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Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong><\/p>\n \u2018Muhta\u00e7lara r\u0131z\u0131k, k\u00f6lelere \u00f6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck ver,<\/p>\n Yetimler, yoksullar \u015fenlenip y\u00fccelsinler.\u2019<\/p>\n (\u015eota Rustaveli)<\/p>\n 20. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, gecikmi\u015f ulus-devletleri yaratman\u0131n \u201cdo\u011fal\u201d bir sonucu olarak baz\u0131 diller yok say\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 ve yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde tam olarak ka\u00e7 dilin konu\u015fuldu\u011funu tespit etmek tam bir uzmanl\u0131k konusudur. Baz\u0131 dillerin yok say\u0131lmas\u0131 ve yok edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u00fcreci yaln\u0131zca kapitalist eksende yer alan \u00fclkelerde de\u011fil, sosyalist eksende yer alan \u00fclkelerde de ya\u015fand\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d \/\u201cKartuli Anbani\u201d\/ \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u201d d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en eski alfabelerinden bir tanesidir. Nak\u0131\u015f g\u00fczelli\u011findeki bu alfabe yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 y\u0131ll\u0131k bir ge\u00e7mi\u015fe sahip. \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u201d zaman i\u00e7inde gerek harf say\u0131s\u0131 ve gerekse de yaz\u0131m karakterlerinde baz\u0131 de\u011fi\u015fiklikler ge\u00e7irerek g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hali alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u201dnin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f zaman\u0131 konusunda de\u011fi\u015fik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00a0K. Akhvlediani \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201cBir tarih\u00e7i, \u201cG\u00fcrcistan\u201d\u0131n (Kartli\u2019nin) ilk \u00e7ar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bahsederken\u2026 Kaydediyor ki;\u00a0 Kartlos\u2019un neslinden gelen Parnavaz, Kartli\u2019nin birinci \u00e7ar\u0131yd\u0131. O, her yerde G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini yaym\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kartli\u2019de G\u00fcrc\u00fc (Kartuli) Dilinden ba\u015fka dilde konu\u015fmazd\u0131. Ve o, G\u00fcrc\u00fc yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 meydana getirmi\u015ftir. Fakat bu mal\u00fbmat teyit edilemez, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \u015fimdiye kadar bu rivayeti tasdik edecek ne eski yaz\u0131lar ne de ba\u015fka materyal bulunmu\u015ftur.\u201d<\/p>\n Bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fe g\u00f6re, Ermeni Alfabesini ortaya koyan Aziz Mesrop Mastotz (yakla\u015f\u0131k 350-439\/440), \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u201dni de meydana getirmi\u015fti. Bir ba\u015fka kayna\u011fa g\u00f6re ise, \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u201d bir olas\u0131l\u0131kla, 5. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Grek Alfabesinin etkisiyle Hristiyan misyonerler taraf\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftu.<\/p>\n Kaynaklar, \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fclerin\u201d Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 4. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ba\u015flar\u0131nda Kapadokyal\u0131 Azize Nino\u2019 nun vaazlar\u0131ndan etkilenerek benimsediklerini yazar. 330\u2019larda Kartli Kral\u0131 Mirian, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 resm\u00ee din il\u00e2n etmi\u015fti. N. Berdzeni\u015fvili ve S. Cana\u015fia,\u00a0 \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Tarihi\u201d adl\u0131 kitaplar\u0131nda, G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Hristiyanla\u015fmaya ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00fcre\u00e7le ilgili olarak \u015funlar\u0131 yazmaktad\u0131r:<\/p>\n \u201c \u2026 Kapadokyal\u0131 tutsak bir k\u0131z Azize Nino, Kartli\u2019 ye gelerek Kral Mirian\u2019 \u0131n e\u015fi Krali\u00e7e Nana\u2019 ya din\u00ee vaazlarda bulundu. Bu dini benimseyen Krali\u00e7e Nana ard\u0131ndan kocas\u0131 Mirian\u2019 a da Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul ettirdi. Kral Mirian, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201c\u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d0\u201d\/ \u201c Mtskheta\u201d halk\u0131na da tavsiye edip kabul ettirmekte gecikmedi. Kral Mirian, Eristavlar\u0131n koruyuculu\u011fu alt\u0131nda (Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 \u0131n b\u00f6lgelerinden biri olan) \u201c\u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8\u201d\/\u00a0 \u201cKartli\u201d halk\u0131 aras\u0131na misyoner vaazc\u0131lar g\u00f6nderdi. Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 halk\u0131na benimsetemeyece\u011finden endi\u015fe ediyordu. Ger\u00e7ekten k\u00f6yl\u00fcler ve a\u015fa\u011f\u0131 tabakadan emek\u00e7i halk bu yeni dine \u015fiddetle kar\u015f\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n Kapadokyal\u0131 tutsak k\u0131z Nino, da\u011fl\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fclere vaaz vermeye gitti. Vak\u2019an\u00fcvislere g\u00f6re \u00f6fkeli halk di\u015flerini g\u0131c\u0131rdatarak bu vaazlara tepkisini g\u00f6sterdi. Bir Eristavi, k\u0131l\u0131c\u0131n\u0131 k\u0131n\u0131ndan \u00e7\u0131kararak havada d\u00f6nd\u00fcrd\u00fc. Halka tehditler savurmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. Halk, kral\u0131n askerinden korktu\u011fu i\u00e7in ayaklar alt\u0131nda \u00e7i\u011fnenip ezilen totemleri korku ve endi\u015fe ile seyretmekten ba\u015fka bir \u015fey yapmad\u0131. Hristiyanl\u0131k dini, G\u00fcrc\u00fc halk\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u015fte b\u00f6yle