{"id":2653,"date":"2019-02-23T15:29:19","date_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:29:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=2653"},"modified":"2019-02-23T15:29:50","modified_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:29:50","slug":"bir-kule-yapmak-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/bir-kule-yapmak-i\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u0130R KULE YAPMAK -I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Do\u00e7. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Y\u0131ld\u0131r
\n<\/span><\/b>08.04.2006<\/span><\/p>\n

Kule yapma fikri, insanl\u0131k tarihinde ilk mimari yap\u0131lar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemlere kadar uzan\u0131r. Bu anlamda insan\u0131n kule in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flamas\u0131n\u0131n, mant\u0131ksal anlamda d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde san\u0131lan\u0131n aksine \u00e7ok eski bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fi vard\u0131r. \u0130nsan, do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi \u00e7evresini kaplayan her kavram\u0131 anlamaya ve alg\u0131lamaya y\u00f6nelik \u00e7abalar\u0131n\u0131n sonucunda kendisine adeta fiziksel bir kap olarak in\u015fa etmeye ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 ilk primitif yap\u0131 \u00f6rnekleri aras\u0131na, bir\u00e7ok teknik \u00f6zelli\u011fi a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan di\u011fer yap\u0131lara nazaran daha g\u00fc\u00e7 bir in\u015fa tekni\u011fi gerektiren kuleyi neden koymu\u015f olabilir? Asl\u0131nda bu sorunun insanl\u0131k k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn o d\u00f6nem i\u00e7in hen\u00fcz \u00e7etrefille\u015fmemi\u015f sosyal yap\u0131s\u0131yla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak \u00e7ok pratik yan\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131n da olmas\u0131 gerekir.<\/span><\/p>\n

Kule, genel anlam\u0131yla y\u00fcksekli\u011fi eninden defalarca daha b\u00fcy\u00fck olan bir yap\u0131d\u0131r. Di\u011fer bir de\u011fi\u015fle, insanlar\u0131n bar\u0131nma ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131layan yap\u0131lardan daha y\u00fcksek bir mimari \u015feklidir.<\/p>\n

Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fiyle, bar\u0131nma ihtiyac\u0131ndan daha farkl\u0131 simgesel ve i\u015flevsel gereksinimler i\u00e7in in\u015fa edilmi\u015flerdir. Kule tipindeki y\u00fcksek yap\u0131lar\u0131 yapma fikrine, birbirinden k\u0131smen ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z iki ayr\u0131 geli\u015fim seyri izleyen d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce evrimi sonucunda ula\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz. Bunlardan ilki, do\u011fada saf g\u00f6zlem ve ki\u015fisel deneyim sonucunda olu\u015fan, \u00f6rne\u011fin y\u00fcksek bir yerden bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda uzaklar\u0131 daha iyi g\u00f6rmeye ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen hakimiyet duygusu ve ileriyi g\u00f6rme becerisi, veya y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir hayvandan, do\u011fal bir afetten ka\u00e7\u0131larak s\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131lan bir a\u011fac\u0131n ya da bir kayal\u0131\u011f\u0131n koruyuculu\u011fu ve savunmaya elveri\u015fli konumu gibi etkenlerle filizlenen i\u015flevsel etkilenme<\/i> sonucunda olu\u015fan kule yapma d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesidir. \u0130kinci d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce evrimi ise daha \u00e7ok bi\u00e7imsel benzetmelere ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fmi\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bir kule yapmak e\u011fer yap\u0131 in\u015fa edebilen ilk insan topluluklar\u0131na kadar ula\u015f\u0131yorsa bu, o olu\u015fumun yine do\u011fa kaynakl\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlere dayal\u0131 olarak insan\u0131n hen\u00fcz tan\u0131mlayamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131sal kavramlarla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 da gerektirir. Bu kavramlar i\u015fe kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ilk kulelerin in\u015fa edilmesini sa\u011flayan as\u0131l amac\u0131n, bar\u0131nma gereksiniminden daha \u00e7ok simgesel bir