{"id":2658,"date":"2019-02-23T15:31:19","date_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:31:19","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=2658"},"modified":"2019-02-23T15:31:19","modified_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:31:19","slug":"bir-kule-yapmak-iii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/bir-kule-yapmak-iii\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u0130R KULE YAPMAK -III"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><b><span style=\"font-family: Arial; font-size: small;\">Do\u00e7. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Y\u0131ld\u0131r<br \/>\n<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-family: Arial;\">14.01.2006<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Kule, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 ister \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck&#8217;e isterse Babil\u2019e dayayal\u0131m \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lar i\u00e7in birbirlerine benzer \u015fekillerde g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar yap\u0131la gelmi\u015ftir. Bu vazge\u00e7ilmez yap\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitleri aras\u0131nda bir tanesi vard\u0131r ki; \u00f6zellikle orta\u00e7a\u011f sava\u015flar\u0131nda \u00e7ok kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlar, kaleleri y\u0131kmak, korunakl\u0131 surlara \u00e7\u0131karma yapmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan, tekerlekler \u00fczerinde hareket edebilen \u201ch\u00fccum kuleleri\u201ddir. B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender&#8217;in me\u015fhur generali <em>Antigonos<\/em>\u2019un da o\u011flu olan <em>Demetrius Poliorc\u00e9te<\/em> taraf\u0131ndan icat edildi\u011fi s\u00f6ylenen bu kuleler ah\u015faptan yap\u0131lma kare planl\u0131, \u00e7ok katl\u0131, d\u0131\u015f\u0131 z\u0131rhla veya kal\u0131n hayvan derileriyle kapl\u0131 piramidal g\u00f6vdeli idi. Sald\u0131r\u0131larda surlar\u0131n yan\u0131na kadar yana\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan bu kulelere b\u00fcy\u00fck ta\u015f ve g\u00fclleler atan manc\u0131n\u0131k gibi di\u011fer silahlar yerle\u015ftirilebiliyordu. Ayr\u0131ca her katta hasar g\u00f6ren duvar hizas\u0131na g\u00f6re rampa edecek mekanizma ve askerler bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n<p>Bir ba\u015fka kule t\u00fcr\u00fc ise \u00fclkelerin s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131ndan ba\u015flayarak merkezi yerle\u015fimlerine kadar uzanan bir \u00e7izgide birbirlerinin g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ve duyu\u015f mesafesindeki y\u00fcksek noktalara in\u015fa edilen haberle\u015fme kuleleri idi. Bu kuleler a\u011f\u0131na \u201cate\u015f kuleleri\u201d de denirdi. Benzer \u00f6rneklerini Kafkasya&#8217;da da tespit etti\u011fimiz ate\u015f kulelerinde, bir \u00fclkenin s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131nda d\u00fc\u015fman tespit edildi\u011finde, bu yap\u0131larda devaml\u0131 bulunan g\u00f6revli askerler taraf\u0131ndan ate\u015f yak\u0131larak, \u00e7an (veya davul) \u00e7al\u0131narak veya ayna yard\u0131m\u0131yla \u0131\u015f\u0131k verilerek merkezdeki y\u00f6neticiler haberdar ediliyordu. Anlat\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re, Eski Yunan ve Roma gibi uygarl\u0131klardaki bu t\u00fcr kulelerde \u015fimdiki modern haberle\u015fmelerin i\u015flevini g\u00f6ren \u00e7ok basit bir y\u00f6ntem uygulan\u0131yordu. Buna g\u00f6re; Her kulede bir kum veya su saati bulunurdu. G\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f menzilindeki kulede bir ate\u015f yak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edildi\u011finde bu saate bak\u0131larak, ate\u015ftin yand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcreye g\u00f6re saatin g\u00f6sterdi\u011fi rakam veya harf okunuyordu. Di\u011fer kuleye haber vermek \u00fczere de ate\u015f yak\u0131l\u0131rken suyun bir harf hizas\u0131na inmesine kadar ate\u015f g\u00f6steriliyor ve o harfe gelince \u00f6n\u00fc kapat\u0131l\u0131p tekrar a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131yordu. I\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131n yanma s\u00fcresine g\u00f6re olu\u015fturulan i\u015faretlerle bu \u015fekilde basit c\u00fcmleler kurmak dahi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabiliyordu. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlarda bulunan ve son derece geli\u015fmi\u015f uydu ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 haberle\u015fme cihazlar\u0131yla donat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f d\u00fc\u015fman \u201cg\u00f6zetleme kuleleri\u201d bu gelene\u011fin bir devam\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Kafkasya\u2019ya yap\u0131lan imha ve istila sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 stratejik noktalarda \u00f6zellikle de \u00c7e\u00e7enya\u2019da in\u015fa edilen kuleler aras\u0131nda da benzer ileti\u015fim \u015fekillerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan k\u0131smen de olsa haberdar\u0131z. Ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 hakk\u0131ndaki bilgiler tam olarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fmamas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k bu kulelerden \u00e7e\u015fitli y\u00f6ntemlerle haberle\u015fme yap\u0131labiliyordu. Buna g\u00f6re; Herhangi bir tehlike an\u0131nda toplumun savunmaya \u00e7ekilebilmesi, kad\u0131n ve \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n g\u00fcvenli b\u00f6lgelere uzakla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,\u00a0 halk\u0131n silahlanarak sald\u0131r\u0131ya u\u011frayan b\u00f6lgelere yard\u0131ma gidilebilmesi i\u00e7in; Sesli olarak: \u201ck\u0131sa aral\u0131klar\u0131 gittik\u00e7e artan ve temposu daha da h\u0131zlanan\u201d -\u00f6zellikle davul gibi- ses \u00e7\u0131karan aletler yard\u0131m\u0131yla, \u0131\u015f\u0131kla haberle\u015fmede ise \u201cbirbiri pe\u015fi s\u0131ra k\u0131sa ve keskin huzmeler g\u00f6nderilerek\u201d haberle\u015fme ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftiriliyordu. B\u00f6ylece, kulelerde ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n yine kendi aralar\u0131nda anlamlar\u0131n\u0131 kararla\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131klar\u0131 ses ve \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131n bi\u00e7im ve \u015fekilleri adeta bir \u015fifre i\u015flevini g\u00f6rerek \u00e7e\u00e7en kulelerinin bir t\u00fcr \u201cenigma\u201ds\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturuyordu. Bu kulelerde sadece savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 de\u011fil, birbirinden \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 ama\u00e7lar\u0131 olan d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn, e\u011flence, t\u00f6ren, toplant\u0131, cenaze ve imece \u201c:belkhi\u201d gibi sosyal olaylar i\u00e7in de kulelerden \u00e7e\u015fitli haberlerin verilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabiliyordu. Bu ileti\u015fimde kullan\u0131lan \u201cBir k\u0131sa, bir uzun ve tekrar bir k\u0131sa\u201d sesle veya \u0131\u015f\u0131kla yap\u0131lan gruplaman\u0131n \u201ckar\u015f\u0131daki kuleden bilgi isteme\u201d giri\u015fi oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. Ancak bu t\u00fcr sosyal olaylar\u0131n nas\u0131l duyuruldu\u011fu hakk\u0131nda daha ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 bilgilere art\u0131k sahip de\u011filiz. Fakat, ayr\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fimiz baz\u0131 haberle\u015fme tekniklerinden haberdar\u0131z. Bu