k\u0131l\u0131\u00e7la, kanla yay\u0131lmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. T\u00fcm bunlara kar\u015f\u0131n daha uzun y\u0131llar Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n giremedi\u011fi yerler vard\u0131 \u201cG\u00fcrcistan\u201dda\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Kartli\u2019 de \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fclerin\u201d Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmeleriyle birlikte, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden di\u011fer topluluklarda oldu\u011fu gibi, (Hristiyanl\u0131\u011fa ait) dini metinlerin G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 nin Kartluri leh\u00e7esine\/ diyalektine \u00e7evrilmesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu. Bu ihtiya\u00e7 sonucu olarak da bir alfabe olu\u015fturulmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131.<\/p>\n \u0130lk G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesi, \u201c\u10d0\u10e1\u10dd\u10db\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8\/\u201cAsomtavruli\u201ddir. Bu alfabeye harf \u015fekillerinden dolay\u0131\u00a0 \u201c\u10db\u10e0\u10d2\u10da\u10dd\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/\u201cmrglovani\u201d\/\u201dyuvarlak\u201d yaz\u0131 da denilmektedir. Harfler ayn\u0131 boydad\u0131r ve soldan sa\u011fa do\u011fru yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \u201cAsomtavruli Anbani\u201d 38 harften meydana gelmektedir. Bu alfabe 5. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 10. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u201cAsomtavruli Anbani\u201d, \u00e7abuk yaz\u0131m i\u00e7in elveri\u015fli de\u011fildi. Bu sebeple 10. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere \u201c\u10dc\u10e3\u10e1\u10ee\u10d0 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/\u00a0 \u201cNuskha Anbani\u201d kullan\u0131lmaya ba\u015fland\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201cNuskha Anbani\u201d daha \u00e7abuk yaz\u0131l\u0131yordu. 11. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan sonra \u201cNuskha Anbani\u201dnin yerini \u201c\u10db\u10ee\u10d4\u10d3\u10e0\u10e3\u10da\u10d8 \u10d0\u10dc\u10d1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/ \u201cMkhedruli Anbani\u201d ald\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201cMkhedruli Anbani\u201d, d\u00fcnyevi alfabe olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r ve g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde de kullan\u0131lan alfabe olup 33 harften meydana gelir. Bu harflerin 5\u2019i \u00fcnl\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n \u201cAsomtavruli Anbani\u201d ve \u201cNuskha Anbani\u201d yaln\u0131zca dini i\u015flerde kullan\u0131lmamaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, bu alfabelere \u201c\u10ee\u10e3\u10ea\u10e3\u10e0\u10d8\u201d\/ \u201cKhutsuri\u201d (Ruhani) yaz\u0131 denildi. Bu tabire ilk defa 1365\u2019te yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f bir belgede rastlan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n benimsenmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131yla birlikte Yunanca, S\u00fcryanice, Ermenice dini metinlerin G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 ye \u00e7evrilmesine ihtiya\u00e7 duyuldu. Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul eden di\u011fer topluluklarda oldu\u011fu gibi, ilk \u00e7eviri eserler \u0130ncil ve Hz. \u0130sa\u2019 n\u0131n do\u011fumuna ili\u015fkin metinlerden olu\u015fuyordu. Kartli\u2019 de (Do\u011fu G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da) Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul edilmesiyle \u00e7eviri metinlerle G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n temeli at\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oluyordu.<\/p>\n Orta\u00e7a\u011f\u2019 da Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 dillerinden G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 ye yap\u0131lan \u00e7eviri ve uyarlamalar G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n geli\u015fiminde \u00f6nemli bir yere sahiptir. 12. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131, din insanlar\u0131n\u0131n istifadesi i\u00e7in azizlerin ya\u015famlar\u0131n\u0131 anlatan metinler, dini efsaneler gibi ruhani edebiyat\u0131 ifade ediyordu. B\u00fct\u00fcn bu eserler elyazmas\u0131 idi. Zamanla din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 konular da ele al\u0131nmaya ba\u015flad\u0131. \u10e1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d2\u10d8\u10e1 \u10d7\u10db\u10dd\u10d2\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\/ Sargis Tmogveli\u2019 nin Fars\u00e7a klasik halk \u00f6yk\u00fcs\u00fcnden uyarlad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0 \u201c\u10d5\u10d8\u10e1\u10e0\u10d0\u10db\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/ \u201cVisramiani\u201d ile \u10db\u10dd\u10e1\u10d4 \u10ee\u10dd\u10dc\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\/ Mose Khoneli\u2019 nin \u201c\u10d3\u10d0\u10e0\u10d4\u10ef\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/ \u201cDarecaniani\u201d,\u00a0 \u10e9\u10d0\u10ee\u10e0\u10e3\u10ee\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4\/\u00c7akhrukhadze\u2019 nin\u00a0 \u00a0\u201c\u10d7\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10e0\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\u201d\/ \u201cTamariani\u201d,\u00a0 \u10d8\u10dd\u10d0\u10dc\u10d4 \u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \/ \u0130oane \u015eavteli\u2019 nin\u00a0 \u201cAbdulmesia\u201d\/\u201d \u10d0\u10d1\u10d3\u10e3\u10da\u10db\u10d4\u10e1\u10d8\u10d0\u201d adl\u0131 eserleri din d\u0131\u015f\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n ilk \u00f6rneklerindendir. Bu d\u00f6nemde yaz\u0131lan en \u00f6nemli ayn\u0131 zamanda da Klasik G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n en \u00fcnl\u00fc eseri \u10e8\u10dd\u10d7\u10d0 \u10e0\u10e3\u10e1\u10d7\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \/ \u015eota Rustaveli\u2019 nin\u00a0 \u10d5\u10d4\u10e4\u10ee\u10d8\u10e1\u10e2\u10e7\u10d0\u10dd\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \u201cVepkhistkaosani\u201d\/ \u201cKaplan Postlu \u015e\u00f6valye\u201d adl\u0131 eseridir.