d1\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da \u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10f2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>: \u10db\u10e3<\/strong> \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4 \u10dc\u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc – \u201c\u10d8\u10d9\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e9\u10d0\u10e1\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0.\u201d \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10e4\u10d4\u10e0\u10e4\u10e3 \u10d2\u10dd\u10d5\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7. \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10ec\u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10e5\u10d4\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1? \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10ed\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0. \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc, \u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e5 \u10e1\u10d0\u10f2\u10d2\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10e6\u10dd\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:\u00a0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7 \u10d8\u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d9\u10d0\u10f6\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd. \u10d9\u10d0\u10f6\u10e5\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8, \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d3\u10d0. \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10f0\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8, \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u201c\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d8\u10da\u10f2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u201d \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5? \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0, \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0: \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd\u10e0 \u10e2\u10e3\u10d8? \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7? \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10d8\u10ec\u10d9\u10d4\u10e1? \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc: \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\/ \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u201d. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d0\u10db\u10d9\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8?!<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e1 \u10ea\u10ee\u10dd\u10d5\u10e0\u10d4\u10d1\u10d0\u10e5\u201d \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10ec\u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1, \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd, \u10d0\u10db \u10e5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10ec\u10d9\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0. \u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10db\u10ea\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10ee\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10dd\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1. \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10dd, \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8? \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d2\u10d0\u10d5\u10e3\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e3\u10d6\u10d1\u10d4\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8? \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd, \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d2\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10e9\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10e1\u10da\u10d0\u10d5\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4? \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d0\u10db \u10d7\u10d4\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0 \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8\u10ef\u10d4\u10e0.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>: \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10e5\u10dd\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u00a0 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u00a0 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc? \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc: \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong> . <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10e3! \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10dc\u10ef\u10e6\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d0\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10db\u10ef\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u201c\u10d8\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u201d. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd, \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd\u10d8\u10dc\u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0-\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10f0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc, \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ed\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d9\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7, \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10dd \u10d8\u10e5\u10d8\u10e4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10e3\u10ec\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10e8\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0. \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>: \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e4\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0, \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10d8\u10e5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10f6\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0, \u10ec\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3. \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1. \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10da\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d6\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e5 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e4\u10e1. \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7? 21. \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8? \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d4\u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10e4\u10d7. \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4. \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d7: \u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8- \u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u201c\u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0- \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/ \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u00a0\u00a0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/ \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u00a0 \u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10dc\u10f2\u10d0\u201d \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10f6\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8?\u00a0 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0- \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd\u10d8?! \u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d8\u10d9\u10da\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10dd\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8? \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0- \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3 \u10dd\u10dc\u10ef\u10e6\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d1\u10e3\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0,\u00a0 \u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8- \u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d8\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d8 \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4.<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd. \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10d3\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8: \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e4, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd 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\u10e7\u10d8\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d 1939 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u00a0 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10d1\u10d4\u10e5\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc 1940-\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1970-\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u00a0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4. \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7.