i\u015flevsellik<\/i> oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. Kulelerin ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta sa\u011flaml\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ya da yap\u0131y\u0131 ayakta tutabilecek tekniklere ula\u015fman\u0131n uzun zaman alan \u2013belki de onlarca nesil- ve birbirine bilgi aktar\u0131m\u0131yla olu\u015fan toplu deneyimler gerektiren in\u015fa edebilme s\u00fcreci ancak insanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n inat\u00e7\u0131 bir \u00e7abas\u0131 sonucu ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilirdi. Bu \u00e7aban\u0131n zorlu\u011funu ve zaman i\u00e7inde anlam\u0131n\u0131 kaybetmeyen yap\u0131m i\u015ftah\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcm\u00fczde, kulenin mutlaka ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta dinsel bir simge gibi g\u00f6r\u00fclerek, birtak\u0131m tanr\u0131sal anlamlar\u0131n\u0131n olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna ula\u015fabiliriz. Bu tanr\u0131sal anlamlar neler olabilir? \u00c7\u0131plak g\u00f6zle yap\u0131lacak bir anl\u0131k bak\u0131\u015f\u0131n bile m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hayat kayna\u011f\u0131 g\u00fcne\u015fin g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde olu\u015fu, y\u00fckseklerden \u015fim\u015feklerin b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00fcr\u00fclt\u00fclerle yere \u00e7akmas\u0131, g\u00f6kten g\u00fcnlerce ya\u011fan ya\u011fmurun ard\u0131ndan gelen tufan ve seller, y\u00fcce bir da\u011fda patlayan volkan vb. gibi do\u011fal olu\u015fumlar\u0131n ilk insan topluluklar\u0131n\u0131n inan\u00e7lar\u0131na \u015fekil verdi\u011fini \u00e7ok iyi biliyoruz. Bu bilgilerden yola \u00e7\u0131karak, kule in\u015fa etme d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesine t\u00fcm bu sayd\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z do\u011fal olaylar\u0131n ortak \u00f6zelli\u011fi olan \u201cy\u00fckseklik\u201d kavram\u0131n\u0131n ilham verdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnebiliriz. \u00d6yle ki g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde dahi sosyal bir gereksinim olan inan\u00e7lar\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n i\u00e7inde bu y\u00fckseklik kavram\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck etkileri g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. En az\u0131ndan, \u0130slam inanc\u0131nda \u201cAllah\u2019\u0131n, insana \u015fah damar\u0131ndan daha yak\u0131n olarak, zaman ve mekandan m\u00fcnezzeh yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131\u201d a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a belirtilmesine kar\u015f\u0131n, olduk\u00e7a eski k\u00f6kleri olan bir rit\u00fcel sonucu ellerimizi daima yukar\u0131 do\u011fru kald\u0131rarak dua ederiz. Birbirleriyle \u00e7eli\u015fmesine kar\u015f\u0131n bir \u00e7ok dinde dua \u015fekilleri benzer \u00f6zellikler ta\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Asl\u0131nda ilkel hayat\u0131n inan\u00e7 \u015fekillerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak geli\u015fen mimari geleneklerde sadece do\u011fa\u2019n\u0131n kendisi de\u011fil insan\u0131n fiziksel varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da ba\u015fl\u0131ca ilham kayna\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Diri olan ayakta ve \u201cdikey\u201d iken, bir ceset daima yatar \u201cyatay\u201d vaziyettedir. Yine, ilkel hayatta tanr\u0131sal bir yarat\u0131m s\u00fcreci kabul edilen do\u011fum olay\u0131nda ba\u015fl\u0131ca etken olan \u00fcreme organlar\u0131, \u00f6zellikle iktidar ve g\u00fc\u00e7le e\u015f anlaml\u0131 fallus<\/i>, bu t\u00fcr yap\u0131lar\u0131n in\u015fa edilmelerinde bi\u00e7imsel anlamda da ilk ilham kaynaklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Buradan sembolik anlamlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan yatay bir cismin dura\u011fanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n, dikey bir cisim ise canl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n ifadesi olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, bir tak\u0131m \u00e7ok eski gelenekler sonucunda ve genellikle dinsel \u00f6\u011fretilerin ilahi ger\u00e7eklerinden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak sonradan yap\u0131lan eklemelerle, yani insani