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n geli\u015fimi, 13. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere istilalarla kesintiye u\u011frad\u0131. Ancak \u015eota Rustaveli\u2019 nin \u015fiir gelene\u011fi devam etti. Kral 1. Teimuraz ayn\u0131 zamanda \u00f6nemli bir \u015fairdi. 18. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ilk \u00e7eyre\u011finde G\u00fcrc\u00fc entelekt\u00fcel ya\u015fam\u0131n\u0131 bilgin ve \u015fair olan Kral 6. Vakhtang (1675- 1737)\u00a0 belirledi. 1709\u2019da Tiflis \u2019te ilk bas\u0131mevini kurdu ve\u00a0 \u201cKaplan Postlu \u015e\u00f6valye\u201d 1712\u2019 de ilk kez matbaada bas\u0131ld\u0131.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131, 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda yazar ve s\u00f6zl\u00fck\u00e7\u00fc \u10e1\u10e3\u10da\u10ee\u10d0\u10dc-\u10e1\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0 \u10dd\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\/ \u00a0Sulkhan- Saba Orbeliani\u2019yle yeniden canland\u0131. Yine bu y\u00fczy\u0131lda David Gurami\u015fvili ve Besiki (Baserion) Gaba\u015fvili iki \u00f6nemli \u015fairdir.<\/p>\n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde, G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131lda h\u0131zl\u0131 bir geli\u015fme s\u00fcrecine girmi\u015ftir. Bu y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n \u00f6nemli isimleri \u015f\u00f6yle:\u00a0 \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10ed\u10d0\u10d5\u10ed\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4 \/Aleksandre \u00c7av\u00e7avadze (1786-1846),\u00a0 \u10d2\u10e0\u10d8\u10d2\u10dd\u10da \u10dd\u10e0\u10d1\u10d4\u10da\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \/ Grigol Orbeliani (1800- 1883), \u10dc\u10d8\u10d9\u10dd\u10da\u10dd\u10d6 \u10d1\u10d0\u10e0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10e8\u10d5\u10d8\u10da\u10d8 \/ Nikoloz Barata\u015fvili (1817-1845), \u10d8\u10da\u10d8\u10d0 \u10ed\u10d0\u10d5\u10ed\u10d0\u10d5\u10d0\u10eb\u10d4\/ \u0130lia \u00c7av\u00e7avadze ( 1837- 1907), \u10d0\u10d9\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8 \u10ec\u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d7\u10d4\u10da\u10d8 \/ Akaki Tzereteli (1840- 1915), \u10d0\u10da\u10d4\u10e5\u10e1\u10d0\u10dc\u10d3\u10e0\u10d4 \u10e7\u10e5\u10d6\u10d1\u10d4\u10d2\u10d8\/ Aleksandre Kazbegi (1848- 1893), \u10d5\u10d0\u10df\u10d0 \u10e4\u10e8\u10d0\u10d5\u10d4\u10da\u10d0\/ Vaja P\u015favela (1861- 1915).<\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n <\/p>\n 18. y\u00fczy\u0131lda G\u00fcney Kafkasya; \u201cSafevi \/ Pers \/ \u0130ran\u201d \u015eah\u0131, Osmanl\u0131 Sultan\u0131 ve Rus \u00c7ar\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131\u015fma ve hakimiyet alanlar\u0131 i\u00e7indeydi; ilerleyen zamanda G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019 da bug\u00fcnk\u00fc siyasi s\u0131n\u0131rlar da ortaya \u00e7\u0131kacakt\u0131. Bu konuda N. Berdzene\u015fvili ve S. Cana\u015fia \u015f\u00f6yle yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n \u201c \u2026 \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131 ve Ruslar G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019 da rekabete girdiler. Bunlardan hi\u00e7biri G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u2019 \u0131 rahat b\u0131rakm\u0131yor, onun ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mak istemiyorlard\u0131. Kral Erekle\u2019 nin \u00f6n\u00fcnde \u0130ran, Osmanl\u0131 ve Rus se\u00e7enekleri vard\u0131. Bunlardan birine yamanmak zorundayd\u0131. G\u00fcrc\u00fclere g\u00f6re G\u00fcney Kafkasya\u2019 da G\u00fcrc\u00fc ve Rus \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131 birbirine yak\u0131n bulunuyordu. G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u2019 \u0131n Rus himayesini se\u00e7mesi onun \u00e7\u0131karlar\u0131na da uygun g\u00f6z\u00fck\u00fcyordu\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n 23 Temmuz 1783\u2019 te Kuzey Kafkasya\u2019 da bulunan Giorgievsk Kalesi\u2019 nde ayn\u0131 ad\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131yan antla\u015fma \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131 ile \u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \/\u201cKakheti\u201d\/\u201dKaheti\u201dyi de kendine ba\u011flam\u0131\u015f olan\u00a0 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da\u10d8 \/ Kartli (G\u00fcrcistan) Kral\u0131 2. Erekle aras\u0131nda imzaland\u0131. Bu antla\u015fmaya imza koyan 2. Erekle\u2019 nin s\u0131fatlar\u0131 \u015f\u00f6yleydi:<\/p>\n \u201cTanr\u0131\u2019n\u0131n izniyle, y\u00fcce imparatorlar\u0131n\u0131n h\u00fcrmetk\u00e2r\u0131 \u10e5\u10d0\u10e0\u10d7\u10da-\u10d9\u10d0\u10ee\u10d4\u10d7\u10d8 \/Kartl- Kakheti Kral\u0131, \u10e1\u10d0\u10db\u10ea\u10ee\u10d4-\u10e1\u10d0\u10d0\u10d7\u10d0\u10d1\u10d0\u10d2\u10dd \/Samtshke- Saatabago, \u10e7\u10d0\u10d6\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8 \/Kazakhi, \u10d1\u10dd\u10e0\u10e9\u10d0\u10da\u10dd\/ Bor\u00e7alo, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10e8\u10d0\u10d3\u10d8\u10da\u10d4 \/ \u015eam\u015fadile, \u10d9\u10d0\u10d9\u10d8\/ Kaki, \u10e8\u10d0\u10db\u10d0\u10ee\u10d8\/ \u015eamakhi, \u10e8\u10d8\u10e0\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8 \/ \u015eirvan, \u10d2\u10d0\u10dc\u10ef\u10d0 \/Gence ve \u10d4\u10e0\u10d4\u10d5\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8\/ Erivan H\u00fck\u00fcmdar\u0131 2.