kulelere istenildi\u011finde as\u0131lan b\u00fcy\u00fck ke\u00e7e yayg\u0131lar\u0131, ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 renk ile \u00e7e\u015fitli toplumsal olaylar hakk\u0131nda bilgi vermekteydi. As\u0131lan ke\u00e7e yayg\u0131, siyah renkli ise: o yerle\u015fimde \u201ccenaze veya yas\u201d oldu\u011fu, sar\u0131 renkli ise: \u201cbula\u015f\u0131c\u0131 hastal\u0131k ve karantina\u201d oldu\u011fu, k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 renkli ise: \u201csava\u015f haz\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131, sava\u015ftan d\u00f6nen yaral\u0131lar oldu\u011fu veya kan davas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u201d,\u00a0 ye\u015fil renkli ise \u201cyeni bir \u00e7ocu\u011fun do\u011fumu-hastal\u0131ktan veya bir beladan kurtulma durumu-daha ge\u00e7 tarihlerde ise hac\u0131lar\u0131n d\u00f6nmesi\u201d gibi sevindirici bir geli\u015fme oldu\u011fu ve \u015f\u00f6len verildi\u011fi, beyaz renkli ise: d\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn ve e\u011flence yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, as\u0131lan ke\u00e7e \u00fczeri \u00e7e\u015fitli renklerdeki motiflerle s\u00fcsl\u00fc ise \u201c\u0130mece\u201d i\u00e7in halka davet anla\u015f\u0131lmaktayd\u0131. Kulelerin toplumsal hayat i\u00e7erisindeki bu son i\u015flevleri <em>Stalin<\/em>\u2019in 1944 y\u0131llar\u0131ndaki b\u00fcy\u00fck kitle s\u00fcrg\u00fcn\u00fcyle tamamen ortadan kalkm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. B\u00f6ylece s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde n\u00fcfusunun b\u00fcy\u00fck bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yitiren \u00c7e\u00e7en halk\u0131, binlerle ifade edilebilecek y\u0131llar boyunca devam ettirdi\u011fi bu ileti\u015fim t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc ve halk k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc i\u00e7erisindeki anlam\u0131n\u0131 tamamen yitirmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>Kule \u00e7e\u015fitlerinden bahsederken; Yine yang\u0131n ve afetlerin halka duyurulmas\u0131 i\u00e7in in\u015fa edilen kuleleri de bu ba\u011flamda ele almadan ge\u00e7emeyiz. Bunlardan \u0130stanbul\u2019daki, son \u015fekline 1850\u2019li y\u0131llarda kavu\u015fan narin <em>Beyaz\u0131t Kulesi,<\/em> ertesi g\u00fcnk\u00fc sis, poyraz vb. olaylar\u0131 haber vermek i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 renklerde yak\u0131lan \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131yla g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde bile hala i\u015flevine devam etmektedir. \u0130stanbul\u2019da bulunan ve \u015fehrin silueti i\u00e7inde ilk akla gelen unsurlardan birisi olan \u201cGalata Kulesi\u201dde vaktiyle Galata\u2019ya karadan yap\u0131lacak sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 engellemek, Hali\u00e7\u2019e gelen gemileri izlemek ve onlara haber vermek amac\u0131yla 1349 y\u0131l\u0131nda Cenevizli mimarlarca in\u015fa edilmi\u015fti. Ba\u015flang\u0131\u00e7ta \u0130sa kulesi denilen bu yap\u0131 daha sonralar\u0131 in\u015fa edildi\u011fi bug\u00fcnk\u00fc Beyo\u011flu civar\u0131n\u0131n e\u011fimli arazisinden dolay\u0131 \u0130talyanca\u2019da \u201c<em>yava\u015f yava\u015f inmek<\/em>\u201d anlam\u0131na gelen \u201c<em>Calata<\/em>\u201d s\u00f6zc\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnden d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fen ad\u0131n\u0131 alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Osmanl\u0131 d\u00f6neminde, <em>Hezarfen Ahmet \u00c7elebi<\/em>nin masals\u0131 u\u00e7u\u015funa da kaynakl\u0131k eden bu kule yang\u0131n kulesi olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n<p>Kule deyince akla gelen ba\u015fka mimari elemanlar da vard\u0131r. Kalelerin duvarlar\u0131na biti\u015fik ve