d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerle -\u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc dinsel \u00f6\u011fretilerde inananlar\u0131n Tanr\u0131\u2019ya yapacaklar\u0131 ibadet \u015fekilleri k\u0131smen a\u00e7\u0131klan\u0131rken, i\u00e7inde ibadet edecekleri mimari yap\u0131n\u0131n nas\u0131l ve ne \u015fekilde in\u015fa edilece\u011fi hakk\u0131nda bir bilgi genellikle verilmez, bu k\u00fclt\u00fcrlere g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fen bi\u00e7imsel bir \u00e7izgi izler- olu\u015fturulan g\u00f6rsel bi\u00e7imiyle geli\u015fim g\u00f6sterdi\u011fini bildi\u011fimiz stupa<\/i>, pagoda<\/i>, \u00e7an kulesi<\/i>, minare<\/i> vb. gibi dini mimari elamanlar\u0131 aras\u0131ndaki ortak noktan\u0131n, hepsinin dikey ve \u201ckulevari\u201d yap\u0131lar oldu\u011funu g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcne ald\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda bu ilkel ve basit ilham\u0131n etkilerini de \u2013\u00f6zellikle ilk yap\u0131lan \u00f6rneklerde benzerlik daha belirgindir- rahatl\u0131kla tespit edebiliriz.<\/p>\n

\u0130nsanl\u0131k tarihinin kentle\u015fme s\u00fcrecine kaynakl\u0131k eden ilk giri\u015fimlerinden birisi M.\u00d6. 6000 y\u0131llar\u0131na tarihlenen \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck<\/i>\u2019t\u00fcr. Konya\u2019n\u0131n \u00c7umra il\u00e7esi yak\u0131nlar\u0131ndaki bu neolotik yerle\u015fimde yak\u0131n d\u00f6nemde yap\u0131lan kaz\u0131larda tespit edilen duvar resimlerinde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kan baz\u0131 bulgular, ayn\u0131 zamanda insan \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc y\u00fcksek kule yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n ne kadar eski bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip oldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda da bir fikir vermi\u015ftir. Buna g\u00f6re, kam\u0131\u015ftan veya ah\u015faptan yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tahmin edinilen semerdaml\u0131 <\/i>bir tak\u0131m <\/i>kuleler, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fckl\u00fclerin \u00f6l\u00fclerine ait cesetleri yerle\u015fmelerinin i\u00e7ine g\u00f6mmeden \u00f6nce, yumu\u015fak dokular\u0131n akbaba gibi y\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 ku\u015flarca yenilmesi, \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fcmesi ve kemiklerinden ayr\u0131lmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. Resimde a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a betimlendi\u011fi \u00fczere bu kulelerdeki kafes kiri\u015fler, kam\u0131\u015f s\u00fctunlar\u0131n\u0131 birbirine ba\u011flayarak y\u00fcksek yap\u0131n\u0131n ayakta durmas\u0131n\u0131 da sa\u011fl\u0131yordu. Yaln\u0131zca \u00f6l\u00fc g\u00f6mme rit\u00fcelinin bir par\u00e7as\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olsa bile ger\u00e7ek bir kule olan bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n, \u00f6l\u00fclerin g\u00f6m\u00fclmelerine ili\u015fkin dinsel uygulamalardaki eski adetleri devam ettirmeye meyilli olmas\u0131 ger\u00e7e\u011finden de hareketle, \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck\u2019te kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan yap\u0131lardan daha eski d\u00f6nemlere ait olmas\u0131 gerekir. Mellaart<\/i>, bu tip yap\u0131lar\u0131 kerpicin hen\u00fcz bilinmedi\u011fi protoneolotik<\/i> d\u00f6nemin ba\u015flar\u0131 i\u00e7in (yakla\u015f\u0131k M.\u00d6. 9000) karakteristik bulmaktad\u0131r. Dolay\u0131s\u0131 ile kule yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 en az\u0131ndan g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczden 11.000 y\u0131l \u00f6nce ya\u015fam\u0131\u015f insanlar\u0131n biliyor olmas\u0131 olduk\u00e7a \u015fa\u015f\u0131rt\u0131c\u0131 bir bulgudur.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doç. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Yıldır 08.04.2006 Kule yapma fikri, insanlık tarihinde ilk mimari yapıların ortaya çıkmaya başladığı dönemlere kadar uzanır. Bu anlamda insanın kule inşa etmeye başlamasının, mantıksal anlamda düşünüldüğünde sanılanın aksine çok eski bir geçmişi vardır. İnsan, doğası gereği çevresini kaplayan her kavramı anlamaya ve algılamaya yönelik çabalarının sonucunda kendisine adeta fiziksel bir kap 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