\u00a0 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0, \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0,1940 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1970 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1? \u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1\u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8? 1970 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1: \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4- 1\u201d 1972 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u201d 1974 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u201d” 1982 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u00a0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10e2\u10dd\u10d6\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u201c\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4- 2\u201d 1993 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1.\u00a0 \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10dc\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u10ee\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc 1940 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1970 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1. \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u10db\u10e3 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7, \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d1\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1, 1946, 1947, 1948 \u10d3\u10dd 1949 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d8\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10dd\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10f0\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3. \u10db\u10e3 \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0, \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3: \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8 \u10df\u10e6\u10d4\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u201c\u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0-\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e4\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10e6\u10d8\u201d \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10e3 1953, \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10e8\u10e3\u10dc\u10e1 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd, \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d4\u10db\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10d8, \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db 30 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1-\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10db\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc – \u10d0\u10e0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e5 \u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10e2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10e3\u10e4\u10e1, \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10e9\u10ee\u10d4 \u10e5\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10ec\u10dd\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e3\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3\u10e4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10db \u10e2\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d3\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1. 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\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0 \u10d1\u10d0\u10da\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u00a0 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc; \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d9\u10d0\u10f6\u10d9\u10d0\u10e1\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d7 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0, 1991 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0, \u10db\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 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\u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc: \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10de\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10dd\u10d3\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e4\u10e3\u10e5\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3. 1918 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1921 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd 1921 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1992 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d9\u10dd \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1? 1938 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10da\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3.\u00a0 1938 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1954 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3 1954 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0? \u10d9\u10e0\u10d4\u10db\u10da\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 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\u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d5\u10e2\u10dd\u10dc\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10ed\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0. \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8\u10e0\u10e3 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10f2\u10dd\u10ed\u10d9\u10e3. \u10dc\u10d0\u10d9\u10dd\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3: \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10dc \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10dc\u10d8\u10f0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d1\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4. \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10df\u10d8\u10dc \u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8. \u10e1\u10dd\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e5, \u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10dc \u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10eb\u10d4\u10e5 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10df\u10d4 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e8\u10e5\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e1 \u10e5\u10dd\u10d2\u10f2\u10dd\u10ed\u10d9\u10d4\u10e1. 1954 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1, \u10d3\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10e5, \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3 \u10de\u10d0\u10de\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d0\u10d5\u10d8\u10d7 \u10db\u10d0\u10ed\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8 \u10ee\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc 1892 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10e5\u10d8, \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dd\u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3 \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d4\u10db\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e6\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d6\u10dd\u10e0\u10d8\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10da\u10d1\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d8\u10ee\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0.<\/p>\n \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10db\u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc. \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc-\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d8\u10d3\u10d2\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3. \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10e3. 