\u00a0 Erekle.\u201d<\/p>\n Son Kartli Kral\u0131 \u00f6l\u00fcrken yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 vasiyetle, Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131na b\u0131rakt\u0131.(1802).<\/p>\n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131n\u0131n Kafkasya\u2019da etkili olmaya ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce, 17. y\u00fczy\u0131lda, bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan co\u011frafyas\u0131nda \u00fc\u00e7 krall\u0131k bulunuyordu: Ba\u015fkenti Tiflis olan Kartli Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131; kuzey-do\u011fuda Kakheti Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve Bat\u0131da Kutaisi civar\u0131n\u0131 elinde bulunduran \u0130mereti Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131. Bu krall\u0131klar\u0131n ilk ikisi\u00a0 \u0130ranl\u0131lar\u0131n, sonuncusu da Osmanl\u0131lar\u0131n denetimindeydi.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu Karadeniz k\u0131y\u0131lar\u0131, ad\u0131 ge\u00e7en bu \u00fc\u00e7 krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n egemenlik alan\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndayd\u0131. Kuzeyde So\u00e7i-Sokhumi aras\u0131 Abkhazya\u2019ya; Sokhumi-Poti aras\u0131 Megrelya\u2019ya; g\u00fcneyde Poti-Batumi aras\u0131 Gurya\u2019ya aitti. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 prenslik Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya hara\u00e7la ba\u011fl\u0131yd\u0131. G\u00fcney-bat\u0131da ise Samtskhe ve Saatabego prenslikleri vard\u0131. Bu prensler, zamanla \u0130sl\u00e2miyet\u2019i benimsedi ve Osmanl\u0131\u2019ya do\u011frudan ba\u011fl\u0131 birer valilik haline geldi.<\/p>\n 1803\u2019 te Samargalo\/ Megrelya, 1804\u2019 te \u0130mereti ve Guria, 1806\u2019 da Osetler, 1810\u2019 da Abkhazya \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131na ba\u011fland\u0131.<\/p>\n 1783\u2019te Kartl-Kakheti G\u00fcrc\u00fc Kral\u0131 2. Erekle ile \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131 aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan Georgievsk Antla\u015fmas\u0131, Hristiyan Osetya ile Hristiyan G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 \u0131 birbirlerine ba\u011flayan \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Askeri Yolu\u201dnun a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131na ortam haz\u0131rlad\u0131.<\/p>\n Transkafkasya\u2019 da ayak basabilece\u011fi ilk topra\u011f\u0131 (yar\u0131) g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc olarak \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusyas\u0131\u2019 na veren G\u00fcrc\u00fcler bask\u0131lara u\u011frad\u0131lar. 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n tamam\u0131na yak\u0131n bir zaman dilimi i\u00e7inde G\u00fcrc\u00fc Dil ve K\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc bask\u0131 alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131. Do\u011fal olarak Rus\u00e7a resm\u00ee dil oldu. G\u00fcrc\u00fc Kilisesi\u2019nin ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da gayr\u0131 resm\u00ee olarak ortadan kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131. \u00dclke birbirlerinden ayr\u0131 Gubernialarla y\u00f6netildi\u011fi i\u00e7in Rusya \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu i\u00e7indeki Kartl- Kakheti\u2019de de, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019n\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde de o zaman bir G\u00fcrc\u00fc Devleti bulunmuyordu.<\/p>\n \u0130lia \u00c7av\u00e7avadze, \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131n\u0131n topraklar\u0131 i\u00e7inde ya\u015fayan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler aras\u0131nda okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7aba harcad\u0131. G\u00fcrc\u00fc Tiyatrosu\u2019nun yeniden canlanmas\u0131nda \u00f6nemli katk\u0131lar\u0131 oldu. Bir s\u00fcre \u201c\u0130verya Dergisi\u201dnin edit\u00f6rl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yapt\u0131. \u00a01907\u2019de evinin yak\u0131n\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131n\u0131n gizli polisi taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc san\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131ndaki Megrel Ayd\u0131nlar\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n da Megrelce okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi ve\/veya Kiril Alfabesi ile ne t\u00fcr kurumsal \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 (\u015fimdilik) ayr\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131yla bilemiyoruz.<\/p>\n \u00c7arl\u0131k Rusya\u2019 s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00f6netimi alt\u0131ndaki bu b\u00f6lgede, e\u011fitimci \u0130akob Gogeba\u015fvili, G\u00fcrc\u00fcler aras\u0131nda okuryazarl\u0131\u011f\u0131 yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131rmak i\u00e7in 1879\u2019 da bir cemiyet kurdu. \u0130lk G\u00fcrc\u00fcce okul kitaplar\u0131 \u0130akob Gogeba\u015fvili (1840- 1912) taraf\u0131ndan haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0 Rus\u00e7a\u2019 n\u0131n resmi dil oldu\u011fu bir b\u00f6lgede, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 nin ya\u015fat\u0131lmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tehlikeleri g\u00f6ze alan \u0130akob Gogeba\u015fvili\u2019 nin G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 ye akraba di\u011fer dillerle ilgili tavr\u0131 olduk\u00e7a ilgin\u00e7tir!