{"id":2672,"date":"2019-02-23T15:36:58","date_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:36:58","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/circassiancenter.com\/tr\/?p=2672"},"modified":"2019-02-23T15:36:58","modified_gmt":"2019-02-23T15:36:58","slug":"kuleyi-bulmak-ii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/kuleyi-bulmak-ii\/","title":{"rendered":"KULEY\u0130 BULMAK -II"},"content":{"rendered":"

Do\u00e7. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Y\u0131ld\u0131r
\n<\/span><\/b>11.03.2006<\/span><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/em>KULE ARAYICILARINA NOTLAR-2\u201d<\/p>\n

<\/em><\/strong>B. Kuleler nerede bulunurlar<\/p>\n

1)<\/strong> Kuleler, kimi ki\u015fisel tecr\u00fcbelerimize dayanarak s\u00f6yleyebiliriz ki; Her yerde bulunurlar. Bu her yer Himalaya da\u011flar\u0131n\u0131n tepesinde, Afrika’daki N\u00fcbye \u00e7\u00f6lleri de, ya da \u0130rlanda\u2019n\u0131n ye\u015fil \u00e7imenli tepelerinde de olabilir! Bu aniden kar\u015f\u0131n\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kacak ilgin\u00e7 ve yaln\u0131z yap\u0131lar\u0131 aramaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131zda yayg\u0131n olarak kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen -hatta en yak\u0131n\u0131nda ya\u015fayanlar\u0131n bile- haklar\u0131nda \u00e7ok az bilgi sahibi olduklar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6receksiniz. Bu konuya bir \u00f6rnek olarak; \u00c7e\u00e7enya’da ziyaret etti\u011fimiz bir kulenin yan\u0131 ba\u015f\u0131ndaki evde ya\u015fayan bir ihtiyar\u0131n, XVI. Y\u00fczy\u0131lda yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 bildi\u011fimiz -ve ger\u00e7ekte kendi atalar\u0131na ait bu yap\u0131y\u0131- eski \u00e7a\u011flarda Yunanl\u0131lar\u0131n yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 (!) iddia etmesini g\u00f6sterebiliriz.<\/p>\n

2)<\/strong> Kuleler d\u00fcnyada, ayn\u0131 b\u00f6lge i\u00e7inde say\u0131ca en \u00e7ok olarak Kafkasya\u2019da bulunurlar. Bu durum ne yaz\u0131kt\u0131r ki, konunun birinci dereceden ilgilileri olan Sanat tarih\u00e7ilerinin dahi \u00e7ok az bildi\u011fi \u2013hatta hi\u00e7 bilmedi\u011fi- bir ger\u00e7ektir. Bu bilgi eksikli\u011fi genel olarak bu b\u00f6lgenin SSCB d\u00f6neminde d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yeterince a\u00e7\u0131k olmay\u0131\u015f\u0131ndan kaynaklan\u0131r. \u0130kinci bir neden olarak ta kulelerin m\u00fcstakil yap\u0131lar olarak da\u011f\u0131n\u0131k durumda ve ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 zor noktalarda in\u015fa edilmi\u015f olmalar\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrebiliriz.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n farkl\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerinde tarih boyunca yap\u0131m\u0131 s\u00fcren kulelerin g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan y\u00fczlercesi hala ayaktad\u0131r. B\u00f6lgeler halinde ve bir \u00f6zet olarak ele al\u0131rsak;<\/em><\/p>\n

Kafkasya<\/em><\/strong>\u2019da;<\/p>\n

a)<\/strong><\/em> \u00c7e\u00e7en ve \u0130ngu\u015f \u00fclkelerinde (Vaynah diyar\u0131) 2000 den fazla kule kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131\u00a0vard\u0131r, bunlar\u0131n 200 kadar\u0131 hala ayaktad\u0131r. (Ancak bu kuleleri, \u015fu i\u00e7inde\u00a0ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z y\u0131llarda araman\u0131z\u0131 b\u00f6lgedeki sava\u015f nedeniyle \u015fu anda pek tavsiye etmeyiz.) Kom\u015fu Osetya\u2019da (Kuzey’de daha fazla olmak \u00fczere) Vaynahlar\u0131n kuleleri ile benze\u015fen hatta ayn\u0131 olan onlarca kule bulunur.<\/p>\n

b)<\/strong> Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n ikinci kule diyar\u0131 Swanetya\u2019d\u0131r. Ba\u015fta U\u015fguli olmak \u00fczere \u00e7e\u015fitli da\u011f yerle\u015fimlerinde hala tahmini olarak X. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan itibaren t\u00fcm Orta\u00e7a\u011f boyunca yap\u0131larak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ayakta kalabilmi\u015f y\u00fcze yak\u0131n kule vard\u0131r. Swan kuleleri sivil yerle\u015fimlerin i\u00e7erisinde aile kuleleri olarak varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar korumu\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7e\u00e7en kulelerine g\u00f6re daha geni\u015f hacme sahiptirler.<\/p>\n

c)<\/strong> Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc kule diyar\u0131 Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019d\u0131r. Bu \u00fclkenin \u00e7e\u015fitli da\u011f \u201cavul\u201dlar\u0131nda, kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f onlarca kule vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