1918-1921 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8, \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10d9\u10e0\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10e3\u10d9\u10dd \u10dc\u10ec\u10dd\u10e4\u10e3\u10da\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d4\u10d3\u10d2\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3, \u10e1\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d1\u10da\u10d4\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d9\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d8\u10d1\u10dd\u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u00a0 \u10d4\u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d1\u10d4\u10e5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10e5\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc; \u10db\u10e3 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc?! \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7\u10dc\u10d0, \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d4\u10ef\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc; \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10db\u10d0. \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10db\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d0: \u10db\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10ec\u10d5\u10d0\u10d7 \u10dc\u10d0, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e9\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\/ \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e0- \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10f6\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10de\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc. \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d7: \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201d, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1 \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>: \u10db\u10d0 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4, \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d8\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10e3\u10e4 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4 \u10db\u10d8\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10e3\u10dc. \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201d \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10ee\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d4\u10d7\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10db\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd, \u10d5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10e8\u10e3\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4-\u10e5\u10d8, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e8\u10e5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc. \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u201d \u10d3\u10dd \u201c\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u201d \u00a0X. \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e3\u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10d4, \u10d1\u10d4\u10e5\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 XI- XII. \u10dd\u10e8\u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5 \u10d8\u10e1\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10e3\u10d3\u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d0-66 \u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10d3\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10e3\u10db\u10f0\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d7\u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0, \u10de\u10dd\u10da\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10f6\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dd\u10ee\u10d4\u10dc\u10ea\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e9\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10e4\u10d7\u10e3. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10e6\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 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\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10f2\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d0\u10d1\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6- \u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc . \u10d0\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e3\u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8?\u00a0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8,\u00a0 \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e3\u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10ef\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0, \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 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\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d9\u10e3\u10da\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1\u10d8? \u10d8\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8 \u10d2\u10d8\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8? \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10e3 \u10d8\u10d6\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e1\u10dd\u10d5\u10d8\u10f2\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 1999 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1 (\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 2000 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d0\u10e5\u10d8\u10e1, \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10e8\u10e3\u10dc\u10e1) \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d4\u10d7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4 \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10e3\u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e2\u10e3. \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1 \u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e3\u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e2\u10e3, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd. \u10e3\u10d9\u10d0\u10e9\u10ee\u10d4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8, \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u201c\u10e1\u10d0\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10dd\u10e1 \u10db\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0\u10e5\u10d4\u201d \u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1, \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u201e\u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u201c\/ \u201cG\u00fcrcistan Vatanda\u015f\u0131\u201d. \u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e8\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1: \u201c\u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10d4\u10d7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10e5 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u201d. \u10db\u10d0 \u10db\u10d9\u10d8\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10d7-\u10dc\u10d0, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e0\u10db\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10ea\u10e3\u10d3\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1 – \u10e1\u10d8 \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4 \u10dc\u10d0, \u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10d0\u10db\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4. \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10e4\u10d0\u10e5\u10e2\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8\u10d4\u10e1\u10d7\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8, \u201c\u10d0\u10e5 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u201d \u10dd\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10e3 \u10db\u10dd\u10e0\u10dd \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10de\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d8\u10e7\u10d5\u10d0\u10e1\u10d8\u10dc\u10e2\u10e3.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10db \u10d9\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d9\u10d0\u10e0\u10e8\u10d8 20 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0\u10ea\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc – \u10de\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10de\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10d7\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e2\u10d4 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10dd \u10d4\u10d6\u10d3\u10d4\u10e1, \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10dd\u10d7 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10e3\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc, \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10d5\u10dd\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10d7 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10dc\u10ed\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10d7 \u10f2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc.<\/p>\n \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8, \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ec\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0-\u10d7\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d8\u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d9\u10d4\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d8\u10e5\u10d8\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc, \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc, \u10db\u10e3 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d4\u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10f2\u10d0\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10dd\u10e5\u10d0\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1.