<\/p>\n George Hewitt, \u0130akob Gogeba\u015fvili\u2019 den al\u0131nt\u0131lar yap\u0131yor ve yorumluyor:<\/p>\n \u201cGogeba\u015fvili\u2019 nin ilk makalesi, Megrelya ve Svanetya\u2019 daki dil \u00f6\u011fretiminin \u201cbaz\u0131 yerel diyalektlerde\u201d de\u011fil \u201canadille\u201d olmas\u0131 y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Buradan anl\u0131yoruz ki, Gogeba\u015fvili\u2019 ye g\u00f6re; Megrelce ve Svanca diyalekttir, buna g\u00f6re de; Megrel ve Svanlar\u2019\u0131n anadili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu yakla\u015f\u0131m\u0131 Gogeba\u015fvili\u2019 nin kendi yazd\u0131klar\u0131ndan aktaral\u0131m:<\/p>\n \u2018\u00c7ok iyi bilindi\u011fi gibi, yerel olarak kullan\u0131lan kabilesel diyalektlerin yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, her \u0131rk, bu \u0131rk\u0131n her par\u00e7as\u0131 i\u00e7in ortak bir hazineyi ifade eden ve anadil olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan esas bir dile sahiptir. B\u00fct\u00fcn okullarda e\u011fitim anadille verilir ve \u201cyerel \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u201d iyi anlamad\u0131klar\u0131 yayg\u0131n kelimeleri ifade etmek ve tan\u0131mlamak i\u00e7in yerel diyalektleri kullan\u0131rlar. B\u00f6ylesi zekice bir uygulama, \u0131rk\u0131m\u0131z\u0131n Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi ve kendisi i\u00e7in okullar a\u00e7t\u0131\u011f\u0131 zamandan beri G\u00fcrc\u00fcstan\u2019\u0131m\u0131zda mevcut oldu. 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flayarak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcze kadar b\u00fct\u00fcn okullar\u0131m\u0131zda, Karadeniz\u2019den Da\u011f\u0131stan s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131na kadar, sadece yayg\u0131n anadilde yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan kitaplar kullan\u0131ld\u0131. Yerel olarak anla\u015f\u0131lmayan kelime ve deyimleri a\u00e7\u0131klamak amac\u0131yla, \u00f6\u011fretmenler a\u00e7\u0131klamalarda yerel terim ve deyimleri kullanacaklard\u0131. \u00d6rne\u011fin, Megrelya ve Svanetya\u2019da, \u00f6\u011frenmeyle birlikte, \u2018anadili\u2019 tamam\u0131yla anlamay\u0131 da yayg\u0131nla\u015ft\u0131racaklard\u0131r\u2026 (\u2026) Ama \u015feytan uyumuyor. Karadeniz\u2019in sahillerini b\u00f6lmek, par\u00e7alamak ve Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcstanl\u0131lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek anavatan\u0131n\u0131 zay\u0131flatmak i\u00e7in bir \u00f6zlem besliyor. Ve ara\u00e7lar\u0131 da \u00e7ok ge\u00e7meden buldu: Megrelya ve Svanetya\u2019 n\u0131n ortak topraklardan, ortak vatanlar\u0131ndan ayr\u0131lmas\u0131.\u2019 (C. II, s. 358-359)<\/p>\n Gogeba\u015fvili\u2019nin ikinci makalesinden de \u015fu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015flerini al\u0131yoruz:<\/p>\n \u201cHristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131, Do\u011fulu G\u00fcrc\u00fclerden \u00fc\u00e7 y\u00fcz y\u0131l daha \u00f6nce kabul eden Megreller, \u0130sa Mesih\u2019i y\u00fccelttiler ve ibadetlerini esas dilleri G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ile yerine getirdiler, bunu tamam\u0131yla kendi iradeleri ve sosyal i\u00e7g\u00fcd\u00fclerinin gere\u011fi olarak yapt\u0131lar\u2026 Kendi \u201cyerel diyalektlerini evde konu\u015furken, ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131ndan beri G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesinin kendi alfabeleri oldu\u011funu kabul ettiler ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 yi de kendilerinin edebiyat dili addettiler.\u2019(s. 460-461)<\/p>\n Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fler inand\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 m\u0131? Olmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Megreller ve biraz daha uzaktan Svanlar aras\u0131ndaki genetik ba\u011f konusunda herhangi bir tart\u0131\u015fma bulunmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n E\u011fer Gogeba\u015fvili \u2019nin mant\u0131\u011f\u0131, ele\u015ftirilmeksizin kabul edilirse \u201canadilleri\u201d olarak G\u00fcrc\u00fcce varken, Megreller ve Svanlar\u2019 \u0131n kendilerine has ba\u015fka diller geli\u015ftirdikleri sonucuna var\u0131lacakt\u0131r. B\u00f6ylesi bir durum a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir anlams\u0131zl\u0131kt\u0131r.<\/p>\n E\u011fitim hakk\u0131nda, G\u00fcrcistan co\u011frafyas\u0131ndaki her \u00e7ocu\u011fun, Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131n kabul\u00fcnden bu yana, son 17 y\u00fczy\u0131ld\u0131r, G\u00fcrc\u00fc alfabesiyle, G\u00fcrc\u00fcce e\u011fitim g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ciddi olarak kabul etmemiz gerekti\u011fi mi kastediliyor? G\u00fcrc\u00fc, Megrel ve Svan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131na bu s\u00fcre boyunca kesintisiz G\u00fcrc\u00fcce bir e\u011fitim mi verildi? Ge\u00e7mi\u015fi 17 y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanan, b\u00f6yle bir e\u011fitime sahip bir \u00fclkeyi yery\u00fcz\u00fcnde bulmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn m\u00fc?<\/p>\n 1913\u2019te bile b\u00fct\u00fcn G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da sadece 733 ilkokul ve 34 ortaokul bulunuyordu ki bu okullar da okul ya\u015f\u0131ndaki \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n sadece \u00fc\u00e7te birine cevap verebiliyordu. Ancak Sovyetler\u2019 in uygulamas\u0131yla (1920\u2019lerden itibaren) okul ya\u015f\u0131ndaki b\u00fct\u00fcn \u00e7ocuklar ilkokul e\u011fitimi imkan\u0131na kavu\u015fabildiler. Sovyet sistemine ge\u00e7ildi\u011finde, okul ya\u015f\u0131n\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015f olan bir Megrel kad\u0131n tan\u0131d\u0131m, 1980\u2019lerde \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcnde hala okur-yazar de\u011fildi. S\u0131radan Megrel ve Svanlara G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini 4. y\u00fczy\u0131ldan 20. y\u00fczy\u0131la kadar \u00f6\u011freten(!) okullar acaba neredeydi?