belirli aral\u0131klarla yap\u0131l\u0131p surlar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fman sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 korumak i\u00e7in d\u0131\u015far\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak in\u015fa edilen \u201c\u00e7\u0131kma\u201d veya \u201ccumba kule\u201d (ki bunlar\u0131n da kendi i\u00e7lerinde k\u00f6\u015fe kulesi ve \u00e7\u0131kma k\u00f6\u015fe kulesi gibi t\u00fcrleri vard\u0131r), eski orta\u00e7a\u011f kalelerinde hazine odas\u0131n\u0131n da i\u00e7inde yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201cson s\u0131\u011f\u0131nma kulesi-ba\u015fkule\u201d (Donjon), \u00e7okgen g\u00f6vdeli \u201ctarassut ve mahpus kulesi\u201d, d\u00f6rt k\u00f6\u015feli savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 \u201cayr\u0131k kule\u201d gibi yap\u0131lar\u0131 da kule \u00e7e\u015fitleri aras\u0131nda anmak gerekir.<\/p>\n<p>On birinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren Avrupa&#8217;da Kiliselerde yayg\u0131nla\u015farak dini mimarinin \u00f6nemli bir elaman\u0131 haline gelen ve i\u00e7erisine \u00e7an konulan y\u00fcksek kulelere \u201c\u00c7an kulesi\u201d (fr.<em>Clocher<\/em>) deniliyordu ve \u0130slam mimarisindeki cami minarelerine kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131k geliyordu. B\u00fcy\u00fck katedrallerde bu kuleler \u201ckilise kulesi\u201d olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131yordu. Kule deyince unutulmas\u0131 olanaks\u0131z olan bir \u00e7e\u015fit de denizcilerin karanl\u0131k gecelerde ba\u015fl\u0131ca rehberi olan k\u0131y\u0131lardaki \u201cdeniz fenerleri\u201ddir. Antik \u00e7a\u011flardan beri yayg\u0131n olarak t\u00fcm d\u00fcnyada kullan\u0131lan bu yap\u0131lar bir anlamda \u201ckar\u015f\u0131l\u0131ks\u0131z yap\u0131lan yard\u0131m\u0131n\u201d da evrensel sembollerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Tabi bu yap\u0131lar\u0131 an\u0131msad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda <em>Jules Verne<\/em>\u2019nin \u201c<em>D\u00fcnyan\u0131n ucundaki fener<\/em>\u201d adl\u0131 yap\u0131t\u0131ndaki ironik olaylar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmekten de kendimizi alamay\u0131z.<\/p>\n<p>Ger\u00e7ekte her kulenin bir \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fc vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Do&ccedil;. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Y&#305;ld&#305;r 14.01.2006 Kule, ba&#351;lang&#305;c&#305;n&#305; ister &Ccedil;atalh&ouml;y&uuml;k&rsquo;e isterse Babil&rsquo;e dayayal&#305;m &ccedil;ok farkl&#305; ama&ccedil;lar i&ccedil;in birbirlerine benzer &#351;ekillerde g&uuml;n&uuml;m&uuml;ze kadar yap&#305;la gelmi&#351;tir. Bu vazge&ccedil;ilmez yap&#305;n&#305;n &ccedil;e&#351;itleri aras&#305;nda bir tanesi vard&#305;r ki; &ouml;zellikle orta&ccedil;a&#287; sava&#351;lar&#305;nda &ccedil;ok kullan&#305;lm&#305;&#351;t&#305;r. Bunlar, kaleleri y&#305;kmak, korunakl&#305; surlara &ccedil;&#305;karma yapmak i&ccedil;in kullan&#305;lan, tekerlekler &uuml;zerinde hareket edebilen &ldquo;h&uuml;cum kuleleri&rdquo;dir. B&uuml;y&uuml;k &#304;skender&rsquo;in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2658","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yazarlar-doc-dr-ergenoy-erol-yildir","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2658","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2658"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2658\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2659,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2658\/revisions\/2659"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2658"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2658"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2658"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}