<\/p>\n \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10f2\u10d0\u10e1\u10d0\u10e1 \u10df\u10e3\u10e0 \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10d8\u10e8\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc: \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 (\u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1). \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 – \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d8\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10dd\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e5\u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10d4\u10da\u10d0, \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4, \u10db\u10d4\u10e5\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4, \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10de\u10e0\u10dd\u10d2\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4. \u10e9\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10f0\u10d0\u10d9\u10d9\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8. \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e5 \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10dc\u10d4 \u10d2\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0 \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d4 \u10e0\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10dd\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d4 \u10d7\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10e0\u10dd\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d4 \u10db\u10d4\u10e5\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d8\u10e1, \u10dc\u10d4 \u10e2\u10d4\u10da\u10d4\u10d5\u10d8\u10d6\u10d8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1 \u10db\u10ee\u10e3\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1. \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d8\u10ee\u10d5\u10d4\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc-\u10dc\u10d0, \u10d8\u10e0\u10d8\u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10d5\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u10e2\u10d8\u10f6\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e5 \u10db\u10ee\u10e3\u10ef\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d3\u10d4\u10db\u10d8\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10d2\u10e3\u10e0\u10e3 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10db\u10d0, \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \u10e4\u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10ec\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d1\u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc – \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10da\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d8\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10dd\u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d0\u10d3\u10e3 \u10d8\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0, \u10ee\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d5\u10d0\u10e0 \u10d3\u10dd, \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e8\u10dd\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e2\u10d0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10db\u10d4\u10e5\u10d7\u10d4\u10d1\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d4\u10e0\u10e1\u10d8 \u10db\u10d4\u10e9\u10d0\u10db\u10e3 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10db\u10ee\u10e3\u10ef\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10dd\u10db\u10e9\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d2\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d3\u10d4\u10d5\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1\u10d7\u10d8 \u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0\u10eb\u10d2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10dc, \u10d0\u10db \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10e3\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d3\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8, \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10de\u10d0\u10d7\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0. 15-20 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10de\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8 \u10d5\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10d8, \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8-\u10d3\u10dd, 15-20 \u10ec\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0 \u10ec\u10dd\u10ee\u10da\u10d4 \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d5\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1, \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0 \u10d3\u10d0\u10f0\u10d0 \u10d2\u10dd\u10dc\u10d7\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d7\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10d7 \u10db\u10d4\u10d5\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10e0 \u10ed\u10e3\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e1.<\/p>\n \u10d0\u10da\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d8\u10f0\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc<\/strong> \u10d0\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10d6\u10d8<\/strong>:<\/strong> \u201c\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u201d, \u10d0\u10f2\u10d0 \u10d7\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10da\u10d0 \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc? \u10e1\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10f2\u10d4\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d3\u10e3? \u10d5\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5\u10d8, \u201c\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u201d-\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8?!\u00a0 \u10ee\u10dd\u10da\u10dd \u10d5\u10dd\u10d2\u10dc\u10d8\u10e5\u10d8, \u201c\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u201d-\u10d7\u10d8 \u201c\u10dc\u10d0\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u201d-\u10e8\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd\u10d8? \u201c\u10db\u10d0- \u10e0\u10d2(-\u10d5)\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u201d,\u201d \u10dc\u10d0\u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1 \u10d9\u10dd\u10e9\u10d8\u201d-\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc, \u10d4\u10e8\u10dd \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8?<\/p>\n \u10d2\u10d8\u10d5\u10d8<\/strong> \u10d2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0<\/strong>: <\/strong>\u201c\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u201d \u10dd\u10e0\u10d2\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10dc\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc, \u10d4\u10f2\u10d0 \u10de\u10e0\u10d8\u10db\u10d8\u10e2\u10d8\u10f6\u10d8 \u10d4\u10e2\u10d8\u10db\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10df\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8 \u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd \u201c\u10db-\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0-\u10d4\u10da-\u10d8\u201d, \u10d4\u10d2\u10e0-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc, \u10d4\u10d2\u10e0-\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10db\u10d8\u10da\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d0\u10e4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10db\u10d0\u10ec\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc: \u10db-\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2-\u10d0\u10da-\u10d8. \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d2-\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10dc\u10e4\u10d4. \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0 \u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d0\u10e0\u10d2- \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10e2\u10d4\u10e1-\u10dc\u10d0, \u10db-\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2-\u10d0\u10da-\u10d8, 100 % \u10d4\u10e5\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10dc\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u0430\u0433\u044b\u0440\u0443\u0430 ||\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0430 (\u10d0\u10d2\u10f7\u10e0\u10e3\u10d0|| \u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10d0) \u10db\u10d8\u10ec\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580 (\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0) \u10e3\u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd\u10e4\u10e2\u10d4\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10d8\u10e1 \u10dc\u10d0 \u10e1\u10e5\u10d8\u10d3\u10e3\u10e2\u10e3 \u10db\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0\u10d4\u10da-\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e1\u0565\u0563\u0565\u0580\u0561\u0581 (\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d0\u10ea). \u10f2\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8, \u10db-\u10d4\u10d2\u10e0-\u10d4\u10da-\u10d8, \u10db-\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2-\u10d0\u10da-\u10d8, \u10d0\u10d2\u10e0\u10e3\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0-\u10d0\u10ea-\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10e1\u10d4\u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10e2\u10d8\u10d9\u10d0 \u10d0\u10f2\u10dc\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10f2\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d9\u10dd\u10dc\u10e1\u10e2\u10e0\u10e3\u10e5\u10ea\u10d8\u10d0 \u10e3\u10e6\u10e3\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10d0\u10db\u10d0 \u10e8\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d8\u10db\u10f7\u10d6\u10d0\u10dc \u10d6\u10dd\u10de\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10d0\u10e0, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1 \u10da\u10e3\u10d6\u10dc\u10e3 \u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10dc. \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10db\u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d0\u10ef\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d0\u10e5\u10dd\u10da\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd\u10d4\u10ed\u10dd\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d0\u10f2\u10dc\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d8\u10de\u10dd\u10d7\u10d4\u10e2\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ef\u10dd\u10ee\u10dd: \u10d6\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8.<\/p>\n \u10dc\u10d0\u10e7\u10dd\u10dc\u10d0\u10e1\u10e3\u10dc\u10dd\u10dc\u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ali İhsan Aksamaz “Bir dilde başka dillerden ne kadar çok ödünç kelime varsa, o dilin o kadar eski, zengin ve bir kültür dili olduğunu anlayabiliriz!” Ali İhsan Aksamaz: Megrel- Lazca, Sovyetler Birliği’ndeki en bahtsız dil. Megrel- Laz halkı da, Sovyet yönetimindeki en bahtsız halk. Nüfusları az değildi. Sovyet iktidarı, Megrel- Lazlardan çok daha az nüfuslu 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\nXolo ar mutxani koren. Sist\u0306ema do sist\u0306emas mxuci name\u00e7aps k\u0306o\u00e7epes guri \u00e7kini\u015fi \u00e7\u0306vini var u\u00e7kinan. Mitik nena mu\u015fi \u015feni m\u011foraps do bec\u011fups na, nena\u015fi \u00e7\u0306vini na obec\u011fapapseya var isimadepan, du\u015fmanuri devletepek para me\u00e7ams do emu\u015feni bec\u011fupsia zop\u0306onan. Rusyas ar Udmurt\u0306i k\u0306o\u00e7i kort\u0306u, Albert\u0306 Razini. Am badi k\u0306o\u00e7ik, nena \u00e7kini \u011furun edo vu\u015fvelaten yado, \u00e7\u0306e\u015fidi mutxanepe ikipt\u0306u: \u00e7\u0306arupt\u0306u, ik\u0306itxupt\u0306u, etkinlu\u011fepe dodgipt\u0306u, yani nena\u015fi akt\u0306ivist\u0306ik naqvasunon dulyape ikipt\u0306u. Amerik\u0306ak do Avrup\u0306ak para me\u00e7aps, dizenginu, du\u015fmani ren, Rusya\u015fi ok\u0306opa\u015fu gorups yado mu do mu va zop\u0306ont\u0306es am k\u0306o\u00e7i \u015feni. Ar nd\u011fasti, 2019 \u0292\u0306ana\u015fi 10 St\u0306aro\u015finas, Udmurt\u0306ia\u015fi nanano\u011fa\u015fi, \u0130jevsk\u0306i\u015fi meydani\u015fa gamaxtu, xes p\u0306ank\u0306art\u0306i oka\u00e7ut\u0306u rasul ham Zatovi\u015fi zit\u0306apeten: \u201c\u00c7\u0306umen nena \u00e7kimi \u011furasunon-na, ma and\u011fa o\u011furu\u015fen xaziri vore\u201c yado do Rusifik\u0306asyoni\u015fi k\u0306ar\u015fi, nena \u00e7kimi \u011furun-na, mati b\u011furaminon yado, benzini goibu do ti mu\u015fi oi\u00e7\u0306u. Yani, sist\u0306emas a\u015fo mutxani va adu\u015funen, nena\u015fi \u0292\u0306k\u0306una muk\u0306o monk\u0306a ren mitik va nagneps. K\u0306o\u00e7ik ti mu\u015fi var oi\u00e7\u0306u\u015fakis, mitik va icert\u0306u \u00e7\u0306vini mu\u015fi.<\/p>\n
\nAma \u015eonepek Margali\u015fen \u201cim\u0131zan\u201d zop\u0306onan, Margalepe \u015feni \u201cZanar\u201d, Margaluri nenas \u201cLuznu\u201d u\u0292\u0306omenan. Nenam\u00e7kinacepekti akolendo e\u00e7\u0306opes Lazuri do Margaluri \u015feni ayni hip\u0306otet\u0306uri coxo: \u201cZanuri\u201d.<\/p>\n
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\u10d0\u10db\u10e3\u10d7\u10d4\u10dc\u10d7\u10d8 \u10d1\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10dd\u10e4\u10d7: \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10e9\u10e5\u10d8\u10dc\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10ee\u10d4 \u10d0\u10e0 \u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10f6\u10d0\u10e0\u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d1\u10d4\u10e0\u10eb\u10d4\u10db\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10dd\u10e1\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d7\u10e3\u10e0\u10e5\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc, \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10d8\u10eb\u10d8\u10e0\u10d4\u10dc \u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10df\u10e3\u10e0\u10d0 \u10d9\u10d4\u10da\u10d4 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d6\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4 \u10dd\u10e4\u10e8\u10e3\u10dc \u10e5\u10dd\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8, \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8, \u10ed\u10d4\u10e0\u10d9\u10d4\u10d6\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e9\u10e5\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1. \u10db\u10d8\u10e1\u10d0\u10da\u10d8: \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u0573\u0561\u0576\u0573 (\u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10ed) \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0-\u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d8 \u10de\u10d0\u10de\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d4\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc: \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e6\u10d0\u10d7\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d0\u10dc\u10ef\u10d8 \u10d5\u10e3\u10ec\u10dd\u10db\u10d4\u10e0\u10d7, \u10da\u10d0\u10d6\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e5 \u10db\u10ed\u10d0\u10ef\u10d8. \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0, \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10d3-\u10d8, (\u10db\u10d0\u10e7\u10d0\u10e7\u10d8), \u10e1\u10e3\u10db\u10d4\u10ee\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u0563\u0578\u0580\u057f-\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc (\u10d2\u10dd\u10e0\u10e2) \u10d4\u10ed\u10dd\u10e4\u10d8\u10dc\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10e0\u10d4\u10dc. \u10d0\u10e4\u10ee\u10d0\u10d6\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10e1\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0 \u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0\u10e8\u10d8 \u10d3\u10d8\u10d3\u10dd \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d7\u10d4\u10d4\u10dc, \u10db\u10e3\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc\u10d8 \u10d3\u10dd \u10d0\u10db \u10da\u10d4\u10e2\u10d0\u10e4\u10d4\u10e1 \u10db\u10ef\u10d5\u10d4\u10e8\u10d8 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d0\u10e1 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8 \u10f0\u10d4\u10d2\u10d4\u10db\u10dd\u10dc\u10d8 \u10dc\u10d4\u10dc\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10e2\u10e3 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10dd\u10d1\u10d0 \u10d3\u10dd \u10ee\u10e0\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10e2\u10d4\u10e0\u10db\u10d8\u10dc\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d2\u10d8\u10d0 \u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d0\u10da\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u10e8\u10d4\u10dc \u10e3\u10da\u10e3\u10e2\u10e3 \u10db\u10d0\u10dc\u10eb\u10d0\u10d2\u10d4\u10e0\u10d8 \u10ed\u10d8\u10e2\u10d0 \u10ee\u10d0\u10da\u10d9\u10d4\u10e4\u10d4\u10e8\u10d0.<\/p>\n