\u201d<\/p>\n Zakaria La\u015fkara\u015fvili, Megrel ve Lazlar\u0131n ikiye b\u00f6l\u00fcnme s\u00fcrecine ili\u015fkin olarak \u015fu tespitte bulunuyor:<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcneyden gelen d\u00fc\u015fman ak\u0131nlar\u0131ndan ka\u00e7an G\u00fcrc\u00fcler, Laz-Megrel topraklar\u0131n\u0131n orta beline y\u00fcklenerek \u00fclkeyi ikiye b\u00f6ld\u00fcler. B\u00f6ylece Laz-Megrel birli\u011fi s\u0131\u011f\u0131nmac\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcler taraf\u0131ndan par\u00e7alanm\u0131\u015f oldu.\u201d<\/p>\n Bu konuda Peter Gold ve Frank J. Gillis da Zakaria La\u015fkara\u015fvili\u2019 yi destekliyorlar:<\/p>\n \u201cSekizinci y\u00fczy\u0131ldan ba\u015flamak \u00fczere bat\u0131ya s\u0131\u011f\u0131nan G\u00fcrc\u00fcler (\u015fimdiki \u201cGuryal\u0131lar\u201d ve \u201cAcarlar\u201d), Lazlar\u0131n Megrellerin ana yap\u0131s\u0131ndan kopmas\u0131nda sorumlulu\u011fu olan halkt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 da G\u00fcrc\u00fc Dili ve Edebiyat\u0131 i\u00e7in \u015f\u00fcphesiz iki \u00f6nemli d\u00f6neme\u00e7 var. Bunlardan birincisi G\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Hristiyanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul etmeleri sonucu G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 ye ba\u015fka dillerden yap\u0131lan din\u00ee \u00e7evirilerle at\u0131lan temel, ikincisi de 25 \u015eubat 1921\u2019de G\u00fcrcistan\u2019da Sovyet Y\u00f6netimi\u2019nin kurulmas\u0131yla G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 nin de \u201cresmi dil\u201d olmas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yakla\u015f\u0131k 1500 y\u0131ll\u0131k kendisine has bir alfabeyle sahip olan \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u201d, bilimin b\u00fct\u00fcn dallar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck bir zenginli\u011fi ifade etmektedir. Do\u011fu Hristiyan D\u00fcnyas\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n en eski ve en zengin edebiyatlar\u0131ndan biri olan \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u201d, Orta\u00e7a\u011f ve Hristiyan Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 n\u0131n g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczdeki \u00f6nemli bir ar\u015fivi olma \u00f6zelli\u011fini de ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat Dili, Kartli G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 si temelinde ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve 19. y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n ortalar\u0131nda bi\u00e7imlenmi\u015ftir. G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 nin \u00e7e\u015fitli leh\u00e7eleri\/ diyalektleri de var: Kartlililer, Kakhetililer, \u0130ngololar, Tu\u015flar, Khevsurlar, P\u015favlar, Mokhevler ve Mtiullar Do\u011fu G\u00fcrc\u00fcce leh\u00e7elerini\/ diyalektlerini; \u0130meretililer, Ra\u00e7al\u0131lar ve Guryal\u0131lar Bat\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fcce leh\u00e7elerini\/ diyalektlerini konu\u015furlar. Acarlar, Guryal\u0131larla ayn\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc leh\u00e7esini\/ diyalektini konu\u015furlar.<\/p>\n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Y\u00f6netimi, G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u2019 ni ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 yi sahiplendi ve G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019 nde kurumsal olarak yayg\u0131nla\u015fmas\u0131 i\u00e7in hi\u00e7bir maddi ve manevi fedakarl\u0131ktan ka\u00e7\u0131nmad\u0131.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fcce; Zanca\/ Kolkhuri Nena ( Megrelce ve Lazca) ve Svanca ile birlikte \u201cG\u00fcney Kafkasya Dil Ailesi\u201dni olu\u015fturur.\u00a0 Bu dillere \u201cKartveluri Dilleri\u201d de denilmektedir. \u00a0Bu dilleri konu\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 olarak birbirlerini anlama yaln\u0131zca Megrelce ve Lazca konu\u015fanlar aras\u0131nda m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Sovyetler Birli\u011fi Y\u00f6netimi, yakla\u015f\u0131k 1930\u2019 lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131na kadar G\u00fcrcistan Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyeti\u2019 ndeki Megrellere ve Lazlara k\u0131s\u0131tl\u0131 da olsa \u201cK\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar\u201d tan\u0131d\u0131 ve destekledi. Ancak daha sonra Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca, sanki \u201ckonu\u015fan\u0131 hi\u00e7 kalmam\u0131\u015f diller gibi\u201d yaln\u0131zca akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma d\u00fczeyine indirgendi. Megreller, Lazlar ve Svanlar yok say\u0131larak n\u00fcfus kay\u0131tlar\u0131na \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d\/ \u201cKartveli\u201d olarak ge\u00e7irildiler. Bu sebeple, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 da anadili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olan \u201cger\u00e7ek G\u00fcrc\u00fcler\u201dle, ikinci dili G\u00fcrc\u00fcce olan Megrel, Laz ve Svanlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ek say\u0131lar\u0131 bilinememektedir.<\/p>\n David Kldia\u015fvili (1862- 1931), Vasil Barnovi\/ Barnaveli (1857-1934), Miheil Cavahi\u015fvili (1880- 1937), \u00a0Niko Lortkipanidze (1880- 1944), Grigol Robakidze (\u00f6. 1962)\u00a0 Leo Kia\u00e7eli (1884- 1952), Konstantine Gamsakhurdia (1891- 1975), Aleksandre Aba\u015feli (1884- 1954), Galaktion Tabidze ( 1892- 1959), Giorgi Leonidze ( 1899- 1966), \u0130rakli Aba\u015fidze (d. 1909), Grigol Aba\u015fidze (d. 1914), gibi \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019 na eserler vermi\u015f ki\u015filiklere sahiptir.