d)<\/strong> Kafkasya\u2019n\u0131n di\u011fer b\u00f6lgelerinde \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca kule yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmektedir ancak \u00e7ok az\u0131 g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bunlardan Kabardey-Balkarya\u2019daki bi\u00e7imsel olarak Swan kuleleriyle ayn\u0131 olan onlarca kule ba\u015fta gelmektedir. Yine Nal\u00e7\u0131k tepesindeki, Adigey\u2019in ormanl\u0131k b\u00f6lgelerindeki, Abhazya\u2019 da Anakliya kalesindeki kule kal\u0131nt\u0131lar\u0131, bizlere \u00e7a\u011flar boyunca bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n Kafkasya’da sevilerek yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6stermektedir. Hatta bu konuda \u015funu da rahatl\u0131kla ifade edebiliriz ki, Kafkasya’n\u0131n co\u011frafi olarak bir uzant\u0131s\u0131 olan \u00fclkemizin do\u011fu Karadeniz b\u00f6lgesindeki vadilerde orta\u00e7a\u011fda yap\u0131larak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan Zilkale, Satlel, Yukar\u0131maden, S\u00fcmb\u00fcll\u00fc, Sar\u0131budak, Tanzot, Peterek vb. gibi \u00e7ok say\u0131daki kule, Kafkasya kuleleri ile birlikte an\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken yap\u0131lard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Kafkasya\u2019da kaba bir tahminle 3000 den fazla kule \u00f6rne\u011fi vard\u0131r. B\u00f6lgenin b\u00f6ylesi bir kule yo\u011funlu\u011funa ve \u00e7e\u015fitlili\u011fine sahip olmas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nemli iki nedeni vard\u0131r. Bunlardan birincisi, \u00fclkenin as\u0131rlar boyu istila edilmi\u015f, sava\u015f ve kanla y\u0131kanm\u0131\u015f tarihsel ge\u00e7mi\u015fiyle yak\u0131ndan ilgili olarak, kulelerin savunma ama\u00e7l\u0131 yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131d\u0131r. \u00d6yle ki; \u00c7a\u011fatay han\u0131 Aksak Timur’un Kafkasya\u2019daki katliam ve y\u0131k\u0131mlarla dolu istila y\u0131llar\u0131nda (1400 civar\u0131 ) da\u011flara \u00e7ekilen kabileler savunma mimarilerini geli\u015ftirmi\u015flerdi. B\u00f6ylece \u00fclkelerinin da\u011fl\u0131k kesimlerini kale ve ancak ac\u0131mas\u0131z sald\u0131r\u0131larla al\u0131nabilecek g\u00f6zlem kuleleriyle donatm\u0131\u015flard\u0131. \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin \u0130\u00e7kerya b\u00f6lgesinin do\u011fu k\u0131sm\u0131nda ya\u015fayan gruplar\u0131 ise savunma mimarisinin bat\u0131 b\u00f6lgeleri kadar yeterli olmamas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 neredeyse tamamen barbar sald\u0131r\u0131lara boyun e\u011ferek imha edilmi\u015flerdi.<\/p>\n

\u0130kinci ve en az bilinen bir di\u011fer nedeni ise, kule mimarisini geli\u015ftiren eski antik uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n halen Kafkasya\u2019da olan baz\u0131 etnik bakiyelerinin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda arayabiliriz. \u00d6rne\u011fin M\u00d6.9.y\u00fcz y\u0131la tarihlenen Urartu uygarl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda geli\u015fmi\u015f bir mimari ve kule yap\u0131m tekni\u011fi oldu\u011funu biliyoruz. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde, d\u00fcnya kule mimarisinin merkezi olarak kabul edilen Orta ve do\u011fu Kafkasya\u2019da ya\u015fayan\u00a0 \u00a0kuleci toplumlardan \u00c7e\u00e7enlerin (son y\u0131larda yap\u0131lan tarafs\u0131z ve bilimsel \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n sonucunda kesinlik kazanan) dilbilimsel a\u00e7\u0131dan Urartular\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze ula\u015fan bakiyeleri olmas\u0131 tesad\u00fcfi bir sonu\u00e7 olabilir mi?
\n\u2026<\/p>\n

<\/em> Bir b\u00f6lgenin tarihsel ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel yap\u0131s\u0131ndan do\u011fan baz\u0131 sosyolojik nedenlerle, kule yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yayg\u0131n olarak yap\u0131lmas\u0131, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n farkl\u0131 co\u011frafyalar\u0131ndaki toplumlar i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Doç. Dr. ENGANOY Erol Yıldır 11.03.2006 “KULE ARAYICILARINA NOTLAR-2” B. Kuleler nerede bulunurlar 1) Kuleler, kimi kişisel tecrübelerimize dayanarak söyleyebiliriz ki; Her yerde bulunurlar. Bu her yer Himalaya dağlarının tepesinde, Afrika’daki Nübye çölleri de, ya da İrlanda’nın yeşil çimenli tepelerinde de olabilir! Bu aniden karşınıza çıkacak ilginç ve yalnız yapıları aramaya başladığınızda yaygın olarak kullanılmış […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"off","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[94],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2672","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yazarlar-doc-dr-ergenoy-erol-yildir","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2672","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2672"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2672\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2673,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2672\/revisions\/2673"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2672"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2672"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2672"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}