<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Dili, \u00fc\u00e7 milyondan fazla konu\u015fan\u0131, zenginle\u015fen edebiyat\u0131, medyada ve okullarda kullan\u0131m\u0131yla gelece\u011fi g\u00fcvence alt\u0131ndaki tek yerli Kafkasya dilidir. Ayn\u0131 \u015feyleri G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ile ayn\u0131 dil ailesinden olan Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca i\u00e7in s\u00f6ylemek ne yaz\u0131k ki m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fil.<\/p>\n 1930\u2019 lar\u0131n sonlar\u0131nda Sovyet Y\u00f6netimi taraf\u0131ndan dikte edildi\u011fi gibi, (G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 daki) Megrellerin, Lazlar\u0131n ve Svanlar\u0131n \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc\u201d\/ \u201cKartveli\u201d olarak s\u0131n\u0131fland\u0131r\u0131lmaktan mutlu olup olmad\u0131klar\u0131 konumuz d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndad\u0131r. Ancak Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 den farkl\u0131 dillerdir. E\u011fer bu yaz\u0131l\u0131 olmayan dilleri akademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n \u00f6tesinde te\u015fvik etmek i\u00e7in bir \u015feyler yap\u0131lmazsa, e\u011fer Megrel, Laz ve Svan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131 kendi anadillerinde daha az mahir olurlarsa, bu diller elbette zay\u0131flayacak ve yok olacak.\u00a0 Ne yaz\u0131k ki, yaln\u0131zca bu konuyu g\u00fcndeme getirenler, \u201cotorite\u201d taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6l\u00fcc\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc cesaretlendirmekle su\u00e7lanmaktad\u0131r. E\u011fer bu dillere b\u00f6lgelerinde G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 ye e\u015fit stat\u00fcler verilirse, zaman i\u00e7inde, b\u00fcy\u00fcleyicili\u011fi, \u00a0\u015fimdiden tahmin bile edilemeyecek bir edebiyat olu\u015facakt\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi, G\u00fcrcistan\u2019 da resm\u00ee Dili olan G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019 nin yaz\u0131m\u0131ndan ba\u015fka, \u201cakademik \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u201d i\u00e7in haz\u0131rlanan Megrelce, Lazca ve Svanca metinlerin yaz\u0131m\u0131nda da kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi; Oset\u00e7e\u2019 nin \u0130ron leh\u00e7esinin \/ diyalektinin ve Abkhazca\u2019 n\u0131n yaz\u0131mlar\u0131nda da bir s\u00fcre kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u2019 nin her bir harfi, dilde i\u015faret etti\u011fi bir sese aittir. Dil ile yaz\u0131 aras\u0131nda tam bir uygunluk mevcuttur, s\u00f6ylendi\u011fi gibi yaz\u0131l\u0131r. Bu konuda W. E. D. Allen \u015funlar\u0131 yaz\u0131yor:<\/p>\n \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi, \u00e7ok sadal\u0131 G\u00fcrc\u00fc dilini tamam\u0131yla do\u011fru g\u00f6steriyor\u2026 Her sadaya ait bir harf vard\u0131r. Her harf, tam a\u00e7\u0131k surette tel\u00e2ffuz ediliyor. Bu nokta\u00ee nazardan hi\u00e7bir alfabe, G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi\u2019yle mukayese edilemez.\u201d<\/p>\n Da\u011f\u0131stan\u2019 da ve \u00c7e\u00e7en- \u0130ngu\u015flar\u0131n ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde de, mezar ta\u015flar\u0131nda, binalarda, kiliselerde G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi ile yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f pek \u00e7ok yaz\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur. Bu yaz\u0131lar her iki dilde, yani hem G\u00fcrc\u00fcce ve hem de yaz\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00f6rede konu\u015fulan yerel dillerdedir. A. \u00c7ikobava ve T. Gudava, bu yaz\u0131lar \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kuzey Kafkasya Halklar\u0131n\u0131n G\u00fcrc\u00fcce veya yerel dillerinde de yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kullanm\u0131\u015f olmalar\u0131, G\u00fcrc\u00fc Halk\u0131 ile Kuzey Kafkasya Halklar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u00fczlerce y\u0131ll\u0131k bir k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve tarih ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir.<\/p>\n Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n (KAYNAKLAR: V. Akhvlediani, \/ \u201cKartuli Damtserloba\u201d, Tbilisi, 1973; Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz, \u201c Dil-Tarih-K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Gelenekleriyle Lazlar, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2000;\u00a0 N. Berdzeni\u015fvili\/ S. Cana\u015fia (\u00c7eviren: Hayri Hayrio\u011flu Malaqmadze), \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fcstan Tarihi\u201d, Sorun Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1997; Fahrettin \u00c7ilo\u011flu, \u201cG\u00fcrc\u00fclerin Tarihi\u201d, Ant Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 1993;\u00a0 R. Gachechiladze, \u201cSoviet Georgia\u201d, Tbilisi University Press, Tbilisi, 1977; Hayri Hayrio\u011flu Malaqmadze, \u201cB\u00fcy\u00fck \u015eota\u2019n\u0131n \u0130ki Dizesi \u00dczerine\u201d, \u00c7veneburi K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Dergi, Say\u0131 1 (8), 1993; Fehime Yaz\u0131c\u0131 (Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz) \u201c G\u00fcrc\u00fc Alfabesi ve G\u00fcrc\u00fc Edebiyat\u0131\u2019n\u0131n Kaynaklar\u0131 ve G\u00fcrc\u00fcce\u2019ye Akraba Dillerin Durumu\u201d, Tarih ve Toplum, Say\u0131 199, Temmuz 2000, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul; George Hewitt (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201c\u00c7e\u00e7enler ve Kom\u015fular\u0131\u201d, Birikim, Say\u0131 78, Ekim 1995; George \u00a0Hewitt (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201cG\u00fcney Kafkasya ve Megrel-Lazlar\u0131n K\u00fclt\u00fcrel Haklar\u0131\u201d, Birikim, Say\u0131 85, May\u0131s 1996; George Hewitt (\u00c7eviren: Ali \u0130hsan Aksamaz), \u201c Diller Da\u011f\u0131: Kafkasya\u201d, Tarih ve Toplum, Say\u0131 189, Eyl\u00fcl 1999; G. Khutsishvili, Tbilisi, \u00a0Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1981; M. Kraveishvili\/ G. Nakhutsrishvili, \u201cTeach Yourself Georgian\u201d, The Georgian Society For Cultural Relations With Compatriot Abroad, Tbilisi, 1972; \u00a0M. Lortkipanidze\/ \u0130. Katcharava, \u201c A Glimpse of Georgian History\u201d,\u00a0 Tbilisi, 1983; M. Lortkipanidze Redakt\u00f6r\/ Edit\u00f6r: G. B. Hewitt), \u201c Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries, Ganatleba Publishers, Tbilisi 1978;\u00a0 Peter Gold\/ Frank J. Gillis, Indiana University, Archives of Traditional Music Folklor Institute, Bloomington, USA, 1972; Stefanos Yerasimos, \u201cMilliyetler ve S\u0131n\u0131rlar, \u0130leti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul; Zakaria La\u015fkara\u015fvili (\u00c7eviren: Hayri Hayrio\u011flu Malaqmadze) \u201cY\u00fczy\u0131l \u00d6nce \u00c7\u0306aneti\u201d, Ogni K\u00fclt\u00fcr, Dergisi, Say\u0131 1)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ali İhsan Aksamaz ‘Muhtaçlara rızık, kölelere özgürlük ver, Yetimler, yoksullar şenlenip yücelsinler.’ (Şota Rustaveli) 20. yüzyılda, gecikmiş ulus-devletleri yaratmanın “doğal” bir sonucu olarak bazı diller yok sayıldıkları ve yok edilmeye çalışıldığı için günümüzde yeryüzünde tam olarak kaç dilin konuşulduğunu tespit etmek tam bir uzmanlık konusudur. Bazı dillerin yok sayılması ve yok edilmeye çalışılması süreci yalnızca […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_bbp_topic_count":0,"_bbp_reply_count":0,"_bbp_total_topic_count":0,"_bbp_total_reply_count":0,"_bbp_voice_count":0,"_bbp_anonymous_reply_count":0,"_bbp_topic_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_reply_count_hidden":0,"_bbp_forum_subforum_count":0,"ocean_post_layout":"","ocean_both_sidebars_style":"","ocean_both_sidebars_content_width":0,"ocean_both_sidebars_sidebars_width":0,"ocean_sidebar":"0","ocean_second_sidebar":"0","ocean_disable_margins":"enable","ocean_add_body_class":"","ocean_shortcode_before_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_after_top_bar":"","ocean_shortcode_before_header":"","ocean_shortcode_after_header":"","ocean_has_shortcode":"","ocean_shortcode_after_title":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_widgets":"","ocean_shortcode_before_footer_bottom":"","ocean_shortcode_after_footer_bottom":"","ocean_display_top_bar":"default","ocean_display_header":"default","ocean_header_style":"","ocean_center_header_left_menu":"0","ocean_custom_header_template":"0","ocean_custom_logo":0,"ocean_custom_retina_logo":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_width":0,"ocean_custom_logo_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_tablet_max_height":0,"ocean_custom_logo_mobile_max_height":0,"ocean_header_custom_menu":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_family":"0","ocean_menu_typo_font_subset":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_size":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_font_size_unit":"px","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_font_weight_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_tablet":"","ocean_menu_typo_transform_mobile":"","ocean_menu_typo_line_height":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_line_height_unit":"","ocean_menu_typo_spacing":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_tablet":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_mobile":0,"ocean_menu_typo_spacing_unit":"","ocean_menu_link_color":"","ocean_menu_link_color_hover":"","ocean_menu_link_color_active":"","ocean_menu_link_background":"","ocean_menu_link_hover_background":"","ocean_menu_link_active_background":"","ocean_menu_social_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_bg":"","ocean_menu_social_links_color":"","ocean_menu_social_hover_links_color":"","ocean_disable_title":"default","ocean_disable_heading":"default","ocean_post_title":"","ocean_post_subheading":"","ocean_post_title_style":"","ocean_post_title_background_color":"","ocean_post_title_background":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_image_position":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_attachment":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_repeat":"","ocean_post_title_bg_image_size":"","ocean_post_title_height":0,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay":0.5,"ocean_post_title_bg_overlay_color":"","ocean_disable_breadcrumbs":"default","ocean_breadcrumbs_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_separator_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_color":"","ocean_breadcrumbs_links_hover_color":"","ocean_display_footer_widgets":"default","ocean_display_footer_bottom":"default","ocean_custom_footer_template":"0","ocean_post_oembed":"","ocean_post_self_hosted_media":"","ocean_post_video_embed":"","ocean_link_format":"","ocean_link_format_target":"self","ocean_quote_format":"","ocean_quote_format_link":"post","ocean_gallery_link_images":"on","ocean_gallery_id":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[135],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-40849","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-yazarlar-ali-ihsan-aksamaz-laz-kulturu","entry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40849","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=40849"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40849\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":40854,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/40849\/revisions\/40854"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=40849"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=40849"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.circassiancenter.com\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=40849"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"htt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